Latinism etc.: deciphering the abbreviation. What does etc. mean? in English - the meaning and translation of Ets and so on

The abbreviation etc., like many other expressions used in the field of jurisprudence and medicine, as well as in the field of computer technology, came to us from the Latin language and has taken root. This abbreviation etc is used absolutely wherever it is appropriate. In this article, I will tell you how it stands for and what etc. means, as well as in what common situations it is used.

abbreviation etc.

The Latin language, although it has long been “dead”, as it is not used in colloquial speech, has given the world many terms and expressions that are still used today. One of these expressions is et cetera (in English transcription [ɪt'set(ə)rə]), which means “and the like”, “and so on”, as well as the abbreviations “etc.”, which are familiar to our eyes, "etc.". Usually the full text of et cetera is not written, but the abbreviation etc. is used, which has already become stable. Install etc. at the end of the list, after listing the most important points.

In the desire of people to simplify everything that surrounds them, the abbreviation itself was also reduced - many instead of etc. put &c. But! No matter how this phrase is written, its pronunciation always remains the same - completely et cetera, with an accent after c. Many make a mistake and attribute the English words so, and and others at the beginning of the expression. This cannot be done, since the British themselves borrowed this stable phrase from the Latin language, and the union “and” is already present in it. At the end of the etc list. must be separated from other words by a comma.

Using etc. in social networks

In the network, this expression has also been used for a long time, and many people know what ETC means. Communicating in groups and communities, on various forums, in the answers of the interlocutors, you can see how some basic concepts are listed, at the end of which the postscript etc is put. Users use the abbreviation instead of Russian:

• and so on (etc.);
• and so on (and so on);
• and other (and others);
• and the like (etc.).

etc. it is also used for personal correspondence - in instant messengers, networks, in ordinary sms.

Application etc. in computer technology

In its usual meaning, et cetera is not used in computer technology, but the abbreviation etc appears in the Drivers folder. The etc directory and the components included in it are responsible for network settings to a different extent.

Where can I find the etc folder?

Depending on the version of Windows, the etc folder can be located both in the System32 directory itself, and in the drivers nested in it.

Path to folder etc.

The configuration of the software also affects the location of the etc folder - it can also be found in Windows itself on the C drive (if your computer has two or more operating systems installed, then etc can be located in one of the virtual logical partitions). Sometimes it is hidden from the user, and then to display it, you need to perform certain actions in the “Explorer” (in the “View” menu, check the box next to “Hidden items”).

The most important thing about the etc folder

Find and open the etc folder. It should contain exactly (!) five files. If their number exceeds this number, it means that malicious code was operating in the system and made its own changes. The permanent elements of the folder include:

• hosts;
• networks;
• protocol;
• services;
• imhosts.sam.

If you see extra files, delete them. To be sure, empty the basket.

The contents of the hosts file

The file is very important, because thanks to the information it contains, a correct connection to network resources is made. That is why virus attacks are made on this component in order to:

• restrict the user to visit selected sites;
• block the transition to the desired web resource;
• redirect the user to a malicious page.

Review the hosts file carefully. At the very bottom, where localhost is registered, there are always only two lines (maybe one). If there are three or more of them, these are local addresses of sites that are blocked by the virus. They need to be removed and only the first two should be left, as in the picture above. It is difficult to do this yourself, since these actions require special permissions from the system, but you can.

What could be the danger of the action of viruses in this case? Malicious code, interfering with work and changing information in the hosts file, forces users to switch to resources with a huge amount of useless goods and services. Also, the virus is able to read personal and payment information that the user enters when visiting sites.

What is ETC? Although etc. is used both in the common sense (as the completion of the enumeration), and in computer technology, the meanings of this abbreviation are different. You need to know this in order to use the abbreviation as needed in a particular situation.

In contact with

Don't use "et cetera" more than once in a sentence. While some people think it's nice to use "et cetera" more than once in a sentence to emphasize the fact that many additional elements are needed, in reality, just one "et cetera" is enough. The sentence “before the party I need to wash the dishes, the car, clean the room, et cetera et cetera et cetera” will never be correct.

Do not use an extra "and" before "et cetera". Since the "et" in "et cetera" already means "and", it would be redundant to use the phrase "and et cetera" because in reality it would be as if you were saying "and and so on". Avoid using "and" before "et cetera".

Don't use "et cetera" if you're discussing a specific list of necessary things and don't mean anything extra. If all you need for a party is cookies, cake and donuts, the phrase "cookies, cake, donuts et cetera" will lead readers to think that they can bring another type of dessert in addition to the specified one.

Don't use "et cetera" when talking about people."et cetera" can only refer to things; "and others" is usually used to refer to people. You cannot say: "My younger brothers and sister - Masha, Vanya, Tanya et cetera - annoy me, although I try to be polite with them." Instead, you can say: My younger brothers and sister - Masha, Vanya, Tanya and others - annoy me, although I try to be polite with them. In this example, you are using "and others" which means you are annoyed with other brothers and sisters in addition to those listed.

