We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. Gasparov M.L. Entertaining Greece. History of teaching psychology
HOW DID THE TROJAN WAR END?
This chapter is only for those who remember well the myth of the Trojan War: from the abduction of Helen to the fall of Troy. The Greeks knew this myth very well, because one of its episodes was set forth in the national poem of the Greek people - in the "Iliad" of the legendary Homer. And now you will find out how one of the Greeks with the most serious look - to make it more funny - argued that "in reality" everything should have been different: Helen was not kidnapped and Troy was not taken. This Greek was called Dion Chrysostom. He lived already in the days of the Roman Empire. He was a wandering philosopher and orator: he traveled around the Greek cities and delivered speeches on a wide variety of topics. He was clever man and, as we shall see, not without a sense of humour. He delivered this speech to the people of Troy. Yes, Troy: on the site of the legendary capital of King Priam, a Greek town was built several centuries later. He was small and shabby, but proudly bore his glorious name. So, the floor is given to the philosopher Dion, nicknamed Chrysostom. “My friends, Trojans, it is easy to deceive a person, it is difficult to teach, and even more difficult to retrain. Homer, with his story about the Trojan War, deceived mankind for almost a thousand years. I will prove it with perfect persuasiveness; and yet I have a presentiment that you will not want to believe me. It's a pity! When the Argives do not want to believe me, this is understandable: I take away from their ancestors the glory of victory over Troy. But when the Trojans don't want to believe me, it's a shame: they should be pleased that I am restoring the honor of their victorious ancestors. What to do! People are greedy for fame - even when it's bad. People do not want to be, but love to be known as sufferers. Perhaps I will be told that such a great poet as Homer could not be a deceiver? Against! Homer was a blind beggar-singer, he wandered around Greece, sang his songs at feasts before the Greek princes and ate their alms. And, of course, everything he sang about, he reinterpreted in such a way that it was more pleasant for his listeners. And yes, mind you! - he describes only one episode of the war, from the wrath of Achilles to the death of Hector. To describe such nonsense as the abduction of Helen or the ruin of Troy - even he did not have the courage for this. This was done by later poets deceived by him. How was it really? Let's look at the history of the Trojan War: what is plausible in it and what is not. We are told that the Spartan princess Helen the Beautiful had many suitors; she chose Menelaus from among them and became his wife; but several years passed, the Trojan prince Paris came to Sparta, seduced her, kidnapped her and took her to Troy; Menelaus and the rest of Helen's former suitors marched on Troy, and so the war began. Is it plausible? No! Could it really be that a stranger, a visitor, could so easily carry away the Greek queen? Is it a husband? father, brothers watched Elena so badly that they allowed her to be kidnapped? Really the Trojans, seeing the Greek army at their walls, did not want to extradite Helen, but preferred a long and disastrous war? Suppose they were persuaded to do so by Paris. But then Paris died, and the Trojans still did not extradite Helen - she became the wife of his brother Deiphobes. No, most likely, everything was different. Indeed, Elena had many suitors. And one of these suitors was Paris. What was behind the soul of the Greek leaders who were wooing Elena? A piece of land and the loud title of the king. And Paris was the prince of Troy, and Troy owned almost all of Asia, and in Asia there were untold riches. Is it any wonder that Helen's parents preferred the Trojan Paris to all the Greek suitors? Helen was married to Paris, and he took her to Troy as his lawful wife. The Greeks, of course, were unhappy: firstly, it was insulting, secondly, a rich dowry was slipping out of their hands, and thirdly, it was dangerous that mighty Troy was beginning to interfere in Greek affairs. The offended suitors (of course, each was offended for himself; for the offense of Menelaus alone, they would not lift a finger!) Marched on Troy and demanded the extradition of Elena. The Trojans refused because they knew that the truth was on their side and the gods would be on their side. Then the war began. Now let's think: was the Greek army near Troy great? Of course not: how many people will you take away on ships to distant lands? It was, so to speak, a small landing party, sufficient to plunder the surrounding coast, but not enough to take the city. And indeed: the Greeks have been standing near Troy for nine years, but we do not hear anything about any victories and exploits. Except that Achilles kills the Trojan boy prince Troilus when he goes to the stream for water. Good feat - a mighty hero kills a boy! And isn’t it clear from this story how weak the Greeks were in reality: even a boy, the king’s son, fearlessly goes through the water outside the city gates. But here comes the tenth year of the war - the action of Homer's Iliad begins. Where does it begin? The best Greek hero Achilles quarrels with the main Greek leader