What science is responsible for errors in words. Is it possible to correct a person who mispronounces words? Incorrect word endings
Incredible Facts
Scientists are not always right, although we put them on a pedestal, right?
We refer to them as experts when it comes to buying things, but... scientists are people too.
Therefore, it is unfair to expect perfection from them always and in everything.
What are the most significant mistakes made by the scientific community?
10 Alchemy
Of course, today the idea of turning lead into gold seems a little crazy, however, take a step back and imagine that you live in the Middle Ages.
Imagine that you never studied chemistry in high school and know nothing about the elements of the periodic table. What you know is limited to the chemical reactions you have seen, which you found to be very impressive: the change in the color of the substance, sparks, "explosions", etc., all this happens before your eyes.
Based on that, it seems pretty reasonable that chemistry can turn a dull gray metal into a bright, yellow, and precious one, doesn't it? Hoping to get just that, the alchemists searched for the "philosopher's stone," a mythical substance that they believed would greatly enhance their abilities. In addition, they spent a lot of time searching for the "elixir of life". However, they failed to find either one or the other.
9. Heavy objects fall faster
Today we know that this is not the case, but it is quite understandable why Aristotle believed that the opposite was true. Until the advent of Galileo in the 16th century, no one investigated this issue in practice. Although he most likely did not make any measurements of the speed of the fall of the tower in Pisa, as the legend says, but only carried out experiments in support of his theory that gravity causes all objects to move at the same speed. In the 17th century, Isaac Newton took it one step further by describing gravity as an attraction between two objects: between the planet Earth and any object or object on it.
A couple of hundred years later, the work of Albert Einstein opened up a completely new direction for man, which considered gravity as a curve formed due to the activity of objects in space-time. And it's not over yet. To this day, physicists are trying to iron out the corners of Einstein's theory and find one that works perfectly for the study of macroscopic, microscopic, and subatomic objects. Good luck to them on this.
8. Phlogiston
What? Have you ever heard of phlogiston? Don't be discouraged because it never existed. Phlogiston, which was introduced in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher, was another element to add to the list (earth, water, air, fire and sometimes ether). It was not fire, but the material from which the fire was supposedly made. All combustible materials, according to Becher, are composed of it, and produce it when burned.
Scientists have taken this theory and used it to explain some things about fire and combustion: why things stop burning (run out of phlogiston), why fire needs air (air needs to absorb phlogiston), why we breathe (to get rid of phlogiston in the body).
Today, we know that we breathe so that oxygen helps our cells to saturate, that burning objects need oxygen (or an oxidizer) to burn, and that phlogiston does not exist.
7. After weeding the field, it always rains.
If only everything was that simple. This is actually shocking, because humanity has held onto this idea for so long and believed in it. But it was worth just looking around and understanding how many arid lands exist. In fact, this rather erroneous theory (popular during the American and Australian expansions) may have survived in part because it sometimes works, or at least people think it does.
We now know for certain that weeding does not actually bring rain. The "amount of rain" is affected by long-term weather conditions. Dry regions go through long-term cyclical droughts and then through a cycle of "wet" years.
6. The age of our planet is 6000 years
Once upon a time, the Bible was considered a scientific work, and people were sure that all the information presented in it was accurate, even that which did not make much sense. For example, take the age of the planet.
Back in the 17th century, a religious scholar, based on the Bible, calculated that the birth of the planet happened around 4004 BC. Add nearly 2,000 years to this number to get to the 18th century, because at this time the Bible-obsessed geologist began to realize that the earth is constantly changing, and you end up with a figure of 6,000 years.
However, perhaps those biblical scholars were a little mistaken. According to the available data to date, based on radioactive calculations, the age of the planet is about 4.5 billion years. By the 19th century, geologists had put all the pieces of the puzzle together and began to realize that if geological change is as slow as they think, and that if Darwin is right about evolution (which is also a very slow process), then the planet is much older than previously thought. . At the beginning of the 20th century, radioactive calculations proved that this was the case.
5. The atom is the smallest particle in existence.
Believe it or not, in fact, man was not so stupid in ancient times. The idea that matter is made up of small units has been in the air for thousands of years. However, the idea that there was anything less than visible parts was difficult to grasp.
