What important event happened in December 1947. See what “1947” is in other dictionaries. Self-control tests
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Today we'll look at 1947. This was the second year of peace, the second year of what is now commonly called the “post-war era.” I would say that it was 1947 that opened this era, because in 1946 humanity summed up the results of the last war, came to its senses and decided how it would live in a changed world. And in 1947, global tectonic shifts began across the planet, determining the vectors of development for many decades to come. Firstly, the Cold War began between the West and the USSR (even without the socialist camp). Secondly, the uncontrollable collapse of the world colonial system began with the appearance of dozens of new independent states on the world map.
The most significant was the declaration of Indian independence in 1947. This great event, however, became a personal tragedy for the man who did the most to bring it about - Mahatma Gandhi. He was so shocked by the split of the country into two states (secular and Muslim) and the mass fratricide that began that he went on a hunger strike. His suffering will be ended by the bullets of a fanatic next January.
Mahatma Gandhi with his granddaughters in 1947:
That same year, Asia's second great power, China, entered the final act of civil war between the national government of the Kuomintang and the communist forces of Mao Zedong.
Portraits of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek still hang in the city, which will soon replace the faces of the “Great Helmsman”: 
Although communist Beijing will retain its archaic appearance with hutongs and bicycles until the early 1980s, it will never have such a character: 
And in the USSR in 1947, food cards and the death penalty were abolished. Despite the outbreak of famine and terrible military destruction, life in the country is gradually improving.
Soviet photographers finally began shooting on color film (a factory was moved from Germany), but their work has so far reached us only in the form of reproductions.
Moscow on a color postcard from 1947: 
Moscow 1947 in a color newsreel: 
In these rare photographs of the Soviet capital, nothing reminds of the recently experienced hard times, unlike photographs of Warsaw at the same time.
The Polish capital in some places was simply wiped off the face of the earth: 
But in other neighborhoods, life is quickly reborn among the ruins (photographer Henry Cobb): 
Berlin on 1947 was also in ruins: 
But there were places in Europe that the Second World War completely bypassed. Switzerland, for example. City of Thun in 1947: 
Princess Elizabeth and Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten in September 1947, two months before their wedding: 
The United States lost 300 thousand troops in that war, but not a single bomb fell on an American city. In addition to an unprecedented industrial breakthrough, World War II brought America the status of a superpower, which had only one competitor left on Earth.
Despite the flaring up of the Cold War, the mood of the Americans in those years was the most rosy.
Military parade in Washington in 1947: 
The United States concentrated not only military but also intellectual power. Hundreds of world-famous scientists moved or were taken there from Europe, which found itself at the epicenter of historical cataclysms.
Albert Einstein at his home in Princeton, New Jersey (Philippe Halsman), 1947: 
America probably became the first country in the world where color film began to dominate black and white in professional and amateur photography. Unlike the USSR, there are a great many color photographs of the USA from 1947, and in the legendary kodachrom quality.
Therefore, we will give a few sketches of American life in 1947.
A car with a glass observation roof for lovers of railway tourism (photographer Willard Culver), 1947: 
Salt Lake City in 1947: 
A high resolution
Traffic in Chicago 1947: 
Venice Beach in Los Angeles, 1947: 
Louis Armstrong in 1947 colors: 
A high resolution
El Mirage racing car (USA?), 1947: 
Boat crew preparing breakfast on a barge on the Mohawk River, New York, 1947: 
We owe many interesting color shots from 1947 and other distant years to the archives of the American magazine National Geographic, which switched to color illustrations back in the 1920s.
Here are the staff of this magazine during an expedition to Denmark in 1947: 
The legendary event of 1947 was the voyage on the Kon-Tiki raft across the Pacific Ocean under the leadership of the Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl: 
Unfortunately, the pictures of this voyage are only in this quality: 
However, for most people, travel in 1947 was no longer so exotic. The Americans with frantic energy covered the planet with a network of passenger airlines. Their legendary Douglass were everywhere, even in the USSR, in the licensed version of the Li-2.
Bromma Airport near Stockholm, 1947: 
In general, the first post-war years were characterized by an explosion of American military-political, economic and cultural expansion into the outside world. This influence was felt especially strongly in the countries of Latin America, which the States considered their “backyard.” By that time, the “American way of life” had penetrated most strongly into Cuba and especially into its capital, Havana. But here’s what’s interesting: in the paradise of American cars and refrigerators, the Cuban soul could not find peace for itself.
In 1947, an unknown student, Fidel Castro, was already in his second year of law school in Havana.
