The first folk poet, he wrote about the people and for the people, knowing their thoughts, needs, concerns and hopes. The connection with the people filled the life of Nekrasov with special meaning and was the main content of his poetry.

"On the way"

Nekrasov the poet is very sensitive to the changes that are taking place among the people. In his poems, people's life is depicted in a new way, not like that of his predecessors.

Through all the work of the poet passes the motive of the road - a through motive for Russian literature. The road is not just a segment connecting two geographical points, it is something more. “If you go to the right, you will lose your horse; if you go to the left, you yourself will not be alive; if you go straight, you will find your destiny.” The road is the choice life path, goals.

There were many poems for the plot chosen by Nekrasov, in which dashing troikas raced, bells rang under the arc, and coachmen's songs sounded. At the beginning of his poem, the poet reminds the reader of this:

Boring! boring! .. The remote coachman,
Disperse my boredom with something!
Song, or something, buddy, sing
About recruiting and separation ...

But immediately, abruptly, decisively, he breaks off the usual and familiar poetic course. What strikes us in this poem? Of course, the coachman's speech, completely devoid of the usual folk-song intonations. It seems as if bare prose unceremoniously burst into poetry: the coachman's speech is clumsy, rude, saturated with dialect words. What new opportunities does such a “mundane” approach to depicting a man from the people open up for Nekrasov the poet?

Note: in folk songs, as a rule, we are talking about “a daring coachman, a “good fellow” or a “red maiden”. Everything that happens to them is applicable to many people from the popular environment. The song reproduces events and characters of national significance and sound. Nekrasov is interested in something else: how people's joys or hardships are manifested in the fate of this particular hero. The poet depicts the general in peasant life through the individual, the unique. Later, in one of his poems, the poet joyfully greets his village friends:

All familiar people
Whatever a man, then a friend.

So after all, it happens in his poetry that no man is a unique personality, a one-of-a-kind character.

Perhaps none of Nekrasov's contemporaries dared to get so close, to get close to a peasant on the pages of a poetic work. Only he could then not only write about the people, but also "speak to the people"; letting in peasants, beggars, artisans with their different perceptions of the world, in different languages in verse.

With ardent love, the poet refers to nature - the only treasure of the world, which "strong and well-fed lands could not take away from the hungry poor." Subtly feeling nature, Nekrasov never shows it in isolation from man, his activities and condition. In the poems "Uncompressed Strip" (1854), "Village News" (1860), in the poem "Peasant Children" (1861), the image of Russian nature is closely intertwined with the disclosure of the soul of the Russian peasant, his difficult life fate. A peasant who lives in the midst of nature and deeply feels it rarely has the opportunity to admire it.

About whom in question in the poem "Uncompressed band"? As if about a sick peasant. And the trouble is comprehended from the peasant point of view: there is no one to clean the strip, the grown crop will be lost. Here, the land-breadwinner is also animated in a peasant way: “it seems that the ears of corn are whispering to each other.” I was going to die, but this rye, ”they said among the people. And with the onset of the hour of death, the peasant did not think about himself, but about the land, which would remain an orphan without him.

But you read the poem and more and more you feel that these are very personal, very lyrical poems, that the poet looks at himself through the eyes of a plowman. So it was. Nekrasov wrote the “uncompressed strip” to seriously ill patients before leaving abroad for treatment in 1855. The poet was overcome by sad thoughts; it seemed that the days were already numbered, that he might not return to Russia either. And here the courageous attitude of the people to troubles and misfortunes helped Nekrasov to withstand the blow of fate, to preserve his spiritual strength. The image of the “uncompressed lane”, like the image of the “road” in the previous poems, acquires a figurative, metaphorical meaning from Nekrasov: this is both a peasant field, but also a “field” of writing, the craving for which the sick poet has is stronger than death, as love is stronger than death a grain grower to work on the earth, to a labor field.

"Song to Eremushka" (1859)

Nekrasov condemns in this "Song" the "vulgar experience" of opportunists crawling their way to the blessings of life, and calls on the younger generation to devote their lives to the struggle for the happiness of the people.

