Municipal budgetary educational institution primary educational school No. 90 of Chelyabinsk

Research work

on the topic: "Remarkable properties of magnets"

Completed:

Krinitsyn Dmitry,

1A grade student

Scientific adviser:

Chelyabinsk

Introduction. 3

1. The history of the discovery of the magnet. four

2. What is a magnet?. 6

3. What attracts a magnet? 7

4. Application of magnets. 9

Conclusion. ten

Introduction

We are accustomed to the magnet and treat it a little condescendingly, as an outdated attribute of school physics lessons, sometimes not even suspecting how many magnets are around us. There are dozens of magnets in our apartment: in an electric razor, speakers, a tape recorder, in jars of nails, finally. We ourselves are also magnets: the biocurrents flowing in us give rise around a bizarre pulsating pattern of magnetic lines of force. The earth we live on is a giant blue magnet. The sun is a yellow plasma ball - an even grander magnet. Galaxies and nebulae, barely distinguishable by radio telescopes, are magnets incomprehensible in size.

The property of a magnet to attract certain objects has not lost its enchanting mystery even today. A person who could say: "I know EVERYTHING about the magnet" has not yet been born and probably will never be born. Why does a magnet attract? - this question will always inspire inexplicable excitement in front of the beautiful mystery of nature and give rise to a thirst for new knowledge and new discoveries.

Hypothesis - the property of a magnet to attract objects is magic or a natural phenomenon.

Objective– study the properties of magnets and investigate their manifestations.

To fulfill the purpose of the research work, the following tasks were set:

1. Find in the literature data on the history of the discovery of the magnet;

2. Find answers to questions:

What is a magnet?

What properties does a magnet have?

Why does a magnet have its own properties?

3. On experiments with magnets, prove or refute information from the scientific literature;

4. To study how and where people use a magnet in the modern world.

1. The history of the discovery of the magnet

Many legends have long been associated with the magnet. Thales of Miletus endowed him with a soul. Plato compared him with a poet, Orpheus found him like a groom. In the Renaissance, he was considered a reflection of the sky and attributed to him the ability to bend space. The Japanese believed that a magnet is a force that will help turn fortune to you. In England, it was used crushed as a laxative. And Galileo thought that the Earth rotates because it looks like a magnet.

To begin with, we will be transported to ancient times in Asia and visit the discoverer of the magnet, the shepherd Magnus.

There lived in ancient times in Asia Minor, at the foot of the hills of Magnesia, a shepherd with a very common name in this area, Magnus. One day, while walking along a new route with his herd, he suddenly discovered that unknown forces seemed to chain him to the ground. With every step it was getting harder and harder. The staff of Magnus also began to behave strangely - it began to "stick" to the ground. So mankind, with the help of a simple poor shepherd, made the discovery of a magnet. The nails on Magnus's boots and the iron tip of his staff were drawn to the black magnet stone. Then this black stone began to be called the "Stone of Magnus" or "Magnet".

Many centuries have passed since then. Time and wars have destroyed the city of Magnesia, and goats graze on the hills where it stood. But people needed more and more iron, and they searched all over the earth for deposits of iron ores. Some of the ores found turned out to be as magnetic as the outlandish ore from Magnesia. The ancient word "magnet" continued to live in the languages ​​of different peoples.

A lot of time has passed since the discovery of the magnet, and only in 1269 the knight, the handsome merry fellow Pierre from the small French town of Maricourt, an intelligent and insightful person who is fond of astronomy and mathematics, first scientifically described the properties of a magnet in his famous treatise on the magnet. He described in detail how it is necessary to choose a magnet and determine the poles in the selected stone. The treatise talked about the attraction of opposite poles of a magnet and the repulsion of like ones. Pierre treated the magnet with divine awe and considered it a philosopher's stone.

The next milestone in the history of the discovery of the magnet was the book of the medical researcher Gilbert. He did many experiments. There were even failures. For example, a researcher tested whether ingestion of a crushed magnet would have a healing effect on a person. There was even a version that the magnetic effect slows down the aging of a person and affects the mental state. Gilbert's main merit in revealing the properties of the magnet was that knowledge about the stone was generalized and streamlined. During the study, the doctor also revealed previously unknown facts about the enhancement of magnetic properties when iron parts are applied to the magnet. As a result of heating, the stone lost its magnetic force. Conducting experiments with the behavior of the compass in different parts of the world, Gilbert came to the paradoxical conclusion that the Earth is a huge magnet, and the north and south poles of the planet are the poles of the magnet.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, a physicist from Denmark established the influence of a magnet on electric current. Based on the research of the Danish scientist, the English engineer William Sturgeon designed the first electromagnet in 1825 for the first time. A copper wire was wound on an elongated rod made of relatively soft iron, bent by a “horseshoe”.

2. What is a magnet?

A magnet is an object that is able to attract and repel objects made of iron and its alloys.

The force possessed by a magnet is called magnetism. It is caused by magnetic fields.

A magnetic field is an area around a magnet invisible to the eye, inside which the effect of the magnet on external objects is felt.

Magnetic force is the force with which objects are attracted to a magnet.

Each magnet has at least one "north" (N) and one "south" (S) pole. The poles are characterized by strong magnetism. Opposite poles attract, and like poles repel.
Experience number 1. Properties of magnet poles.

We prepared a couple of magnets, and tried to connect them together in different ways:

Different poles were attracted (Appendix A, Fig. 1).

The same poles of the magnets repelled (Appendix A, Fig. 2).

All magnets tend to turn their north pole to north and their south pole to south. This means that the south magnetic pole is in the north of the Earth, and the north magnetic pole is in the south.

Experience number 2. Properties of magnet poles.

If you take a piece of a magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will again have a "north" and a "south" pole. If you again break the resulting piece into two parts, each part will again have a "north" and a "south" pole. No matter how small the resulting pieces of magnets are, each piece will always have a "north" and a "south" pole. It is impossible to achieve that one magnetic pole is formed. At least, this is the modern point of view on this phenomenon (Appendix A, Fig. 3).

Experience number 3. The interaction of a magnet with an iron object and a composite magnet.

