Class hour in elementary school with the presentation "The Bitter Bread of War." What was bread made from in besieged Leningrad Bread in Leningrad during the siege
Happy holiday everyone! HAPPY VICTORY DAY! Peace to all of us...
He was black and sticky...
Today, just for the sake of memory, I would like to remember the bread of besieged Leningrad.
The blockade, as we know, lasted 900 days and nights, did not know “easy” periods. At the beginning of December 1941, along with the Leningrad winter darkness, cold and hunger rushed into the city. Life seemed to be going downhill, and each next day was worse and more difficult than the previous one. An ordinary piece of bread became a jewel before our eyes.
Bread standards were reduced fivefold. “In order to avoid interruptions in the provision of bread to the front troops and the population of Leningrad, the following standards for the supply of bread should be established from November 20, 1941:
- workers and engineers 250 g;
- employees, dependents and children 125 g;
- first line units and warships 500 g;
- flight technical personnel of the Air Force 500 g.
- to all other military units 300."
That's how we were born "one hundred twenty-five blockade grams with fire and blood in half", which entered the memory and consciousness of millions of people as a symbol of inhuman trials, became the basis for disputes, versions and legends. During the blockade, there were standards for cereals, meat, butter, and sugar. But the cards were almost never sold, the issuance of these products became “one-off”, they depended on insignificant deliveries and on the ingenuity of Leningrad food workers (“jelly from offal at the expense of meat”). And only bread, although with some glitches, was issued regularly. For many days during the siege, a piece of bread remained the only source of life and the only hope for a person.
Just as heroically as the ambulance service, six bakeries worked in besieged Leningrad. Production did not stop for a single day. For a long time, the technology for making bread was hidden; bakers' documents were labeled "for official use" and even "secret". There was not enough flour, chaff, bran and even cellulose were added to the bread. The autumn of '41 and winter of '42 are the hardest times.
People who survived the war take care of every crumb and never throw even a small piece of food into the trash.
By the beginning of the blockade, food supplies in Leningrad turned out to be very insignificant. Flour and grains for 35 days, meat - for 33, fats - for 45, cereals and pasta - for 30, sugar and confectionery - for 60 days. From November 23 to December 1, 1941, only 800 tons of flour were delivered, which is less than two days’ consumption. The norm for issuing bread using ration cards, introduced a month after the start of the war, steadily decreased - in November 1941, workers were entitled to 250 grams of bread, and everyone else - 125 grams.
Almost immediately, the search for all kinds of food substitutes began. Scientists at the Forestry Academy, under the leadership of Professor Sharkov, developed technology and organized the production of hydrocellulose as a food additive for bread and nutritional yeast. Beer production stopped throughout Leningrad, and 8 thousand tons of malt stored in breweries were transported to mills, ground and used as an admixture for bread. For the same purposes, 5 thousand tons of oats intended for horse feed and 4 thousand tons of cotton cake discovered in the territory of the Leningrad port were transferred. Flour dust began to be scraped off the walls of the Nevskaya Mill flour mill.
Liviza mastered the production of Molotov cocktails, as well as nutritional yeast and vitamins from pine needles. Stepan Razin began production of anti-tank bottles with flammable liquid, shell casings, as well as cellulose hydrolyzate - a filler for the production of bread, pine vitamin drink, vinegar, and sauerkraut. During this period, the drying department was used for drying products extracted from the bottom of Lake Ladoga.
Employees of the Krasny Baker enterprise were forced to develop a recipe for “siege bread”: food cellulose - 10%, cotton cakes and wallpaper dust - 14%, corn and rye flour - a little more than 60%, the rest are additives. From 1943 to 1945, the bakery was partially mothballed; only the confectionery shop operated, which produced crackers, biscuits and products for hospitals.
