slide 6

The destruction of the ozone layer leads to uncontrolled climate change of the Earth as a result of the influx of ultraviolet radiation.

Slide 7

Deforestation and degradation of forests, primarily tropical rainforests.

Slide 8

Atmospheric pollution with CO2, CH4, etc., the threat of the greenhouse effect.

Slide 9

Soil erosion, salinization, waterlogging, desertification.

Slide 10

Radiation contamination of vast areas with tragic consequences.

slide 11

The removal of huge masses of matter from the bowels and the shortage of raw materials and fuel.

slide 12

Toxication of fields with pesticides, herbicides, nitrates, etc.

We live in the world of the information society, the world of high achievements and high technologies. Over the past decades, the lives of billions of people on Earth have changed dramatically. First of all, this is due to the intensive development of scientific and technical knowledge, the development of industry and cities, the emergence of more and more new technologies.

The ever-increasing influence of civilization on the environment is rapidly approaching a global environmental catastrophe. It should be emphasized that, according to many scientists, this catastrophe can occur much earlier than a crisis due to the lack of any fossil resource.

The main amount of ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere of the stratosphere, at altitudes from 10 to 45 km. The ozone layer protects all life on Earth from the harsh ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. By absorbing this radiation, ozone significantly affects the temperature distribution in the upper atmosphere, which in turn affects the climate.

The depletion of the planet's ozone layer leads to the destruction of the existing biogenesis of the ocean due to the death of plankton in the equatorial zone, inhibition of plant growth, a sharp increase in eye and cancer diseases, as well as diseases associated with a weakening of the human and animal immune systems, an increase in the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, corrosion of metals, etc. .d.

The problem of water pollution (seas, rivers, lakes, etc.) is one of the most urgent. Man, through his activity, irrevocably changes the natural regime of water bodies with waste and discharges. There is a lot of water on Earth, fresh water - only 3%, the remaining 97% - the water of the seas and oceans. Three quarters of fresh water is not available to living organisms, as it is the water of glaciers. Glacial water is a reservoir of fresh water.

Almost all the mass of water is concentrated in the oceans. Evaporating water from the surface of the oceans provides moisture to all terrestrial ecosystems. The land returns water to the ocean. Before the development of human civilization, the water cycle on the planet was in equilibrium. The ocean from the rivers received such an amount of water that it expended during its evaporation. With a constant climate, the rivers did not become shallow, the water level in the lakes did not decrease. With the development of human civilization, this cycle was broken. Ocean pollution has reduced the amount of water that evaporates from the oceans. Shallow rivers in the southern regions. All this has led to a deterioration in the water supply of the biosphere. Droughts and various environmental disasters are becoming frequent.

A previously inexhaustible resource - fresh water - is now becoming exhaustible. In many parts of the world there is not enough water for drinking, irrigation, industrial production. This problem is very serious, as water pollution will affect future generations. Therefore, this problem needs to be solved as soon as possible, the problem of industrial discharges needs to be radically reconsidered.

Second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of industry and the growth of power supply, which could not but affect the climate on the entire planet. Modern scientific research has established that the impact of anthropogenic activity on the global climate is associated with several factors, in particular with an increase in: the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as some other gases entering the atmosphere in the course of economic activity and enhancing the greenhouse effect in it; masses of atmospheric aerosols; thermal energy generated in the process of economic activity entering the atmosphere.

Second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of industry and, accordingly, the growth of the power supply, which could not but affect the climate on the entire planet. Modern scientific research has established that the impact of anthropogenic activity on the global climate is associated with several factors, in particular with an increase in: the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as some other gases entering the atmosphere in the course of economic activity and enhancing the greenhouse effect in it; masses of atmospheric aerosols; thermal energy generated in the process of economic activity entering the atmosphere.

The main contribution (65%) to warming is made by carbon dioxide formed as a result of burning coal, oil products and other fuels. Stopping this process in the coming decades seems technically unfeasible. In addition, in the developing world, energy consumption is growing rapidly. An increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has a noticeable effect on the Earth's climate, changing it towards warming. The general trend towards an increase in air temperature, which was observed in the 20th century, is intensifying, which has already led to an increase in the average air temperature by 0.6 °C.

The following consequences of global warming are predicted: an increase in the level of the World Ocean due to the melting of glaciers and polar ice (over the past 100 years it has already risen by 1025 cm), which in turn will lead to flooding of territories, displacement of swamp boundaries, increased salinity of water in the mouths of rivers, and also to the potential loss of human habitation; change in precipitation (it will increase in the northern part of Europe and decrease in the south); change in the hydrological regime, quantity and quality of water resources.

Of course, we have not reflected all the environmental problems of our time (in fact, there are many more of them). All these global problems lead to the formation of the global ecological crisis we have already mentioned. The modern ecological crisis is dangerous because if timely and effective measures are not taken, it can result in a global ecological catastrophe, which will lead to the death of life on the planet.

It is necessary to solve these problems as soon as possible, and this should become the task of all mankind, the entire world community. An attempt at unification on an international scale was made at the beginning of the 20th century, when in November 1913 the first international meeting on nature conservation was held in Switzerland. Representatives of 18 largest countries of the world took part in the conference.

