Russian lands and principalities in the XII - mid-XV centuries. The main political centers during this period: in the northeast Vladimir-Suzdal principality, north Novgorod Republic, in the West Galicia-Volyn principality.

Galicia-Volyn principality
(the center was consistently Galich, Holm, and then Lvov).

There was a strong boyars, opposing the power of the princes. The main occupation was agriculture, developed trade.

Significant political events: the unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities by Roman Mstislavovich of Galicia (1199). The reunification took place under Daniel (1238).

In 1254 the prince Daniel took the title King of Russia from the Pope.

In 1303 Yuri 1 Lvovich obtained from the Patriarch of Constantinople the recognition of a separate Little Russian Metropolis.

In 1349 Galicia was conquered by the Polish king Casimir III the Great.

In 1392, Volyn became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Consequences of political fragmentation Russia:

• negative- weakness of the central government, vulnerability to external enemies, weakening of the country's economic power due to constant civil strife;
• positive- the establishment of political stability in large regions, the growth and development of cities, the development of the original culture of individual regions.

Lesson summary " Galicia-Volyn principality (1199-1392)«.

Andras
Alexander Vsevolodovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Rostislav Mikhailovich

War for the unification of the Galicia-Volyn principality( - ) - a protracted struggle for power in Galicia and Volhynia after the death of Roman Mstislavich with the participation of representatives of various branches of the Rurik dynasty and social strata of the Galicia-Volyn principality with the intervention of Hungary and Poland. It ended with the coming to power of the Romanovichs in Volhynia (), in Galich (, finally) and the victory under Yaroslavl over the last serious contender ().

During the war, the specific principalities were liquidated, in particular Lutsk and Belz, the princes received land from the central government on the rights of assistants. After the death of Daniil Galitsky (1264), the Kholm principality existed for 5 years and the Volyn principality for about 30 years, after which all the Galician-Volyn lands again came under the rule of the Galician prince.

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Subtitles

Periodization in historiography

In various versions, the events described in the article are referred to as: struggle for the restoration of the unity of Galicia-Volyn Rus , unification of Southwestern Russia , forty years of feudal war in southwestern Russia, in which the grand ducal power won. I. P. Kripyakevich, naming the events internal struggle that lasted more than forty years, clarifies the composition of the participants: supporters of strong princely power were the general population (including the petty boyars) and the Volyn boyars (companions of Roman Mstislavich), and their opponents were the large Galician boyars, part of the Volyn princes seeking to preserve their appanages, Hungary and Poland, which supported minor princes as pretenders to the throne of Galicia. N. F. Kotlyar writes about forty years of struggle between the Romanovichs and the feudal opposition, the line under which (as well as under the attempts of Hungary and Poland to capture Galicia and Volhynia) was summed up by the Battle of Yaroslavl (1245), for restoration of the Galicia-Volyn principality, created Roman and destroyed by the boyars with the help of the Hungarian king and the Polish prince. A. E. Presnyakov mentions 40 years of internal turmoil after the death of Roman.

Some historians view the events as part of the struggle of the main princely dynasties of Russia (Volyn Izyaslavich, Smolensk Rostislavich, Chernihiv-Seversky Olgovichi and Suzdal Yuryevich) for the Galician principality during the period when it did not have its own ruling dynasty (1199-1245).

A. V. Mayorov writes about intra-communal contradictions and inter-volost conflicts in the period from the moment of suppression of the first Galician dynasty (1199) until the Mongol invasion. At the same time, the researcher singles out the Galician community headed by the boyars and the external forces that influenced it, including the Volyn Izyaslavichs, and speaks of the subsidence of the conflict when a common external enemy arises in the person of the Mongol conquerors.

D. G. Khrustalev writes about internal strife and external invasions starting from 1199, about the period relative calm 1221-1227 (reign of Mstislav Udatny) and subsequent protracted fierce battle for Galicia until the Mongol invasion.

1. repressions of the Igoreviches against the Galician boyars (), after which they proceeded to attempts to independently lead the principality;
2. the Hungarian-Polish agreement in Spis (1214), after which Hungary returned to the policy of seizing the Galician throne for a representative of its dynasty;
3. the coming of the Romanovichs to power in Volhynia ();
4. death of Mstislav Udatny ().

The main primary source for events is the Galicia-Volyn chronicle, the dating of which was analyzed in comparison with other Russian and foreign sources of that time and clarified by M. S. Grushevsky, the shift in the dating of the chronicle is from minus 4 years at the beginning to plus 4 years in the middle of the 13th century .

