Presentation of British foreign policy in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the last third of the XIX century, the main arena of colonial conquests. Relationship between the Parliament and the Cabinet of England
Great Britain 19 -20 century- story, lessons
Great Britain 19 -20 century. Lesson 17. Great Britain end of the Victorian era. In the second half of the XIX century. England establishes control over a significant part of Africa, Burma, introduces in 1882 the actual regime of a protectorate over Egypt.
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Great Britain at the end XIX– beginning XX century
towards the middle XIX century Great Britain became the most powerful state in Europe. She was ahead of other countries in terms of lesson you will learn about economic and political development Great Britain at the end XIX century, its foreign policy and attempts ...
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school2.ru.com/konspekt_uroka_po_discipline.doc
By the end 19 century positions England as a world leader have been lost. 2 slide. (The purpose of our lesson- analyze internal And foreign policy Great Britain in the 2nd floor. 19 century - early 20 century and reveal the reasons for the loss of world domination Great Britain.)
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Presentation to lesson in history (grade 8) on the topic ...
Lesson-Journey through New history in the 8th grade "Countries of industrial civilization at the end 19 - early 20 century". Control testing on new history grade 8 on the topic" Western European countries at the end 19 century" 2 options. The work is based on the materials of the textbook ...
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History presentation on the topic " Great Britain at the end 19 ..."
Description of the slide: Great Britain at the end XIX– beginning XX century.Homework: §20 (questions from the plan) compose a story; entry in a notebook to learn. Find material for any lesson, indicating your subject (category), class, textbook and topic
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Development lesson. England in the second half 19 century
Multiurok.com > Lesson development. England
England in the second half XIX- early XX century
Back to top XX V. England England XX
KnowHistory.com > England in the second half
Lesson 4. Great Britain V XIX- early XX century.
XX century. The automation of the sound [C] at the beginning of words with consonant confluence. 1816-20 was marked by the rise of the democratic movement. For the first time, factory workers took part in it. By the middle 19 V. Great Britain completed the conquest of India...
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Presentation on the topic: " Great Britain on the edge XIX-XX centuries."
Late 19th century - development of colonial policy Great Britain to the detriment of the interests of the domestic economy. Download a free presentation on the topic " Great Britain on the edge XIX-XX centuries. From the speech English politician D. Chamberlain ...
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Presentation on the topic: Great Britain on the edge XIX-XX centuries
Architecture of Russia 18- 19 centuries. Introductory lesson on the history of the Middle centuries.By the end XIX century Great Britain England in XVIII- XIX
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England in the second half XIX- early XX century
Back to top XX V. England lost first place in terms of industrial production, but remained the strongest maritime, colonial power and as a result England ceased to be the "factory of the world" and at the beginning XX V. In terms of industrial production, it was...
KnowHistory.com > England in the second half
Lesson №6 England 19 - early 20 centuries- Marina Odinokova
Post navigation. Lesson№5 International relations in 1815 - 1875. Lesson№7 France 19 - Start 20 centuries.
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England at the end XIX– beginning XX century- Youtube
Youtube.com > England in the late XIX - early
Presentation on the topic: Great Britain on the edge XIX-XX centuries
Architecture of Russia 18- 19 centuries. Introductory lesson on the history of the Middle centuries.By the end XIX century Great Britain loses leadership in economic development among the leading countries England in XVIII- XIX centuries led a consistent colonial expansion (expansion of influence) in everything ...
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Subject lesson: Great Britain V 19 -beginning 20 centuries
Development lesson in general history for grade 8: " England V 19 century". Outline for lesson history. Subject: World History. Grade: 8. Subject lesson: Great Britain V 19 -beginning 20 centuries Goals lesson: to form knowledge about the features of the socio-economic and political ...
Prodlenka.org > Lesson topic: Great Britain
Abstract of the open lesson on history on the topic " England V XIX..."