It was not until the early 20th century when physicists J. Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick and Neils Bohr came together to understand the fundamentals of elementary particles: protons , neutrons and electrons, how they work in atoms, and what they are. Since then, much has been studied and discovered: quarks, anti-electrons, and neutrinos.
4. DNA doesn't really matter
DNA was discovered in 1869, but for a long time its importance was underestimated, because it was considered to be a simple assistant to the protein. Even after experiments in the mid-20th century that proved that DNA is the most important genetic material, most scientists still believed that it was proteins, not DNA, that were the key to deciphering heredity. DNA, they said, is too simple to carry so much information in itself.
This continued until Watson and Crick published their research on the importance of the double helix model of DNA in 1953, and as a result, biologists realized how much this molecule does.
3. Microbes in surgery
Laugh or cry, but up until the late 19th century, doctors didn't really feel the need to wash their hands before handling a scalpel. Result? Gangrene. Most physicians in the 19th century tended to blame "bad air" and an imbalance between the "four juices" (blood, mucus, yellow bile, and black bile).
The germ theory (the revolutionary idea that it is microbes that cause the development of diseases) soared in scientific circles for some time, however, there was not much interest in it until Louis Pasteur came to grips with proving it in the 1860s. As time went on, physicians such as Joseph Lister realized the importance of protecting patients from germs. Lister was among the first to clean wounds and use disinfectants.
2. Earth is the center of the universe
The astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in the second century and was deeply mistaken, spoke about the geocentric model of the solar system. Moreover, this point of view was not held for 20 or 30 years, it was considered true for more than a thousand years.
However, the situation changed almost 1400 years later, when Copernicus put forward his theory of the heliocentric model in 1543. Copernicus was not the first to suggest that the Sun is the center of the universe, however, it was after he stated this that this theory began to gain momentum.
90 years after Copernicus proved his theory, the Catholic Church still clung to the geocentric model of the planet. Old habits die hard.
1. Vascular system
You don't have to be a doctor to know how important the heart is in the human body, but back in ancient Greece, you could be a doctor and not even know how important the heart is. Physicians like Galen, who lived in the second century, believed that blood circulated through the liver, and not through the heart, along with some bile and mucus, and the heart simply spread the "vital spirit." But how could they be so wrong?
Galen hypothesized that blood moves in a reciprocating pattern and that it is taken up by the organs as fuel. Moreover, the ideas were not developed or adjusted over a very long period of time. How long?
It was not until 1628 that the English physician William Harvey opened our eyes to the workings of the heart. His "Anatomical Study of the Movement of the Blood and the Function of the Heart in Animals" took root in society for some time, but was nevertheless accepted.
Spelling errors are a violation of the rules. Perhaps someone does not pay any attention to them when reading a particular text, but they simply annoy many. It does not matter if a person did not notice his own typo, but too many errors in the simplest words can already lead to certain conclusions about the level of literacy. Today we will look at the most common spelling errors, examples of which can be found not only on forums where people write the same way they speak, but also in ready-made texts of sites that claim to be serious.
Of course, the most popular mistake is the notorious verb endings -ts and -tsya. How, finally, to learn in which case it is needed, and in which it is not? There is nothing to learn here. Take for example a small sentence: "She began to dress." The key word here is "dress". So what did she start doing? Dress. Do you see a soft sign at the end of the question “what to do”? This means that it must also be in the verb. But in the word “dresses”, which answers the question “what does he do”, there should not be a soft sign, because it is not there at the end of the question either. The same thing happens with verbs that answer the questions "what to do" (dress) and "what will he do" (dress).
Many manage to make truly unique spelling errors in words such as "pretty", "boyfriend", "thank you", "hunt", "in general." He probably believes that the word "sympathetic" comes from the word "pretty", and not from "sympathy", and the word "grooming" - from "leave", and not "care". But what guides those who write "thank you", "hunt" and "in general" - science has not yet figured out. Sometimes on the websites of various agencies you can see the word "agency". It is very strange that, at first glance, a serious company does not know that agents work in it, and that is why the word "agency" is written with the letter "t".