Principality of Galicia and Volhynia

In 1156, a separate branch of the Rurikids (Izyaslavichs) was established in the Volyn principality, from which Roman Mstislavich (1150-1205) descended. During the period of struggle for power after the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman managed to briefly reign in Galich, but at the same time he almost lost Volhynia.

In 1198, a local dynasty was cut short in the Galician principality, and Roman, with the support of the Poles, managed to come to power in Galicia, thus uniting the two principalities. However, even then there were other contenders (in particular, the Igorevichi, the grandchildren of Yaroslav Osmomysl through his daughter), supported by the influential boyars Kormilichich. It is known about the repressions of Roman against the boyars. In 1201, the former father-in-law of Roman, the Grand Duke of Kyiv Rurik Rostislavich, with the Olgoviches and the Polovtsy, organized a campaign against Roman, but Roman was ahead of him and took the throne of Kiev at the invitation of the people of Kiev and black hoods.

History

The infancy of the Romanovichs

The king, refusing to act directly in the struggle for Galich, invited Yaroslav from Pereyaslavl, the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, to the Galician reign. And although the plan could not be implemented and the Igoreviches in the Galicia-Volyn principality nevertheless reigned, the union of the South Russian princes was destroyed: the Chernigov prince Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny in 1206 expelled Rurik from Kyiv, and Yaroslav from Pereyaslavl, thereby exacerbating relations with his father .

Board of the Igoreviches

Boyar rule

The Galician-Volyn chronicle speaks of the hanging of three Igoreviches: Roman, Svyatoslav and Rostislav, and the Novgorod first chronicle cites the words of Vsevolod Chermny to the Smolensk Rostislavichs about the hanging two his brothers in Galicia.

Vladislav Kormilichich soon expelled the princess and himself reigned in Galich. Then Andrash again put the princess with the Romanovichs to reign, but after his departure, the boyars brought Mstislav the Mute to reign, and the princess and Daniel fled to Hungary, and Vasilko Romanovich to Belz, but in 1213 Leszek took Belz from the Romanovichs and returned it to Alexander, moreover further events show the western bank of the Bug again under the rule of Leszek.

Vladislav returned to Galich again, but with the support of the Hungarian and Czech troops. Then the princess and Daniel chose to leave the king and were received by Leshek, who soon organized a campaign against Galich with the participation of Alexander and Vsevolod Vsevolodovich, as well as Mstislav the Mute. Vladislav with his foreign troops was defeated on the Bobrka River, but was able to keep Galich (1213).

Leszek's campaign complicated his relationship with Andras, and he set off on a campaign against Krakow. Then Leszek initiated the dynastic marriage of the 5-year-old son András Koloman, whom Pope Innocent III proclaimed "King of Galicia", and his 3-year-old daughter Salome and the joint capture and division of Galicia. The agreement was made in Spishy in 1214. Galich was captured by Andras, Koloman became the prince of Galicia, Leshek received Przemysl, and his governor Pakoslav - Lyubachev. In the same year, through the mediation of Pakoslav, as compensation to the Romanovichs, Leshek achieved the throne of Vladimir for them: Alexander had to go to Belz. Vladislav Kormilichich died in Hungarian captivity.

Romanovichi in Volhynia. Mstislav Udatny in Galich

The union of Andras and Leszek broke up again when Andras took away their possessions in Galicia from the Poles, after which Leszek turned to the Novgorod prince Mstislav Udatny, who played a big role in the capture of Kyiv from Vsevolod Chermny (1212 or 1214) and the Lipitskaya victory () over the Suzdal Yurievichs, with a proposal to occupy Galich. Grushevsky dates this call to 1216-1217, and the first arrival of Mstislav in Galich in 1219. According to another version, the first arrival of Mstislav in Galich took place already in 1215, which partially reflects the news from the primary sources.

On the eve of Mstislav's arrival in Galich, not only the Galicians, but also Sudislav called Daniel to reign, but he preferred to avoid a collision with the most powerful princely group in Russia at that moment. Moreover, Daniel married the daughter of Mstislav Anna and, having received from him a guarantee of neutrality, he regained the Volyn possessions on the western bank of the Bug. This caused a break between Leszek and Mstislav and the resumption of the Hungarian-Polish alliance, with Leszek renouncing his own claims in Galicia. The Allies captured Przemysl, from which the thousandth Mstislav Yarun fled, then defeated the vanguard of Mstislav's troops, led by Dmitr near Gorodok. According to the chronicle, Mstislav stood with the main forces, including the allied Chernigov, on the Zubra River. Mstislav instructed Daniel and Alexander to lay siege in Galich, and Alexander evaded his execution. The besieged met the enemy on the outskirts of the city, on the Bloody Ford. Then the allies went to Mstislav and ousted him from the principality, after which Mstislav allowed Daniel to leave Galich. The retreat was in the nature of a breakthrough, which eventually ended successfully. Daniel returned to Vladimir.