Lesson No. 18 Subject: Great Britain V XIX– beginning XX centuries Purpose: to give an idea of the changes that have taken place in England XVIII century, on the example of history England XVIII century we will get acquainted with such a phenomenon as the industrial revolution.Points. 22- 20 . 19 - 16.
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Plan lesson
« England at first 19 century» - Modernization process in England. Start XIX century. 1830 - the coming to power of the Whig party.« Great Britain V 19 century» - England. Domestic policy. Great Britain and her dominions.
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Great Britain at the end 19 - at first 20 century- presentation...
By the end XIX century at the beginning of the 20th century, it became clear that Great Britain no longer as powerful as before. Germany and the United States produced more steel and were better armed than Great Britain. The reasons for this change lie in the following: other countries had more ...
ppt-online.org > UK at the end of 19 -
Great Britain at the end XIX-beginning XX century. - The World History
at the end XIX century. England suffered the most protracted and severe crisis, since 1873. swept industry, agriculture, trade, finance.The center of colonialism in. in South Africa there was a papal colony created by the Dutch in the second half of the XVII century.
Studbooks.net > UK at the end
§ 8. Great Britain in the second half XIX– beginning XX century.
But by the end century USA ahead of Great Britain for the smelting of iron and steel, and at the beginning XX V. The British were overtaken by Germany. England lagged behind in other respects as well. Pretty long Britannia held the first place in the world in terms of total exports (i.e., exports) ...
History.wikireading.ru > § 8. Great Britain during
Lesson problematic presentation with elements of research ...
Subject lesson: « XIX century- century unprecedented prosperity Great Britain» Plan: 1. England 1815-1847 on 3. Describe the path England to greatness and prosperity in the beginning XIX century.IN 19 years old, he went to London and there he became an apprentice in a workshop that made navigation ...
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England at the end XIX– beginning XX century- Youtube
Youtube.com > England in the late XIX - early
Open lesson "Great Britain" Grade 10 download
integrated lesson. world history and English language. in grade 10. OBJECTIVES: To study the political and economic situation Great Britain on the edge XIX-XX century.Economic development. Second half of the 19th century V England often referred to as "Victorian".
summary of other presentations"Industrial revolution and its consequences" - Ways of development of capitalism. Industrial revolution and changes in society. Creation of international monopoly unions. The appearance of the car. Assembly line. The predominance of the export of capital. Unions. The industrial revolution and its aftermath. signs of imperialism. Prerequisites for the renewal of production. Questions and tasks for self-control. Consequences of crises. Echelons of modernization. Territorial division of the world.
"Creation of the British Empire" - The export of capital in the colony. Tasks. Working with a document. At the end of the 19th century, the government faced a serious problem. Conservatives. The party composition of the deputies of parliament. Reforms in England in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the 1830s and 1840s, the industrial revolution comes to an end. What are the reasons for the slowdown in industrial development. Dominion. The Liberal Party has set itself the goal of carrying out reforms.
"Chartism" - The Reform Bill. Movement for electoral reform. Describe Napoleon's domestic policy. England. Clash of the Chartists with the troops. 1838 - Chartist program ("People's Charter"): Universal. The economic development of England. Chartist uprising. The meaning of position. Procession of the Chartists. Chartism. The foreign policy of England. Chartists put forward petitions. Chartist demonstration.
"England at the beginning of the 19th century" - 1830 - the coming to power of the Whig party. Queen Victoria (1819-1901). Foreign policy. Causes of the Decline of Chartism. England is the workshop of the world. results of the Chartist movement. Reform Bill. Beginning of the 19th century. British Empire. The Chartists are taking the Charter to Parliament. Chartist movement. Modernization process in England. Victorian era. Chartism is a movement for electoral reform. England in the first half of the nineteenth century.