Spelling errors such as "same" and "also" are incredibly common. To understand whether it is necessary to write together or separately, it is enough to remember the test words: “also” - “too”, “same” - “exactly”. If in doubt how to write the word "also", try mentally replacing it with the word "too". If the meaning of the sentence is not lost, then we write together. If you can put the word “exactly” in front (to get “exactly the same”), then we write separately. For example: "I also (too) have this book", "The sunset is (exactly) as beautiful as the dawn."
It may be very fashionable today to make spelling mistakes, but still, how can you write (and even pronounce) the phrase: “My / your birthday”? After all, what is being celebrated? Day. Day of what? Birth. Whose birthday is this? My yours. Therefore, the sentence must be both written and pronounced as "My/your birthday".
If this article convinced someone that making spelling mistakes is “not comme il faut”, then the author did not write it in vain. Think about your literacy, because it plays an important role in our lives.
We have written more than once that the texts on the site must be of high quality. But quality lies not only in the absence of spam, the presence of useful information, the correct structure, etc. And how well they are written. Many do not pay attention to elementary errors in their texts, and they can alienate the client. Therefore, in this article we will focus on the most common of them.
1. Blurred description that can be substituted for any product
Only after reading the second sentence, the site visitor understands that the text is about a fork. The first sentence can be about almost any subject (for example, a telephone headset, hair tie, belt).
And before writing a text about a fork, think about whether it is needed at all. Most likely, general characteristics (material of manufacture, purpose) will be enough.
2. The use of abstract epithets-definitions:
What is the manifestation of the "indispensability" of pans remains a mystery. The features of “very high-quality” balls are also unknown. Sentences can be easily modified, for example, like this: You can buy aluminum and cast iron pans from us; We sell indoor basketballs made of synthetic leather and rubber.
3. Template phrases:
They do not carry any information, but they can annoy the reader.
Along with templates, the same type of content is often found. For example, a pharmacy website page:
Apparently, the text for the category pages was created using one template (drugs make up the bulk of the goods). Because of this, the robe turned out to be a drug.
Of course, if you have a large number of products, it is difficult to keep track of this, but try to take this into account when thinking through the template.
4. Heaps of pronouns, especially personal and possessive ones.
Your reader understands that this is your store, your consultants and your product...
The example has one more "sin" - the last sentence. It is necessary to monitor the correctness of the classification. In the meantime, it looks like a sentence: "Pens are ballpoint, blue and plastic." Choose one parameter for classification (color / size / style / product material).
5. Extra synonyms, cumbersome sentences
The syntax should be simple and clear. You should not use intricate adverbial phrases, sentences for three or more lines, because they are difficult and uninteresting to read. Moreover, punctuation errors in the use of turns are immediately evident.
Replace complex nonsensical sentences with simple but informative ones. For example:
“In our online store there are stewpans, cast iron and ceramic pans. You can view the catalog of frying utensils here»- such a construction looks clearer.
6. Incorrect word endings
It seemed like an innocent mistake. But it can alienate the client:
Especially if you decide to sell the “blinds” 🙂
Sometimes the wrong ending of a noun is caused by inattention to the language of the keyboard:
7. Excessive exaggeration of the properties of the subject, overly emotional narration:
This also includes the use of the evaluative word “better”. First, this is your subjective assessment. Secondly, often its word form is used in conjunction with the adjective "most". This is a mistake, because the word "best" is already a superlative degree of the adjective "good", excluding the presence of additional characteristics.
8. Incorrect word order in a sentence
The classic phrase scheme is “adjective + noun”. The reverse order is meant to draw attention to something vast ( for example, the name of the film "Kalina Krasnaya"). However, in the article it is better to refrain from violating the order of these words.
The keyword should be entered naturally.
Often the cause of rude "hastily sewn" proposals is the pursuit of uniqueness:
This example would be better rewritten, for example, like this: The English call a lucky and fortunate person "born with a silver spoon in his mouth"».
A similar situation occurs when a key query is included bypassing the rules of logic.