Agamemnon; Agamemnon convenes the army for a meeting, and it turns out that the army is eager to throw the siege and set off on the return journey. Well, this is quite plausible: the quarrels of the chiefs and the grumbling of the soldiers are the most natural thing in the tenth year of an unsuccessful war. Then the Trojans advance, press the Greeks, throw them back to the camp itself, then to the very ships - well, and this is plausible, even Homer could not distort the actual course of events here. True, he tries to divert the reader's attention by describing the fights of Menelaus with Paris, Ajax with Hector - fights that valiantly ended in a draw. But this is a well-known trick: when things are bad in a war and the army retreats, then in the reports they always write briefly, in passing about the retreat, but very extensively - about some feat of such and such a daring soldier. Now - the most important thing. Listen carefully, my Trojan friends: I will list only the facts, and you yourself will judge which interpretation is more convincing. On the first day of the Trojan onslaught, Achilles does not participate in the battle: he is still angry with Agamemnon. But on the second day, a mighty Greek hero in the armor of Achilles comes out to meet the Trojans. He fights bravely, kills several Trojan warriors, and then converges with Hector and dies. As a sign of victory, Hector removes and carries away his armor. Who was this warrior in the armor of Achilles? Everyone understands, it was Achilles himself, it was he who came to the aid of his own, and it was he who died at the hands of Hector. But the Greeks were offended to admit it - and now Homer invents the most fantastic of his inventions. He says: it was not Achilles in armor, but his friend Patroclus; Hector killed Patroclus, and Achilles went out to fight the next day and avenged his friend by killing Hector. But who would believe that Achilles sent his best friend to certain death? Who would believe that Patroclus fell in battle, when the burial mounds of all the heroes of the Trojan War still stand not far from Troy, and the burial mound of Patroclus is not among them? Finally, who will believe that Hephaestus himself forged new armor for Achilles, that Athena herself helped Achilles kill Hector, and the rest of the gods fought each other around - who was for the Greeks, who was for the Trojans? These are all children's stories! So Achilles died, slain by Hector. After this, things went badly for the Greeks. Meanwhile, more and more reinforcements approached the Trojans: either Memnon with the Ethiopians, then Penthesilea with the Amazons. (And the allies, of course, help only those who win: if the Trojans were defeated, everyone would have left them long ago!) Finally, the Greeks asked for peace. They agreed that in atonement for an unjust war, they would put a wooden statue of a horse on the shore as a gift to Pallas Athena. They did so, and then the Greeks sailed home. As for the story that the best Greek heroes were sitting on a wooden horse and that the sailing Greeks returned under cover of night, penetrated into Troy, took possession of it and ruined it - all this is so improbable that it does not even need to be refuted. The Greeks invented this so that it would not be so embarrassing to return to their homeland. And what do you think, when King Xerxes, defeated by the Greeks, returned to his home in Persia, what did he announce to his subjects? He announced that he went on a campaign against the overseas tribe of the Greeks, defeated their army at Thermopylae, killed their king Leonidas, ruined them metropolitan city Athens (and all this was a holy truth!), imposed tribute on them and returned with victory. That's all; the Persians were very pleased. Finally, let's see how the Greeks and Trojans behaved after the war. The Greeks set sail from Troy hastily, in a stormy season, not all together, but separately: this is what happens after defeats and strife. And what awaited them at home? Agamemnon was killed, Diomedes was expelled, Odysseus' suitors plundered all the property - this is how they meet not the winners, but the vanquished. No wonder Menelaus lingered so much in Egypt on his way back, and Odysseus - all over the world: they were simply afraid to show themselves at home after an inglorious defeat. And the Trojans? Very little time passes after the imaginary fall of Troy - and we see that the Trojan Aeneas and his friends conquer Italy, the Trojan Helen - Epirus, the Trojan Antenor - Venice. Indeed, they do not at all look like the defeated, but rather like the winners. And this is not a fiction: in all these places there are still cities founded, according to legend, by Trojan heroes, and among these cities is the great Rome founded by the descendants of Aeneas. You don't believe me, my Trojan friends? Does Homer's story seem more beautiful and interesting to you? Well, I expected it: fiction is always more beautiful than the truth. But think about how terrible the war is, how violent the atrocities of the victors, imagine how Neoptolemus kills the old man Priam and the baby Astyanax, how Cassandra is torn off the altar, how Princess Polixena is sacrificed on the grave of Achilles - and you yourself will agree that where better is the outcome of the war that I described, much better that the Greeks did not take Troy!