In 1234, Vladimir, besieged in Kyiv by Michael, asked Daniel for help, and a joint campaign was carried out in the Principality of Chernigov, and Mikhail's cousin Mstislav Glebovich joined the allies. The lands along the Desna were devastated, Chernigov was besieged and fired from stone-throwing guns. As a result, peace was concluded, which was signed by Mstislav Glebovich from the Chernihiv side. The reciprocal campaign of Izyaslav and the Polovtsy had catastrophic consequences: in the battle of Torchesky, Daniel was defeated and Vladimir was captured, Izyaslav became the prince of Kiev; Galician boyars misinformed Daniil about the invasion of Izyaslav with the Polovtsy in Volhynia, Vasilko was sent to intercept, and thus in 1235 the boyars were able to expel Daniel from Galich and accept Mikhail.

The loss of Galic even pushed Daniil to take part in the coronation of Bela IV in Fehervar on October 14, 1235, as a vassal of the Hungarian crown, but this did not bring results. Upon returning from the coronation of Bela IV, at the very end of 1235, Vasilko led a campaign near Galich, and in 1236 the Galician boyars with the Bolokhovites raided Kamenets, but suffered a heavy defeat from Daniel, who took many prisoners. Mikhail and Izyaslav demanded their extradition, brought the Polovtsy and entered into an alliance with Konrad of Mazowiecki. However, the Polovtsians struck at the Galician land itself, and Konrad was defeated by Vasilko, who also took many prisoners. Then the Romanovichs besieged Mikhail and his son Rostislav (with the Hungarian garrison) in Galich in the summer of 1237, thereby regaining Przemysl. But Michael already in 1238 took him back, and at the end of 1238, during the campaign against Lithuania of the Galician boyars and Rostislav, the Galicians called on Daniel, who had already completely mastered Galich.

Southwestern Russia

§ 32. Principality of Volhynia and Galicia; their connection

At the same time as the principality of Suzdal was growing and strengthening in the northeast of Russia, the lands of Volyn and Galicia began to develop and grow rich in the southwestern outskirts of the Russian land, uniting around 1200 into one strong principality.

The land of Volyn with the main city Vladimir Volynsky occupied places on the right bank of the Western Bug and extended through the upper reaches of the Pripyat to the Southern Bug. It got its name from the ancient city of Volhynia and the tribe of Volynians (Buzhans, Dulebs), who inhabited it. Since ancient times, it was subordinated to the Kiev princes. From the middle of the XII century. it formed its own princely line - the older Monomakhoviches. famous prince Izyaslav Mstislavich(§18) based in Volhynia and from here extracted Kyiv. From here he searched for Kyiv and his son Mstislav Izyaslavich . Thus, the Volyn princes, like their brothers and uncles, the younger Monomakhoviches of Suzdal, acquired a permanent "fatherland" in Volhynia and wished to annex old Kyiv to it. Son of Mstislav Izyaslavich Roman Mstislavich he was especially lucky: after a long struggle, he not only managed to capture Kiev, where he began to keep the princes under his command, but also managed to acquire the neighboring Galician principality with Volhynia.

The Galician principality consisted of two parts: mountainous and flat. The mountainous part was located on the eastern slopes of the Carpathians and the main city was Galich on the river. Dniester. The plain part stretched to the north, to the Western Bug, and was called the "Cherven cities", after the ancient city of Cherven with its suburbs. As a distant outskirts of the Russian land, the Galician land was not attractive to the princes. The Poles had claims to the Cherven cities and more than once they were taken away from Russia. The Carpathian highlands were not far from the hostile Ugric peoples; close from there was the restless steppe. Therefore, the Kiev princes sent young princes to the Cherven cities, who did not have a part in other places of Russia. At the end of the 11th century, by the decision of the Lyubech Congress, the great-grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise, the outcasts Vasilko and Volodar, were placed there.