During the days of the blockade, workers at the most advanced enterprise in the industry at that time - the Badaev bakery (now OJSC Karavay) switched to round-the-clock work and a barracks-like situation. The bread was baked with a mixture of malt, oats, and oil cakes. Specialists from the central laboratory, when creating recipes for baking, included cellulose, birch buds, and pine bark. Dated sealed flasks containing the components that formed the basis of the siege “bread” are still preserved.
The so-called bark flour (from the word crust) was also used. When the cars that delivered flour to the besieged city sank on Ladoga, special teams recorded the flooding sites, and then, under the cover of darkness, so as not to come under fire, they reached the place on the established ice and lifted the bags with hooks on ropes. Sometimes this could be done in a day or two, but sometimes the flour lay under water for up to two weeks.
In the middle of the bag some flour remained dry. The outer, wet part, drying out, set like cement. These “cement” crusts were sent to the bakery. After working 12 hours in production, the workers spent another 2-4 hours splitting the “cement” crusts into pieces with large sticks, then crushed and ground them. Bark flour made it possible to reduce the contribution of very inedible components to 50 percent.
And through the cooled planet
The cars were heading to Leningrad:
he's still alive. He's nearby somewhere.
To Leningrad, to Leningrad!
There was enough bread left for two days,
there are mothers under the dark sky
standing in a crowd at the bakery,
and tremble, and are silent, and wait,
From a poem by Olga Berggolts
In total, six bakeries operated in besieged Leningrad. The bakery was headed by N. A. Smirnov.
During the blockade, bread was first baked from flour mixed with soy, oats, and malt.8 thousand tons of malt, stored in breweries, were transported to mills, ground and used as an admixture for bread.
There were 5 thousand tons of oats in the commissariat warehouses.
4 thousand tons of cotton cake were discovered on the territory of the Leningrad port. We conducted several experiments and found that gossypol (a toxic substance) is destroyed by high temperatures when baking bread.
Over the years, layers of flour dust have grown on the walls and ceilings of mills. It was collected, processed and used as an additive to flour.
18 thousand tons of bread surrogates were found, processed and eaten, not counting malt and oat flour. These were mainly barley and rye bran, cotton cake, mill dust, sprouted grain raised from the bottom of Lake Ladoga from sunken barges, rice hulls, corn sprouts, and knockouts from bags.
No matter how difficult it was in the city with fuel, transport, electricity, they helped the bakeries in any way they could. And yet, enormous worries fell on the shoulders of the people working in the bakery industry. In November 1941, a resolution was adopted - “On reducing bread standards.”
"In order to avoid interruptions in the provision of bread to the front troops and the population of Leningrad
establish the following standards for bread supply:
first line units and warships 500 g
Air Force flight technical personnel 500g
all other military units 300 g
workers and engineers 250 g
employees, dependents and children - 125g PHOTOS OF DOCUMENTS FROM THE BREAD MUSEUM (St. Petersburg)
When you are hungry, it is especially important that the bread is of good quality. How can this be achieved if up to 40% of various surrogates and impurities were mixed into the flour (in certain periods), and the baking was brought to 68%, and can such a high humidity of bread be called baking?
At the end of November, the baking industry faced another important problem - the use of a new type of bread substitute - edible cellulose.
But no one yet knew how its use would affect the quality of bread.
Soon N.A. Smirnov brought a loaf of bread to Smolny, baked with an admixture of the long-awaited cellulose.
The bread looked attractive, with a golden-brown crust, and tasted bitter and herbaceous. After eating a piece of bread, you feel bitterness in your mouth.
How much cellulose flour is in bread? - asked A.A. Kuznetsov.
Ten percent,” answered Smirnov. After being silent for a while, he said: “This surrogate is worse than all those we used before.” The nutritional value of cellulose flour is extremely insignificant. It was decided to leave the recipe with 10% cellulose.
For thousands of Leningraders this was salvation.
Workers at bakeries in besieged Leningrad told their loved ones that they only remembered the aroma of besieged bread. They don’t remember the taste. They, like everyone else, carried their rations to the children.