PRONOUNAL ADJECTS
The group of so-called pronominal adjectives has the same feature of the pronominal declension:
unus, a, umone (account)
solus,a,umthe only one
totus,a,umwhole, whole
ullus,a,umany, any
nullus,a,umno
alter,era,erumother (of two)
alius, a, ud(gen. alterius) another (of many)
neuter, tra, trumneither one nor the other
uter, utra, utrumwhich (of the two)
uterque, utraque, utrumqueboth
They are called pronominal because in gen. sing. all three genders end in -ius(e.g. totius), and in dat. sing. on -ī (e.g. toti); they are called adjectives because in other cases they have the same endings as adjectives, although by value this group includes pronouns and numerals.
ABLATIVUSCAUSAE
To indicate the cause of any action or state expressed by a verb, participle or adjective with a passive meaning, an ablative is put, which is called ablatīvus causae ( ablative cause):fatō profŭgus - fugitive by the will of fate, persecuted by fate
misericordia moveri - be driven by compassion
ABLATIVUSTEMPŎ RIS
Ablativus tempŏris ( ablative time) is used to indicate the moment of action. Words that have the meaning of time ( day, winter, year etc.), can be put in the ablative without a preposition: hieme - winter, horā septimā - at the seventh hour.Kalendis Januariis- in January kalends (i.e. January 1st).
Words that have the meaning of the circumstance in which an event or action occurred ( war, world, dawn etc.), are put in the ablative without a preposition or with a preposition in: bello And in bello - during the war.
If these words have a definition, then, as a rule, the preposition is not used:
eo bello- during this war
bello Punĭco secūndo- Second Punic War
LEXICAL MINIMUM
bellum, i n warcondo, condĭdi, condĭtum 3 base
consilium, ii n plan, decision; thought
deleo, delēvi, delētum 2 destroy, destroy
deus, dei m ( pl. dei or di) God; dea, ae f goddess
egregius,a,umoutstanding
fatum, i n rock, destiny
formōsus,a,umBeautiful
gratia, ae f favor; Gratitude; gratias agĕre(+dat.) thank (someone)
lacrima, ae f a tear
multumvery much
nambecause, because, fornovus,a,umnew
officium, II n duty, obligation; service
ora, ae f coast, coast
potentia, ae f power, strength
superbus,a,umproud, arrogant
trado, tradi, tradtum 3 transfer; tell
CPC 9. Exercise . TEXT.
Read:I. DE AENGA Antīqui poētae Romanōrum tradunt egregium virum Trojanum, Aenēan 1 nomĭne, post Trojam a Graecis captam et delētam a Trojae orā in Italiam venisse. Narrant eum fatō profŭgum multum terrā marīque jactātum esse ob iram Junōnis deae saevae. Nam fato destinātum est Trojānos cum Aenēa in Italiam ventūros esse et ibi ab eis oppĭdum novum condĭtum iri. Ităque Aenēas et amīci illīus in Italiam veniunt. Inter eos et Latinos, antiquae Italiae incŏlas, bellum ortum est. Eo bello Trojāni Latīnos vincunt et Lavinium oppĭdum novum ab eis condĭtur. Postea Julus Aenēae filius aliud oppĭdum Albam Longam condit.
Text notes:
nomĭne - By name; post Trojam captam - after taking Troy; terra marique - on on dry land And on sea; Junnis- gen. sing. from Juno - Juno; destination est - was predetermined; bellum ortum est - arose war.