I tried to apply an iron object to different parts of the magnet, it turned out that the iron object is best attracted to the poles of the magnet, and there is no attraction exactly in the middle between the poles (Appendix A, Fig. 4).

I also tried to put two magnets together, and the magnetic poles showed up only at opposite ends of the compound magnet (Appendix A, Fig. 5).

Conclusion: Two small magnets turned into one big one.

3. What attracts a magnet?

Materials that are attracted to a magnet are called magnetic materials. These include iron, cobalt, nickel and some rare earth elements. It should be noted that all these materials are metals, but not all metals are magnetic materials.
Aluminum, copper, lead, gold and silver are metals that are not attracted to a magnet. Materials that are not attracted to a magnet are called non-magnetic materials.

Magnets act on each other and iron objects, even if glass or cardboard is placed between them. It's very much like magic. We cannot see or feel the way in which magnets act on magnetic materials and each other, it does not smell and can act through glass, cardboard, water and other substances.

Experience number 4. Can magnetic force pass through objects.

To test this, I did an experiment. I threw a coin into the aquarium with water.

He leaned the magnet against the wall of the aquarium at the level of a coin. And after he approached the wall of the aquarium, he slowly moved the magnet up the wall. The coin moved with the magnet and rose up with the magnet. This is because the magnetic force acts through both glass and water.

Conclusion: magnetic force can pass through objects and substances.

A magnet can transfer its properties to metal objects if the object is rubbed against a magnet. But the magnetic force of the created magnet will be weak.

Experience number 5. Can a magnet transfer its properties to other objects.

To test this, I did an experiment. Take two magnets of different shapes and sizes and metal coins. Let's check how many coins each magnet will pick up at the same time. The small size magnet picked up only 3 coins, while the large size magnet picked up 5 coins.

Conclusion: The shape and size of a magnet affects its strength. Horseshoe magnets are stronger than rectangular ones. Among magnets having the same shape, the larger magnet will be stronger.

But are only magnets able to attract to themselves?

The earth behaves like a big magnet: it has its own magnetic field. This phenomenon is believed to be caused by iron and nickel in the Earth's inner core, which rotates with the globe. Magnetic field lines go from one pole to another. But the fluctuations of this field - magnetic storms no longer depend on the planet, but on the nearest star. At the moments of flares on the Sun, streams of particles are ejected into space. They are called the solar wind. In a day - two particles reach the Earth. By bombarding the magnetic field of our planet, they cause magnetic storms, northern lights.

4. Application of magnets

The first device based on the phenomenon of magnetism was the compass. A compass is a device for navigating the terrain. With the help of a compass, you can determine where the cardinal points are: north, south, west, east. It was invented in China, approximately between the 4th and 6th centuries. The compass is quite simple: inside it has a magnetic needle that rotates vertically and in a circle, it always points to the north. And by determining in the arrow where the north is, you can determine where the rest of the world is.

Experience number 6. Magnetic compass.

To make a magnetic compass, I needed: 2 magnets, a piece of foam, metal clips, a Petri dish. Take a metal paper clip and rub it on a magnet. Put a paperclip on the styrofoam and secure it with duct tape. Dip the foam in a container of water. Then the styrofoam will stand in such a way that it will point north and south. Then we check with a real compass, everything matched.

Due to the property of magnets to act at a distance and through solutions, they are used in chemical and medical laboratories, where it is necessary to mix sterile substances in small quantities. Magnets are used underwater. Due to their ability to attract objects under water, magnets are used in the construction and repair of underwater structures. With their help, it is very convenient to fix and lay the cable or keep the tool at hand.

Today, we suffer from a magnetic field deficiency no less than from a lack of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, millions of people around the world use the positive effects of magnetotherapy. Magnets have a mild analgesic effect, improve mood, treat bone diseases, reduce the excitability of the nervous system and relieve stress. Therapeutic magnets are used in the form of plasters, bracelets, clip-on hoops.

Conclusion

After doing this research work, I learned that a magnet is an object made of a certain material that creates a magnetic field, and also that it has its own history.

I was carried away and interested in experiments with magnets. As a result, I made the following conclusions:

Magnets have the ability to attract objects from various metals;

Different poles of magnets attract, like poles repel;

A magnet will always have a "north" and a "south" pole, it is impossible to get one magnetic pole;

Magnetic force can pass through objects and substances;

Magnets attract even at a distance;

The shape and size of a magnet affects its strength.

Having completed all the experiments, I confirmed my hypothesis that the ability of a magnet to attract objects is not magic, but a natural phenomenon.

Studying the literature, I learned that the earth is a big magnet, which also has two policies "southern" and "northern".

The scope of magnets is incredibly wide, ranging from household use to medicine, industry, etc. It turns out that we encounter magnets very often, but no one really thinks that the basis of things familiar to us is the unique properties of a magnet.

And in conclusion, I want to say: studying the properties of a magnet, I came to the conclusion that children are also magnets! And the world around us is a huge magnet, from which we are still growing, magnetized: by kindness and affection, craving for knowledge. Life will always be full of mysteries. And along with the most complex - the mysteries of life and the universe - the riddle of the magnet will always provide food for an inquisitive mind!

Annex A

Figure 1. Different poles attract.

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Figure 2. Identical repel.

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Figure 3. Properties of magnet poles.

Figure 4. Interaction with an iron object.

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Figure 5. Composite magnet.

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Buko Daria

Makoveeva Antonandon the

Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 6 of Zhodino"

Minsk region, city of Zhodino

The magic power of a magnet

Work done collectively

Head of work: Mikheeva Marina Vladimirovna

Subject direction:

PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY;
NATURAL SCIENCE;
HUMANITARIAN;
PRESCHOOL

Introduction 3

1. Effect of a magnet on other objects 4

2. Underwater magnetism 4

3. Strength of different magnets 4-5

4.Magnetic poles 5

References 7

Annex 8

Introduction 3

The extraordinary ability of magnets to attract objects to itself has always aroused people's surprise. We often meet with magnets in everyday life: these are our first magnetic alphabets, a magnetic board in the classroom, "Checkers" on a magnetic board, souvenir magnets on the refrigerator and other miracles. It became interesting to us: “So, what is a magnet? Why does a magnet attract?

