Voiced and unvoiced letters of the Russian alphabet table. Consonant sounds of the Russian language (hard-soft, voiced-deaf, paired-not paired, hissing, whistling). Strong positions in hardness-softness

General rule. Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft), k, w at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants can be transmitted respectively by letters P or b , f or V , T or d , With or h , To or G , w or and . The same letters can convey paired voiced consonants b, c, e, h(and corresponding soft), g, f before paired voiced consonants (except V). In order to correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose a different form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (the same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being checked is before the vowel or before the consonants r, l, m, n, v(and corresponding soft), as well as before j(on the letter - before the separating b And b , see § 27–28). Examples:

Consonants in roots and suffixes:

1) at the end of a word: dub (cf. oak, oak), deepP (stupid, stupid), grab (rob), sypi (pour), ButWith (noses), inh (carts),thd (of the year), croT (mole), wifeT (married), handV (sleeves), crovy (blood, blood), shtraf (fines, penalty, penal), vymoTo (get wet, get wet, wet), blueTo (bruises), moG (can, could), smallw (baby, baby),montaand (mounting, mounting), drawzh (tremble, tremble); cf. izmorosz (frost, frost, freeze) And izmorocamping (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

A) before the deaf dub ki(cf. oaks, oak), tryaP ka (rag, rag, rag, rag), kuP ca (merchant), OV ca (sheep),loV cue (dexterous), handV chik (sleeves), scalef chik (cabinets), neitherh cue (low), miWith ka (bowls), Wacamping ka (Vasya), Kusz ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), kad ka (tub), meT cue (marks), toG ti (claw), loTo ti (elbow), beG stvo (running, fugitive), loand ka (spoon, spoon), roomw ka (small rooms), wingsw to (wings); cf. togetherand ku (intersperse) And togetherw ku(mix), suP chik (soups) And sub chik (subject);

b) before paired voiced (except V): molobe ba (thresh), swad bA (weddings, wedding; do not check with a word woo), hod ba (walk), aboutcamping ba (ask), resz ba (cut), oxw ba (magic), boand ba (swear), vraand Yes(hostile), and gu (burn, burn), and give (wait).

Exceptions: in words holed And open spelled With , although there are verbs open (Xia), open (Xia) And open (Xia), open up (Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction spelled To (Although abstract, react, correct), in a word transcription spelled P (Although transcribe); in these cases, the alternation of consonants in the source language (Latin) is reflected in the letter. About type relations prognosis - prognostic, diagnosis - diagnostics see a.1.3.1.3, paragraph 2, Note 1.

Consonants in prefixes (before a voiceless or paired voiced consonant, except V): V walk,V beat(cf. enter, enter), ond prick (cut, tear), Ob thrash, ohb fry (cut off, cut off, go around), OT talk aboutT call, ohT advise (wean), Byd throw, byd throw, byd send (bring, send), With do,With cunning(be able to, be able to, fail), Pred carpathian (Cis-Urals).

Exercise 17, p. 10

17. Help the cat and the dog to collect the letters that represent voiced consonants in one group, and the letters that represent voiceless consonants in another group. Connect the letters of each group with lines.

Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → c → k → u → p → f

voiced→ st → l → n → r → h → m → e → b → g → r → c

• Pronounce the sounds that can be indicated by the highlighted letters

h- [h ’] m- [mm'], th- [th'] T- [t], [t ']

Exercise 18, p. 10

18. Read. Fill in the missing word in the sentence.

It's so cold outside
I'm like an icicle, all frozen.

L. Yakovlev

• Underline the letters in the underlined word that represent voiceless paired consonants.

Exercise 19, p. eleven

19. Read. Fill in the missing words-names of consonants.

1. A voiceless consonant is made up of noise.
2. A voiced consonant consists of noise and voice.

Exercise 20, p. eleven

20. Enter the missing letters in the "house", denoting consonants paired in deafness-voicedness.

• Pick up and write down the words that end with these letters.

Exercise 21, p. eleven

21. Find in the spelling dictionary of the textbook words with paired consonants in deafness-voicedness at the end of the word. Write down a few words.

Alphabet t , all of a sudden , city , plant , pencil , class , hammer , frost , people , lunch , handkerchief , drawing , student , language .

Exercise 22, p. 12

22. Read. What rule are you talking about? Why are the consonants so named?

Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
At the root, you check them -
Substitute a vowel next!