The word "wholesale" (like the whole sentence as a whole :)) is absolutely illogical. It is clear that it is part of the key request. But such an unnatural occurrence repels the reader and may alert the search engine.
9. Heaps of pretexts
You can rewrite this sentence, for example, like this: In our online store you can find various types of sports equipment…". Look for ways to get around the clutter, and do not immediately write “how it happened”.
10. Keyword overload
Sometimes the frequent use of keywords looks ridiculous and even funny:
« Skirt buy" - interesting thing. This inclusion of the request is no longer relevant.
In addition, it would be strange if the girl's image included " men's" skirts. If you do not remember about the kilt, the phrase " women's skirt”- pleonasm, which also needs to be mentioned.
11. Speech redundancy (or pleonasm)
Adjectives from such phrases ( "elderly old woman", "female childbirth") can be removed without losing the meaning of the sentence.
"Friend" of pleonasm tautology ( e.g. "torrential downpour", "dance the dance", "salty salt") also negatively affects the style.
12. Wrong verb number:
Of course, the verb must be combined with the noun.
13. Missing or extra punctuation marks
Sometimes the absence of a space, a comma or an extra dash can negatively affect readers: distract them from the essence, distort the meaning of the text.
14. A common mistake is the incorrect spelling of prepositions, participles and adverbs
Wrong:
Right:
It is better to explain the correct spelling with an example:
Despite. I walk and do not look at my feet - " I walk without looking at my feet»
Despite. It's raining outside, but I'm going for a walk - " I go for a walk despite the rain"(contrary).
Along with errors in prepositions, the misuse of conjunctions "also" and "to" is very popular:
To generalize, “also” is written together in the meaning of “too” and in cases where it can be replaced by the union “and”, separately - when there is a comparison. As in the previous case, it is better to give an example:
Also. « Painted the problem in the same detail as a colleague” (comparison; did like someone else).
Also. « Changed the photo, corrected the text. He also made additional recommendations"(including, and).
The continuous spelling of the union "to" conveys the meaning of the goal. Separate writing is much less common than continuous writing.
Example:
To – I read books to learn more(target)
To – I don't want to read no matter what they tell me.
15. Missing a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence
This screenshot is not only an example of the lack of a capital letter, punctuation errors, and frequent use of a pronoun. “You” and its word forms are a rather problematic case in copywriting. Someone believes that it is necessary to use this word with a capital letter only in personal contact, someone always uses it.
In any case, it is important to choose only one option. As they say, "any disgrace, if only uniformity."
16. "Children's" mistake - misspelling(do not be lazy to put a question to the verb to find out its form):
What is important to do? - take care
Can you do something? - make sure
17. Misprints (as the most primitive kind of errors) hurt the eyes and may encourage the user to leave the site.
18. Banal headlines
(...and every man doesn't?)
(…who doesn't know this?)
If it’s difficult to come up with an interesting name, you can try to take some sentence from the text as a title or use ours.
19. Surzhik
20. Blind faith in Word
Quite often, he incorrectly “recognizes” the constructions, writes about the possible disagreement of the proposal. Focus on your own knowledge of grammar, use dictionaries.
In this example, these words are simply not listed in the text editor's dictionary, he does not know them, therefore he considers them spelled incorrectly.
CONCLUSION
From a philological point of view, the errors mentioned above belong to completely different categories. But, whatever one may say, their source is inattention and, to some extent, laziness.
Before posting text on your site:
1) Think about whether this information will really be useful / interesting to someone. Maybe you should try to enter promoted queries in a different way, without sacrificing readability?
2) Set aside the text for at least a day and review it. Most likely, you want to fix something.
We wish you inspiration, harmony and success!
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curator of belles-lettres
indulge, indulge, indulge
bartender
barrel
water pipeline, gas pipeline, garbage pipeline, oil pipeline, But: electrical wire
contract (and contracts)
blinds
enviably
catalog
quarter
more beautiful
culinary and culinary ( both options are equal)
marketing
masterful
extended
newborn
security
ease
uncork
loop (loop - Appropriate in everyday speech)
call, call, call
pullover
beet
dancer, dancer
cottage cheese and cottage cheese ( both options are equal)
tiramisu
cakes
immediately
shoe
phenomenon
scoop
What is written in pen...