"The consequences of the industrial revolution in England" - The steam engine began to be used in transport. Capitalist industrialization of France in the 19th century. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the number of literate people is increasing. At the end of the XVIII century. engineering is emerging in England. Creating a more perfect harness. Technical innovations. The formation of the United States and the features of the industrial revolution. Exports of English cotton goods. The rise of capitalism in Western Europe.
"Great Britain in the 19th century" - "Heroes of Manchester". "Victorian Era". What contributed to the economic rise and fall of England. Suffrage. labor aristocracy. England. England is the "workshop of the world". India. Great Britain and its dominions. Domestic policy. Queen Victoria (1819-1901). Technical superiority of England. Economic difficulties in the late 19th century. Canada, Australia, New Zealand are the dominions of England. Lesson plan.
History of England
Slides: 12 Words: 335 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0A group of history researchers presents the results of their work on the topic: "History of England". George Orwell. We were looking for an answer to the following problematic question: What are the historical stages of the formation of the state? The purpose of our research: The results of our research: Throughout the history of its existence, England remembers many wars ... We studied the CHRONOLOGY OF THE RULERS OF THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND. We have singled out the following periods of English history: By the Act of Union of 1707, England and Scotland merged into the Kingdom of Great Britain, with a common legislative assembly. In 1922, six Irish provinces seceded to form the independent state of Ireland. - History of England.ppt
England in the early 19th century
Slides: 21 Words: 1205 Sounds: 0 Effects: 19England in the first half of the nineteenth century. England is a constitutional monarchy. Beginning of the 19th century. 1830 - the coming to power of the Whig party. Reform Bill. Chartism is a movement for electoral reform. The Chartists are taking the Charter to Parliament. Chartist movement. results of the Chartist movement. Causes of the Decline of Chartism. England is the workshop of the world. Queen Victoria (1819-1901). Victorian era. The beginning of the Victorian era. Foreign policy. British Empire. Modernization process in England. - England in the early 19th century.ppt
Britain in the 19th century
Slides: 20 Words: 800 Sounds: 0 Effects: 59Great Britain and its dominions. Lesson plan. What contributed to the economic rise and fall of England. Queen Victoria (1819-1901). "Victorian Era". England. England is the "workshop of the world". Technical superiority of England. bourgeoisie and proletariat. "Heroes of Manchester". labor aristocracy. Economic difficulties in the late 19th century. Domestic policy. Political parties in England. Suffrage. Gladstone introduced a third reform. Foreign policy. India. Canada, Australia, New Zealand are the dominions of England. - Great Britain in the 19th century.ppt
Briefly about Great Britain in the 19th century
Slides: 17 Words: 670 Sounds: 0 Effects: 11Great Britain: the end of the Victorian era. Blitz poll. signs of imperialism. The proportion of the largest capitalist powers. The average annual rate of development of production in 1870-1913. Complete the diagram. "+" or "-". Military-political blocs. Which countries were part of the Triple Alliance, and which were in the Entente. Political parties in England. Crossword is the opposite. Dates in British history. Table of "thin" and "thick" questions. Draw a conclusion about the development of Great Britain in the second half of the 19th century. Sincwine. - Briefly about Great Britain in the 19th century.ppt
Queen Victoria
Slides: 24 Words: 633 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Queen Victoria: great queen of a great country. Relevance. Understand why an entire era in British history was called "Victorianism". Hypothesis. Dates of birth and death. Queen's parents. Victoria is the last representative of the Hanoverian dynasty. Queen Victoria in her youth. Coronation of Queen Victoria. January 28, 1838. Marriage of Victoria. Date of marriage. Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert. Queen's family. In her marriage to Albert, Victoria gave birth to nine children. Queen's family life. Albert was a friend and advisor. Died at the age of 42. "The light has gone out for me," said the queen. - Queen Victoria.ppt
Victorian era