1 Greek feminine proper nouns on -ē and masculine on -es And -as belong to the I declension: sing., N. Aeneas; G.,D. Aeneae; acc. Aenēān; Abl.,V. Aenēā
1. Ego sum illus mater. 2. Ubi nunc ea femina habtat? 3. Scio illum amīcum ejus esse. 4. Apparet id etiam caeco. 5. Hinc illae lacrimae. 6. Valde ipsas Athenas amo. 7. Ob ista verba gratias ei magnas ago. 8. Pro isto tuo officio gratias agĕre vix possum. 9. Ipsa scientia potentia est. 10. Naturā tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. ( Terentius) 11. Femĭnae formōSae sunt plerumque superbae eo ipso, quod pulchrae sunt.
Text notes:
5. hinc - from here; for this reason. 11. eo ipso, quod... - precisely because...
EXERCISE
1. Define shapes:dicit, dictum esse, superāri, captāre, tradunt, tradidisse, ventūros esse, narrātur, condĭtum iri, dici, jactātum esse, condĭtur.
2. Agree:
ad ill... amīcum, ist... natūrae (3 forms), apud ill... villas, ips... agricolārum, eum naut..., ejus amic...
3. Decline:
illĕ naută bonŭs, id oppĭdum antīquum.
4. Make the following sentences dependent on notum est:
Luna circumterram errat. In luna vita non est.
5. Which Latin words do the following Russian derivatives go back to:
master, antique, doctrine, appeal, intervention.
6. Translate from Russian into Latin:
1. We know that the Greeks took Troy. 2. We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. 3. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that Troy will be taken by the Greeks. 4. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that the Greeks will take Troy. 5. Jupiter informs the gods that Aeneas will arrive in Italy and that the Latins will be defeated by the Trojans.
Lessons 1 0 .
No. III SKL; III AGREE. SKL ; PERF. IND. PASS; QUI,QUAE,QUO; ABL. SEPARATIONIS; DAT. DUPLEX
NOUNSIIIdeclension
The third declension includes nouns of all three genders with consonant stems g, With, d, t, b, p, r, l, n, m, s and for a vowel ĭ .Nom. sing. 3rd declension nouns are formed either with the help of the ending -s(sigmatic nominative") or without any ending (asigmatic nominative) - in the latter case, it is a base in its pure form or phonetically slightly modified. Therefore, the forms of nom. sing. nouns of the III declension look very diverse: miles, victor, custos, tempus , ratio, vertas, anser, nomen, urbs, orbis, mare, anĭmal, longitūdo, homo, lex, etc.
A practical sign of the III declension is the ending gen. sing. -ĭs.
Since in the III declension, as in other declensions, in the form nominativus sing. it is not always possible to determine the basis of a noun, it is necessary to remember two forms - nominativus and genitivus sing.
In the form of gen. sing. one can determine the practical basis of a noun by discarding the ending -ĭs, For example:
All other case forms are formed from this stem.
1. Sigmatic nominative form names with bases:
Nom. sing. | Gen. sing. |
||
a) in the posterior lingual: | |||
b) on the lips: | plebs< pleb-s | ||
c) in front-lingual: | civitas< *civitat-s | ||
d) on -ĭ (m. and f. gender): | navis< navi-s |
Nom. sing. | Gen. sing. |
||
a) on the nasal: | nomĭn-is |
||
b) on smooth: | |||
c) on -s | mor is< *mos-es |
||
d) on -ĭ (cf. gender): |
According to the nature of the historical basis in the III declension, three types of declension are distinguished. Names with a consonant stem make up consonant type declensions, names with stems on -ĭ vowel type. As a result of mixing consonant stems and stems on -ĭ formed mixed type declination.
III CONSONANT declension
According to the consonant type III declension, nouns of all three genders change with a stem to one consonant sound:
victor, ōris m winner
vox, vocis f voice
nomen, mĭnis n Name
Read:
I. DE AENGA
Antīqui poētae Romanōrum tradunt egregium virum Trojanum, Aenēan 1 nomĭne, post Trojam a Graecis captam et delētam a Trojae orā in Italiam venisse. Narrant eum fatō profŭgum multum terrā marīque jactātum esse ob iram Junōnis deae saevae. Nam fato destinātum est Trojānos cum Aenēa in Italiam ventūros esse et ibi ab eis oppĭdum novum condĭtum iri. Ităque Aenēas et amīci illīus in Italiam veniunt. Inter eos et Latinos, antiquae Italiae incŏlas, bellum ortum est. Eo bello Trojāni Latīnos vincunt et Lavinium oppĭdum novum ab eis condĭtur. Postea Julus Aenēae filius aliud oppĭdum Albam Longam condit.