Today, cooperation between states is reaching a new level: joint developments and programs, the conclusion of international conventions on nature protection. The activities of many well-known public organizations involved in environmental protection have also intensified: Greenpeace, as well as the Green Cross and the Green Crescent, which are developing a program to address the issue of holes in the Earth's ozone layer. Nevertheless, it can be seen that international cooperation in the field of ecology is far from perfect.

What measures are being taken to solve these problems? First of all, hopes for solving problems are associated with the development of energy-saving technologies and bringing environmentally friendly energy sources to the level of industrial capacities. The development of electric vehicles, the expansion of public electric transport will gradually clean the air of cities. Solar panels and wind farms should reduce, and eventually even reduce to zero, fuel combustion in thermal power plants, which now produce the lion's share of the world's electricity.

Any attempts to reuse garbage or waste-free recycling is now very valuable. Especially considering that a significant part of the garbage, these are things that are quite suitable, thrown away simply because they were replaced with new ones. Everything that can be made from recycled materials must be made from recycled materials – this is now the main slogan. Of course, household waste is only a small part of the problem. Much more waste gives the industry. The recycling of plastic and rubber remains an unresolved issue. Here, great hopes are pinned on biotechnologies, which, I would like to believe, will either recycle these debris or somehow integrate them into the environment.

An important fact must be noted. Whatever programs are carried out by states, whatever is propagated to us from TV screens and on city streets, the salvation of our planet depends on each of us. Let everyone's contribution be small, but together we can make this world a better place, save our planet!

Extraordinarily expanded. Now, along with biology, these are economic and geographical sciences, medical and sociological research, atmospheric physics and mathematics, and many other sciences. The environmental problems of our time in terms of their scale can be conditionally divided into local, regional and global ones and require for their solution different means of solution and different in nature ...

No matter how much they pour out, the task will never be completed. With any, the most incredible costs, the result will always be zero. Therefore, all attempts to solve an environmental problem by standard methods are doomed to failure. There is absolutely nothing to oppose to material interest. Saving the disparate parts of an indivisible organism is pointless. Save the whole body, not ...

Placement of production and use of natural resources. Ministry of Public and Vocational Education. Magnitogorsk State University. Ecological problems of the present and ways of their solution. Abstract on OBZh. Completed by: student of PiMNO, 2nd year, 202 gr., UNK, ...

Ecological systems to self-purification and regeneration. As a result, the natural circulation of substances in the biosphere was disturbed, and the health of the present and future generations of people was threatened. The environmental problem of the modern world is not only acute, but also multifaceted. It manifests itself in almost all branches of material production (especially in agriculture, the chemical industry, ...

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Presentation on the topic: Ecological problems

slide number 1

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slide number 2

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The interaction of man and nature is so close that each of his, even the smallest, action is reflected in the state of the environment that surrounds him. Unfortunately, recently people began to interfere more actively in the measured life of the nature around them. In this regard, humanity faces the environmental problems of our time. They demand an immediate solution. Their scale is so great that it affects not a single country, but the whole world.

slide number 3

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slide number 4

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Atmospheric pollution One of the most acute environmental problems today is environmental pollution. In the early stages of the development of the biosphere, only volcanic eruptions and forest fires polluted the air, but as soon as a person lit his first fire, anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere began. As early as the beginning of the 20th century. the biosphere coped with those combustion products of coal and liquid fuel that entered the air. It was enough to drive a few kilometers away from industrial enterprises to feel the clean air.

slide number 5

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However, in the future, the rapid development of industry and transport led to a sharp deterioration in the state of the atmosphere. Currently, as a result of human activities, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, methane (CH4) and other hydrocarbons enter the atmosphere. The sources of these pollutions are the burning of fossil fuels, the burning of forests, emissions from industrial enterprises and the exhaust gases of cars and other vehicles. However, in the future, the rapid development of industry and transport led to a sharp deterioration in the state of the atmosphere. Currently, as a result of human activities, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, methane (CH4) and other hydrocarbons enter the atmosphere. The sources of these pollutions are the burning of fossil fuels, the burning of forests, emissions from industrial enterprises and the exhaust gases of cars and other vehicles.

slide number 6

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Greenhouse effect An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere creates the so-called greenhouse effect. These gases transmit sunlight, but partially delay the reflected thermal radiation from the Earth's surface. Over the past 100 years, the relative concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 20%, and methane - by 100%, which led to an increase in temperature on average on the planet by 0.5 °C.

slide number 7

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If in the coming years the concentration of these gases will increase at the same rate, by 2050 the Earth will become warmer by another 2-5 °C. Such warming could cause glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise by up to 1.5m, flooding many populated coastal areas.

slide number 8

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Acid rain Near the copper smelters, the air contains a high concentration of sulfur dioxide, which causes the destruction of chlorophyll, the underdevelopment of pollen, and the drying of needles. Dissolving in droplets of atmospheric moisture, sulfur and nitrogen dioxide turn into the corresponding acids and fall to the ground along with rain. The soil acquires an acidic reaction, the amount of mineral salts in it decreases. Getting on the leaves, acid precipitation destroys the protective wax film, which leads to the development of plant diseases.