It turns out that more than 2000 years ago, the ancient Greeks learned about the existence of magnetite - a mineral that is able to attract iron. Magnetite was named after the ancient Turkish city of Magnesia (now the Turkish city of Maniza), where this mineral was found. Pieces of magnetite are called natural magnets.

A magnet can be made artificially by magnetizing pieces of steel. The force of attraction between magnets and objects is called magnetic force.

The properties of a magnet to attract certain objects have not lost their enchanting mystery even today.

No wonder they say that the person who could say: "I know everything about the magnet" was not born.

Object of study:

Magnet and its properties.

Purpose of the study:

With the help of experiments to find out the nature of the properties of magnetic force.

Research objectives:

- conduct experiments that determine the ability of a magnet to attract and magnetize objects;

Find out how magnets affect other objects.

Research methods:

- analysis of literature on the research topic;

- conducting experiments.

Hypothesis:

We assumed that magnets are capable of attracting any objects, have the same strength, their poles are attracted.

1. The effect of a magnet on other objects 4

We were interested in the question, do magnets attract everything? To answer it, we conducted the following experiment:

They took objects made of paper, metals, plastics, steel and fabrics and divided them into two groups: metal and non-metal. They brought the magnet in turn to the objects of the first group.

They brought the magnet in turn to the objects of the second group.

Then they brought the magnet to the surface of the refrigerator, cabinet, wall, window glass.

As a result, it was established that some metal objects are attracted to a magnet, and some do not experience its attraction; A magnet is attracted to some surfaces, but not to others.

This is because magnets are pieces of iron or steel that have the ability to attract objects made of iron, steel and metals containing them in small quantities.

Wood, glass, plastic, paper and fabric do not react to a magnet. To a large iron surface, the magnet itself is attracted, being lighter.

Conclusion:magnets act on objects made of iron, steel and some other metals.

2.Underwater magnetism

Studying the encyclopedic literature, we learned that magnets are used underwater. Due to their ability to attract objects under water, magnets are used in the construction and repair of underwater structures. With their help, it is very convenient to fix and lay the cable or keep the tool at hand.

To check if this is the case, we carried out the following experiment:

A paperclip was thrown into a jug of water.

We leaned the magnet against the wall of the jug at the level of the paper clip. And after she approached the wall of the jug, the magnet was slowly moved up the wall.

The paperclip moved with the magnet until it rose to the surface. This is because the magnetic force acts through both glass and water.

Thus, we found out that the magnetic force can pass through objects and substances.

3.Strength of different magnets

We were interested in the question: do magnets have the same strength? To answer it, we took three magnets of different sizes and three identical coins.

They put a ruler on the table and put coins close to it, but at a sufficient distance from the magnets.

As a result, some coins were attracted to the magnet immediately, others only when they came close to the magnets.

This is because magnets attract objects at a certain distance. The larger the magnet, the greater the force of attraction and the greater the distance over which the magnet exerts its effect.

Is it possible to isolate a magnet, is it possible to prevent the action of magnetic force?

In order to test this, we took a sheet of paper, foil, a towel and a steel object.

We wrapped the magnet in foil and checked if it attracts a steel object

As a result, it was found that the magnet attracts an object through a thin layer of material, but ceases to attract when the layer of material reaches a certain thickness.

Therefore, the magnetic force can be neutralized if the magnet is covered with a dense layer of non-magnetizable material.

So what does the strength of a magnet depend on? To find out, we held a “competition” for strength:

We took three magnets of different shapes and sizes.

1. We put various metal objects (nails, coins, paper clips) into three cardboard boxes into groups.

2. Then they brought magnets in turn to different boxes and calculated how many objects of the same type each magnet could lift. The result was placed in a table.

Magnet type				Picked up items

RESULTS RECEIVED

As a result, it was found that one magnet picks up more objects than others. This is because the shape and size of a magnet affects its strength. Horseshoe magnets are stronger than rectangular ones, which, in turn, are stronger than round ones. Among magnets having the same shape, the larger magnet will be stronger.

Conclusion: The strength of a magnet depends on its shape and size.

4.Magnetic poles

Through all these experiments, we noticed that two identical magnets can not only attract, but also repel. We brought the identically colored poles of the magnets closer to each other, then the differently colored ones.

As a result of this, it was found that the poles of the same color repel, but differentare attracted. This is because the poles of each magnet have opposite signs (positive and negative). Poles of opposite signs attract; the same - repel.

conclusions 6

The work done by us on the topic of research "Magic power of the magnet" convinced us of the mystery of this subject. Due to its wonderful properties, the magnet is actively used by man in everyday life. Our experiments allowed us to draw the following conclusions:

1.Magnets act on metal objects. Due to their ability to attract objects even under water, magnets are used in the construction and repair of underwater structures. With their help, it is very convenient to fix and lay the cable or keep the tool at hand.

2. The magnet is able to attract objects even at a distance. Due to this property, magnets are used in chemical and medical laboratories, where it is necessary to mix sterile substances in small quantities.

3. The strength of a magnet depends on its shape and size.

4. Magnets of one pole are repelled, while those of different poles are attracted. Magnetic fields are arranged around the magnet in an ordered manner.

While working, we tested large and small magnets, tried to interfere with their power or even interrupt their effect by arranging fun experiments. Thus, our assumption that magnets are capable of attracting any objects is incorrect, since experiments have proven the effect of magnets on metal objects. The hypothesis about the same strength of the magnets was not confirmed. Experiments have shown that the strength of a magnet depends on its shape and size.

Bibliography

1. Big book of experiments for schoolchildren - Moscow. Rosman, 2009

2.F. Clark, L. Howell, S. Khan. "Miracles and secrets of Science", - Moscow,

Rosman, 2005.

3.A. Craig, K. Rosny. "SCIENCE encyclopedia", - Moscow. Rosman, 2001.

4.F. Chapman. "Young explorer. ELECTRICITY", - Moscow.: Rosmen, 1994.

5. A. Leonovich. “I know the world. PHYSICS. Encyclopedia”, -LLC “AST Publishing House”, 2006.

Application

Experience #1

The items were divided into two groups.

They brought a magnet in turn to each group.

Experience #2

A paper clip was thrown into a jug of water, and a magnet was leaned against the wall of the jug.