I have a student who is engaged in science. And in science, without abbreviations, nowhere. Yes, and in ordinary writing, including fiction, not to mention specialized, abbreviations like e.g., i.e. or everyone knows etc. dark darkness. Some of them come from Latin, but most are just abbreviations of English words. I offer you a list of the most commonly used abbreviations (in places with examples and notes):

A.D.(anno Domini) - AD year
B.C.(Before Christ) - BC
Please note that AD is placed before the date (AD64), BC - after (300BC); when specifying the century, both come after the numeral (second century AD, fourth century BC)

approx.(approximately / approximate)

avg.(average) - average, on average

ca.(circa - /?s3?k?/) - approximately, approximately: e.g. "People first came to the area ca 1700."

cent.(century, centuries) - century, centuries

cf.(confer, compare) - see also, cf., reference often found in books

co.(column) - column

cont(d).(continued) - continuation. This abbreviation may have a different meaning depending on the context, for example, contained, contents, contraction, continent etc.

ctr.(center) - center, central d. (died, died in) - died: e.g. "The dean of the university at that time was Sir James Stone (d. 1965)."

ed.(edited, edition) - ed., edition, published

e.g.(exempli gratia - for example) - for example. Please note that this abbreviation is read exactly as "for example"! No unauthorized "and ji": e.g. "You can use different adjectives to describe it, e.g. wonderful, beautiful, amazing or splendid."

esp.(especially) - especially: e.g. "I like ice-cream, esp. pistachio-flavoured ice-cream."

est(d).(established / estimated) - based; estimated, estimate: e.g. "He worked in TD McGuire est. 1987"; "He received est. $10mln."

et al.(et alii) - and others (in the bibliography "with co-authors")

incl.(including) - including: e.g. "They put everything in one box, including books on Chaucer."

hr(hours) - hour, hours: e.g. "This car can travel 230 km/hr."

max., min.(maximum, minimum) - maximum, minimum

misc.(miscellaneous) - other: e.g. "The shelf was full of misc. objects."

n.a.: 1) not applicable - not applicable to this case, does not apply: e.g. "This formula shows the general law (n.a. in acid environment)";
2) not available, non available - not available, no data

NB(nota bene - note particularly) - note bene, mark "notice well, take note"

no.(number) - number: e.g. "I gave him a mug with the text "I am Dad No.1.""

prev.(previous) - previous: e.g. "See preview page for more information."

pt.(part) - part: e.g. "You can look it up in Quantum Physics pt. II."

qt.(quantity / quart) - quantity; quart

resp.(respectively) - respectively: e.g. "Basic earnings increased 40% and 39 % to $0.55 and $0.54 resp."

std.(standard) - standard, standard

vs.(versus) - against: e.g. "We went to see Alien vs. Predator"

w/(with) - with: e.g. "Add sugar w/ cinnamon to the batter."

w/o(without) - without: e.g. "There you can order sandwiches w/o mayo."

An expression meaning "and others", "and the like", "and so on". There were also archaic forms of contraction: &/c., &c. And &ca. This is due to the use of the symbol "&" in many European languages ​​to denote the union "and" (lat. et).

This expression, usually in an abbreviated form, is used to denote the logical continuation of enumerations in English, less often Russian and other languages.

Do not write "and etc." is an error, since et cetera already contains the conjunction "and".

The abbreviated version (etc.) must always end with a dot and be separated from the preceding elements of the list by a comma, i.e.:

Correct stress and pronunciation: "et cetera" (in Classical Latin "et cetera"). The stress "et ceterʹ", following the pattern of French stresses, is incorrect. Used as a poetic license:

... With the bonmots of the Parisian court,
With the last song of Beranger,
With motifs by Rossini, Pera,
Et cetera, et cetera.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "Etc." in other dictionaries:

Etc...TV- Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Etc...medios S.A. Nombre publico Etc...TV Eslogan Todo pasa x ETC Tipo Television por cable Programación Infantil y Juvenil Propietario Telefilms Ltda. Inicio de tr … Wikipedia Español

Etc

etc...- Etc. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Cetera (homonymie). Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France, c … Wikipedia en Français

- (from lat. et cetera and so on) directory of the FHS standard, containing the configuration files of most system utilities and UNIX-like OS programs. Editing these files entails changes for all users ... ... Wikipedia

etc- 1. This is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase et cetera meaning 'and other things of the same kind', and is pronounced et set ǝr ǝ or et set rǝ, despite the temptation to articulate the first syllable ek on the analogy of words such as ecstasy… … Modern English usage

etc...- Etc... Saltar a navegación, búsqueda etc. es un canal de television canadiense. Este canal se ve por televisión por cable canadiense y tiene su página de internet,tiene diferentes secciones y se puede encontrar en inglés o en francés. Su insignia … Wikipedia Español

etc.- etc. also etc BrE adv et cetera used in writing after a list to show that there are many other similar things or people that you could have added ▪ a shop which sells cards, calendars, wrapping paper etc etc etc (=used when you are… … Dictionary of contemporary English

