Map of the Kazan province. Ancient roads and tracts of Kazan Topographic maps of the volosts of the Kazan province

The Kazan province was formed in 1708 during the first provincial reform of Peter the Great. The core of the new province was the territory of the former Kazan kingdom, which had existed since 1552 as part of the Muscovite state on the rights of a personal union of the Moscow sovereigns (the administration of these and the lands adjacent to the former Kazan kingdom and the lands of the former Astrakhan Khanate was carried out by order of the Kazan Palace). Initially, that is, since 1709, the vast Kazan province was divided into four provinces, and since 1725 - already into six provinces, of which the Kazan province had the highest rank. Subsequently, the Kazan province was repeatedly split up, and territories were allocated from it, on which new provinces were established: Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, etc. During the administrative reform of Catherine the Second in 1781, the Kazan province was transformed into the governorship of the same name from 13 , Arsky, Kozmodemyansky and others.

In the Kazan province, in whole or in part
There are the following maps and sources:
(with the exception of those indicated on the main page of general
All-Russian atlases, in which this province can also be)

1-on and 2-layout surveying of the 18th century (1780-90s)
Plans (maps) of general land surveying - not topographic (without latitudes and longitudes), hand-drawn maps of the late 18th century (after changing the borders of provinces in 1775-79) on a scale of 1 inch 1 verst or in 1 cm 420 m and in 1 inch 2 versts or in 1 cm 840 m. By time, there are two types of land surveying maps in the Kazan province - Catherine the Second and Paul the First, and differ in the borders of the counties.

Lists of populated places in the Kazan province in 1866
This is a universal reference book containing the following information:
- the status of the settlement (village, village, village - owner or state, i.e. state);
- the location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest tract, camp, at a well, pond, stream, river or river);
- the number of households in the settlement and its population;
- distance from the county town and camp apartment (centre of camp) in versts;
- the presence of a church, a chapel, a mill, fairs, etc.
The book has 237 pages.

With the accession of Paul the First in 1796, as a result of the reverse reorganization of the Russian governorships in the province, the Kazan governorship turns into the province of the same name from 10 districts (at this time, the Arsky, Spassky, Tetyushsky counties were abolished). Since the time of Alexander the First (since 1801), when the last two counties were restored, the Kazan province consisted of 12 counties, more or less equal in size territories. The largest district of the Kazan province at that time was the Chistopol district, and the smallest - Sviyazhsky.

Economic map of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The creation of the statehood of the Tatar people took place in a short time in several stages. Initially, the creation of the republic "Idel-Ural", then the "Kazan Republic", "Tatar-Bashkir Republic" was supposed. However, the most real step was the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which most fully reflected the requirements of the Bolshevik Party and partly met the requirements of the Tatar people. Its formation was proclaimed on June 25, 1920. The Republic was created as a multinational state, which is part of the RSFSR. In 1920, 2851.9 thousand people lived on its territory, of which: Tatars - 49.5%, Russians - 41.2%, Chuvash - 5.9%, Mari - 0.8%. In the period 1920-1940 years of the TASSR became an industrial-agrarian republic. Collectivization was carried out. New industrial enterprises have been created, and illiteracy of the bulk of the population has been eliminated.

During the years of Soviet power in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, industrial enterprises of mechanical engineering, chemical, oil, energy, light and food industries were re-created. A number of enterprises have been restored and reconstructed. In the first five-year plan (1929-1932), 22 large industrial enterprises were put into operation. Entered into the number of operating factories of typewriters, dental instruments, chemical and pharmaceutical, Kazan fur factory, Volga plywood factory, sand-lime brick factory, Kazan, Chistopol and Bugulma meat processing plants, Kazan bakery, etc.

In the second five-year plan (1933-1937), 24 large industrial enterprises were built and put into operation. Among them are CHPP No. 1, the Kirov Plant, a film factory, a sleeper impregnation plant, Vasilyevsky Timber Plant, Kazan Felting and Felt Plant, Kazan Sewing Factory No. 4, bakeries No. 2 and No. 4, a confectionery factory named after. Mikoyan, a saddlery factory, etc. During the three and a half years of the third five-year plan (1938 - the first half of 1941), 12 large industrial enterprises were built. Thermal power station No. 2, artificial leather factories, a photo-gelatin, tire repair, brick factory K-14, and a Kazan plant for de-equipment were put into operation. One of the first synthetic rubber plants in the country and an aircraft plant No. 124 named after M. Ordzhonikidze.