Since then, the Galician outskirts has become a separate principality. Son of Volodar Volodymyrko (d. 1152) united all his cities under his sovereign power and made the capital of the Principality of Galich. He expanded the boundaries of his possessions, attracted new settlers, settled on his lands prisoners taken in the wars with Kiev and in the mornings. In relation to his principality, he played the same role that Yuri Dolgoruky played in the Suzdal region: he was its first organizer. Sly and cruel, Volodymyrko did not leave a good memory. As an example of Volodimirk's slyness and deceit, the chronicler cites his answer to one ambassador, when he reminded the prince of the sanctity of the kiss on the cross. “And what can we do to create this small cross?” Volodymyrko said with a grin. The work of unification and strengthening of the Galician principality, begun by him, was continued by his son Yaroslav (nicknamed Osmomysl ). During his long reign (1152-1187) Galich achieved great external power. The influx of settlers to the Galician region then came not only from the east, from Russia, but also from the west, from Hungary and Poland. The fertility of the region attracted the population there, the position of Galich between Western Europe and Russia contributed to the development of its trade and the prosperity of cities. The talented Yaroslav skillfully took advantage of favorable circumstances and raised his principality to a great height. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" rightly places Yaroslav in value next to Vsevolod the Big Nest. They were at that time the strongest princes in Russia.

After the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, troubles began in Galich and the family of Galician princes ceased in them. Galician principality was seized by the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich (1199), and thus Volyn and Galich united into one significant state. Although the unrest continued after the death of Roman (1205), however, his state did not fall apart, but reached even greater power during the reign of Prince Roman's son Daniel Romanovich(§37).

Just as in the northeast, in Suzdal Rus, the rise of princely power was dependent on the rapid settlement of the region by Russian settlers, so in the southwest, the Volyn and Galician princes became strong and influential due to the fact that their lands began to be filled with parishioners from different directions. But the position of the princes of Galicia-Volyn was more difficult and more dangerous than the position of the princes of Suzdal. Firstly, Volhynia and Galich did not have weak foreigners as their neighbors (as was the case in Suzdal), but strong and warlike peoples: Ugrians, Poles and Lithuanians. Moreover, the steppe enemies of Russia, the Polovtsy, were not far off. Therefore, the princes of Volhynia and Galicia had to always think about protecting their possessions from the north and west, from the kings of the Ugric and Polish, and not only from the south - from the Polovtsians. In addition, in their political undertakings, these princes themselves got used to using the help of the same Ugrians, Lithuanians and Poles, if they were not at war with them at that moment. Thus, foreign forces inevitably intervened in the Volhynia-Galician affairs and, on occasion, were ready to seize these principalities into their own power (which, as we shall see, they succeeded later). Secondly, social life in Volhynia, and especially in Galich, developed in such a way that, next to the princely autocracy, a strong aristocracy arose there in the form of the princely boyars, the senior squad, which, together with the princes, destroyed the significance of city veche meetings, and then began to influence and on the princes themselves. Even such smart and talented princes as Yaroslav Osmomysl and Roman had to reckon with boyar self-will. Prince Roman tried to break the boyars with open persecution, saying that "the bees cannot be crushed - there is no honey." However, the boyars were not exterminated by Roman and after Roman took an active part in the unrest, along with external enemies, weakening the strength of the Galician and Volyn lands.

The territory of the Galicia-Volyn land stretched from the Carpathians to Polissya, capturing the course of the rivers Dniester, Prut, Western and Southern Bug, and Pripyat. The natural conditions of the principality favored the development of agriculture in the river valleys, in the foothills of the Carpathians - the extraction of salt and mining. An important place in the life of the region was played by trade with other countries, in which the cities of Galich, Przemysl, Vladimir-Volynsky were of great importance.

An active role in the life of the principality was played by a strong local boyars, in a constant struggle with which the princely government tried to establish control over the state of affairs in their lands. The processes taking place in the Galicia-Volyn land were constantly influenced by the policies of the neighboring states of Poland and Hungary, where both princes and representatives of boyar groups applied for help or in order to find asylum.

The rise of the Galician principality began in the second half of the 12th century. under Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152-1187). After the turmoil that began with his death, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich managed to establish himself on the Galich throne, who in 1199 united the Galich land and most of the Volyn land as part of one principality. Leading a fierce struggle with the local boyars, Roman Mstislavich tried to subjugate other lands of Southern Russia.

After the death of Roman Mstislavich in 1205, his eldest son Daniel (1205-1264), who was then only four years old, became his heir. A long period of civil strife began, during which Poland and Hungary tried to divide Galicia and Volhynia among themselves. Only in 1238, shortly before the invasion of Batu, Daniil Romanovich managed to establish himself in Galich. After the conquest of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars, Daniil Romanovich became a vassal of the Golden Horde. However, the Galician prince, who possessed great diplomatic talents, skillfully used the contradictions between the Mongolian state and Western European countries.