The paperclip moved with the magnet until it rose to the surface.

Experience #3

Magnets are laid out on the table in a row, at a distance of 10 cm from each other.

Slowly pushed the ruler with coins towards the magnets.

Some coins were attracted to the magnet immediately, others only when they came close to the magnets.

Experience No. 4

We wrapped the magnet in paper and checked whether it attracts a steel object.

We wrapped the magnet in foil and checked whether it attracts a steel object.

We wrapped the magnet several times in a folded towel and checked whether it attracts a steel object.

Experience No. 4

They put various metal objects (nails, coins, paper clips) into three cardboard boxes into groups.

They brought magnets in turn to different boxes and calculated how many objects of the same type each magnet could lift.

Experience No. 5

First, the identically colored poles of the magnets were brought closer to each other, then differently colored.

Municipal body "Department of Education

urban district of Krasnoturinsk

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

"Secondary school No. 3"

magnets

Completed by: Khafizov Denis

4B grade student

Head: Okorokova S.A.

teacher of the 1st category

Krasnoturinsk

2014

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………….3

Theoretical part

1. Magnets and their properties ………………………………………….4

   The use of magnets by people……………………………….5

   Interesting facts about magnets……………………………….6

Practical part………………………………………………..7

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….10

List of literature and Internet sources …………………………… 11

Introduction

Nature is full of secrets and mysteries. And the extraordinary ability of magnets to attract objects to itself surprised me.

I wanted to find out what a magnet is, what secrets it keeps in itself.

Objective: study the properties of magnets.

Tasks:

1) study the literature and information from the Internet on this topic;

2) find out where a person uses magnets;

3) find out how a magnet works and what kind of magnets there are;

4) find out what a magnetic field looks like;

5) conduct experiments with magnets

Hypothesis: Perhaps the magnet attracts objects due to special properties.

Research methods: work with literature, search for information on the Internet, conversation, experiment, observation, comparison

Theoretical part

1.1.Magnets and their properties.

What is a magnet? A magnet is an object made of a certain material that creates a magnetic field.

An old legend tells of a shepherd named Magnus. He noticed how his stick was stuck with a metal part to some kind of stone. A new discovery was named after him. According to another version, the magnet is translated from Greek as "a stone of magnesia", from the name of the city of Magnesia (in Asia Minor), near which the deposits of the magnet were found. In many languages ​​of the world, the word "magnet" means "loving".

Thus, for many centuries before our era, it was known that some rocks have the property of attracting pieces of iron. This was mentioned in6th century BC Greek physicist and philosopherThales.

The first scientific study of the properties of a magnet was undertaken in13th century scientistsPeter Peregrin . In 1269 year his essay was published"The Book of the Magnet" where he wrote about many facts of magnetism.

permanent magnets are bodies that retain magnetization for a long time.

The main property of magnets - attract bodies made of iron or its alloys.

Permanent magnets are made from iron, steel, cast iron and other iron alloys (strong magnets), as well as from nickel, cobalt (weak magnets).

Magnets arenatural and artificial .

Natural (natural) magnets are pieces of magnetic iron ore.

artificial magnets are magnets created by man from various alloys of iron, cobalt and some other additives. They can hold loads over 5,000 times their own weight.

Any magnet has a magnetic field. This field interacts with the fields of other magnets.

Each magnet has one north pole and one south pole. Scientists have agreed that the lines of the magnetic field come out of the "north" end of the magnet and enter the "south end of the magnet. If you take a piece of a magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will again have a "north" and a "south" pole. Like poles of magnets repel, opposite poles attract.

Magnets can act at a distance and attract iron through wood, plastic, glass.

1.2. The use of magnets by people.

People have known about magnets for a long time and began to use its properties for their own purposes. In all areas of life, the magnet is a constant companion.

The first device based on the phenomenon of magnetism was the compass. A compass is a device for navigating the terrain. With the help of a compass, you can determine where the cardinal points are: north, south, west, east. It was invented in China over 2000 years ago. The compass is quite simple: inside it has a magnetic needle that rotates vertically and in a circle, it always points to the north. And by determining in the arrow where the north is, you can determine where the rest of the world is.

Some special trains use electromagnets instead of wheels(maglev trains). The magnetic force of the electromagnets holds the train above the road at a height of several centimeters and pushes it forward.

Both microphones and speakers use magnets to convert an electrical signal into sound.

Magnets spin generators that produce electricity.

The attractive force of magnets is used in factory cranes, in port cranes.

Magnets can pick up magnetic objects (iron nails, staples, tacks, paper clips) that are either too small, hard to reach, or too thin to hold with your fingers. Some screwdrivers are specially magnetized for this purpose.

Magnets can be used in scrap metal processing to separate magnetic metals (iron, steel and nickel) from non-magnetic metals (aluminum, non-ferrous alloys, etc.).

Magnets are also widely used in magnetic therapy, including magnetic belts, magnetic massager, knee magnets, magnetic mattresses, magnetic bracelets, etc.

Given their ability to resist gravity at close range, magnets are often used in children's toys with fun effects.

Magnets can be used to make jewelry. Necklaces and bracelets may have a magnetic closure, or may be made entirely from a series of linked magnets and black beads.

Magnets are found in bags in the form of a magnetized iron plate inserted inside the button that closes the bag; magnets are also sewn inside outerwear to close the flap of clothing with an elegant, invisible clasp.

They are also in furniture cabinets, so that the cabinet doors remain closed.

They are also used at school for attaching visual aids on a magnetic board. There are also magnetic bookmarks, magnetic letters, numbers.

Probably, in every house there are souvenir fridge magnets that people bring from their travels.

Interesting facts about magnets.

Queen Cleopatra, who is still considered the most beautiful woman in the history of the world, wore magnetic jewelry to delay aging.

Scientists believe that birds are the only creatures that can see the Earth's magnetic field and this force helps them find their home when flying long distances.

Modern medicine uses magnets in the treatment of various diseases.

The earth is a giant magnet, which compass needles are guided by.

So that the magnet does not lose its properties, it cannot be shaken strongly, beaten with a hammer and heated strongly.

2.Practical part.

1 experience.