Law students at the University of Havana, 1947: 
Cuban women make cigars, 1947: 
On February 10, 1947 in Paris, the victorious states in the Second World War: the USSR, Great Britain, Australia, the BSSR, Canada, Czechoslovakia, India, New Zealand, the Ukrainian SSR and the Union of South Africa signed a Peace Treaty with Finland, a former ally of Nazi Germany.
The preamble to the treaty states the end of the state of war.
Territorial regulations (Part I, Art. 1-2) - define the borders of Finland within the limits that existed on January 1, 1941. Finland confirms its return to the Soviet Union of the Petsamo (Pechenga) region, “voluntarily ceded to Finland by the Soviet State under the peace treaties of October 14 1920 and March 12, 1940" (Article 2).
In the political resolutions (Part II, Art. 3-12) it is stated that the validity of the Soviet-Finnish Peace Treaty of March 12, 1940 is restored with the condition that Art. 4, 5 and 6 of this agreement are replaced by Art. 2 and 4 of the Peace Treaty of 1947. The Soviet Union renounced its rights to lease the Hanko Peninsula, granted to it by the treaty of 1940. Finland provided the Soviet Union with a lease for 50 years of territory and water spaces in the Porkkala-Udd region for the creation of a Soviet military -naval base with an annual payment by the Soviet Union of 5 million Finnish marks. In 1955, the USSR gave up its rights to lease Porkkala-Udd ahead of schedule.
The political resolutions provide for: demilitarization of the Åland Islands; ensuring that all persons under Finnish jurisdiction, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, have the opportunity to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of speech, press and publication, religion, political opinion and public assembly; preventing the existence and activity on the territory of Finland of fascist-type organizations, as well as other organizations “conducting propaganda hostile to the Soviet Union or any of the other United Nations” and pursuing the goal of depriving the people of their democratic rights; taking all necessary measures to ensure that war criminals are apprehended and extradited for trial.
Military, naval and air force regulations (Part III, Articles 13-22) - allow Finland to have a land army of up to 34,400 people, a navy of 4,500 people. and a total tonnage of 10,000 tons and an air force of 60 aircraft with a personnel strength of 3,000 people. Art. 17-21 define the restrictions imposed on Finland in the field of military technology and military experimentation.
Reparations and restitution are defined in Part IV (Articles 23-24) of the Peace Treaty. Losses caused to the Soviet Union by military actions and the occupation of Soviet territory by Finland are subject to partial compensation in the amount of 300 million US dollars, to be repaid within 8 years in goods supplies. In 1948, the Soviet government, taking into account the development of good neighborly relations between Finland and the USSR, reduced the remaining unpaid amount of reparation payments by 50%.
Finland undertakes to return all valuables and materials exported from the territory of the Soviet Union.
Economic Regulations (Part V, Art. 25-33) - contain Finland’s obligations regarding the rights and interests of the United Nations and their citizens in Finland, the procedure for the restitution of Finnish property, as well as issues of trade and transport links between Finland and the United Nations before the conclusion of trade contracts According to the Peace Treaty, Finland retained rights to its assets located on the territory of the United Nations.
The treaty was ratified by the Soviet Union on August 29, 1947 and after the deposit of the instrument of ratification with the Soviet Union on September 15, 1947, it came into force.
The conclusion of the Peace Treaty with Finland contributed to the final normalization of relations between Finland and the Soviet Union. Peace Treaty with Finland, as noted by the President of the Republic of Finland J. K. Paasikivi
Juho Kusti
PAASIKIVI
(1870 - 1956)
statesman and politician, diplomat of Finland. From March 1946 to March 1956 President of the Republic of Finland.
(See: Biography) in February 1947, does not contain a single point “contradicting state independence and the free development of the national life of Finland.”
Volume 2 - M.: Politizdat, 1971, pp. 301-302
On September 28, 1947, in London, the first meeting of K. Fuchs, who returned from the USA to England, took place with a representative of Soviet intelligence A.S. Feklisov. A.S. Feklisov turned to K. Fuchs with 10 questions, the first of which related to the superbomb. From the report of the meeting by A.S. Feklisov with K. Fuchs on September 28, 1947, it follows that K. Fuchs verbally reported that theoretical work on a superbomb was being carried out in the USA under the leadership of E. Teller and E. Fermi in Chicago. K. Fuchs described some of the design features of the superbomb and the principles of its operation, and noted the use of tritium along with deuterium. K. Fuchs verbally reported that by the beginning of 1946, E. Fermi and E. Teller had proven that such a superbomb should be effective. However, A.S. Feklisov, not being a physicist, was able to reproduce the design features of the superbomb and its operation very approximately. K. Fuchs did not know whether practical work on creating a superbomb had begun in the United States and what their results would be.