Slides: 14 Words: 284 Sounds: 0 Effects: 62Lesson topic: Lifestyle in the 19th century. The form of the lesson is a competition of television programs. Lesson Objectives: To develop intellectual skills. Be able to analyze and summarize the material. To be able to highlight the main thing in historical events and phenomena. Be able to actively perceive the material being studied. Victorian era. Queen Victoria. Inventions in the Victorian Era. Brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere. Filming a movie. Watch movie. 10 (ten) short films were shown. First World Industrial Exhibition in London. 1851. Prince Albert. Queen Victoria. Crystal Palace - Crystal Palace. - Victorian Era.ppt
End of the Victorian Era
Slides: 16 Words: 315 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12Great Britain: the end of the Victorian era (or the creation of the British Empire). Let's remember. England. Second quarter of the 19th century Tasks for the lesson. Lesson plan: Changes in the economy Changes in the political system Changes in the social environment. Changes in the political sphere. parties. Party leaders. Benjamin Disraeli. William Gladstone. Electoral reforms. Conclusion: The reforms contributed to the creation of civil society and the rule of law in the UK. Strikes and strikes. David Lloyd George. Prime Minister of Great Britain. expansion of the colonial empire. Great Britain. - End of the Victorian Era.ppt
British colonies
Slides: 12 Words: 491 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Project goal: In the last quarter of the 18th century, Great Britain experienced a serious crisis - the loss of 13 of its North American colonies. In the first half of the 19th century, the British colonialists completed the conquest of India. The colonization of Australia and New Zealand was carried out, the colonization of South Africa began, and penetration into China took place. The old forms of exploitation persisted in the non-migrant colonies. In the last third of the 19th century, Africa became the main arena for British colonial conquests. In the 1880-1890s. Britain established a de facto protectorate over Afghanistan. British Empire. - Colonies of Britain.ppt
Creation of the British Empire
Slides: 41 Words: 1134 Sounds: 0 Effects: 91Creation of the British Empire. Tasks. Terms. The second half of the 19th century was marked by the reign of Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria. Political parties. What are the characteristics of conservatism and liberalism. Working with a document. The palace will not sleep well while the hut is unhappy. Reforms in England in the second half of the nineteenth century. Reforms in England in the second half of the twentieth century. The reforms contributed to the development of civil society in England. In the 1830s and 1840s, the industrial revolution comes to an end. England has become: "the workshop of the world." World industrial production (in %). - Creation of the British Empire.ppt
Chartism
Slides: 15 Words: 347 Sounds: 0 Effects: 34Describe Napoleon's domestic policy. England. Reform Bill. Chartism. Movement for electoral reform. Chartist uprising. 1838 - Chartist program ("People's Charter"): Universal. Chartist demonstration. Clash of the Chartists with the troops. Procession of the Chartists. Chartists put forward petitions. The economic development of England. The foreign policy of England. The meaning of position. - Chartism.ppt
industrial society
Slides: 13 Words: 232 Sounds: 0 Effects: 5industrial society. New classes and groups of the population. Social issue. The decline of crafts has caused an influx of labor force Low wages Unemployment Demographic growth. Industrialization. Urbanization. Urbanization (from lat. urbanus - urban) is the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society. What points related to the concept of a city in modern times? What caused the emergence of new cities? What changes have taken place in the old cities? Morse device. The invention of I. Gray and A. Bell. Radio A. S. Popov. Radio G. Marconi. - Industrial Society.ppt
industrial revolution
Slides: 10 Words: 311 Sounds: 0 Effects: 14industrial revolution. Story. traditional and industrial society. industrial society. Industrial revolution. XIX century - the end of the industrial revolution. Capitalism. Free competition Small, medium and large entrepreneurs. Free market. Unlimited competition. Monopoly The dominance of large companies. Restriction of competition. Crises of overproduction. monopoly capitalism. Cartel. Syndicate. Trust. Concern. Types of monopolies. Imperialism. Inventions. - Industrial Revolution.ppt
Industrial Revolution in England
Slides: 9 Words: 266 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution in England. James Watt's steam engine. mechanical spinning wheel "Jenny". Background of the industrial revolution. Features of the industrial revolution in other countries. A revolution in vehicles. steamship Claremont. locomotive "Rocket". Large industrial industry. - The Industrial Revolution in England.ppt
Coup in England