They took a magnet, a paper clip, a glass of water, plastic and wooden rulers. They tried to attract a paper clip with a magnet through these objects. The staple was pulled.

Conclusion: The magnet attracts iron through water, plastic, wood, glass.

2 experience.

A paper clip was hung from the magnet, then another one was brought up. It turned out that the top paperclip magnetized the bottom one. We managed to make a chain of 4 paper clips.

Conclusion: The magnet transfers its properties to iron.

3 experience.

They poured semolina into a bowl and hid the paper clips in it. We drove a magnet over the decoy and the paper clips jumped out of the decoy.

Conclusion: A magnet attracts iron from a distance.

4 experience.

We took 2 magnets, turned them to each other in different directions. We noticed that in some cases the magnets attract, while in others they repel..

Conclusion: Magnetic fields of magnets interact with each other. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

5 experience.

They took strip and arcuate magnets, put sheets of paper on them. Iron filings were sprinkled on top of the sheets. We saw that the sawdust is arranged along special lines - these are the lines of the magnetic field. In some places, sawdust bristled like a hedgehog - these are the poles of magnets. The patterns on the sheets were different.

Conclusion: A magnet has a magnetic field. You can see it with iron filings.

6 experience.

We took 7 needles and magnetized them, cut out mugs with a diameter of 1.5 cm from cardboard, pierced each circle with a needle in the middle, we got floats, poured water into a glass bowl. The floats were lowered into the water one by one. We saw that the needles-floats move a certain distance from each other and freeze. This means that the magnetic forces are balanced. By adding one float, each time you get new shapes.

Conclusion: The magnetic fields of the needles are balanced.

7 experience.

They magnetized the needle and lubricated it with vegetable oil, poured water into a bowl and lowered the needle into the water. The needle, floating on the water, showed one end to the south, the other to the north like a compass. They took a real compass and compared it, they saw that the needle shows the same direction as the compass needle.

8 experience.

We took 5 different magnets. Draw a line on the paper and place a paperclip on it. Slowly move each magnet in turn towards this line. At some distance from the line, the paper clip "jumped" and stuck to the magnets. These distances were marked on the sheet. We saw that some magnets magnetized the paper clip from a short distance, while others - from a distance. It did not depend on the size of the magnet.

Conclusion: Every magnet has its own magnetic field. For some it is stronger, for others it is weaker.

The table shows that the weakest magnet is a strip magnet, and the strongest is a round one from the speaker.

Conclusion

Working on this topic, I worked with encyclopedias, the Internet and learned a lot of interesting things about magnets and their properties. Magnets attract due to special properties, so my hypothesis was confirmed.

It was interesting to experiment. I especially remember the experience with iron filings, thanks to which I was able to see what a magnetic field looks like.

I really liked visiting the physics classroom and talking with the teacher Svetlana Vladimirovna. She answered all my questions and showed me how an electromagnet works. I even worked with him!

In the future, I want to continue studying magnets, because they still have many secrets. And also to study electromagnets in more detail.

List of literature and Internet sources:

Entertaining experiments and experiments - M .: Iris-press, 2013.

Science. Encyclopedia. OOO "Rosmen-izdat". Moscow. 1995.

What is. Who is: V3t.T2 - 3rd ed., Revised and added. - M: Pedagogy-Press, 1993

Site "Cool physics for the curious" -http:// class- people. enfizika.

Site "Interesting facts about magnets" -http:// i- fact. en/ interesting- facts- o- magnitax/

Mamonov Dmitry

Objective of the project:

to study the properties of a magnet and the possibility of using it in everyday life.

Object of study- magnet.

Subject of study– properties of magnets.

Project objectives:

• find out what a magnet and magnetic force are;
• find out what properties magnets have;
• reveal how people use magnets in life.

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MOU "Krasnenskaya secondary school them. M.I. Svetlichnaya

Krasnensky district of the Belgorod region

Research work

Magnet and its secrets

1. Prepared

Mamonov Dmitry Vladimirovich

Student 3 "A" class

Supervisor

Primary school teacher

Zenina Inna Nikolaevna

Red

2012

1. Introduction

Nature is full of secrets and mysteries. Andthe extraordinary ability of magnets to attract objects to itself has amazed me since early childhood. My first acquaintance with a magnet happened when, on one of my birthdays, I was presented with games with magnets. At first I was interested in the games themselves, but then it became interesting why everything is so firmly held.

And so, I wanted to find out what a magnet is, what secrets it keeps in itself.

Objective of the project:

to study the properties of a magnet and the possibility of using it in everyday life.

Object of study- magnet.

Subject of study– properties of magnets.

Project objectives:

1. find out what a magnet and magnetic force are;
2. find out what properties magnets have;
3. reveal how people use magnets in life.

Hypothesis.

Suppose that a magnet is an object that creates a magnetic field, has the property of attracting other objects and is widely used in human life.

2. Brief Literature Review

Electromagnetic induction- occurrence phenomenonelectric currentin a closed loop when changingmagnetic fluxpassing through it. Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday on August 29, 1831. He discovered that the electromotive force generated in a closed conducting circuit is proportional to the rate of changemagnetic fluxthrough the surface bounded by this contour. Valueelectromotive force(EMF) does not depend on what causes the change in flux - a change in the magnetic field itself or the movement of a circuit (or part of it) in a magnetic field.Electricity, caused by this EMF, is called the induced current.

Ancient manuscripts about magnets

. ..Caravans go along the boundless Gobi sands. To the right, to the left - dull yellow dunes. The sun is hidden by a yellow veil of dust. Far is the way from the imperial pagodas on the banks of the Yangtze to the minarets of the Kushan kingdoms. It would have been difficult for the caravaners if there had not been a white camel in the caravan. White camel with his priceless cargo. Priceless, although it is not gold, not pearls, and not ivory. Protected by a carved wooden cage, between the humps of a white camel, an earthen vessel made its way through the desert, in which a small oblong piece of magnetized iron floated in the water on a cork. The edges of the vessel were painted in four colors. Red meant south, black meant north, green meant east and white meant west. An earthenware vessel with a piece of iron in it was a primitive ancient compass that showed the caravaners the way in the endless sands...

