Relationship between temperament and personality. Relationship between personality and temperament. The relationship of character and temperament

Imagine the average person. He, like everyone around him, is a person full of worldview and individual traits. He is remembered by those around him for his amazing charm, infects with optimism and conquers with eloquence. How did this person receive such a description? Some will say that this is his temperament. And they will be right. And others will answer that it's all about his character. And they will be right too. So what is the difference between character and temperament? Let's see if these concepts have anything in common.

The character and temperament of a person

The relationship between temperament and character has been studied by various scientists for many years. As a result, 4 main opinions appeared regarding the relationship between these two concepts:

1. Temperament is identified with character.
2. Temperament is opposed to character.
3. Temperament is recognized as an element of character.
4. Temperament is considered the basic nature of character.

If we consider the scientific interpretation of concepts, then the distinguishing features of temperament from character become more noticeable:

Temperament- a set of properties of the psyche that affect the behavior of a person and his activities. Memory, speed of thinking, degree of concentration and rhythm of activity - the human nervous system is responsible for all this, which is considered to be a fundamental factor in the formation of one of the types of temperament. There are 4 in total:

• choleric- people of this type are characterized by mobility nervous system. Such people are often unbalanced. They instantly lose their temper and also quickly become calm;
• sanguine- The owners of this type of temperament are open and sociable, but their attitude to the world is superficial. They quickly become attached and also quickly become indifferent to everything that surrounds them;
• phlegmatic- people with this type of temperament were awarded the title of the most calm and unflappable. They are diligent in business, unhurried and imperturbable;
• melancholic- This type includes vulnerable and often closed personalities. They are constantly subject to fear and indecision.

Character- unlike temperament, it is a set of qualities that manifest themselves in relation to objects and objects of the surrounding world. Character is also determined by the work of the psyche, but unlike temperament, which is given to a person by nature, it is formed and modified throughout life. The nature of a person is influenced by such factors as society, upbringing, profession, etc.

Many psychologists have tried to give any precise classification of character. However, the connection between temperament and character did not make it possible to make the characterization pure, and now such types of character as strong-willed, rational and emotional are continuously associated not only with the influence of society, but also with the innate natural characteristics of the individual.

In addition, the character can be classified according to the presence of various features in it:

• attitude towards oneself (selfishness, pride, humiliation);
• attitude towards people around (tolerance, rudeness, responsiveness, etc.);
• attitude to activity (energy, perseverance, laziness);
• attitude to surrounding things (stinginess, accuracy).

Thus, the features of temperament and character lie in the fact that they are often confused, calling the innate qualities of the personality manifestations of the psyche and vice versa, characterizing the traits acquired in society as individual properties of the nervous system.

In fact, it is quite easy to differentiate between these two concepts. The ratio of temperament and character can be represented as follows:

Temperament and character will always be confused with each other. However, in tandem, they create a holistic personality that can always be assessed from the outside. And most importantly, her innate qualities should always be in harmony with the acquired ones.

Introduction

1. The concept of temperament

2. Types of temperaments

4. Types of character

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

The psyche of each person is unique. Its uniqueness is connected both with the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism (internal conditions), and with the unique composition social connections and contacts (external influences).

Temperament, as well as age and sex and age-related properties of the psyche, are biologically determined personality substructures. Thus, personality acts as a set of internal conditions through which external influences are refracted. The most important component of internal conditions are the properties of the nervous system. The type of nervous system determines, in turn, the temperament of a person. But not in all its manifestations, temperament depends only on the hereditary properties of the nervous system. The social environment has significant influence, both on the rate of development of temperament, and on the ways in which it is manifested by the personality.

IN Everyday life When we strive to emphasize the originality and uniqueness of a person, we are talking not only about his temperament, but also about his individual temperament. The concept of "character" is used very widely, to refer to the specific not only in a person, but also in any phenomenon or process. In psychology, it is concretized: by "character" is meant a certain mental substructure or mental property of a person.