Text notes:
nomĭne - By name; post Trojam captam - after taking Troy; terra marique - on on dry land And on sea; Junnis- gen. sing. from Juno - Juno; destination est - was predetermined; bellum ortum est - arose war.
1 Greek feminine proper nouns on -ē and masculine on -es And -as belong to the I declension: sing., N. Aeneas; G.,D. Aeneae; acc. Aenēān; Abl.,V. Aenēā
II.
1. Ego sum illus mater. 2. Ubi nunc ea femina habtat? 3. Scio illum amīcum ejus esse. 4. Apparet id etiam caeco. 5. Hinc illae lacrimae. 6. Valde ipsas Athenas amo. 7. Ob ista verba gratias ei magnas ago. 8. Pro isto tuo officio gratias agĕre vix possum. 9. Ipsa scientia potentia est. 10. Naturā tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. ( Terentius) 11. Femĭnae formōSae sunt plerumque superbae eo ipso, quod pulchrae sunt.
Text notes:
5. hinc - from here; for this reason. 11. eo ipso, quod... - precisely because...
EXERCISE
1. Define shapes:dicit, dictum esse, superāri, captāre, tradunt, tradidisse, ventūros esse, narrātur, condĭtum iri, dici, jactātum esse, condĭtur.
2. Agree:
ad ill... amīcum, ist... natūrae (3 forms), apud ill... villas, ips... agricolārum, eum naut..., ejus amic...
3. Decline:
illĕ naută bonŭs, id oppĭdum antīquum.
4. Make the following sentences dependent on notum est:
Luna circumterram errat. In luna vita non est.
5. Which Latin words do the following Russian derivatives go back to:
master, antique, doctrine, appeal, intervention.
6. Translate from Russian into Latin:
1. We know that the Greeks took Troy. 2. We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. 3. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that Troy will be taken by the Greeks. 4. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that the Greeks will take Troy. 5. Jupiter informs the gods that Aeneas will arrive in Italy and that the Latins will be defeated by the Trojans.
Lessons 1 0 .
No. III SKL; III AGREE. SKL ; PERF. IND. PASS; QUI,QUAE,QUO; ABL. SEPARATIONIS; DAT. DUPLEX
NOUNS III declension
The third declension includes nouns of all three genders with consonant stems g, With, d, t, b, p, r, l, n, m, s and for a vowel ĭ .Nom. sing. 3rd declension nouns are formed either with the help of the ending -s(sigmatic nominative") or without any ending (asigmatic nominative) - in the latter case, it is a base in its pure form or phonetically slightly modified. Therefore, the forms of nom. sing. nouns of the III declension look very diverse: miles, victor, custos, tempus , ratio, vertas, anser, nomen, urbs, orbis, mare, anĭmal, longitūdo, homo, lex, etc.
A practical sign of the III declension is the ending gen. sing. -ĭs.
Since in the III declension, as in other declensions, in the form nominativus sing. it is not always possible to determine the basis of a noun, it is necessary to remember two forms - nominativus and genitivus sing.
In the form of gen. sing. one can determine the practical basis of a noun by discarding the ending -ĭs, For example:
All other case forms are formed from this stem.
1. Sigmatic nominative form names with bases:
2. Asygmatic nominative forms names with bases:
|
Nom. sing. |
Gen. sing. |
||
|
a) on the nasal: |
nomen |
nomĭn-is (cm. reduction) |
|
|
b) on smooth: |
Victor |
victor-is |
|
|
c) on -s |
mos |
mor-is (see rotacism) |
|
|
d) on -ĭ (cf. gender): |
animal |
animal-is |
According to the nature of the historical basis in the III declension, three types of declension are distinguished. Names with a consonant stem make up consonant type declensions, names with stems on -ĭ vowel type. As a result of mixing consonant stems and stems on -ĭ formed mixed type declination.