Emperor Cheu Kun decided to thank the ambassadors of distant Yue Chan (Vietnam) for the white pheasants - the symbols of friendship they brought - and presented them with five chariots with figures that always pointed south. The ambassadors went home, reached the seashore, passed many unknown cities, and a year later arrived at their homeland ...

3. Materials and methods

To study this topic, we needed materials: magnets of different sizes, metal and non-metal objects, a glass of water, a compass.

Enjoyed the following methods Keywords: study of literature, observation, experience, Internet search, experiment, comparison.

4. Results and discussion

What is a magnet and magnetic force

magnet is an object , made of a certain material that creates a magnetic field. Magnets are made up of millions of molecules organized into groups called domains. Each domain behaves like a mineral magnet, having a north and south pole. Iron has many domains that can be oriented in one direction, that is, magnetized. Domains in plastic, rubber, wood and other materials are in a disordered state, so these materials cannot be magnetized. Magnetic interaction forces are invisible forces that arise between magnetic materials (iron, steel and other metals).

Magnetic force -the force with which objects are attracted to a magnet.

Properties of magnets

2) Do all magnets have the same strength?

For this experiment we need:

1. magnets of different shapes and sizes;
2. metal objects (screws, coins, nuts);

Experience progress:

1. let's decompose objects, dividing them by type;
2. Let's bring magnets in turn to different objects and calculate how many objects of the same type can be lifted by each magnet.

Result:

some magnets pick up more objects than others (Appendix 2).

Conclusion: The shape and size of a magnet affects its strength. Horseshoe magnets are stronger than rectangular ones. Among magnets having the same shape, the larger magnet will be stronger.

3) Can magnetic force pass through objects?

To check this, I conducted an experiment (Appendix 3).

1. He threw a screw into a glass of water.
2. He leaned the magnet against the wall of the glass at the level of the screw. And after he approached the wall of the glass, he slowly moved the magnet up the wall.

The screw moved with the magnet and went up with the magnet. This is because the magnetic force acts through both glass and water.

Conclusion: magnetic force can pass through objects and substances.

4) Does the force of attraction depend on the distance between the bodies?

Let's conduct an experiment (Appendix 4).

Required:

1. three magnets of different sizes;
2. several metal objects;
3. ruler.

Experience progress:

1. lay out the magnets on the table in a row at a distance of 10 cm from each other;
2. put a ruler on the table and place the coins close to it, but at a distance from the magnets;
3. Slowly push the ruler with coins towards the magnets.

Result:

some coins are attracted to the magnet immediately, others only when they come close to the magnets.

Conclusion:

magnets attract even at a distance. The larger the magnet, the greater the force of attraction and the greater the distance over which the magnet exerts its effect.

Magnets have the ability to attract metal objects. Magnetic force can act through various objects and at a considerable distance. Not all magnets are the same, different magnets have different strength, this strength depends on the shape and size of the magnet.

5) Earth magnetism

But are only magnets able to attract to themselves?

The earth behaves like a big magnet: it has its own magnetic field. This phenomenon is believed to be caused by iron and nickel in the Earth's inner core, which rotates with the globe. Magnetic field lines go from one pole to another. But the fluctuations of this field - magnetic storms no longer depend on the planet, but on the nearest star. At the moments of flares on the Sun, streams of particles are ejected into space. They are called the solar wind. In a day - two particles reach the Earth. By bombarding the magnetic field of our planet, they cause magnetic storms, northern lights.

3. The use of magnets in people's lives

People have known about magnets for a long time and began to use its properties for their own purposes. In all areas of life, the magnet is a constant companion.

The first device based on the phenomenon of magnetism was the compass. A compass is a device for navigating the terrain. With the help of a compass, you can determine where the cardinal points are: north, south, west, east. It was invented in China, approximately between the 4th and 6th centuries. The compass is quite simple: inside it has a magnetic needle that rotates vertically and in a circle, it always points to the north. And by determining in the arrow where the north is, you can determine where the rest of the world is.

People invented electric machine generators and electric motors, whichconvert either mechanical energy into electrical energy (generators) or electrical energy into mechanical energy (motors). The operation of generators is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Due to the property of magnets to act at a distance and through solutions, they are used in chemical and medical laboratories, where it is necessary to mix sterile substances in small quantities. Magnets are used underwater. Due to their ability to attract objects under water, magnets are used in the construction and repair of underwater structures. With their help, it is very convenient to fix and lay the cable or keep the tool at hand.

Today, we suffer from a magnetic field deficiency no less than from a lack of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, millions of people around the world use the positive effects of magnetotherapy. Magnets have a mild analgesic effect, improve mood, treat bone diseases, reduce the excitability of the nervous system and relieve stress. Therapeutic magnets are used in the form of plasters, bracelets, clip-on hoops.

4. Do-it-yourself electromagnet(Annex 5)

I bring to your attention a do-it-yourself electromagnet. It consists of a nail, wire and a battery. I wound the wire around the nail, connected its ends to the battery and the magnet is ready. I tried this electromagnet. It works (Appendix 5).

In the course of our research, we learned a lot of interesting things about the magnet and its properties. The magnet and the person are closely interconnected, so you need to study it and apply your knowledge in practice.

6. Conclusion

While researching this topic, I found out that:

1. magnet is an object , made of a certain material that creates a magnetic field;
2. magnetic force -the force with which objects are attracted to a magnet;
3. magnets have the ability to attract objects from various metals;
4. the shape and size of a magnet affects its strength;
5. magnetic force can pass through objects and substances;
6. magnets attract even at a distance;
7. people use the properties of the magnet for their own purposes.