In the Museum of the Siege of Leningrad, among the many exhibits, perhaps the greatest interest among visitors is usually a small oblong piece of thin paper with cut-off squares. Each of the squares contains several numbers and one word: “bread”. This is a blockade bread card.
Leningraders began receiving such cards on July 18, 1941. The July norm can be called gentle. Workers, for example, were entitled to 800 grams of bread. But by the beginning of September, monthly norms began to be cut. There were 5 reductions in total. The last one happened in December 1941, when the maximum norm was 200 grams for workers and 125 for everyone else. By that time, food supplies had almost run out. Something was delivered from the mainland by plane. But how much can you fit in them? For three days in December there was no water or bread in the city at all. The main water supply froze. The bakeries stopped. Buckets carried water from holes cut in the Neva. But how many buckets can you carry?
Only with the onset of severe frosts, below minus 40, when a highway was built on the ice of Lake Ladoga - the legendary "Road of Life" - did it become a little easier, and from the end of January 1942, rations began to gradually increase.
Siege bread... In which there was not much more flour than cake, cellulose, soda, bran. The baking dish of which was greased with solar oil in the absence of anything else. It was possible to eat, as the blockade survivors themselves say, “only with water and prayer.” But even now there is nothing more important to them than him.
Leningrad resident Zinaida Pavlovna Ovcharenko, nee Kuznetsova, is 86 years old. I was able to find her at home only on the third try. Every day she has, if not guests, an important meeting, a trip to a museum, or a movie. And she always starts the day - rain, frost, sun - with a long walk, at least 5 laps, along the path of the nearby stadium.
When school agricultural teams began to be created, Zina signed up for one of them and regularly exceeded the daily plan. Photo: From the archive
“Life is in motion,” smiles Zinaida Pavlovna, explaining to me her restlessness. Movement and moderation in nutrition. I learned this during the blockade. That’s why, I’m sure, I survived then.
Before the war, our large family, 7 people, lived in Avtovo,” she begins her story. - Then there was a working outskirts, with small houses and vegetable gardens. When the front began to approach Leningrad, refugees from the suburbs poured into Avtovo. They settled wherever they could, often right on the street in makeshift tents, because it was warm. Everyone thought that the war would quickly end with the victory of the Red Army. But by the end of July it became clear that it was dragging on. Just then they started issuing bread cards. By that time, my three older brothers had volunteered for the front. Dad worked in the port and was in a barracks position. My mother and I received the cards.
Remember the first time you received them?
Zinaida Ovcharenko: I didn't remember it. I, 13 years old, was considered a dependent. At first I received a 400-gram piece of bread, but since September the norm was reduced to 300 grams. True, we had small reserves of flour and other products. Thanks to the vegetable garden in Avtovo!
So did you live there throughout the blockade?
Zinaida Ovcharenko: No, no, the front soon approached there. We were moved to Vasilyevsky Island. During the first winter of the siege, I once tried to get to our house. I tried to walk all the time. Otherwise, she would probably have died - not from hunger, but from the cold. During the blockade, I think that those who were constantly moving and doing something were the first to survive. Each time I came up with my own route. Then go to the market, exchange some things for duranda, drying oil or cake. Then to the destroyed house, what if there was anything edible left there? And then she went to dig the ground in search of some plants.
Now many people no longer know what duranda is (the remains of oilseed seeds after squeezing the oil out of them were considered good feed for livestock). Do you remember its taste?
Zinaida Ovcharenko: The taste was specific, unusual. I sucked it like candy, thereby dulling my hunger. One day she went to our house. It seemed to me that there was no war there, but that all my loved ones were there. I took my duffel bag and a small shovel and went. We had to go through the barriers. The house stood next to an embankment. I didn’t have a pass, and therefore, after waiting for the sentry to turn in the opposite direction from me, I began to climb the embankment. But he noticed me, shouted “Stop!”, I rolled down and hid in an empty house near the Kirovsky market. In one apartment I found plates of dried vegetable oil on the sideboard. I licked them - they were bitter.