Riza Fakhrutdinov, Head of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the European Part of the USSR and Siberia, in a letter addressed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M.I. Kalinina wrote in 1932 that out of 12,000 mosques, 10,000 had been closed by the beginning of the 1930s. The Mufti asked the “all-Union headman” to assist in stopping such a campaign. However, the next wave of demolition of minarets, mosques, their closure, the transformation of mosques into clubs, schools, hostels took place at the end of the same 30s. A similar fate befell the churches. So, in January 1944, only 2 churches operated in Tataria - in Kazan and Menzelinsk. Of the 70 districts of the republic, 69 no longer had functioning churches.

There are many reprints on the Internet from the dictionary of Efron and Brockhaus and, in principle, it is easy to find information from it using any search engine. I will do it a little differently.

27th semi-half. Articles in it are located from the concept of "Kalaka" to "Kardam", however, the first thing that is offered is the "Map of Kazan Province" ...

The first page of the 27th half-volume of the XIV volume of the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" of Brockhaus and Efron "

Map of Kazan province as of 1890

For comparison, I will offer map of modern Tatarstan:

Of course, more than a century has passed since the creation of such a grandiose reference manual as the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Much has changed, including the Kazan province. Next, I offer some materials on the history of the Kazan province (materials are taken from the sources indicated at the end of the post)

Kazan province- administrative-territorial unit Russian Empire and the RSFSR, which existed in 1725-1920. The provincial city is Kazan.

The Kazan province was formed in 1708 in the course of the administrative-territorial reform of the Russian Empire, begun by Peter I. The basis of the province was the territory of the Kazan kingdom, which formally existed after the capture of the Kazan Khanate in 1552, was headed by the tsar of the Moscow State on the rights of a personal union and was administratively controlled by n. order of the Kazan Palace in Moscow.

The first Kazan governor was Pyotr Matveyevich Apraksin.

Initially, the Kazan province covered territories from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan and was divided into voivodships, from 1719 - into provinces, from 1775 - into counties.

Kazan province initially covered the territory along the right and left banks of the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan. Consisted of Kazan, Sviyazhsky, Penza, Simbirsk, Ufa, Astrakhan and other voivodeships, which since 1719 began to be called provinces.

In the XVIII century, at different times, Simbirsk (1780), Nizhny Novgorod (1718), Penza, Astrakhan (1717) and other provinces were separated from the Kazan province into independent administrative units.

In 1709, the Kazan province was divided into 4 provinces, in 1725 - into 6 provinces: Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Penza, Ufa, Vyatka and Solikamsk. Kazan was considered a province of the highest rank, and all the rest were assigned to it. Subsequently, the territory of the province was repeatedly reduced, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov, Orenburg provinces, parts of the Vyatka, Perm, Tambov, Penza, Kostroma, Vladimir, Samara provinces were separated from its composition. However, the Kazan province has not lost its leading position.

IN In 1781, the Kazan province was transformed into a governorship (since 1796 - again a province), which included 13 counties. In the same year, the coats of arms of the province and county towns were approved.

At the end of the 18th century, there were 13 cities in the province: Kazan, Arsk, Kozmodemyansk, Laishevo, Mamadysh, Sviyazhsk, Spassk, Tetyushi, Tsarevokokshaisk (Yoshkar-Ola), Tsivilsk, Cheboksary, Chistopol, Yadrin, a total of 7272 settlements.

In the 19th century, the importance of Kazan as an administrative center increased even more. The capital of the province became the center of educational (1805) and military (1826) districts.

IN 1920 , after unsuccessful attempts by the leaders of the Tatar national democratic movement to form on the territory of K.g. and the regions adjacent to it, first the Ural-Volga State, then the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic, the creation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed. Kazansky, Laishevsky, Mamadyshsky, Sviyazhsky, Spassky (except for some volosts that were transferred to the Simbirsk province.), Tetyushsky, Chistopol counties and a number of volosts of other counties of K.g. became part of Tatarstan (see the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic"), its other counties - Cheboksary, Tsivilsky, Yadrinsky - were later included in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Kozmodemyansky and Tsarevokokshaysky (from 1918 - Krasnokokshaysky) - in Mari ASSR.