III CONSONANT declension
According to the consonant type III declension, nouns of all three genders change with a stem to one consonant sound:
victor, ōris m winner
vox, vocis f voice
nomen, mĭnis n Name
|
WORD FORMATION OF NOUNS III declension
Many nouns of the III declension are formed from verbal stems (supina, infecta). The most productive are the following types of formation of verbal nouns:
1. From the base supina with a suffix -(t)or, -(s)or nouns are formed with the meaning actor- nomina agentis:
This is very productive type Latin word formation, assimilated also by new languages, including Russian (cf. innovator, innovator). In new languages, this suffix forms names not only actors, but also acting objects ( tractor, loudspeaker, excavator, TV etc.).
2. No less productive is another type of names, also formed from the stem of the supine with the help of a suffix -(t)io(n), -(s)io(n). This type contains feminine nouns with the meaning actions or states- nomĭna actiōnis:
|
Nouns of this type have been assimilated by new languages in many. These words entered the Western European languages in the form of a stem.
Such words entered the Russian language in the form of feminine nouns with the ending -(c)ia: demonstration, revolution, nation, lecture, inspection etc.
3. From the basis of the infect (truncated) with the help of a suffix -or masculine nouns are formed with the meaning states:
|
timeo, ui, -, timere 2 afraid |
tim-or, ōris m fear |
|
|
clamo, āvi, atum, clamāre 1 scream |
clam-or, ōris m cry |
4. From the basis of quality adjectives with the help of a suffix -(i)tat- abstract feminine names are formed with the meaning quality- nomĭna qualitātis (in nom. sing. they end in -tas):
|
liber,ĕra,ĕrum free |
liber-tas, tatis f Liberty |
|
|
verus, vera, verum true |
ver-ĭtas, itātis f true |
With the same meaning properties or quality are formed from quality adjectives feminine nouns with the suffix -(i)tudin-(in nom. sing. they end in -tudo):
PERFECTUM INDICATĪVI PASSVI
(PASS PASSIVE INDICATIVE)
Participium perfecti passvi (cf. lesson 4) with verb forms essay in the present tense forms the analytical perfectum indicatīvi passīvi: Sing.
The participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence:
|
Liber lectus est. |
The book has been read. |
|
|
Libri lecti sunt. |
Books have been read. |
|
|
Epistola scripta est. |
The letter has been written. |
|
|
Epistolae scriptae sunt. |
Letters have been written. |
SRSP 10.
INTERESTING RELATIVE PRONOUN QUI, QUAE, QUOD
Pronoun qui, quae, quod which one acts as an interrogative and relative pronoun.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1. Gen. and date. sing. of this pronoun are formed from the stem cu-(with loss of labialization) using endings -ius(gen. sing.), -i(dat. sing.) (see lesson 7).
2. Forms acc. sing. male quem and dat.-abl. pl. quibus have 3rd declension endings.
3.Nom. and asc. pl. neuter quae By general rule(cm. lesson 4, note 7) are the same, but have the ending -ae(i is an ancient index particle).
ABLATĪVUS SEPARATIŌNIS
With verbs and adjectives with meaning removal, branches, release etc. is put ablative indicating a person, thing or object from which removal, separation, release, etc. occurs. Such an ablative is called ablativus separatiōnis (ablative branch). Ablatīvus separatiōnis is used without or with prepositions a(ab), de, e(ex): regno privatus - de-royal.If ablatīvus separatiōnis denotes an animate name, then it is usually used with the preposition a(ab) or de.
1. Define shapes:
dicit, dictum esse, superāri, captāre, tradunt, tradidisse, ventūros esse, narrātur, condĭtum iri, dici, jactātum esse, condĭtur.
2. Agree:
ad ill... amīcum, ist... natūrae (3 forms), apud ill... villas, ips... agricolārum, eum naut..., ejus amic...
3. Decline:
illĕ naută bonŭs, id oppĭdum antīquum.
4. Make the following sentences dependent on notum est:
Luna circumterram errat. In luna vita non est.
5. Which Latin words do the following Russian derivatives go back to:
master, antique, doctrine, appeal, intervention.
6. Translate from Russian into Latin:
1. We know that the Greeks took Troy. 2. We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. 3. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that Troy will be taken by the Greeks. 4. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that the Greeks will take Troy. 5. Jupiter informs the gods that Aeneas will arrive in Italy and that the Latins will be defeated by the Trojans.