The purpose of the abstract is to deepen knowledge about the temperament and character of a person, consider the types and properties of temperament and their influence on a person’s character, formulate conclusions based on the work done.

1. The concept of temperament

Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing diversity of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament- this is the biological foundation on which the personality is formed as a social being, and personality traits due to temperament are the most stable and long-term.

B.M. Teplov gives the following definition temperament: "Temperament is the characteristic this person a set of mental characteristics associated with emotional excitability, i.e. the speed of the emergence of feelings, on the one hand, and their strength, on the other "(Teplov B. M., 1985). Thus, temperament has two components - activity and emotionality. The activity of behavior characterizes the degree of energy, swiftness, speed, or, conversely, slowness and inertia.In turn, emotionality characterizes the flow of emotional processes, determining the sign (positive or negative) and modality (joy, grief, fear, anger, etc.).

Temperament -these are the individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of the course of his mental processes and behaviour. Under the dynamics understand the pace, rhythm, duration, intensity of mental processes, in particular emotional processes, as well as some external features of human behavior - mobility, activity, speed or slowness of reactions.

Temperament -sustainable association of individual characteristics associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity; those individual properties that are most dependent on the natural abilities of a person. Temperament - an individual characteristic of the subject from the side of the dynamic features of his mental activity: intensity, speed, pace, rhythm of mental processes and states. The properties of temperament include:

) individual pace and rhythm of mental processes;

) the degree of willpower.

Temperament (from lat. temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts, proportionality) - a characteristic of an individual from the side of his dynamic features: intensity, speed, pace, rhythm of mental processes and states. (Psychological dictionary / Under the general editorship of A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky)

2. Types of temperaments

Until now, the main types of temperament are the same four that were identified by ancient science: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. The idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat a person's temperament is usually formed on the basis of some characteristics characteristic of a given person. psychological characteristics.

Consider characteristic representatives the main types of temperament on the example of sixth grade students, aged 12-13 years (descriptions of the first three - from the work of B.C. Merlin and B.A. Vyatkin).

sanguine(Seryozha) is a very lively, restless teenager. He does not sit still in the classroom for a minute, constantly changes his position, twirls something in his hands, stretches his hand, talks with a neighbor. Quick hopping gait, fast pace of speech. Very impressionable and easily addicted. He talks excitedly about a movie he has seen, a book he has read. In the classroom, he responds vividly to everyone new fact or a new task. However, his interests and hobbies are very fickle and unstable. Carried away by a new business, the boy easily cools to him. He has a lively, moving, expressive face. It is easy to guess from his face what his mood is, what his attitude to an object or a person is. In lessons that are interesting to him, he shows great efficiency. At "uninteresting" lessons, he hardly listens to the teacher, talks with neighbors, yawns. His feelings and moods are very changeable. Having received a "deuce", he is ready to burst into tears and hardly restrains himself. However, less than half an hour passes, when he completely forgets about the bad mark and during the break he rushes violently and cheerfully along the corridors. Despite his liveliness and restlessness, he is easy to discipline: with an experienced teacher, he sits perfectly in the classroom and never interferes with the work of the class. Quickly gets used to the new environment and new requirements. At this school, he studies for the first year, but meanwhile he has already got used to new teachers, got along with the guys, made friends with many, entered the asset of the class.

Choleric(Sasha) - stands out among his classmates with his impetuosity. Carried away by the teacher's story, he easily gets into a state of excitement and interrupts the story with various exclamations. He is ready to answer any question of the teacher without thinking, and therefore he often answers inappropriately. In annoyance and irritation, he easily loses his temper, enters into a fight. He listens to the teacher's explanations very concentratedly, without being distracted. Just as concentratedly performs classroom and homework. During recess, he never sits still, runs down the hallway, or fights with someone. He speaks loudly and quickly. Writes quickly, sweepingly, uneven handwriting. In the performance of public assignments, as well as in sports activities, he shows activity and perseverance. His interests are quite constant and stable. He does not get lost when difficulties arise and overcomes them with great energy.