Zinaida Pavlovna is 86 today, and every day she begins with a long walk, at least 5 laps, along the path of the nearest stadium. Photo: From the archive
Then I walked through the snowdrifts into the field behind the houses. I was looking for the place where, as I remembered, there should have been cabbage leaves and stalks. I was digging snow for a long time and came under fire. The thought haunted me: if they kill me, my mother will die of hunger. In the end I found several frozen stalks and 2-3 cabbage leaves. I was very happy about this. She returned home to Vasilievsky only at nightfall. She lit the stove, washed a little of her spoils, threw snow into the pan and cooked cabbage soup.
Having received the bread, did you manage to leave a little bit of the ration “in reserve”?
Zinaida Ovcharenko: There was simply nothing to leave in reserve. After all, other products were also issued on ration cards and less and less each time. More often they were replaced with what can hardly be called food. Sometimes I walked across the Tuchkov Bridge to a bakery on the Petrogradskaya side, where they gave round bread with cards. It was considered more profitable because it had more humps.
What is the benefit of the humpback?
Zinaida Ovcharenko: Because there is a little more bread in it. That's what everyone thought. You dry it on the stove and then eat it not all at once, but a little at a time, savoring it.
By the winter of '42, we moved to my mother's mother Anna Nikitichna on Kalinina Street, not far from the current Narvskaya metro station. My grandmother had a wooden house with a real stove, not a potbelly stove, which retained heat longer. I started going to the bakery near the Obvodny Canal. There, bread could be obtained three days in advance.
They probably pinched him on their way home?
Zinaida Ovcharenko: This happened. But I always stopped myself in time, because my loved ones were waiting for me at home. Grandmother died in February '42. I was not at home at that moment. When I returned, I found out that our janitor had taken her body away. She took my grandmother’s passport and her cards. My mother and I never found out where my grandmother was buried; the janitor never showed up. Then I heard that she too had died.
Were there many cases of theft of bread cards from Leningraders?
Zinaida Ovcharenko: I don’t know if there were many, but there were. My school friend Zhanna was somehow snatched from her hands two rations she had just received - for herself and her brother. It all happened so quickly that she didn’t have time to do anything, and in shock she sank to the floor right at the exit of the store. The people standing in line saw this and began to break off pieces of their portions and hand them to her. Zhanna survived the blockade. Maybe thanks, among other things, to this help from people completely unknown to her.
There was a different case with me. I've been standing outside the store since night. There wasn’t enough bread for everyone, so they lined up while it was still dark. When they started to give it out in the morning and I was already close to the counter, some woman began to push me out of the queue. She was large, and I was small in height and weight. I ask: what are you doing? She responded: “You weren’t standing here,” and began to swear. But some old woman stood up for me, and then other people. That woman was shamed and left.
They say that the siege bread was odorless and tasteless.
Zinaida Ovcharenko: I still remember this small, no more than 3 cm thick, black sticky piece. With an amazing smell that you can't tear yourself away from, and very tasty! Although, I know, there was little flour in it, mostly various impurities. Even today I can’t forget that exciting smell.
School meals supported me and my peers. Also with cards. They said: "SHP". Our school at Stachek Avenue, 5, was the only one in the entire district that worked during the siege. There were low stoves in the classroom. They brought us firewood, and we also brought with us as much as we could. Let's flood it and warm ourselves up.
The bread cards were personalized. We received them using our passports. If lost, they were usually not renewed. Photo: From the archive
By the end of the first winter of the siege, mother Anastasia Semyonovna could no longer work in the sand brigade from exhaustion. At this time, not far from our house, a reinforced nutrition office for dystrophic patients was opened. I took my mother there. Somehow we walked up to the porch of the building with her, but we couldn’t get up. We sit, freeze, and people walk by, just as exhausted as we are. I thought, I remember, that because of me, my mother could die, sitting on this unfortunate porch. This thought helped me get up and walk to the treatment room. The doctor looked at my mother, asked her to weigh herself, her weight was 31.5 kg, and immediately wrote out a referral to the canteen. Then he asks her: “Who is this with you?” Mom answers: daughter. The doctor was surprised: “How old is she?” - "14". It turns out that the doctor mistook me for an old woman.