In October 1947, the USSR received an intelligence report about attempts in the United States to cause a chain reaction in a medium of deuterium, tritium and lithium. It was said that there is information that E. Teller intends to carry out such a reaction to create a thermonuclear bomb, which is associated with his name. This message was the first and, apparently, the only intelligence message of the period under review, which spoke of lithium as a component of thermonuclear fuel (it must be emphasized that the isotopic composition of lithium was not indicated in the message). In earlier submissions in 1945 and 1947, lithium - more specifically lithium-6 - was mentioned only as a means of producing tritium in nuclear reactors. It cannot be ruled out that this message was an echo of E. Teller’s proposal to use lithium-6 deuteride in an “alarm clock”.
On November 3, 1947, at a meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council of the First Main Directorate, the first hearing of the results of the work of Ya.B.’s group took place. Zeldovich at the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1945-1948 – mass demobilization of the Soviet Army.
1946-1950 – 4th five-year plan, restoration of the national economy of the USSR.
1946-1947 – severe drought and mass famine in many regions of the country.
1946-1949 – a series of ideological campaigns against scientists, writers, and artists.
1947 – abolition of food cards; confiscatory monetary reform.
1947-1949 – the formation of communist regimes in a number of countries in Europe and Asia, the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), Stalin’s conflict with the Yugoslav leader Tito, the actual division of Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic.
1948-1949 – “The Leningrad Affair”.
1950-1953 – Korean War.
Beginning 1953 – “The Case of the Doctors.”
March-June - strengthening of the G.M. Malenkov-N.S. Khrushchev group, removal of L.P. Beria.
Sep. – plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, election of N.S. Khrushchev First Secretary, decisions on reforms in agriculture.
1953-1955 – the beginning of the rehabilitation of victims of Stalinist repressions.
1954 – the beginning of the development of virgin lands.
1955 – creation of the Warsaw Pact organization.
1955-1956 - normalization of relations with Austria, Germany and Japan.
1956 – XX Congress of the CPSU, exposure of Stalin’s “cult of personality”; the beginning of the implementation of broad social programs N.S. Khrushchev.
1955-1957 – removal of N.S. Khrushchev's political opponents, strengthening personal power.
1956 - Soviet troops suppressed the anti-communist uprising in Hungary, supported Egypt in repelling the aggression of Western countries.
1957 – rehabilitation and restoration of statehood of repressed peoples; reorganization of economic management, creation of economic councils; successful test of the first Soviet intercontinental rocket, launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
1959 – XXI Congress of the CPSU, conclusion about the complete and final victory of socialism in the USSR, announcement of the extensive construction of communism.
1961 – XXII Congress of the CPSU, program for building communism by 1980; failure of the Soviet-American summit, construction of the Berlin Wall.
1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis.
1963 – signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, Great Britain and the USA to stop testing nuclear weapons under water, on land and in the air.
Self-control tests
1. Confiscation monetary reform was carried out:
2. The post-war restoration of the national economy of the USSR was devoted to:
1) 3rd five-year plan
2) 4th five-year plan
3) 5th Five Year Plan
4) 6th Five Year Plan
5) 7th Five Year Plan
3. In 1950-1953. Soviet military personnel took part in the hostilities:
1) in Korea
2) in Vietnam
3) in Hungary
4) in China
5) in Cuba
4. In 1953-64. The 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was:
1) G. Malenkov
2) N. Bulganin
3) L. Brezhnev
4) N. Khrushchev
5) N. Podgorny
5. The XX Congress of the CPSU took place in:
6. The socio-political climate in the USSR after the death of I. Stalin was called:
1) warming
2) discharge
3) cleansing
4) perestroika
5) thaw
7. The first space satellite of the Earth was launched in:
8. Man first flew into space in:
9. N. Khrushchev associated hopes for the rise of the agricultural sector with:
1) wheat
3) sugar beets
4) corn
5) buckwheat
10. The “Program for the Construction of Communism” was adopted in:
11. In 1959, at the XXI Congress of the CPSU it was stated:
1) the beginning of the construction of socialism
2) building socialism mainly
3) complete and final victory of socialism in the USSR
4) building communism mainly
5) complete victory of communism in the USSR
12. The Warsaw Pact Organization was created in:
13. The Berlin crisis, associated with the construction of the Berlin Wall, took place in:
14. The Cuban missile crisis took place in:
15.The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests on Earth, in the Atmosphere and Under Water was signed in.