The Golden Horde was interested in preserving the Principality of Galicia as a barrier from the West. In turn, the Vatican hoped, with the assistance of Daniel Romanovich, to subjugate the Russian Church and for this promised support in the fight against the Golden Horde and even the royal title. In 1253 (according to other sources in 1255) Daniil Romanovich was crowned, but he did not accept Catholicism and did not receive real support from Rome to fight the Tatars.

After the death of Daniel Romanovich, his successors could not resist the collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality. By the middle of the XIV century. Volhynia was captured by Lithuania, and the Galician land - by Poland.

Novgorod land

Novgorod land from the very beginning of the history of Russia played a special role in it. The most important feature of this land was that the traditional Slavic occupation of agriculture, with the exception of growing flax and hemp, did not give much income here. The main source of enrichment for the largest landowners of Novgorod - the boyars - was the profit from the sale of craft products - beekeeping, hunting for fur and sea animals.

Along with the Slavs who lived here since ancient times, the population of the Novgorod land included representatives of the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. In the XI-XII centuries. Novgorodians mastered the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland and held in their hands the exit to the Baltic Sea, from the beginning of the XIII century. Novgorod border in the West went along the line of Lake Peipus and Pskov. Of great importance for Novgorod was the annexation of the vast territory of Pomerania from the Kola Peninsula to the Urals. Novgorod sea and forest industries brought enormous wealth.

Novgorod's trade relations with its neighbors, especially with the countries of the Baltic basin, became stronger from the middle of the 12th century. Furs, walrus ivory, lard, flax, etc. were exported to the West from Novgorod. Cloth, weapons, metals, etc. were imported to Russia.

But despite the size of the territory of the Novgorod land, it was distinguished by a low level of population density, a relatively small number of cities compared to other Russian lands. All cities, except for the "younger brother" Pskov (separated from 1268), were noticeably inferior in terms of population and importance to the main city of the Russian medieval North - Lord Veliky Novgorod.

The economic growth of Novgorod prepared the necessary conditions for its political separation into an independent feudal boyar republic in 1136. The princes in Novgorod were left with exclusively official functions. The princes acted in Novgorod as military leaders, their actions were under the constant control of the Novgorod authorities. The right of the princes to court was limited, their purchase of land in Novgorod was prohibited, and the income they received from the possessions determined for the service was strictly fixed. From the middle of the XII century. the Novgorod prince was formally considered the Grand Duke of Vladimir, but until the middle of the 15th century. he did not have the opportunity to really influence the state of affairs in Novgorod.

The supreme governing body of Novgorod was veche, real power was concentrated in the hands of the Novgorod boyars. Three or four dozen Novgorod boyar families held in their hands more than half of the privately owned lands of the republic and, skillfully using the patriarchal-democratic traditions of the Novgorod antiquity to their advantage, did not let go of their control over the richest land of the Russian Middle Ages.

From the environment and under the control of the boyars, elections were carried out posadnik(heads of the city government) and thousandth(head of the militia). Under boyar influence, the post of head of the church was replaced - archbishop. The archbishop was in charge of the treasury of the republic, external relations of Novgorod, the right of court, etc. The city was divided into 3 (later 5) parts - "ends", whose trade and craft representatives, along with the boyars, took a significant part in the management of the Novgorod land.

The socio-political history of Novgorod is characterized by private urban uprisings (1136, 1207, 1228-29, 1270). However, as a rule, these movements did not lead to fundamental changes in the structure of the republic. In most cases, social tension in Novgorod was skillfully

used in their struggle for power by representatives of rival boyar groups, who dealt with their political opponents with the hands of the people.

The historical isolation of Novgorod from other Russian lands had important political consequences. Novgorod was reluctant to participate in all-Russian affairs, in particular, the payment of tribute to the Mongols. The richest and largest land of the Russian Middle Ages, Novgorod, could not become a potential center for the unification of Russian lands. The boyar nobility ruling in the republic strove to protect the "old times", to prevent any changes in the existing correlation of political forces within the New City society.

Strengthening since the beginning of the XV century. tendencies in Novgorod oligarchy, those. the usurpation of power exclusively by the boyars played a fatal role in the fate of the republic. In the context of increased from the middle of the XV century. Moscow’s offensive against Novgorod independence, a significant part of Novgorod society, including the agricultural and trading elite that did not belong to the boyars, either went over to the side of Moscow, or took a position of passive non-intervention.