Slides: 20 Words: 853 Sounds: 0 Effects: 36Industrial Revolution in England. The transition from manual labor to machine and from manufactory to factory. Industrial revolution. The establishment of capitalism in agriculture. agricultural revolution. rural bourgeoisie. dependent peasants. Wage-earners. Feudal lords. Draw a diagram of the "Conditions of the Industrial Revolution in England." Draw a diagram of the Golden Triangle. Chronology of the Industrial Revolution in England. Capitalism. A society based on private property and wage labor. The Industrial Revolution began with the invention of working machines. Hand-drawn spinning machine. Flying Shuttle J. - Coup in England.ppt
industrial revolution
Slides: 12 Words: 904 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Industrial Revolution in England. By the middle of the 18th century, England became the leading capitalist country. The Industrial Revolution began with the invention of the efficient steam engine. Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England. Textile industry. The Industrial Revolution in Britain began with the textile industry. The invention of the flying shuttle in 1733 increased the demand for yarn. Weaving mill in Reddish, UK. Hand-drawn spinning machine. Spinning wheel "Jenny". In 1784, Henry Court developed the puddling process. The construction of canals began, which made it possible to transport coal and metals. - Industrial Revolution.ppt
Years of industrial revolution
Slides: 15 Words: 179 Sounds: 0 Effects: 21Industrial revolution. Innovation. The transition from manual labor to machine and from manufactory to factory. The establishment of capitalism in agriculture. rural bourgeoisie. dependent peasants. Wage-earners. Feudal lords. Timeline of the Industrial Revolution in England. Flying shuttle. In 1730, the loom was improved. Mechanical spinning machine. Spinning wheel "Jenny". In 1765, J. Hargreaves, struggling with the competition of cheap Indian fabrics, built a mechanical spinning wheel. Labor productivity increased 20 times. Steam engine. The working fluid in such machines is steam. - Years of the Industrial Revolution.ppt
Industrial Revolution in England
Slides: 12 Words: 578 Sounds: 0 Effects: 48Industrial Revolution in England. New story. Lesson plan. Questions. 1. Changes in English society. Small proprietors disappeared, turning into tenants and farm laborers. The efficiency of agriculture has increased dramatically. Jethro Tull seed drill. England 18th century. At the same time, the industrial image of England changed. In England, monopolies were abolished and the free opening of manufactories was introduced. First cast iron bridge at Coalbrookdale (1790). Spinning Jenny. The growth of overseas trade contributed to the development of manufactory production. In 1765, J. TextTextile factory. Engraving of the 17th century. Textile factory. - The Industrial Revolution in England.ppt
The industrial revolution and its aftermath
Slides: 24 Words: 1031 Sounds: 0 Effects: 83The industrial revolution and its aftermath. Industrial revolution and changes in society. Echelons of modernization. Modernization. Ways of development of capitalism. Imperialism. Prerequisites for the renewal of production. The appearance of the car. Energy source. The first heavy English tank. Assembly line. Economic crises. Consequences of crises. signs of imperialism. Monopoly. Merger of banking and industrial capital. The predominance of the export of capital. Creation of international monopoly unions. Territorial division of the world. Social consequences of industrialization. - Industrial revolution and its consequences.ppt
Consequences of the Industrial Revolution in England
Slides: 18 Words: 1277 Sounds: 0 Effects: 115The era of free competition capitalism. The content and consequences of the industrial revolution for the world economy. Technical innovations. Creating a more perfect harness. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the number of literate people is increasing. The market mechanism creates conditions for increasing labor productivity. The rise of capitalism in Western Europe. England is the birthplace of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution began in light industry. In 1784, J. Watt created a steam engine. The steam engine began to be used in transport. Exports of English cotton goods. -
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From the speech of the English politician D. Chamberlain (Extracts). “... Look at the results of our connection with the colonies, the consequences of our influence in Egypt and power in India, at the enormous efforts made by our compatriots to develop the still unexplored and vast areas of the African Continent, and you will see that the future of the working classes depends more on the success of our overseas enterprises spread throughout the universe than ... on measures aimed at encouraging production. ”What information about the history of Great Britain can be obtained from this document?