Governors K.G.: P.M. Apraksin (1708-13), P.S. Saltykov (1713-19), A.P. Saltykov (1719-24), I.A. von Mengden (1725), A.P. Volynsky (1725-27, 1728-30), V.N. Zotov (1727-28), M.V. Dolgorukov (1730-31), P.I. Musin-Pushkin (1731-35), A.I. Rumyantsev (1735-36), S.D. Golitsyn (1736-39), A.G. Zagryazhsky (1741-48), S.T. Grekov (1748-55), F.I.Golovin (1755-58), V.B.Tenishev (1758-64), A.N.Kvashnin-Samarin (1764-70), J.I.von() Brandt (1770-74), P .S. Meshchersky (1774-80), I.B. Bibikov (1780-81); governor generals (viceroys): P.I. Panin (1774-75), P.S. Meshchersky (1780-92), M.I. Kutuzov (1793-96), S.I. Mavrin (1796), V.Yu. Soimonov (1822 -25), A.N. Bakhmetev (1825-28), A.E. Timashev (1864-65); vicegerent rulers: I.B.Bibikov (1781-83), I.A.Tatishchev (1783-89), S.M.Barataev (1789-96); military governors: P.S. Meshchersky (1796-97), B.P. deLassi (1797-98), P.P. Pushchin (1798-1801); civil governors: S.M. Barataev (1796-97), D.S. Kazinsky (1797-99), A.I. Mukhanov (1799-1801), A.A. Aplecheev (1801-02), N.I. Katsarev (1802-03), B.A. Mansurov(1803-14), I.A. Tolstoy (1815-20), P.A. Nilov (1820-23), A.Ya. Zhmakin (1823-26), O.F. Rosen (1826-28), I.G. Zhevanov (1829-30), A.K. Pirkh (1830-31); military governors with the management of civil. part: S.S. Strekalov (1831-41), S.P. Shipov (1841-46), I.A. Boratynsky (1846-50, 1851-57), E.P. Tolstoy (1850), P.F. .Kozlyaninov (1857-63), M.K. Naryshkin (1863-66); governors: N.Ya.Skaryatin (1866-80), A.K.Gaines (1880-82), L.I.Cherkasov (1882-84), N.E.Andreevsky (1884-89), P.A.Poltoratsky (1889-1904), P.F. Khomutov (1904-05), A.A. Reinbot (1905-06), M.V. Strizhevsky (1906-13), P.M. Boyarsky (1913-17).

Sources:

http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0 %B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%20%D0%B8%20%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD/%D0%9A%D0% B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/ The content of the article "Kazan province" from the dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron

http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0 %BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1 %81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rpt=simage&p=2&img_url=kartoman.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2Fkarta_tatarstana.jpg&noreask=1&lr=5 Map of Tataria (Republic of Tatarstan)

http://www.ite.antat.ru/articles/kazanskaya_guberniya.html Institute of the Tatar Encyclopedia

How do cities grow and mold? Almost the same. Some starting point has appeared, which you need to get to - only one way is enough to get to it. But the point that is gaining momentum is looking for more connections with the outside world. And where - like in our country - there are no geographical intricacies, this point opens up several more roads for itself in the directions it needs.

Ancient roads are always naturally curved. They bypass hills, ponds, swamps and other inconveniences for themselves. They, like riverbeds, fidget over the years and centuries until they find the optimal position. Of the many directions needed by the point, the most important ones stand out. Finally, they get names, most often from the area or from the objects they lead to.

KAZAN MAIN POST OFFICE - ALL ROADS AND TRACTS IN THE PROVINCE WERE COUNTING FROM HERE

Branches from the initial settlement or simply new settlements stick to these most important directions over time. Developed ancient systems of human settlement, including Kazan - a type of multi-legged creature. The gaps between the paws became meadows, arable land, pastures, or remained nothing. Gradually, new settlements were formed in them, but the main ones clung to the paths-roads to the main settlement - the city. Over time, some settlement on these roads flourished, became a local center and also gave a name to the road on which it grew.

Let's return to Kazan. We do not know the pattern of ancient roads, ancient settlements. The earliest reliable cartography came to us only from the 18th century. I emphasize - reliable - since earlier there were world and regional maps, compiled, as a rule, by travelers, as well as local "drawings of the lands". The language of both of them is topographically conditional. And from the acceptable and early ones, the most illustrative, in line with the topic under discussion, was the “Geometric map ... of the big roads lying along the Kazan district” of the end of the 18th century. [ill.1]

The 8 “big roads” identified on it have retained their dominance to the present, although the gaps have all been built up over time, and they have their own new grid of streets. At that time, these roads were called (from west and clockwise):

- Great postal road from the city of Sviyazhsk, it is also Moscow(now - approximately along May 1st street and from the south of the Gunpowder factory, Arakchinsky highway, etc.);

- The road to the pilgrimage, i.e. - to the Raifa desert(approximately from 1st May street to Gorkovskoye highway, then this road turned into ZAVOLZHSKIY KOKSHAY TRACT);

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