We were assigned to the dining room. It’s about 250 meters from the house. We crawl, have breakfast and then sit in the corridor waiting for lunch. There was no strength to walk back and forth. They usually gave us pea soup, sprats, which did not contain fish, but something like soy sawdust, small as millet, and sometimes a piece of butter.
In the spring it became a little easier. A herb appeared from which it was possible to cook cabbage soup. Many people caught stickleback (emphasis on the letter “u”), a tiny spiny fish, in city waters. Before the war, it was considered a weed. And during the blockade it was perceived as a delicacy. I caught it with a child's net. By spring, bread standards increased slightly, to 300 grams for a dependent. Compared to December 125 grams - wealth!
Talking about the blockade, Zinaida Pavlovna only briefly mentioned how she extinguished incendiary bombs on the roofs of high-rise buildings by joining the fire brigade. How I went to dig trenches to the front line. And when school agricultural teams began to be created, I participated in their work, regularly exceeding the daily plan. I tell her: can you tell me a little more about this, you were probably very tired? She’s embarrassed: “I wasn’t the only one like that!” But she showed me the most expensive award for herself - the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad”. I received it in 1943, when I was less than 15 years old.
Of the large Kuznetsov family, three survived after that war: Zinaida Pavlovna herself, her mother and older sister Antonina, whom the Great Patriotic War found in a sanatorium on the Volga. Three brothers died a heroic death on the Leningrad front. Father Pavel Egorovich, who tried to pass on almost all of his work rations to his wife and daughter, died of hunger in January 1942.
The bread cards were personalized. Leningraders received them once a month upon presentation of their passport. If lost, they were usually not renewed. Including due to the fact that in the first months of the blockade there was a huge number of thefts of these cards, as well as imaginary losses. A loaf cost 1 ruble. 70 kopecks. It was possible to buy bread for a lot of money (or exchange it for things) at unauthorized markets, but the authorities prohibited them, dispersing traders.
Composition of blockade bread: food cellulose - 10%, cake -10%, wallpaper dust - 2%, sack punches - 2%, pine needles - 1%, rye wallpaper flour - 75%. Bark flour (from the word crust) was also used. When cars carrying flour to the city sank in Ladoga, special teams at night, in the lull between shelling, lifted bags from the water with hooks on ropes. In the middle of such a bag, a certain amount of flour remained dry, and the outer wet part, when dried, set, turning into a hard crust. These crusts were broken into pieces, then crushed and ground. Measles flour made it possible to reduce the amount of other inedible additives in bread.
Class hour "A piece of siege bread as the only source of life and hope. The bitter taste of Victory"
Description:I present to your attention an extracurricular activity based on the story “Dry Bread” by Andrei Platonovich Platonov. The materials of this development can be useful to literature teachers, class teachers, librarians for conducting classroom and extracurricular activities with students in order to form a patriotic, civic and spiritual culture of the younger generation.
Over the past decade, there has been a decline in interest in reading literature. Intelligence, moral education and other components of the harmonious spiritual development of the student’s personality suffer.
Experience shows that the use of information and communication technologies with other technologies during classes stimulates the cognitive activity of students in the study of children's literature, contributes to their spiritual, moral and patriotic development.
Relevance
My work is relevant not only on the eve of the anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, but is also of a practical nature. Over the years, the younger generation does not realize the importance and value of bread, water and other products important for human life and health. Many books have been written about the war. But, as noted earlier, children read little, and there are very few veterans left who could talk about life during the war years. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly introduce students to works on military topics, so that the spirit of patriotism grows in each student more and more with each work read again. The theme of besieged Leningrad, the horrors of constant air raids, hunger and lines for bread, is also widely represented in the works of writers, the work of the Leningrad poetess Olga Bergolts. We see a child's view of the horrors of the blockade in Tanya Savicheva's diary. This topic is covered in reference literature and cinema. But, most often, it is 125 grams of siege bread - Leningrad gold and the cards on which it was issued. I decided to bring students to the topic of the importance of military bread through an analysis of the work of Andrei Platonovich Platonov (Klimentov) “Dry Bread”. To show the heroic act of the main character Mitya Klimov, who saved the grain field from drought for the benefit of the entire people.