melancholic(Kolya) - calm, always sitting in the same position, fiddling with something in his hands, the mood changes from very minor reasons. He is painfully sensitive. When the teacher moved him from one desk to another, he was offended, he thought for a long time why he was moved, and that day he sat upset and depressed at all lessons. However, his feelings awaken slowly. When attending a performance in a circus, he sits for a long time, silently, with a motionless face, and only gradually begins to "thaw out" - smile, laugh, engage in conversation with neighbors. Easily lost. As soon as the teacher makes the mildest remark to him, the boy becomes embarrassed, his voice becomes muffled, quiet. Very reserved in expressing feelings. Having received a “deuce”, without changing his face at all, he goes to his place and sits down, but at home, according to his parents, he cannot calm down for a long time, unable to get to work. He answers the lesson uncertainly, stammering, even if he carefully prepared for the lesson, he evaluates his abilities and knowledge low, while in reality he is slightly above the average level. If there are difficulties during the performance of any educational task, he is lost and does not complete the work.

Phlegmatic person(Victor) - unhurried and calm. He answers questions slowly and without any liveliness, no matter how well he knows the material. He is characterized by indefatigability: he does not avoid additional mental stress and, no matter how long he works out, he cannot be seen tired. He is drawn to logically developed, lengthy statements: he pronounces the words in an even voice, not being afraid to stray, as if already at the very beginning of a long construction, knowing when and how the thought he has begun will be completed. Outwardly, he is not excited and is not surprised at anything in the lesson, no matter what happens in the classroom. He participates in sports competitions (gymnastics), not revealing, unlike most of the participants, any excitement or excitement. He is neither hectic, nor cheerful, nor upset.

In psychology, the classification of temperaments has received some recognition, based on taking into account such psychological characteristics, which are denoted by the terms extraversion, introversion (these concepts were introduced into psychology by the Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist K. Jung in the first quarter of our century).

They determine what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise at the moment (extroversion), or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion).

Rice. 1. Types of temperaments

Rice. 2. Your type of temperament

However, it would be a mistake to think that all people can be divided into four basic temperaments. Only a few are pure representatives of these types; in the majority, we observe a combination of individual features of one temperament with some features of another. The same person in different situations and in relation to different spheres of life and activity can reveal features of different temperaments.

It should be noted that temperament does not determine the abilities and talents of a person. Great abilities can occur with equal frequency in any temperament. Among the outstanding talents in any field of activity, one can find people with different temperaments. If we take, for example, the largest Russian writers, then A.S. Pushkin, we can note the bright features of the choleric temperament, in A.I. Herzen - sanguine, I.V. Gogol and V.A. Zhukovsky - melancholic, I.A. Krylov and I.A. Goncharov - phlegmatic.

3. The concept of character and its traits

Character(from the Greek. character - a trait, a sign, a sign, a feature) is a core mental property of a person that leaves an imprint on all his actions and deeds, a property on which, first of all, a person’s activity in various life situations depends, his usual ways of responding , specific features of relations with the outside world.

Character should be understood not as any individual psychological characteristics of a person, but only as a set of the most pronounced and relatively stable personality traits typical of a given person. According to B.G. Ananyeva, character"expresses the main life orientation and manifests itself in a manner of action peculiar to a given person."

On the one hand, in each specific case, there is the uniqueness of a person's individual experience, his life path, psychological fate, and all this is imprinted in the human character.

On the other hand, there are typical circumstances of life, common to many, in which a specific human character is manifested, which allows us to speak about the social prerequisites for its formation.

In the formation of a person's character, the forms of his social (interpersonal) relationships play a leading role. Character is the result of the interaction of hereditary inclinations and qualities developed in the process of personality development, its socialization, training and education.

Character can be masked through the methods of socially expected or role behavior mastered by a person. However, in extreme or emotionally intense situations, its most significant features appear even in spite of the circumstances.