Exercise

Reading and independent analysis or commentary of Nekrasov’s poems: “On the road”, “Is I driving at night”, “I don’t like your irony ...”, “Uncompressed band”, “Schoolboy”, “Yeremushka’s Song”, “Funeral”, “ Green Noise”, “Morning”, “Prayer”, fragments from the cycle “About the weather”.

The analysis of poems is carried out at three levels:
- figurative-linguistic (vocabulary, tropes);
- structural and compositional (composition, rhythm);
- ideological (ideological and aesthetic content).

In the poem "Yesterday at six o'clock" Nekrasov first introduced his Muse, the sister of the offended and oppressed. In his last poem“Oh Muse, I am at the door of the coffin,” the poet recalls for the last time “this pale, bloody, / Whip-slashed Muse.” Not love for a woman, not the beauty of nature, but the suffering of the poor, tormented by poverty - this is the source of lyrical experiences in many of Nekrasov's poems.

The subject matter of Nekrasov's lyrics is varied.

The first of the artistic principles of Nekrasov-lyric can be called social. The second is social analytics. And this was new in Russian poetry, absent from Pushkin and Lermontov, especially from Tyutchev and Fet. This principle permeates two of Nekrasov's most famous poems: "Reflections at the front door" (1858) and "Railway" (1864).

"Reflections at the Front Door" (1858)

In "Reflections ..." a specific isolated case is the arrival of peasants with a request or complaint to a certain statesman.

This poem is built on contrast. The poet contrasts two worlds: the world of the rich and the idle, whose interests are reduced to "red tape, gluttony, play", "shameless flattery", and the world of the people, where "blatant sorrow" reigns. The poet depicts their relationship. The nobleman is full of contempt for the people, this is revealed with the utmost clarity in one line:

Drive!
Ours does not like ragged mob!

The feelings of the people are more difficult. Walkers from a distant province wandered "for a long time" in the hope of finding help or protection from a nobleman. But the door "slammed" in front of them, and they leave,

Repeating: "God judge him!",
Spreading hopelessly hands,
And as long as I could see them,
With their heads uncovered...

The poet is not limited to depicting the hopeless humility and endless groaning of the people. “Will you wake up, full of strength? ..” - he asks and leads the reader to answer this question with the whole poem: “The happy are deaf to good”, the people have nothing to expect salvation from the nobles, he must take care of his own fate.

Two principles of reflecting reality in Nekrasov's lyrics naturally lead to the third principle - revolutionary. The lyrical hero of Nekrasov's poetry is convinced that only a popular, peasant revolution can change the life of Russia for the better. This side of the consciousness of the lyrical hero was especially strongly manifested in poems dedicated to Nekrasov's associates in the revolutionary-democratic camp: Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, Pisarev.

Literature

School curriculum grade 10 in answers and solutions. M., St. Petersburg, 1999

Yu.V. Lebedev Comprehension of the people's soul // Russian literature of the 18th–19th centuries: reference materials. M., 1995

1. Russian people in the image of N.A. Nekrasov

Nekrasov is often called a folk poet, and this is true. He, like no one else, often turned to the topic of the Russian people.

Nekrasov still lived under serfdom and could personally observe pictures of the life of enslaved people who did not dare to raise their heads. The vast majority of Nekrasov's poems (especially famous ones) are dedicated to the Russian peasant. After all, wherever you look, there is suffering everywhere. Are you going to railway- thousands of nameless people who put their lives on its construction invisibly stand outside the window. If you stand at the front door, you see the unfortunate, ragged, desperate, waiting for an answer to their petitions (and often they only waited for them to be pushed in the neck). Do you admire the beauties of the Volga - barge haulers pull a barge along it with a groan.