Testing of this development in the 3rd grade of MBOU secondary school No. 11 shows:
- about increasing students’ interest in studying the history of the life of the Russian people; interest in reading works of fiction about the Second World War;
- about the success of students’ assimilation of new knowledge;
- on the formation of information skills, including ICT.
Possibility of distribution in other organizations: translation of experience.
LESSON PLAN
Lesson format: class hour
Subject:“A piece of siege bread is like the only source of life and hope. The bitter taste of Victory."
Target: patriotic, civic and spiritual education of students using the example of specific people and their actions. Continue to expand knowledge about the benefits of bread and its value, especially during war years.
Tasks:
- increase interest in reading; develop oral and written speech;
- introduce students to the life of people during the siege of Leningrad, with their heroic deeds; with the concepts: “clibanos”, “elevator”, “blockade”; “siege bread”, “rations”; with proverbs about bread.
- cultivate a sense of compassion and empathy, the desire to do good and resist evil; cultivate respect for older people; careful attitude to bread and love for the homeland.
Technical equipment: computer, interactive whiteboard, speakers.
phonogram of the song “Russian Field”, Gorodnitsky’s song “Black Bread”; phonogram of Levititan
Additional material: presentation; illustrations of klibanos, elevator; 125 gram piece of black bread; cards with proverbs symbolizing a loaf of bread; mini-essay template sheets; students’ drawings for A. Platonov’s work “Dry Bread”; book exhibition with works by writers: Andrei Platonov “Dry Bread”, Viktor Dragunsky “Watermelon Lane”, Sergei Alekseev “Festive Lunch”.
Progress of the event:
1. Organizational moment.
Slide 1
Wide, not the sea,
Gold, not money
Today on earth
And tomorrow on the table.
(Bread.)
Guys, today in class you will get acquainted with the memories of heroes who survived the famine during the Second World War. You will learn a lot of new and interesting things about bread. 2. Introduction.
2.1. Teacher's story.
This was a long time ago, during the Stone Age. When heavy rain and cold came to the earth, man had nothing to eat. That's when he first noticed a spike of wheat. To make grains easier to eat, people moistened them with water, and later learned to grind the grains into flour.
And then one day, in one of the stone caves, a man left a pot of wheat porridge by the fire. The pot could not withstand the heat and burst. The noise woke up the man. He ran to the fire and saw that the food had turned to stone. When this stone cooled down and the man cleaned it, he suddenly felt an unfamiliar smell. Having tasted a piece of the new dish, the man closed his eyes with pleasure.
What did the person try? So a night fire in a cave taught a man to bake bread.
Slide 2
The word “bread” first appeared in Ancient Greece.
Slide 3
There, specially shaped pots called “klibanos” were used for baking. This name of the dish is consonant with our word “bread”.
3. Updating knowledge on the topic based on the work read.
At home you read Andrei Platonov’s story “Dry Bread”.
3.1. Conversation.
-Name the main character of this work. (Mitya Klimov)
-Can Mitya be called a real hero of that time? And why? (For the benefit of the people’s lives in the struggle for victory over fascism, Mitya saved grain fields from drought).
- How old was Mitya? (7)
-Who did the boy live with? (with Mother)
- What happened to Mitya’s father? (died during the war from illness)
- Did the boy understand where his grandfather went? (No; grandfather died of old age before the war; he did not understand death because he had never seen it anywhere. He thought that the logs in their hut and the stone at the threshold were also alive, like people, like horses and cows, only they were sleeping .)