We are talking about the rule of spelling words with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the root of the word. Such consonants are called "dangerous" because we can choose the wrong letter denoting a consonant paired by deafness-voicedness in the root of the word before another paired consonant. These are "error-prone" places, or spelling.

Exercise 23, p. 12

23. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. There will be bread b , there will be lunch . 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. Who is lazy, he is sleepy. 4. Ugly in face, but good in mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, yes hefty.

• Orally select test words for words with missing letters.

Khle b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (drowsy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), clumsy (clumsy) .

Exercise 24, p. 12

24. Read.

Frost creaks. Angry frost.
And the snow is dry and prickly.
And the elm is cold, and the oak is frozen.
The fir-trees were chilled through.

G. Volzhina

• Choose the correct letter from the brackets for each word and underline it. Write down these words.

Moreau h, snow, elm, chill, oak, froze, through and through.

Exercise 25, p. 13

25. Read the lines from the American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.

Pyro old Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog
He goes to water the flowers.
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog -
In it next to the table.

• What do you think is true in these lines?

Is it true:
The pie is baked by Old Lady Fogg
In the kitchen at the stove...
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk...
The lines about the bulldog are fiction.

• Underline the spelling of the learned rules in the words.

Exercise 26, p. 13

26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the highlighted sounds with letters.

cha [sh] ka - cha sh ka uká [s] ka - decree ka
ló [sh] ka - lie ka ká [s] ka - kas ka
la [f] ka - lav ka ló [k] ti - lok ti
kó [f] ta - kóf ta kó [k] ti - kóg ti
shá [p] ka - sháp ka ló [t] ka - lod ka
shý [p] ka - shyb ka shche [t] ka - brush ka

• Get ready to prove that you spelled the words correctly.

Cha sh ka (cup), spoon ka (spoon), lava ka (bench), jacket ta - a dictionary word, you need to remember, hat ka (hat), fur coats (fur coats), decree ka (pointer), kas ka (kasochka) , elbows (elbows), claws (claws), boat (boat), brush (brush).

Exercise 27, p. 14

27. Read. Underline the consonants whose spelling needs to be checked.

But g ty, riddle, slippery, carrot, carrot, ruby, guard, ruby, slide, nail, guard, guess.

• Find a test word for each checked word. Write in the pattern.

(Ro b ok) ro b cue, (side and go) side and ka, (zaga d yvat) zaga d ka, (but G ot) but G ti, (how h it) how much h cue, (carrot V ny) carrot V ka.

Exercise 28, p. 14

28. Read. Name the stories.

1. 3 boobies, running away from the palace, lost a crystal slipper.
2. B elos gentle I became very friendly with the seven dwarfs.

• Insert missing words. Underline in them the letters that denote paired consonant sounds in deafness-voicedness.

Exercise 29, p. 15

29. Choose a single-root test word for each word. Write in the pattern.

Doo b ki - oaks, berries ka - berries.
Cue cue - cue, close cue - close.
Lie ka - spoon, mace ka - pin.
Please - ask, watchman - guard.
Polite - polite, good - good.

• Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.

Exercise 30, p. 15

30. Read the riddle. Insert the missing letters and the word. Draw a clue.

I am round, I am smooth
And it tastes pleasantly sweet.
Every toddler knows
What is my name.

Exercise 31, p. 15

31. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. Sl V ki, golu b tsy, pyro and ki, aquarius h .
2. Vdru G, blue h ka, sapo and ki, ruba w ka.

Unnecessary words - diver, all of a sudden, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.

• Underline the extra word in each group of words. Explain your answer.

Exercise 32, p. 16

32. Read. Select the desired letter and insert it into the words.

B? P?
Oak, screw, bug, button, flexible cue.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, easy cue, south, soft cue.
IN? F?
Island, giraffe, jacket, dexterous cue, beak.
D? T?
Yod, look, cage, riddle, mole.
AND? Sh?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? WITH?
Cargo, sauce, sled ki, mask ka, tale ka.

Exercise 33, p. 16

33. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. Each tree has its own plot d. Floating on the river T.
2. In the hands of the boy T. Deep in the village d.
3. Blooming lu is beautiful in summer G. A green lu grew in the garden To.
4. In the flower bed With scarlet rho bush h.

• What is interesting about words with missing letters? In the last sentence, underline the main terms.

Each pair of words are pronounced the same but spelled differently.

Exercise 34, p. 17

34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.

• Explain how you selected test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound and for words with a paired consonant sound in the root of words in terms of deafness-voicedness.