Neither in the city nor in the village is there a simple peasant who would be really happy. Although they are looking for happiness. Nekrasov talks about this in the poem “Who in Russia should live well”. The men came together with a seemingly simple goal: to find happiness, to find out who lives well and why. Yes, but it turns out that there is no man who would have a good life. He has no rights, he cannot resist the rudeness and arbitrariness of his superiors. It turns out that only gentlemen can live freely, who do not know how to do anything, but have unearned money and undeserved power.

The conclusion that Nekrasov comes to is simple and obvious. Happiness is in freedom. And freedom is still just glimmering in front of a dim light. It must be reached, but it will take many years.

Yes, the life of the Russian people is hard. But after all, in any most hopeless existence there are bright glimpses. Nekrasov skillfully describes village holidays, when everyone, young and old, start dancing. After all, he who knows how to work, knows how to relax. Here reigns true, nothing marred fun. All worries and labors are forgotten. And going to mass is a whole ritual. The best outfits are taken from the chests, and the whole family, from children to the elderly, decorously goes to church.

In general, Nekrasov pays special attention to peasant religiosity. Religion has supported the Russian people from time immemorial. After all, it was impossible to count on anyone's help, except God's. Therefore, in case of illness and misfortune, they fled to miraculous icons. Every person has the right to hope, it is the last thing he has left even at the time of the most difficult trials. For the peasants, all hope, all light, was concentrated in Jesus Christ. Who else will save them, if not him?

Nekrasov created a whole galaxy of images of ordinary Russian women. Perhaps he romanticizes them somewhat, but one cannot but admit that he managed to show the appearance of a peasant woman in a way that no one else could. A serf woman for Nekrasov is a kind of symbol. A symbol of the revival of Russia, its disobedience to fate.

The most famous and memorable images of Russian women in the image of Nekrasov are, of course, Matrena Timofeevna in “Who Lives Well in Russia” and Daria in the poem “Frost, Red Nose”. What unites these two women is their main grief - they are serfs:

Three heavy shares had fate,

And the first share - to marry an Arab,

The second is to be the mother of the son of a slave,

And the third is to obey the slave to the grave,

And all these heavy shares fell

On the woman of the Russian land.

The peasant woman is doomed to suffer until death and keep silent about her suffering. No one will listen to her complaints, and she is too proud to confide her grief to anyone. In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”, peasants come to Matryona Timofeevna looking for happiness. And what do they hear from her? The story of the life of a serf woman. She was happy, protected, loved by her parents before her marriage. But you won’t stay long in the girls, the groom is, and a hard life begins in a strange house. You have to work from morning to night, and you won’t hear a kind word from anyone. The husband is working, and his family does not favor his daughter-in-law. The first son of Matryona Timofeevna dies in infancy, the other was recruited. There is no light ahead, nothing to hope for. Matrena Timofeevna says to the peasants:

It's not a matter - between women

Happy searching!

One thing remains for a woman: to endure until the end of her days, to work and raise children, the same slaves as their father.

Daria also got a heavy share (“Frost, Red Nose”). Her family life at first developed more happily: the family was friendlier, and her husband was with her. They worked tirelessly, but did not complain about fate. And then grief falls upon the family - Daria's husband dies. For peasants, this is the loss of not only a loved one, but also a breadwinner. Without it, they will simply starve to death. No one else will be able to go to work. The family was left with old people, children and a single woman. Daria goes into the forest to get firewood (formerly a man's duty) and freezes there.

Nekrasov has another interesting peasant image. This is a Pear from the poem “On the Road”. She grew up in a manor house and was not trained in hard country work. But fate decreed that she married a simple man. The pear begins to languish, and its end is very near. Her soul languishes, but her husband, of course, is not able to understand her. Indeed, instead of working, she “looks at some rubbish and reads some book ...” Peasant labor is beyond her power. She would be happy to work, to help, but she is not accustomed. In order to endure all this hard labor, you need to get used to it from childhood. But many generations of peasants grew up in just such an environment. From childhood, they worked tirelessly. But all this did not go for the future: they worked for the masters, and they themselves were fed from hand to mouth, if only not to fall off their feet.