MOU "Krasnenskaya secondary school them. M.I. Svetlichnaya "Krasnensky district of the Belgorod region Magnet and its secrets Find out what a magnet and magnetic force are; find out what properties magnets have; identify how people use magnets in life.
Tasks
The purpose of the work To study the properties of the magnet and the possibility of using it in everyday life. Literature study; observation; an experience; Internet search; experiment, comparison.
Methods
Hypothesis Suppose that a magnet is an object that creates a magnetic field, has the property of attracting other objects and is widely used in human life. A Visit to the Library A magnet is an object made of a certain material that creates a magnetic field. Magnetic force is the force with which objects are attracted to a magnet. Magnets have the ability to attract objects made of iron or steel, nickel and some other metals. Wood, plastic, paper, fabric do not react to a magnet.
Properties of a magnet Experience 1 “Do magnets attract everything?”
12 pcs.
6 pcs.
16 pcs.
Horseshoelarge
8 pcs.
4 things.
12 pcs.
Horseshoe small
5 pieces.
2 pcs.
8 pcs.
Bar
nuts
coins
screws
The shape and size of the magnet
Properties of a magnet Experience 2 "Comparison of the strengths of magnets" Magnetic force can pass through objects and substances.
Properties of a magnet Experience 3 “Underwater magnetism” Magnets attract even at a distance. The larger the magnet, the greater the force of attraction and the greater the distance over which the magnet exerts its effect.
Properties of a magnet Experience 4 “Determining the force of attraction from a distance” Searching for information on the INTERNET The earth behaves like a big magnet: it has its own magnetic field. electric machine generators and electric motors
The use of magnets in people's lives Compass is a device for orientation in the area. Magnetotherapy. I bring to your attention a do-it-yourself electromagnet. It consists of a nail, wire and a battery. I wound the wire around the nail, connected its ends to the battery and the magnet is ready. I tried this electromagnet. He works.
DIY electromagnet Fridge magnets
Board game "Racing"
DIY games Conclusions A magnet is an object made of a certain material that creates a magnetic field; magnetic force is the force with which objects are attracted to a magnet; magnets have the ability to attract objects from various metals; the shape and size of a magnet affects its strength; magnetic force can pass through objects and substances; magnets attract even at a distance; people use the properties of a magnet for their own purposes. Literature Big Book of Experiments for Schoolchildren / Ed. Antonella Meyani; Per. with it. E.I. Motyleva. - M .: CJSC "ROSMEN-PRESS", 2006. - 260 p. Everything about everything. Popular encyclopedia for children. Volume 7 - Moscow, 1994. I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Physics / Comp. A.A. Leonovich; Under total ed. O.G. Hinn. - M .: LLC "Publishing House AST-LTD", 1998. - 480 p.dic.academic.ru›dic.nsf/enc_colier/5789/MAGNETS

preschool group (with the participation of children of the middle group)

Bogomolova S.V. teacher of the highest qualification category Stupino, 3rd week of January, 2017 Municipal Autonomous Preschool Educational Institution Child Development Center - Kindergarten No. 22 "Crane" Stupinsky municipal district

Project passport

• According to the dominant method: cognitive-research.
• By the nature of the content: child - teachers - parents.
• By the nature of the child's participation in the project: participant, performer.
• By the nature of contacts within the project: (child-child, child-parent, child-teacher).
• By the number of participants: a preparatory group for school (18 children) and their parents, educators, pupils of the middle group (15 people).
• duration: short term (3rd week of January).
• By type of activity: experimental and search.

Experimentation permeates all spheres of children's activity. A preschool child is a researcher in itself, showing a keen interest in various kinds of research activities, in experimentation. Experiments help develop thinking, logic, creativity of the child, allow you to visually show the connections between living and non-living things in nature. All researchers of experimentation identify the main feature of the cognitive activity of children: the child learns the object in the course of practical activities with it. The practical actions carried out by the child perform a cognitive, orienting and research function, creating conditions in which the content of this object is revealed.

Topic of joint activity: “What kind of miracle is a magnet?”

Purpose: to develop the cognitive activity of children in the process of getting to know the properties of a magnet.

Tasks:

• expand children's knowledge about the magnet, its properties and abilities; introduce the concepts: magnet, magnetism, magnetic waves.
• develop research skills
• develop cognitive activity in the process of getting to know the properties of magnets, develop mental operations, draw conclusions, put forward hypotheses
• educate independence, sociability, accuracy in work, compliance with safety regulations.
• develop speech activity in the process of research activities.

Identifying the problem: to determine what the magic power of a magnet is, and can it attract all objects and why?

Expected result:

• expand children's ideas about a magnet, its ability to attract objects
• to acquaint children with what objects a magnet can attract; as a result of experiments to establish the importance of the properties of the magnet in everyday life and its application
• to replenish the vocabulary of children with such concepts as a magnet, magnetic forces, earth magnetism
• make souvenirs for parents on the refrigerator
• involve parents in the implementation of this project.

Final event: demonstration of experiments and demonstration of the magnetic theater for children of the middle group.

OO integration: social and communicative development, cognitive development, speech development, artistic and aesthetic development, physical development

Methods and techniques: conversations, experiments, experiments, comparisons.

Information Technology:

Internet, presentations, watching children's educational films about magnetism: "Smeshariki" (episode 31 "Magnetism" ) , "Fixies" (episode 25 "Magnet" ) , "Luntik" (episode 158 "Magnet" ) , "Gulliver's travels" D. Swift.

Practical significance of the project

In the process of working on this project, the children got acquainted with a magnet, learned that they attract metal objects. We learned that the power of the magnet is able to act through various obstacles. Conducted experiments and were able to draw conclusions on them. We got acquainted with a variety of decorative magnets that the children brought from home. The children developed research skills, cognitive activity, independence, creativity, communication became more active.

Stage I: preparatory.

• The study of psychological and pedagogical literature on this topic.
• Selection of methodical, didactic, illustrative material for the implementation of this project.
• Development, planning of the project and methodological support to it, drawing up a calendar-thematic planning of joint activities of children, teachers and parents.
• Selection of literary works on this topic for study with children.
• Drawing up summaries of organizational and educational activities with children.
• Working with parents about conducting experiments at home.
• Enrichment of the cognitive-developing environment with didactic games, demonstrative aids, information technologies (watching educational films about the magnet).
• Conducting individual consultations and discussions on the topic "Magnet and its properties" .
• Parent survey.

Stage II: introducing children to a problem situation.

Educator: Guys, recently I began to notice that you really like to play with magnets attached to a magnetic board. Let's get acquainted with the magnet and its properties in detail.

A plan of joint activity is drawn up with the children.

Stage III: the main one is the implementation of the project.

OOD "Introduction to Magnets"

Practical activities: What objects does a magnet attract to itself?