We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound, so that the unstressed vowel sound would become stressed at the root. For a word with a deafness-voiced paired consonant in the root of the word, we selected a single-root word so that the paired consonant in the root would appear before the vowel.

Exercise 35, p. 17

35. Read the riddles. Fill in the missing letters in the clues.

1. Sam hu d, a head with a pood, as it hits, it will become strong. (M o l o t o To)
2. Not snow, not ice, but silver bromine will remove trees. (AND Not j)

• Underline the spelling in the words.

Exercise 36, p. 18

36. Read. Title the text.

January

I love you, I January!
For me you are I c best -
M O l O doy, b O big, skr And puffy,
Z O l O as thick as amber b!
Sun, dream G, O chase, m O roses -
Flame white b e ryo h!

S. Kozlov

• Do you agree with the author's opinion? What does the word amber mean?

Amber is a fossilized resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.

• Which of the highlighted spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.

We cannot explain the underlined spellings, because these are unstressed vowel sounds in the root, which cannot be verified. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary.

Exercise 37, p. 18

37. Read. Insert the missing letters.

Le hot frost, big snowdrift, silvery hoarfrost, Snow Maiden, snowfall, Santa Claus, fluffy snowflakes, soft snow, skates, smooth ice, snowman.

• What theme connects these words and combinations of words?

The theme of winter connects these words and combinations of words.

• Write an oral text on this topic.

It was slightly frosty outside. Yesterday's snowfall wrapped the city in soft snow, the roofs of the houses sparkled from the silvery hoarfrost. The blizzard has covered large snowdrifts.
The children couldn't stay at home. Putting on new skates, from the very morning they drew patterns on smooth ice. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes were spinning merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

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In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants and designate them in writing with consonants. We will find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired in terms of voicing - deafness, sonorous and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where there are special muscles - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.

Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[e]	[h]	[G]	[V]	[and]
[P]	[T]	[With]	[To]	[f]	[w]

These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b ']	[e]	[d']	[h]	[h ']	[G]	[G']	[V]	[V']	[and]
[P]	[P']	[T]	[T']	[With]	[With']	[To]	[To']	[f]	[f']	[w]

The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.

All these sounds are denoted by letters:

[b]	[b ']
[P]	[P']
[e]	[d']
[T]	[T']
[h]	[h ']
[With]	[With']
[G]	[G']
[To]	[To']
[V]	[V']
[f]	[f']
[and]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

In the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:

[l]	[l']		(el)
[m]	[m']
[n]	[n']
[R]	[R']
	[th']		(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means voiced.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[c]

[h']

[sch']

Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[c]
	[h']
	[sch']

Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.

So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.

d point - point

b ochka - kidney

w ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)

3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a narrowed one.
3. Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.

So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various -6, deaf consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Be able to speak in time, be silent in time. Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonants denote the letters M, Y, V, R, Z, L in the proverb.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the topic “In the city of consonants”.

All consonant sounds in Russian are divided into hard and soft, and deaf and voiced. What is the difference between voiced consonants? Our article answers this question.

How voiced sounds are formed

In the process of formation of a consonant sound, not only the voice is involved, but also various noises. They arise due to the fact that various barriers form in the mouth, which are then overcome by the air flow. For example, when pronouncing the sound [b], we close our lips, and the exhaled air breaks this barrier with force.

The children studying the Russian language in the third grade distinguish sounds by deafness-voicedness only in the indicated way. But sometimes schoolchildren in grades 5-6 still distinguish sonorous (very sonorous) and hissing. In the latter there is no voice at all - only noise (with the exception of Zh).

For example, a voiced consonant at the beginning of the word "lynx" is sonorous, and a voiceless consonant at the beginning of the word "pike" is hissing.

The sonorous consonants "l" and "r" can even take on some of the functions of a vowel and form a syllable. This happens, for example, in the word "meaning" (which is why it is sometimes erroneously spelled "meaning").

How to distinguish a ringing sound

There are several signs by which a voiced consonant can be distinguished.

You can pronounce the sound aloud by placing your hand on the throat in the region of the vocal cords; if vibration is felt, the sound is sonorous.

You can simply memorize voiceless and voiced consonants. Or remember, relying on pairs of deafness-voicedness.

There are mnemonic formulas that allow you to remember voiceless and voiced. This is a phrase or word where all sounds are either deaf or voiced. Let us give examples of such formulas.