So humiliated, but proud, the people appear in the works of Nekrasov. The Russian peasant bends his neck, but does not break. And he is always supported by a woman, strong and patient. Nekrasov sees his destiny in describing the present of the Russian people without embellishment and giving them hope for a brighter future. The poet believes that it will come, and he will contribute to this great change.

Answer left Guru

In the early 60s of the 19th century, it seemed that a small effort was enough, and the people would overthrow serfdom, and with it the autocracy, a happy time will come. But serfdom was abolished, but freedom and happiness never came. Hence the real realization by the poet that this is a long historical process, until the final result of which neither he nor the younger generation (in the poem it is Vanya personifies) will live. Why is the poet so pessimistic? In the work, the people are depicted in two guises: a great worker, deserving of universal respect and admiration for his deeds, and a patient slave, who can only be pitied without offending this pity. It is this slavish obedience that makes Nekrasov doubt the imminent change in people's life for the better. The narrative opens with a picture of nature, written juicy, plastic and visible. Already the first word “vigorous”, which is so unusual for landscape lyrics, rolls out in a peasant way, gives a special feeling of freshness and taste of healthy air and turns out to be a daring claim for democracy, the nationality of the work. The beauty and harmony of nature turn out to be an occasion to talk about the world of people.

Glorious autumn! frosty nights,
clear, quiet days… .
There is no ugliness in nature!

Unlike nature, human society is full of contradictions, dramatic clashes. In order to talk about the severity and feat of folk labor, the poet turns to a technique that is quite well known in Russian literature - a description of the dream of one of the participants in the story. Vani's dream is not only a conditional device, but the real state of a boy, in whose disturbed imagination the story of the suffering of the road builders gives rise to fantastic pictures with the dead coming to life under the moonlight.

Chu! terrible exclamations were heard!
Stomp and gnashing of teeth;
A shadow ran over the frosty glass….
What's there? Crowd of the Dead!

In the picture of the dream, labor appears both as unprecedented suffering and as a feat realized by the people themselves (“God's warriors”). Hence that lofty pathetic manner in which it is said about people who brought to life barren wilds and found a grave in them. The picture of fresh and beautiful nature that opens the poem not only contrasts with the dream picture, but is also correlated with it in grandeur and poetry.

… Brothers! You are reaping our fruits!
We are destined to rot in the ground ... .
Do all of us, the poor, remember kindly
Or have you forgotten a long time ago?

The biggest problem revealed by Leskov in the tale "Lefty" is the problem of the lack of demand for the talents of the Russian people.
Leskov is overwhelmed not only with feelings of love and affection for his people, but also with pride in the talents of his compatriots, for their undisguised sincere patriotism.
The main character Lefty refers to all the poor talented people of that time who did not have the opportunity to develop their talent and apply their skills. These people, possessing a natural gift, did things that the vaunted Englishmen never dreamed of. If Lefty had at least a little knowledge of arithmetic, the flea would also dance. If Lefty were more self-interested and lazier, he could steal a flea and sell it, because he was not paid a penny for his work.
However, the sovereign, marveling at the art of overseas masters, did not even remember the talents of his people. And even when Platov proved that the weapons were made by Tula craftsmen, the tsar felt sorry that they embarrassed the hospitable British.
At the same time, Lefty, being abroad, did not forget about the Motherland and parents for a minute. He refused all the tempting offers of the British: “We are committed to our homeland ...”

Both Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", called by Belinsky "an encyclopedia of Russian life", and Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" can rightfully be considered an encyclopedia of Russian folk life in the middle of the last century. The author called the poem "his favorite brainchild", and collected material for it, as he himself put it, "word by word for twenty years." It has an unusually broad scope. folk life, raises the most important questions of its time and includes the treasures of folk speech.
In that