slide number 9

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Small aquatic animals and caviar are especially sensitive to changes in acidity, so acid rain causes maximum damage to aquatic ecosystems. In the most developed industrial areas, acid rain destroys the surface of buildings, spoiling monuments of sculpture and architecture.

slide number 10

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Smog Substances contained in the exhaust gases of cars, under the influence of sunlight, enter into complex chemical reactions, forming toxic compounds. Together with water droplets, they form a poisonous fog - smog, which has a harmful effect on the human body and plants.

slide number 11

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Ozone holes At an altitude of more than 20 km above the Earth's surface is the ozone layer (03), which protects all living things from excess ultraviolet radiation. Some wavelengths of ultraviolet are good for humans because they produce vitamin D. However, excessive sun exposure can lead to skin cancer.

slide number 12

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Substances that are used as refrigerants in refrigerators and solvents in aerosols - chlorofluorocarbons - rise into the stratosphere, where they decompose under the action of solar radiation with the release of chlorine and fluorine. The resulting gases cause the conversion of ozone into oxygen, destroying the protective shell of the Earth.

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slide number 14

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Water pollution Fresh water makes up less than 1% of the world's total water supply, and humanity is wasting and polluting this priceless wealth. Population growth, improvement of living conditions, development of industry and irrigated agriculture have led to the fact that water overspending has become one of the global environmental problems of our time. In most cases, freshwater pollution remains invisible because the contaminants are dissolved in the water. But there are exceptions: foaming detergents, as well as oil products floating on the surface and untreated sewage. There are several natural pollutants. Aluminum compounds found in the ground enter the fresh water system as a result of chemical reactions. Floods wash out magnesium compounds from the soil of meadows, which cause great damage to fish stocks.

slide number 15

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For centuries, groundwater washed out cavities in the bowels of the earth, a kind of underground reservoirs. Numerous springs that feed rivers and lakes are places where groundwater comes to the surface. Excessive consumption of groundwater reduces the number of springs and causes a gradual subsidence of the land surface, the so-called subsidence of the soil. The soil falls into the formed underground voids, and if this happens suddenly, it leads to catastrophic consequences.

slide number 16

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Discharges from industrial enterprises, surface runoff from landfills are often polluted with heavy metals and synthetic organic substances. Lead is found in fresh water in dissolved form. One source of lead pollution is fishing sinkers, which are constantly thrown away when the line is tangled. Swans, swallowing weights along with algae, suffer greatly from lead. It remains in the stomach of birds, gradually dissolving and causing their death. A "broken neck" (when the muscles cannot support the bird's long neck and as a result it slowly starves to death) is a sign of lead poisoning. Another heavy metal, cadmium, penetrates into the freshwater environment, affects fish, and through them enters the human body.

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Soil pollution and depletion. Fertile soil is one of the most important human resources for food production. The top fertile soil layer is formed for a long time, but can collapse very quickly. Every year, along with the harvest, a huge amount of mineral compounds, the main components of plant nutrition, are removed from the soil. If fertilizers are not applied, complete depletion of the soil can occur within 50-100 years.

slide number 19

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Soil pollution and depletion is currently a specific type of land degradation. There are two main reasons for such negative changes. The first is natural. The composition and structure of the soil can change as a result of global natural phenomena. For example, due to the movement of lithospheric plates, the constant impact of significant air masses or water elements. In connection with all the above causes of natural destruction, the solid shell of the Earth is gradually changing its appearance. As a second factor, which results in soil pollution and depletion, anthropogenic impact can be called. It is currently doing the most damage. Let's consider this destructive factor in more detail.

slide number 20

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Human activity as a cause of soil degradation Negative anthropogenic impact often occurs as a result of agricultural activities, the operation of large industrial facilities, the construction of buildings and structures, transport links, as well as household needs and needs of mankind. All of the above are the causes of negative processes called "Soil pollution and depletion". Among the consequences of the impact on land resources of the anthropogenic factor are the following: erosion, acidification, destruction of the structure and change in composition, degradation of the mineral base, waterlogging or, conversely, drying out, and so on.

slide number 21

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Agriculture Perhaps it is this type of anthropogenic activity that can be considered the key to the question of what causes soil pollution and depletion. The causes of such processes are often interconnected. For example, first comes the intensive development of land. As a result, deflation develops. In turn, plowing is able to activate water erosion processes. Even additional irrigation is considered a negative impact factor, since it is it that causes salinization of land resources. In addition, soil pollution and depletion can occur due to the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, unsystematic grazing of farm animals, destruction of vegetation cover, and so on.

slide number 22

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Chemical pollution The soil resources of the planet are significantly affected by industry and transport. It is these two directions in the development of human activity that lead to the pollution of the earth with all kinds of chemical elements and compounds. Heavy metals, oil products and other complex organic substances are considered to be especially dangerous. The appearance of all of the above compounds in the environment is associated with the work of industrial enterprises and internal combustion engines, which are installed in most vehicles.