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By the end of the 19th century, Great Britain is losing its leadership in economic development among the leading countries of the world: Strengthening the export of capital abroad. English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest not in domestic industry, but in countries where raw materials and labor were cheaper. The export of capital gave a profit five times higher than the income from foreign trade. The ruin of English farmers who could not compete with cheap food from the colonies. Decreased competitiveness of British goods compared to German and American ones. The protectionism of the younger industrial states, which fenced themselves off from the competition of English goods by high customs duties. England traditionally adhered to the rules of duty-free trade.
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British foreign policy “Britain has no permanent allies. She has only permanent interests”PalmerstonPrime Minister of England Active participation in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, caused by the desire to weaken the international authority of the Russian Empire. The second “opium” war of 1856-1860. against China and the imposition of unequal trade agreements on it. Support for the slave-owning South during the US Civil War 1861-1865.
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England in the XVIII-XIX centuries. led a consistent colonial expansion (expansion of influence) all over the world Strongholds of colonization Gibraltar control over the exit from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean Suez Canal Exit from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Aden exit from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean at about 10 times the population of Great BritainAustralia. n. "white" migrant colony in its purest form, since the local population is almost destroyed. Before 1868 served as a place of exile for convicts. Canada is a large resettlement colony, since 1867. New Zealand, Egypt, the Cape Colony in South Africa, territories in West Africa, South Burma, etc., which received dominion rights.
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Fundamentals of colonial policy Extermination or oppression of the local populationThe principle of "Divide and Conquer"Expansion of British goods and capitalExploitation of the natural resources of the colonies, turning them into a source of raw materials for English industry "A British subject in any country in the world can be sure that the watchful eye and strong hand of England will protect him from injustice and resentment.”PalmerstonPrime Minister of England
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Development of British imperialism Concentration of production. Formation of monopolies. Merger of industrial and banking capital. The formation of a financial oligarchy. The predominance of the export of capital over the export of goods. The struggle for the economic and territorial division of the world into spheres of influence. Establishing a close connection between the financial oligarchy and the government. Prove with examples that in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century there were signs of imperialism
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Torch Conservatives Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) 1860s-1870s - “time of reforms” In and liberalsWilliam Gladstone (1809-1898). The electoral reform of 1832 in England did not solve all the problems. 1867 - the second electoral reform. 46 "rotten towns" were liquidated. Property qualification decreased. The number of voters increased from 1.35 to 2.25 million people. 1884-1885 - the third electoral reform. More than 100 "rotten towns" were destroyed. The property qualification was reduced. The number of voters grew to 5.5 million people and amounted to 13% of the population.
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In the 1870s liberals and conservatives carried out reforms through parliament: trade unions received the right to judicial protection and strikes. The law on secret voting in parliamentary elections, which excluded the possibility for wealthy deputies to influence voters. School reform - schools were created throughout the country, many of them were free. 54 hour work week law. It was forbidden to employ children under 10 years of age. Self-government reform - at the head of each of the 122 districts was a council that had the rights of local authorities. The reforms contributed to the creation of civil society and the rule of law in the UK.
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1880s - 1890s - economic crisesLoss of England's position as the "workshop of the world"Decrease in the standard of living of unskilled workersThe emergence of new trade unions that united dock workers, gas workers and other unskilled workers. Conducting strikes. 1900 - creation of the "Workers' Representation Committee": 8-hour working day, pensions from 60 years old, election of workers' representatives to parliament, etc. 1906 - creation of the Workers' ("Labor") Party - the Socialist Party of Great Britain . The rise of the labor movement pushed the government to carry out social reforms.