The work reflected the contemporary life of the poet. It solved the problems that worried the minds of progressive people: in what direction the historical development of the country would go, what role the peasantry was destined to play in history, what were the fate of the Russian people.
Nekrasov creates a whole gallery of pictures of village life, and in this sense the poem has something in common with Turgenev's Notes of a Hunter. But, as a realist, a writer of everyday life, Nekrasov goes further than Turgenev, showing them with encyclopedic completeness, delving into not only the thoughts and moods of his heroes, but also into the social and economic way of their life.
Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" begins with the question: "In what year - calculate, in what land - guess." But it is not difficult to understand what period Nekrasov is talking about. The poet is referring to the reform of 1861, according to which the peasants, not having their own land, fell into even greater bondage.
Through the whole poem passes the thought of the impossibility of living like this, of the heavy peasant lot, of the peasant ruin. This moment of the hungry life of the peasantry, whom “longing-trouble exhausted”, sounds with particular force in the song called “Hungry” by Nekrasov. Moreover, the poet does not exaggerate, showing poverty, poverty of morals, religious prejudice and drunkenness in peasant life.
The situation of the people is drawn with the utmost distinctness by the names of the places where the truth-seeking peasants come from: Terpigorev district, Pustoporozhnaya volost, Tightened province, the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Znobishino, Razutovo, Gorelovo, Neyolovo, Neurozhayka. The poem very vividly depicts the bleak, powerless, hungry life of the people. “Men's happiness,” the poet exclaims bitterly, “leaky with patches, humpbacked with calluses!” Peasants are people who “have not eaten their fill, slurped unsalted food”.
With undisguised sympathy, the author treats those peasants who do not put up with their hungry, disenfranchised existence. Unlike the world of exploiters and moral freaks, serfs like Yakov, Gleb, Ipat, the best of the peasants in the poem retained true humanity, the ability to sacrifice, spiritual nobility. These are Matrena Timofeevna, the bogatyr Saveliy, Yakim Nagoi, Yermil Girin, Agap Petrov, seven truth-seekers and others. Each of them has his own task in life, his own reason to “search for the truth”, but all of them together testify that peasant Russia has already awakened, come to life. Truth seekers see such happiness for the Russian people:
I don't need any silver
No gold, but God forbid
So that my countrymen
And every peasant
Life was easy, fun
All over holy Russia!
In Yakima NagoM, the peculiar character of the people's truth-seeker, the peasant "righteous man" is presented. Yakim is hardworking, he is ready to stand up for his rights, an honest worker with great self-esteem. The hard life did not kill his love for beauty. During a fire, he saves not money, but “pictures”, having lost his accumulated wealth over the whole century - “thirty-five rubles”. This is what he says about the people:
Every peasant has
Soul that black cloud -
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
pouring bloody rains,
And everything ends with wine.
Yermil Girin is also remarkable. A literate peasant, he served as a clerk, became famous throughout the district for his justice, intelligence and disinterested devotion to the people. Yermil showed himself to be an exemplary headman when the people chose him for this position. However, Nekrasov does not make a righteous man out of him. Ermil, taking pity on his younger brother, appoints Vlasyevna's son as a recruit and then, in a fit of repentance, almost commits suicide. The story of Ermil ends sadly. He is imprisoned for his performance during the riot. The image of Yermila testifies to the spiritual forces lurking in Russian people, the richness of the moral qualities of the peasantry. But only in the chapter “Savelius, Hero of the Holy Russians” does the peasant protest turn into a revolt, culminating in the murder of the oppressor. True, the reprisal against the German manager was still spontaneous, but such was the reality of serf society. Serf riots arose spontaneously as a response to the cruel oppression of the landlords and those who managed their estates. Nekrasov shows the difficult and difficult path that the growth of rebellious moods and the formation of Savely's consciousness went on: from silent patience to passive resistance, from passive resistance to open protest and struggle.
Saveliy is a consistent fighter for the interests of the people, despite the rods and hard labor, he did not resign himself to his fate, he remained a spiritually free person. “Branded, but not a slave!” - he answers the people who called him "branded". Savely embodies the best features of the Russian character: love for the motherland and the people, hatred for the oppressors, a clear understanding of the irreconcilability of the interests of the landowners and peasants, the courageous ability to overcome any difficulties, physical and moral strength, self-esteem. The poet sees in him a true fighter for the cause of the people.
Not meek and submissive are close to the poet, but recalcitrant and courageous rebels, such as Savely, Yakim Nagoi, whose behavior speaks of the awakening consciousness of the peasantry, of its boiling protest against oppression. Nekrasov wrote about the oppressed people of his country with anger and pain. But the poet was able to notice the “hidden spark” of the mighty internal forces inherent in the people, and looked ahead with hope and faith:
Rat rises -
innumerable,
The strength will affect her
Invincible!