The insidiousness of all the rules and lists is that they do not linger in the head: read - forgot. There are several ways to retain useful information in memory, in our case, words with the correct stress.
#sing now. A difficult word for you needs to be said out loud loudly, clearly, several times (you can also sing) and ... in front of witnesses. Let friends or colleagues support you and join your shock flash mob with their problematic words (“Venice is more beautiful than Paris, more beautiful, more beautiful, more beautiful than Paris”, “they call me, they call me”, “my boyfriend is a barmen, barmen, barmen”). This is our psychology: what we do not alone is better remembered.
#wonderful moment. For those who have a developed imagination, it is easiest to involve associations and images associated with it in memorizing any information. Here, for example, is a healthy beetroot vegetable, and its ruddy grandmother Fyokla sells it. And a great marketing specialist knows everything about how to keep the brand!
#graphomania. Remember how at school, when studying a foreign language, we made up dialogues and stories with new words, picked up rhymes for them or came up with funny poems? The principle also works for the native great and mighty, you just need to give free rein to your imagination! A lot of ready-made cheat sheets are circulating on the Internet, take note: “We ate cakes for a long time - the shorts didn’t fit”, “You don’t bring us curtains, we will hang blinds”, “Phenomen calls on Wednesdays, having accepted an agreement for years”, “The ringer is calling, they are calling in a bell, so that you can remember correctly!
And, of course, dictionaries and reference books will always help out: a spelling, spelling dictionary (translated from ancient Greek, “orthoepy” means correct pronunciation), a dictionary of stresses. Online resources will not let you down either: Gramota.ru portals (be sure to check out the “Memory” section) and gramma.ru, Yandex.Dictionaries, orfogrammka.ru website, which, unlike print publications, are always at hand thanks to the ubiquitous Internet. Let's talk nice!
Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to see that some rules of the Russian do not cause difficulties, while the majority regularly stumbles on others. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up a whole sheet - it seems that they cannot be learned without being an academic.
Consider the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, made not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.
What is considered a grammatical error?
A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Any errors relating to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is used for), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence) are called grammatical errors.
Grammar errors should be distinguished from spelling or speech errors.
The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:
1. Many people are used to highlighting "however" with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as a mistake. Those who are more attentive notice that a comma after "however" is considered an error only when it is at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to "after all", "nevertheless", and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory, and it must be separated by commas. If it means "but", as, for example, in the sentence "However, she did not understand him" (= "But she did not understand him"), then the comma is not needed.
2. Often there is confusion with the signs "dash" and "colon". Many, faced with which the union is missing, intuitively understand that they need to put a more "solid" sign than a comma. But which one? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words instead of the missing union.
If the meaning is suitable for such words as "what", "namely", then you need to put a colon. And also a colon is put if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.
I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet flute was playing.
He was a complex person (namely): quick-tempered, bilious, sullen.
I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.
I see: a barge is sailing, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and in the next second he is waving his hand to me.
If you can insert words such as "a", "but", "and", "as if", "this", "therefore", "as if", then a dash should be used.
He took a wide step (and) - his pants were torn.
Across the sea, a heifer (this) is a half, but a ruble is transported.
The wind blew - (therefore) groaned, the old forest creaked.
A dash is also used when the words "if" or "when" can be added at the beginning of a sentence.
(When) I thought about Grisha - he is right there.
(If) I get a fee - let's go to the sea!
Grammatical errors related to morphology
Difficulties cause "nn" in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, wooden), it is especially difficult to deal with double "n" in adverbs. And also many are confused by the use of particles not / neither. Quite a few educated people, imperceptibly for themselves, are mistaken in management. Which is correct, "control over" or "control over"? The confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:
- control over the quality of execution;
- control over the execution of the order;
- water level control.
Which option is correct? All. One or another type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, "control over" is used before verbal nouns (execute - execution). There are other subtleties.
Not all common grammatical errors are mentioned in this article. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope that we were able to demonstrate that learning the secrets of the native language is an exciting business, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you have noticed the variations in the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the "examples" headings.