Under traitcharacter is understood as one or another feature of a person’s personality, which systematically manifests itself in various types of his activities and by which one can judge his possible actions under certain conditions. B.M. Teplov suggested character traits are divided into several groupsin accordance with the system of human relations to reality:

towards other people- sociability (sociability) or isolation, tact or rudeness, sincerity or deceit, etc .;

in relation to activity (labor) -responsibility or dishonesty, diligence or laziness, etc.;

in relation to objects and property- accuracy or negligence, thrift or extravagance, generosity or stinginess, etc.;

in relation to oneself- self-confidence or self-criticism, modesty or arrogance, self-esteem, touchiness, self-centeredness, etc.

The structure of the character is found in the regular relationship between its individual features. If a person is cowardly, there is reason to believe that he will not have the qualities of initiative (fearing an unfavorable turn of the proposal or act initiated by him), decisiveness and independence (making a decision implies personal responsibility), selflessness and generosity (helping another may infringe him in some way). own interests, which is dangerous for him). At the same time, from a person who is cowardly by nature, one can expect humility and obsequiousness (in relation to a strong man), conformity (not to turn out to be a "black sheep"). ), greed (to insure oneself materially for the future), readiness for betrayal (in any case, under extreme circumstances that threaten one’s safety), distrust and caution (“Belikovskoe” - according to A.P. Chekhov - “no matter what came out ) etc.

Of course, not every person whose character is dominated by cowardice will demonstrate a character structure similar to that described above, including all of the listed traits. In different life circumstances, it can be significantly transformed and can even include qualities that seem to be the opposite of the dominant one (for example, a coward can be arrogant). However, the general tendency towards the manifestation of just such a complex of character traits for a cowardly person will prevail.

Among the character traits, some act as the main, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations. Along with them, there are secondary features, which in some cases are determined by the main ones, while in others they may not be in harmony with them. In life, there are more integral characters and more contradictory. The existence of integral characters makes it possible to single out certain types of them, endowed with common features, among the enormous variety of character.

4. Types of character

The most famous theory of character, proposed by the German psychologist E. Kretschmer. According to this theory, character depends on physique. Kretschmer described three body types and their corresponding three types of character:

asthenics (from the Greek ἀ σθενές - weak) - people are thin, with an elongated face, long arms and legs, a flat chest and weak muscles. Corresponding character type - schizothymic- people are closed, serious, stubborn, difficult to adapt to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to schizophrenia.

athletics(from Greek. ἀ θλητικός - characteristic of wrestlers) - people are tall, broad-shouldered, with a powerful chest, a strong skeleton and well-developed muscles. Corresponding character type - xotimics- people are calm, unimpressive, practical, domineering, restrained in gestures and facial expressions; They do not like change and do not adapt well to it. With mental disorders, they are prone to epilepsy.

picnics(from Greek. πυκνός - dense, fat) - people of medium height, overweight or prone to obesity, with a short neck, a large head and a wide face with small features. Corresponding character type - cyclothymics- people are sociable, contact, emotional, easily adapting to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to manic-depressive psychosis.

temperament character phlegmatic sanguine

5. The relationship of character with temperament and their differences

Temperament does not predetermine character traits, but there is a difference between temperament and character traits. close relationship.

Temperament affects the development of individual character traits. Some properties of temperament contribute to the formation of certain character traits, while others counteract.

Depending on the type of child's temperament, it is necessary to use individual methods of influencing him in order to bring up the necessary character traits.

There is also an inverse relationship between the manifestations of temperament and its character. Thanks to certain character traits, a person can restrain manifestations of temperament that are undesirable under given circumstances.

The difference between character and temperament:

1) character is formed in the process of life, and temperament arises biologically (at birth);

) temperament is stable, the character is constantly changing;

) character depends on motives and will, and temperament does not depend on them.

Conclusion

In conclusion of my work, I can draw the following conclusions.