Identification of metal objects at home.

Creating a corner "Znayka" .

Experience No. 1 "Wonders with paperclips"

Experience No. 2 "How to get out of the water" .

OOD application "Flower field" .

Examining decorative magnets.

Introduction to the compass.

Rehearsal of the magnetic theater show for kids.

Acquaintance with the magnet of the children of the middle group by the children of the preparatory group.

Stage IV: final.

Magnetic theater show "Flower field"

Used Books.

1. Alyabyeva E.A. Thematic days and weeks in kindergarten. Planning and abstracts. Moscow: Sfera, 2005;
2. Veraksa N.E., Komarova T.S., Vasilyeva M.A. Approximate basic general education program of preschool education "Birth to School" Moscow: Mosaic-Synthesis 2010
3. Gerbova V.V. Classes on the development of speech in the preparatory school group of the kindergarten, M., Enlightenment, 1994.
4. Kalinina R.R. Training for the development of the personality of a preschooler: classes, games, exercises. St. Petersburg, 2004;
5. Kochkina N.A. Method of projects in preschool education. Methodological guide / Kochkina N.A. Mosaic-Synthesis 2012;
6. I know the world. Children's encyclopedia. Physics. (Compiled by A.A. Leonovich; M., OOO "Publishing House AST LTD" 1998);
7. "The Big Book of Experiments for Preschoolers" Moscow: ZAO "ROSMAN - PRESS" 2006

Application.

1. Questionnaire for parents.
2. Abstract OOD.
3. Memo for parents for successful research activities.
4. Material for play activities.
5. Material for familiarizing children on the topic "Magnets are an important part of our daily life" .
6. Cartoon disk.

Attachment 1

Questions for surveying parents.

1. What do you think was the most important part of the work done?
2. What do you think was the most interesting part of your job?
3. Do you need work on this topic for preschool children? Why?
4. Your wishes and suggestions.

Annex 2

Synopsis of organizational and educational activities

for experimental work.

Topic "Magnet and its properties"

Integration: cognitive development, social and communicative, speech, physical, artistic and aesthetic development.

Purpose: development of cognitive activity of children in the process of getting acquainted with the properties of magnets.

Tasks:

introduce the concept "magnet" ;

form ideas about the properties of a magnet;

update knowledge about the use of the properties of a magnet by a person;

to form the skills of acquiring knowledge through practical experiments, to draw conclusions, generalizations;

develop the skills of cooperation, mutual assistance.

Guys, yesterday we drew a clearing with flowers, and today a butterfly landed on it. She liked the clearing so much that she flies from flower to flower, not knowing which one to choose. How does she move across the field?

I will tell you now one legend. In ancient times, on Mount Ida, a shepherd named Magnis kept sheep. He noticed that his sandals, lined with iron, and a wooden stick with an iron tip were sticking to the black stones that lay in abundance under his feet. The shepherd turned the stick upside down and made sure that the wood was not attracted, Magnis realized that these strange black stones did not recognize any other materials than iron. The shepherd took several of these stones home and amazed his neighbors with this discovery. On behalf of the shepherd and the name appeared "magnet" .

There is another explanation for the word "magnet" - by the name of the ancient city of Magnesia, where the ancient Greeks found these stones. Now this area is called Manisa, and magnetic stones are still found there. Pieces of found stones are called magnets or natural magnets. Over time, people learned to make magnets themselves by magnetizing pieces of iron.

The extraordinary ability of magnets to attract iron objects to themselves or stick to iron surfaces has always aroused people's surprise. Today we will take a closer look at its properties.

An experience Does a magnet attract everything?

Teacher: What materials do you see on the table? (wood, iron, plastic, paper, fabric, rubber).

Children take one object at a time, name the material and bring a magnet to it. It is concluded that only iron objects are attracted.

An experience "Does a magnet work through other materials?"

For the experiment, a magnet, a glass glass with water, paper clips, a sheet of paper, cloth, plastic boards are taken.

Teacher: Can a magnet act through other materials?

Children independently conduct experiments with each material and conclude: a magnet can attract through paper, fabric, plastic.

We throw a paper clip into a glass of water, lean the magnet against the glass at the level of the paper clip, slowly move the magnet up along the wall. We conclude that the magnet can act through glass and water.

A challenge for ingenuity.

Pour cereal into a bowl and bury paper clips in it. How can they be collected quickly? Several options from children: touch, sift, or use the property of a magnet.

An experience "Interaction of two magnets" .

Teacher: What happens if you bring two magnets to each other?

Children check by bringing magnets to each other (attracted or repelled). The teacher explains that one end (pole) magnet is called southern (positive), and the other north (negative). Magnets are attracted by opposite poles and repelled by like poles. Conclusion: A magnet has two poles.

An experience "Magnets act at a distance" .

Teacher: Draw a line on paper and place a paperclip on it. Now slowly move the magnet towards this line. Mark the distance at which the paperclip "jump" and stick to a magnet. We repeat this experiment with other magnets and conclude that magnets are different in strength. Around the magnet there is something with which it acts on objects at a distance. It's called something "magnetic field" .

An experience "Magnetic properties can be transferred to ordinary iron" .

Teacher: try hanging a paper clip from below with a strong magnet. If you bring another one to it, it turns out that the upper paper clip attracts the lower one. We make a chain of such paper clips hanging on top of each other. Artificial magnetization is easy to destroy if you just hit the object sharply. Conclusion: a magnetic field can be created artificially.

Summarizing.

Teacher: What have we learned today?

Children's answers: a magnet attracts iron objects, acts through paper, fabric, glass, water. Magnets act at a distance, can attract and repel.

Teacher: where can you find magnets in our group? And at home?

Want to see what happened to the heroes of Smeshariki when they found the magnet?

cartoon show "Smeshariki. Magnetism" .

Annex 3

FOR PARENTS

For successful research and project activities, the following prerequisites must be present:

• the desire of the child himself;
• favorable environment;
• competent adult helper

Dear parents!

REMEMBER: you play the role of a source of information on a par with others - such as books, films, the Internet, etc. The main word for parents is "HELP", not "DO INSTEAD". Better then not to do at all than to do instead of the child. The right to freely choose the source of information is given to the child!