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1906 to 1916 - Liberal rule Moderate reforms in the name of "class peace". Entrepreneurs were forbidden to claim from trade unions losses incurred by corporations during strikes. At the expense of entrepreneurs, they introduced benefits in case of accidents at work and pensions for the elderly who have reached 70 years of age. Established an 8-hour working day for miners. 1911 - insurance for sickness, disability and unemployment at the expense of the state budget, contributions from entrepreneurs and contributions from the workers themselves. The veto of the House of Lords was limited. If the lower house passed a bill for the third time, it automatically became law. Attempts to resolve the Irish question. David Lloyd George (1863-1945). Leader of the Liberal Party
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The death of Queen Victoria ended a reign of 64 years. The Victorian era is over - the era of the highest prosperity of the country and imperial greatness. The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. - the time when the process of modernization was actively going on in the country, affecting politics, the economy, and society. Monopoly capitalism developed in England, a system of social reforms was created. The struggle for the preservation and expansion of the colonial empire, for international prestige brought Great Britain to the threshold of a world war.
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By the beginning of the XX century. England lost its first place in terms of industrial production, but remained the strongest maritime, colonial power and financial center of the world. In political life, the restriction of monarchical power and the strengthening of the role of parliament continued.
Economic development
In the 50-70s. Britain's economic position in the world was stronger than ever. In subsequent decades, the growth of industrial production continued, but much more slowly. In terms of the pace of development, British industry lagged behind American and German. The reason for this lag was that the factory equipment installed in the middle of the 19th century was outdated. Its renewal required large capitals, but it was more profitable for banks to invest in other countries than in the national economy. As a result, England ceased to be the "factory of the world" and at the beginning of the 20th century. in terms of industrial production was in third place - after the United States and Germany.
As in other European countries, by the beginning of the 20th century. a number of large monopolies arose in England: the Vickers and Armstrong trust in military production, tobacco and salt trusts, etc. There were about 60 of them in total.
Agriculture at the end of the 19th century experienced a crisis caused by the import of cheap American grain and falling prices for local agricultural products. The landowners had to reduce the area under crops, and many farmers went bankrupt.
Despite the loss of industrial superiority and the agricultural crisis, England remained one of the richest countries in the world. It owned enormous capital, had the largest fleet, dominated the sea routes, and remained the largest colonial power.
Political system
At this time there was a further development of the system of parliamentarism. The role of the Cabinet of Ministers and its head increased, and the rights of the monarch and the House of Lords were even more limited. Since 1911, the House of Commons has had the final say in passing laws. The lords could only delay the approval of the bills, but were not able to fail them altogether.
In the middle of the XIX century. In England, a two-party system was finally formed. The country was alternately ruled by two large bourgeois parties, which changed their names and strengthened the organs of leadership. The Tories became known as the Conservatives, while the Whigs adopted the name of the Liberal Party. Despite differences in political orientation, both parties vigorously defended and strengthened the existing system.
For a long time, the leader of the conservative party was one of its founders, the flexible and intelligent politician B. Disraeli (1804-1881). Coming from a bourgeois-intellectual family, he nevertheless showed respect for the aristocracy and traditions. However, Disraeli was not a defender of all traditions and an opponent of all reforms. As head of the cabinet, he passed several laws in favor of trade unions and workers.
A prominent figure in the liberal party, who headed four cabinets, was W. Gladstone (1809-1898). He put his political talent and oratorical skill at the service of the party, justifying even the most unseemly actions of the government, especially in the colonies.
Domestic politics of liberals and conservatives
The ruling circles felt strong pressure from the working class and the petty bourgeoisie, who sought to improve the economic situation and expand political rights. In order to prevent major upheavals and maintain power, liberals and conservatives were forced to carry out a series of reforms.