Character is not a frozen formation, it is formed on everything. life path person. Anatomical and physiological inclinations do not absolutely predetermine the development of a particular character. Recognition of the dependence of character on such factors as appearance, body constitution, date of birth, name, etc., leads to the recognition of the impossibility of changing and educating character in any significant way. However, the whole practice of education refutes the thesis of the constancy of character, such cases are possible only in the case of personality pathology.

Character, despite its versatility, is only one of the sides, but not the whole personality. A person is able to rise above his character, is able to change it. Therefore, when talking about predicting behavior, do not forget that it has a certain probability and cannot be absolute.

Temperament cannot determine the relationship of the individual, her aspirations, and interests, her ideals, i.e. the wealth of content inner life of a person, however, the characteristic of the dynamic side is essential for understanding the complex image of human behavior, the nature of a person. The extent to which a person shows balance in behavior, flexibility, dynamism and expansiveness in reactions speaks of the qualitative characteristics of the personality and its capabilities, which in a certain way develop on the labor and social activities of the individual. Thus, temperament is not something external in the character of a person, but organically enters into its structure. Life impressions, education and training on the natural basic fabric of temperament - the type of higher nervous activity- gradually weave patterns. The attitude of the individual, his convictions, aspirations, consciousness of necessity and duty allow him to overcome some impulses, to train others in order to organize his behavior in accordance with social norms.

Temperament does not determine the path of development of specific character traits; temperament itself is transformed under the influence of character traits. The development of character and temperament in this sense is an interdependent process.

Thus, it is necessary to know the type of your temperament in order to be able to correctly use its advantages and overcome its shortcomings.

Literature

1. Ananiev B.G. The problem of character formation, L., 1989.

Introduction to psychology: [Textbook. allowance for higher ped. textbook institutions / A.V. Brushlinsky and others; Under total ed. A.V. Petrovsky]. - M.: Academy, 1995. - 493 p.

Vilenskaya G.A. The role of temperament in the development of behavioral regulation in early age// Psychological journal. - 2001. - No. 3: Volume 22. - P.68-85

Maklakov A.G. General psychology. - St. Petersburg: 2008 - 583 p.

Teplov B.M. "Problems of individual differences" - St. Petersburg, 1992

IN modern science allocate four main opinions on the relationship of character and temperament:

1. Identification of character and temperament.

2. Contrasting character and temperament. These concepts emphasize the antagonism of character and temperament.

3. Temperament is an element of character, its core, an invariable part.

4. Temperament is the natural basis of character.

The existence of these approaches is due to the biosocial nature of man. The character is formed after the birth of a person, in the process of his interaction with the social environment, but the physiological characteristics of the organism leave an imprint on the personality.

IN domestic psychology there was an opinion that temperament and character are close, since the features of temperament are reflected in the character of a person. The basic properties of temperament are formed before the formation of character is completed. Character develops on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines in character such traits: balance or imbalance of behavior, ease or difficulty of entering a new situation, mobility or inertness of reaction, etc. Temperament does not predetermine a person's character. Features of temperament can contribute to or counteract the formation of certain character traits.

The dependence of handwriting on the emotional state and some typological properties of higher nervous activity has been established.

character building.Features of character formation in childhood. Sensitive period for the formation of character.

Character is a lifetime education. It is formed after the birth of a person. The origins of a person's character and the first signs of it are at the very beginning of life.

The main role in the formation and development of character the child is played by his communication with the people around him. In his characteristic actions and forms of behavior, the child imitates his loved ones. With the help of direct learning through imitation and emotional reinforcement, he learns the forms of adult behavior.

character temperament accentuation personality

The word "temperament" is of Latin origin, meaning proportionality, the ratio of parts. The founder of the doctrine of temperament is considered to be the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (V-IV centuries BC). Temperament - a set of spiritual and mental properties of a human personality, characterizing the degree of excitability and its attitude to the surrounding reality Abramova G.S. Practical psychology. - Yekaterinburg: "Business Book", 2002. - 368 p. Temperament is the individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of his mental processes and behavior. Under the dynamics understand the pace, rhythm, duration, intensity of mental processes, in particular emotional processes, as well as some external features of human behavior - mobility, activity, speed or slowness of reactions.