ETC- Pays Québec Langue français, Périodicité trimestrielle ... Wikipédia en Français

Etc: Wiktionary has the entry "etc" etc. an abbreviation of the Latin expression et cetera, meaning "and others", "and the like", "and so on". Placed at the end ... Wikipedia

etc.- etc. [ et set(ə)rə ] abbreviation used after a list of things to mean and others of the same type, when you do not want to mention everything: The children can try playing music, dancing, painting etc. etc. etc. used as a way of avoiding… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

Books

• Laws Of The State Of Mississippi, Passed At A Regular Session Of The Mississippi Legislature, Held In The City Of Jackson, November&December, 1861, And January, 1862 , etc Mississippi Laws. The book is a reprint edition. Although serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the publication, some pages may show ...

In almost all modern languages ​​of the peoples of the world, so-called Latinisms are used to define some universal concepts, which are abbreviations of the standard and most common terms. One of these is the abbreviation etc. Its decoding is quite simple, however, since we are talking about computer technology, we will consider it from this point of view. We use Windows operating systems as examples.

Abbreviation etc.: transcription in English in a general sense

As numerous sources say, Latinism etc., inherited from the "old Romans", is a derivative of the phrase et cetera, which in general terms means "and so on."

For the term etc. the decoding is always the same, but the Latin abbreviation may change. Often you can also find an abbreviation of the abbreviation itself, when instead of etc. in writing, &c is used.

Abbreviation etc.: decryption in relation to computer technology

As for this abbreviation in relation to modern computers, in its usual presentation it occurs because-to the extent.

However, in relation to the Windows family of operating systems for etc. decryption lies only in the fact that among the system components you can find the folder of the same name. All components in it are responsible to one degree or another for network settings (this will be discussed below).

Where is the etc. folder?

The directory itself, depending on the version of the system, can be located at System32/etc or System32/drivers/etc of the main Windows directory on the system drive or partition. As a rule, this is drive C by default, although when installing two or more operating systems, virtual logical partitions can also be system partitions.

In some modifications, you can find such a directory in the Windows / etc location, which is extremely rare and depends on the installation of certain types of software. In addition, very often the directory itself can be hidden, and to display it, you need to use the appropriate view options configured in the usual "Explorer" or any other file manager.

What files are contained in the etc. directory?

Now the most important point. The etc folder should contain only five objects (files), no more, no less:

• hosts;
• lmhosts.sam
• networks;
• protocol;
• services.

If something else is present in this directory, it is safe to say that these are the consequences of a virus infection of the system.

The main role among all objects is assigned to which is a text document, although it does not have an extension. As a rule, it is hidden. You can see it in the same "Explorer" or in any other file manager, provided that the appropriate view parameters are set, as mentioned above.

The text part itself is responsible for the domain names and network addresses of the nodes used in the translation. At the same time, access to this file has a higher priority than requests addressed to DNS servers. Control over changes in the contents of a text object is carried out at the level of the administrator of the computer terminal. You can open a file for viewing and editing in any text editor like the usual Notepad, which is included in the standard set of any Windows system.

It would be useful to say that many viruses use this particular file to restrict or block access to certain sites. Therefore, it is worth familiarizing yourself with its original content.

Remember! The last line should contain only the local address and look like this:

# 127.0.0.1localhost

In some cases, it may contain two lines:

# 127.0.0.1localhost

After them, there should be no other entries. If they are still present, most often these are local addresses of blocked resources. They should be removed. But this turns out to be impossible, since most anti-virus programs, as well as the operating system itself, prohibit editing this object. You will have to disable protection, create a new file, rename it, then delete the old one, manipulate related objects, in particular the lmhosts file, etc. In general, there is enough trouble.

The impact of viruses manifests itself in such a way that the original site or resource is blocked at the hosts file level, and the malicious program redirects the user to clone sites, the addresses and appearance of which may somewhat resemble popular social networks. It is not uncommon for such resources to contain threats, but most often the redirect is made to some pages with a huge amount of advertising for goods and services that no one needs. In this case, even the theft of personal information that the user enters when entering the social network is possible. And this is already fraught with serious consequences for both the registered user and the Internet community. Who has not seen mass mailing of spam in social networks? This is the simplest and clearest example of how such viruses and codes work.

Instead of total

That's all in a nutshell about etc. Deciphering it, as we see, is quite simple. But this applies only to the commonly used concept. In the field of computer technology, this interpretation is practically not used, since at the system level a slightly different meaning is invested in it. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the commonly used meaning and understanding of this Latinism in relation to IT technologies.