As a result of their implementation, the number of voters greatly increased, although women and poor men did not receive the right to vote (until 1918). The right of workers to strike was reaffirmed. From 1911 workers were paid sickness, disability and unemployment benefits.
A feature of the political development of England was the expansion of democracy through peaceful reforms, and not as a result of revolutions, as in France and the United States.
But even in bourgeois-democratic England, far from all problems were solved. The national liberation struggle of the Irish did not stop. The liberals were ready to give autonomy to the Irish Catholics, but they ran into such fierce resistance from conservatives and Protestant circles that they were forced to abandon this intention. Only in 1921 Ireland (with the exception of Ulster) received autonomy.
Foreign and colonial policy
Leaders, both conservatives and liberals, sought to expand the British Empire (this is how Great Britain was called together with the colonies since the 70s of the 19th century).
One of the most staunch supporters of the expansion of the empire (they called themselves imperialists) Cecil Rode stated: "What a pity that we can not reach the stars ... I would annex (i.e., capture) the planets if I could."
In North Africa, England occupied Egypt and captured the Sudan. In South Africa, the main goal of the British was to capture the Transvaal and Orange republics, founded by the descendants of Dutch settlers - the Boers. As a result of the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), the 250,000-strong British army won, and the Boer republics became British colonies. In Asia, England occupied Upper Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and strengthened its position in China. The wars of the British were accompanied by the ruthless extermination of the local inhabitants, who offered stubborn resistance to the colonialists.
On the eve of the First World War, the British Empire occupied an area of 35 million square meters. km with a population of over 400 million people, which accounted for more than a fifth of the earth's land area and a fourth of the world's population. (Think about these numbers and draw your own conclusions.)
The exploitation of the colonies gave England huge profits, which made it possible to raise the wages of workers and thereby alleviate political tensions. S. Rode said directly: "If you do not want a civil war, you must become imperialists."
Colonial conquests led to a clash between England and other countries, also striving to seize more foreign lands. Germany became the most serious enemy of the British. This forced the British government to conclude allied treaties with France and Russia.
Unions. Formation of the Labor Party
The economic opportunities of entrepreneurs and the state made it possible to increase the material well-being of a significant part of the population of England. Wages for the period from 1840 to 1900 increased by 50%, housing conditions and nutrition of the population improved. But wealth was distributed extremely unevenly. Poverty has persisted, although on a smaller scale than before, unemployment has not disappeared. Half of the London workers did not even have money for a decent funeral. Hundreds of thousands of Englishmen in search of a better life sailed across the ocean.
All this created the ground for the labor movement, the growth in the number and influence of trade unions. In 1868, the most massive trade union organization was founded - the British Congress of Trade Unions (TUC), which exists to this day. It included highly paid skilled workers. The BKT peacefully sought from entrepreneurs to increase wages and reduce working hours, and from Parliament to pass laws in favor of workers.
In 1900, on the initiative of the BKT, the first (after the Chartist) mass political organization of workers, the Labor (i.e., workers) party, was founded. It included not only workers, but also representatives of the petty bourgeoisie and intelligentsia, who played a leading role in the party. The Labor Party is still an influential political force today. Then she declared herself the defender of the interests of the workers and directed her main efforts to winning seats in parliament and carrying out peaceful reforms. At the beginning of the XX century. its population reached 1 million people.
THIS IS INTERESTING TO KNOW
In 1880 Irish tenants for the first time used boycott (disobedience, termination of work) as a way to fight for the improvement of their situation against the English manager Boycott. Since then, the word has become widespread.
The English General Raglan died of cholera in the Crimea during the war of 1853-1856. The style of the coat is named after him, in which the sleeves are one with the shoulder. The general wore just such a coat, as it did not hurt his wound.
References:
V. S. Koshelev, I. V. Orzhehovsky, V. I. Sinitsa / World History of the Modern Times XIX - early. XX century., 1998.