Temperament characterizes the dynamism of the individual, but does not characterize her views, interests, does not determine the capabilities of the individual (the properties of temperament should not be confused with character properties or abilities). The following main components that determine temperament can be distinguished: Sokolova E.E. Introduction to psychology. Brief lecture notes and guidelines to the course: Educational and methodological manual for students of the faculties of psychology of higher educational institutions in specialties 52100 and 020400 - "Psychology". - M.: Russian Psychological Society, 1999

• 1. General activity of mental activity and human behavior expressed in the desire to actively act and transform the surrounding reality, to manifest themselves in a variety of activities. The expression of general activity is different for different people. Two extremes can be noted: on the one hand, lethargy, passivity, and on the other, activity, swiftness in activity.
• 2. Physical activity shows the state of activity of the motor and speech motor apparatus. It is expressed in the speed, sharpness, intensity of muscle movements and speech of a person, his external mobility (or, conversely, restraint), talkativeness (or silence).
• 3. Emotional activity is expressed in emotional sensitivity (susceptibility and sensitivity to emotional influences), impulsiveness, emotional mobility (quickness of change of emotional states). According to external stable signs, it is possible to to some extent to judge some properties of temperament.

Hippocrates, described four temperaments, which received the following names: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

• 1. Sanguine temperament. Sanguine quickly converges with people, cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another. He easily controls his emotions, quickly masters the new environment. His speech is loud, distinct and accompanied by expressive facial expressions and gestures. But this temperament is characterized by a certain duality. If stimuli change rapidly, novelty and interest of impressions are maintained all the time, a state of active excitement is created in a sanguine person and he manifests himself as an active, energetic person. If the effects are long and monotonous, then they do not support the state of activity, excitement, and the sanguine person loses interest in the matter, he develops indifference, lethargy.
• 2. Phlegmatic temperament. A person of this temperament is slow, calm, balanced. In activity he shows forethought, perseverance. The feelings of a phlegmatic person are outwardly expressed weakly, they are usually inexpressive. The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of the nervous processes. In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm. Sometimes such a person may develop an indifferent attitude to work, to life around him, and even to himself.
• 3. choleric temperament. People of this temperament are overly mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes proceed quickly in them. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in the irascibility, irritability of the choleric. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hasty speech, unrestrained movements. Unbalance is also clearly associated in the activities of the choleric: he enthusiastically gets down to business, while showing impulsiveness and speed of movements, works with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. But in such a person, the stock of nervous energy can be quickly depleted in the process of work, and then a sharp decline in activity can occur: the upsurge and inspiration disappear, the mood drops sharply.
• 4. Melancholic temperament. Melancholics have slow mental processes, they hardly react to strong stimuli. Melancholic people usually have little interest in work (after all, interest is always associated with a strong nervous tension). Feelings and emotional states in such people they arise slowly, but differ in depth and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure resentment, grief, although outwardly all these experiences are expressed poorly in them.

The division of people into four types of temperament is very conditional. There are mixed, intermediate types of temperament; often in the temperament of a person, features of different temperaments are combined. "Pure" temperaments are relatively rare. Simonov P.V., Ershov P.M. Temperament. Character. Personality. - M.: "Nauka", 2002.

Character is often compared with temperament, and in some cases these concepts are substituted for each other. In science, among the dominant views on the relationship between character and temperament, four main ones can be distinguished:

• a) identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer, A. Ruzhitsky);
• b) opposition of character and temperament (P. Viktorov, V. Virenius);
• c) recognition of temperament as an element of character, its core (S.L. Rubinshtein, S. Gorodetsky); d) recognition of temperament as the natural basis of character (L.S. Vygotsky, B.G. Ananiev).