Lesson 8 III SKL; III AGREE. SKL; PERF. IND. PASS; QUI,QUAE,QUO; ABL. SEPARATIONIS; DAT. DUPLEX
NOUNS III declension
The third declension includes nouns of all three genders with consonant stems g, With,
d, t,
b, p,
r, l,
n, m,
s and for a vowel ĭ
.
Nom. sing. 3rd declension nouns are formed either with the help of the ending -s(the sigmatic nominative is sigmatic - from the Greek name for the letter σ "sigma") or without any ending (asigmatic nominative) - in the latter case it is a stem in its pure form or phonetically somewhat modified. Therefore, the forms nom. sing. 3rd declension nouns look very diverse: miles, victor, custos, tempus, ratio, vertas, anser, nomen, urbs, orbis, mare, anĭmal, longitūdo, homo, lex, etc.
A practical sign of the III declension is the ending gen. sing. -ĭs.
Since in the III declension, as in other declensions, in the form nominativus sing. it is not always possible to determine the basis of a noun, it is necessary to remember two forms - nominativus and genitivus sing.
In the form of gen. sing. it is possible to determine the practical basis (practical and historical bases for names with consonant stems are the same, for names with vowel stems ĭ
- do not match) noun, discarding the ending -ĭs, For example:
All other case forms are formed from this stem.
1. Sigmatic nominative form names with bases:
|
Nom. sing. |
Gen. sing. |
||
|
a) in the posterior lingual: |
|||
|
b) on the lips: |
plebs< pleb-s |
||
|
c) in front-lingual: |
civitas< *civitat-s |
||
|
d) on -ĭ (m. and f. gender): |
navis< navi-s |
2. Asygmatic nominative forms names with stems:
|
Nom. sing. |
Gen. sing. |
||
|
a) on the nasal: |
nomĭn-is |
||
|
b) on smooth: |
|||
|
c) on -s |
mor is< *mos-es |
||
|
d) on -ĭ (cf. gender): |
animal< animali |
According to the nature of the historical basis in the III declension, three types of declension are distinguished. Names with a consonant stem make up consonant type declensions, names with stems on -ĭ vowel type. As a result of mixing consonant stems and stems on -ĭ formed mixed type declination.
III CONSONANT declension
According to consonant type III, declensions change unequal(Non-equisyllabic names have an unequal number of syllables in nom. sing. and gen. sing., for example: nom. sing. miles warrior- two syllables, gen. sing. miltis- three syllables) nouns of all three genders with a stem of one consonant sound:
victor, ōris m winner
vox, vocis f voice
nomen, mĭnis n Name
|
|
WORD FORMATION OF NOUNS III declension
Many nouns of the III declension are formed from verbal stems (supina, infecta). The most productive are the following types of formation of verbal nouns:
1. From the base supina with a suffix -(t)or,
-(s)or nouns are formed with the meaning actor- nomina agentis:
This is a very productive type of Latin word formation, adopted also by new languages, including Russian (cf. innovator, innovator). In new languages, this suffix forms the names not only of actors, but also of acting objects ( tractor, loudspeaker, excavator, TV etc.).
2. No less productive is another type of names, also formed from the stem of the supine with the help of a suffix -(t)io(n),
-(s)io(n). This type contains feminine nouns with the meaning actions or states- nomĭna actiōnis:
|
Nouns of this type have been assimilated by new languages in many. These words entered the Western European languages in the form of a stem.
Such words entered the Russian language in the form of feminine nouns with the ending -(c)ia: demonstration, revolution, nation, lecture, inspection etc.
3. From the basis of the infect (truncated) with the help of a suffix -or masculine nouns are formed with the meaning states:
|
timeo, ui, -, timere 2 afraid |
tim-or, ōris m fear |
|
|
clamo, āvi, atum, clamāre 1 scream |
clam-or, ōris m cry |
4. From the basis of quality adjectives with the help of a suffix -(i)tat- abstract feminine names are formed with the meaning quality- nomĭna qualitātis (in nom. sing. they end in -tas):
|
liber,ĕra,ĕrum free |
liber-tas, tatis f Liberty |
|
|
verus, vera, verum true |
ver-ĭtas, itātis f true |
With the same meaning properties or quality are formed from quality adjectives feminine nouns with the suffix -(i)tudin-(in nom. sing. they end in -tudo):
PERFECTUM INDICATĪVI PASSVI
(PASS PASSIVE INDICATIVE)
Participium perfecti passvi (cf. lesson 4) with verb forms essay in the present tense forms the analytical perfectum indicatīvi passīvi:
Sing.
The participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence:
|
Liber lectus est. |
The book has been read. |
|
|
Libri lecti sunt. |
Books have been read. |
|
|
Epistola scripta est. |
The letter has been written. |
|
|
Epistolae scriptae sunt. |
Letters have been written. |
INTERESTING RELATIVE PRONOUN QUI, QUAE, QUOD
Pronoun qui, quae, quod which one acts as an interrogative and relative pronoun.
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* Form gen. pl. male qurum became a noun in Russian quorum(the required number of members of some elected body present). The term "quorum" originated from the Latin expression quorum praesentia satis est whose presence is sufficient.
1. Gen. and date. sing. of this pronoun are formed from the stem cu-(with loss of labialization) using endings -ius(gen. sing.), -i(dat. sing.) (see lesson 7).
2. Forms acc. sing. male quem and dat.-abl. pl. quibus have 3rd declension endings.
3.Nom. and asc. pl. neuter quae as a general rule (cf. lesson 4, note 7) are the same, but have the ending -ae (< a+i, где i- an ancient demonstrative particle).
ABLATĪVUS SEPARATIŌNIS
With verbs and adjectives with meaning removal,
branches, release etc. is put ablative indicating a person, thing or object from which removal, separation, release, etc. occurs. Such an ablative is called ablativus separatiōnis
(ablative branch). Ablatīvus separatiōnis is used without or with prepositions a(ab), de, e(ex): regno privatus -
de-royal.
If ablatīvus separatiōnis denotes an animate name, then it is usually used with the preposition a(ab) or de.
DATVUS DUPLEX
Datīvus commŏdi (dative interest, cf. lesson 2) is often used in combination with the dative case denoting the goal of the action, the so-called datīvus finālis (dative of the goal), forming a syntactic construction of two dative cases, called dativus duplex (double dative), For example: amico auxilio venire- to come to the aid of a friend, where amico- date. commŏdi, auxilio- date. finalis.
LEXICAL MINIMUM
almus,a,um
nourishing, feeding; fertile
amor, ōris m Love
edŭco
1 bring up
flos, floris m flower
flumen, mĭnis n river
frater, tris m Brother
gigno, genui, gentum 3 beget
homo, hominis m Human
honor, ōris m honor, honor
invĕnio, vēni, ventum 4 find; invent
jacio, jēci, jactum 3 throw
lac, lactis n milk
mater, tris f mother
minister, three m servant; assistant
mos, moris m disposition, character
nepos, pōtis m grandson; nephew
nomen, mĭnis n Name
pareo, rui, ritum 2 obey, obey
Pater, tris m father
pono, posui, posttum 3 put, put, place
qui, quae, quod the name "De interpretatione" ... the knowledge of those languages from which Scripture is translated into language Latin, or... language". D.Ya. Samokvasov in Research on stories Russian law expresses the idea that " brief feature article stories ...
Story teaching psychology
Abstract >> PsychologyRead lectures on latin language, because in Latin ... Krogius); "Pathological Pedagogy" (A. S. Griboedov); " Story Pedagogy” (I. I. Lapshin); "Hygiene for children and ... called" Brief guide to logic with a preliminary essay psychology". ...
Course of lectures on Stories foreign musical literature
Lecture >> Culture and artExpressive means: a significant update of the musical language, stylistics, as well as new principles of shaping ... "Selected Articles and Letters" M. 1966 7. A. Ossovsky " Feature article stories latin culture. Selected articles, memoirs”, L. 1961 ...
Story Southern and Western Slavs in the Middle Ages
Presentation >> HistoryThe author gives a detailed historical and geographical feature article stories Croats and Serbs since their... language He wrote brief history Moravia (1663), and also published on latin language essay on military and political stories ...