1. What is happiness, in your opinion? Peace, wealth, honor - Isn't that right, dear friends? They said, "Yes." N. A. Nekrasov So what is happiness? Happiness is state of mind human....
2. One of the most famous works of N. A. Nekrasov is the poem “Who should live well in Russia”. It can rightly be called the pinnacle of Nekrasov's work. Written by the author in his mature years, she absorbed...
3. There is, perhaps, not a single poet in whose work there is no landscape lyrics. After all, the ability to feel the beauty of nature, to see its unique charm in constantly changing pictures, in my opinion, is a necessary attribute of a poetically gifted ...
4. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a poet of the middle of the nineteenth century. His poems and poems are remembered and loved to this day. We know Nekrasov from such works as "The Poet and the Citizen", "Reflections at...
5. Each writer develops a unique style based on their artistic goals. Depending on the theme and idea of ​​the work, the means of expression are selected. In the poem "Frost, Red Nose" plays a very important role ...
6. The landowner was ruddy, portly, stocky, Sixty years old; Whiskers are gray, long, Tobacco valiant. Mistaking the wanderers for robbers, the landowner draws a pistol. Having learned who they are and why they travel, he laughs, sits down comfortably ...
7. The name of N. A. Nekrasov was forever fixed in the mind of a Russian person as the name of a great poet who came to literature with his new word, managed to express high ...
8. Nekrasov conceived the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” as a “folk book”. He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book...
9. In his epic poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”, N. A. Nekrasov sharply raises the question of happiness. This eternal theme finds its original embodiment in the work of the poet. He shows us...
10. Once, from the window of his apartment on Liteiny Prospekt in St. Petersburg, Nekrasov saw how janitors and a policeman drove away a group of petitioning peasants from the entrance of the opposite house. The Minister of State Property lived in that house...
11. N. A. Nekrasov entered the history of Russian literature as a realist poet, who paints true pictures of Russian reality, and as an outstanding journalist. The names of the most popular magazines of the 19th century “Sovremennik” and ...
12. Reflections of seven epic men. became public. The beauty of the epic isolation of the action is supported by the words of Grigory Dobrosklonov about the purpose of his life, which even in the form of expression coincide with the dispute of seven peasants in the prologue....
13. In the work of N. A. Nekrasov, work took one of the most honorable places. The poet in his poems told truthfully about how the Russian people live and work, showed him as a true builder...
14. “To whom in Russia it is good to live” is an epic poem. In the center of it is the image of post-reform Russia. Nekrasov wrote the poem for twenty years, collecting material for it “by word”. The poem is extraordinarily wide...
15. The rearrangement made by Nekrasov is characteristic: in the folklore text, at the first bow, the will rolled away, at the second, the face faded, at the third, the bride's legs quivered; Nekrasov rearranges these moments (first, “frisky legs shuddered”, then ... The theme of the people in the work of N. A. Nekrasov The most clear sign of the maturity of Nekrasov’s poetic talent was the development of the theme of the people in his lyrics. any noticeable attention. Now he is writing a series of ...
16. For lyrics, the most subjective kind of literature, the main thing is the state of a person's soul. These are feelings, experiences, reflections, moods, expressed directly through the image of the lyrical hero, acting as if the confidant of the author. Nekrasov lyric...
17. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born in Ukraine on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in Nemirov, where his father then served. Soon, Major Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov retired and in the fall of 1824 ...