• Deaf: Styopka, do you want a cabbage? - Fi. (In this phrase, all sounds are deaf)
• voiced: Normal (only sonorants)

Paired and unpaired voiced consonants

Most voiced consonants form voiceless-voiced pairs. In the table below, in the top row, all voiced sounds are listed, and in the bottom row, their paired deaf sounds. If there is a dash in one or another row, then the sound is unpaired.

Voicing and stun

In the flow of speech, sounds depend on their "neighbors", so they can change their quality under the influence of the environment.

In Russian, several phenomena are possible:

• Stun
• Assimilation(similarity) by deafness-voicedness.

Stunning occurs at the end of a word. A voiced consonant at the absolute end of a word is pronounced as its voiceless pair. For example, [gr'ip] (mushroom).

Assimilation occurs in the middle of a word. In Russian, the sound is influenced by the neighbor on the right. Most often, a voiced sound becomes deaf due to the fact that it is adjacent to another deaf sound. Assimilation examples: tub, riddle. Less often, the consonant becomes voiced “for the company”. For example, a request [proz'ba].

Similar processes occur in different languages, but in different ways. For example, in the Chuvash language, a voiceless consonant, being between two vowels, becomes voiced.

How to check a doubtful consonant

Because of these linguistic processes, consonants in some positions become dissimilar to themselves. Therefore, they need to be checked.

To determine which sound, deaf or voiced, you need to write in a given word, you should change the word or pick up a single root so that there is a vowel after the consonant. For example, post-pillars, mowing-mowing, pointer-indicate.

The absolute end of a word is not a strong position that makes it possible to distinguish consonants by deafness-voicedness.

There are words that cannot be verified. For example, football, backpack, etc. They must be memorized or looked up in a dictionary.

What have we learned?

From the article we learned that consonants in Russian are voiced and deaf. To form a voiced consonant, more voice is needed than noise. We learned which sounds make up a pair of deafness-voicedness, and which ones do not. We learned what sonorous and hissing sounds are.

Topic quiz

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1. Consider pictures. Say the names of the objects. Listen for the consonant sounds in these words.

• When pronouncing which consonants only noise is heard? And when pronouncing which consonants, both the voice and the noise are heard?
• Write the words. Underline the letters that represent consonant sounds.

2. Name the letters.

• Pronounce consonant sounds, which can be indicated by the letters of the bottom row. What do you hear when you make these sounds: noise? voice and noise? Of course the noise! This deaf consonant sounds.
• Pronounce consonant sounds, which can be indicated by the letters of the upper row. What do you hear: noise? voice? voice and noise? Of course, voice and noise! This voiced consonant sounds.

Pay attention! When pronouncing deaf consonants, only noise is heard. voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, they are more sonorous than deaf.

3. Consider pictures.

• Name the items. Listen to the pronunciation of the consonants in these words. In which words do you hear only voiced consonants, in which only voiceless consonants, and in which words do you hear both voiced and voiceless consonants?
• Say the consonants in order in any word and determine whether they are voiceless or voiced, hard or soft.

4. Read.

• What are the sounds of each pair of words? Say these sounds.

Page for the curious

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Some voiceless and voiced consonants are paired. Why?

Conduct an experiment: pronounce the sound [g] louder and louder. What is it: voiced or deaf? That's right, the sound [g] is a voiced consonant sound.

And now pronounce the sound [g] quieter and quieter, almost in a whisper. Do you feel that the voice has disappeared, the noise remains? And you already pronounce the deaf consonant sound [w].

Such consonants are called paired for deafness-voicedness sounds.

5. Say first hard paired consonant sounds in deafness-voicedness, then soft paired consonant sounds.

• Explain why there are six pairs of sounds in the first column, and only five in the second.
• Find words that contain these sounds.

Pay attention! The rest of the consonants are called unpaired in deafness-voicedness.
Unpaired voiced consonants: [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n]. [n "], [p], [p"], [th"].
Unpaired deaf consonants: [x], [x "], [c], [h "], [u"].

6. Read.

forget-me-not reveals
blue eye,
And the dewdrop sparkles in it,
Like a diamond.
(G. Boyko)

• Find words in the lines that answer the question what? and end with a letter denoting a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness. Make this sound. What letter is it in words?

7. Consider the endpapers of the textbook "Wonder Town of Sounds" and "Wonder Town of Letters".

• Find fabulous houses there, where paired and unpaired consonant sounds and letters denoting these sounds “live”.
• Let one of you pronounce a voiceless or voiced consonant sound, and the other name a word that begins with this sound.