It should be noted that the common character and temperament is the dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person. The formation of character essentially depends on the properties of temperament, more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when the temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis, on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines in character such traits as balance or difficulty in entering a new situation, mobility or inertia of reaction, etc. However, temperament does not predetermine character. People with the same temperament properties can have a completely different character. Features of temperament can contribute to or counteract the formation of certain character traits.

Despite the fact that the character is attributed to the individual characteristics of the personality, in the structure of character one can single out traits that are common to a certain group of people (worldviews, interests). In an individual, one can find some trait (for example, the unpredictability of behavior), the possession of which allows one to attribute it to a group of people with similar behavior. Temperament in no way characterizes the content side of the personality (views, beliefs, interests), does not determine the value of the personality or the limit of achievements possible for a given person. It is only related to the dynamic side of activity (balance in behavior or, conversely, expressiveness, active facial expressions and gestures, passive attitude towards people around). Character is not innate - it is formed in the life and activities of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, the character of a person is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups. And temperament is a product of the combination of biological, innate properties of the higher nervous system. The character is constantly changing, and the temperament is stable. Character depends on motives and will, temperament does not.

Thus, the traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a holistic single image of a person, forming an inseparable "alloy". So, for example, people with any type of temperament are kind, tactful or, conversely, evil, rude. Diverse typical features are reflected in the individual character: professional, age, inherent in adolescents, the elderly. For example, the typical character of a doctor, a military man, at the same time, each typical character has its own individual features.

Character is often compared with temperament, and in some cases these concepts are substituted for each other. In science, among the dominant views on the relationship between character and temperament, four main ones can be distinguished:

1. - identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer, A. Ruzhitsky);

2. - opposition of character and temperament, emphasizing the antagonism between them (P. Viktorov, V. Virenius);

3. - recognition of temperament as an element of character, its core, an invariable part (S.L. Rubinshtein, S. Gorodetsky);

4. - recognition of temperament as the natural basis of character (L.S. Vygotsky, B.G. Ananiev).

Based on the materialistic understanding of human phenomena, it should be noted that the common character and temperament is dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person. The formation of character essentially depends on the properties of temperament, more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when the temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis, on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines in character such traits as balance or difficulty in entering a new situation, mobility or inertia of reaction, etc. However, temperament does not predetermine character. People with the same temperament properties can have a completely different character. Features of temperament can contribute to or counteract the formation of certain character traits.

The properties of temperament can, to some extent, even come into conflict with the character.

In a person with a formed character, temperament ceases to be independent form manifestations of the personality, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain emotional orientation of character properties, a certain speed of the course of mental processes and manifestations of the personality, a certain characteristic of the expressive movements and actions of the personality. Here we should also note the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a steadily repeating system of stimuli. On formation dynamic stereotypes a person in various repetitive situations is affected by his attitude to the situation, as a result of which excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes can change, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system. It is also necessary to note the role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes and the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signal system through which social influences are carried out.

The traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a holistic single image of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - an integral characteristic of his personality.

Despite the fact that the character is attributed to the individual characteristics of the personality, in the structure of the character, traits that are common to a certain group of people can be distinguished. Even the most original person can find some trait (for example, unusual, unpredictable behavior), the possession of which allows him to be attributed to a group of people with similar behavior.

In this case, we need to talk about typical character traits. N.D. Levitov believes that the type of character is a specific expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people.

Character is not innate - it is formed in the life and activities of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, the character of a person is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups.

Diverse typical features are reflected in the individual character: national, professional, age. Typical features are often fixed by everyday consciousness in various attitudes and stereotypes. Being refracted in a peculiar way, typical features inherent in preschool children, adolescents, the elderly, etc. appear in national characteristics. it is not difficult to describe the typical character of a doctor, a military man, at the same time, each typical character has its own individual features.

Despite stability, the type of character has a certain plasticity. Under the influence of life circumstances and upbringing, the requirements of society, the type of character changes and develops.

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