- What did Mitya ask his mother? (Wake up grandfather, who was exhausted from plowing the land all his life, and in winter he worked as a carpenter, made sleighs, wove bast shoes; he had no time to sleep.)
- How did Mitya remember his grandfather? (He only remembered the kind warmth at his grandfather’s chest, which warmed and made Mitya happy, he remembered the sad, dull voice calling him).
- What was Mitya afraid of most? (That mom will also get tired, get tired of working and also fall asleep, just like grandfather and father fell asleep).
¬- What did the boy’s mother look like? (The mother was big and strong, under her hands the plowshare turned up the earth.)
-How did Mitya try to help his mother? (Mitya walked behind the plow and also shouted at the oxen,
carried water from the well to the arable land so that the mother would not suffer from thirst).
- How did Mitya feel when he saw his mother working? (He saw how hard it was for his mother, how she rested on the plow in front of her when the oxen grew weak.)
- What did Mitya dream about? (Mitya wanted to quickly become big and strong so that he could plow the land instead of his mother, and let his mother rest in the hut).
- What did Mitya do to grow up? (Mitya thought that bread would make him grow faster, but he had to eat a lot of it - he ate too much bread).
- Why was Mitya angry with his mother? (She did not allow him to plow the land).
- What Mitya answered when his mother said that he still needed to grow and feed, and she would feed him. (“I don’t want to feed, I want to feed you!”)
-How did Mitya feel his mother’s love? (“The mother smiled at him, and from her, from the mother, everything suddenly became kind around: sniffling sweaty oxen, gray earth, a blade of grass trembling in the hot wind, and an unfamiliar old man wandering along the boundary. Mitya looked around, and it seemed to him that he was coming from everywhere kind, loving eyes look at him, and his heart trembles with joy").
- What answer did Mitya’s mother give when he told his mother that he loved her and asked her for a job? (Live, here’s your job. Think about your grandfather, think about your father and think about me.)
- What did Mitya see when he walked through the rye field to his mother? (How the rye was starved by the heat and died: small blades of rye only occasionally stood alive, and many had already drooped dead to the ground, from where they emerged into the light. Mitya tried to raise the withered blades of grain so that they would live again, but they could not live and drooped like sleepy onto the baked, hot earth.)
- How did he decide to save bread? (He began to loosen the baked earth with a hoe between the rows of sleeping rye blades. Mitya understood that the bread would breathe more freely when the earth became loose. And he also wanted the night and morning dew to pass from above between the lumps of earth to the very depths, to each rye root spikelet
Then the dew will moisten the soil there, the roots will begin to feed from the ground, and the blade of grain will wake up and live.)
- Why did Mitya refuse to go on an excursion with the teacher? (I love my mother all the time, I don’t get bored with work. Bread is dying, we have no time.)
- What help did the teacher provide? (The next day, the teacher did not come to the collective farm field alone; seven children, first and second grade students, came with her.)
-Why couldn’t the teacher hoe, but raked the soil with her fingers right at the very roots of the grain?
(She lost her arm in the war.)
-How was the work of the boy who saved bread from drought rewarded? (“The rye ears that Mitya cultivated seem to have become happier today. “They are waking up!” Mitya said joyfully to the teacher. “They will wake up!”)
-What qualities helped the hero save the grain field? (Love for mother and for everything that exists, faith in one’s strength and hope).
3.2 Conclusion: people like Mitya, with their heroic deeds, proved their love for the Motherland, having gone through all the hardships and trials, the highest reward was Victory in the Second World War.
4. Conversation.
– Do you know what cereals are? A cereal is a plant in the form of a hollow straw ending in spikelets or panicles. This family includes wheat and rye, barley and millet, oats, corn and rice. (Accompanied by a demonstration.)
– What do you think is the most grown cereal in the world? It turns out that rice is grown and harvested the most in the world, wheat is in second place, and corn is in third place, followed by oats and barley, and rye is in sixth place. All cereals contain carbohydrates, vegetable fats, vitamins, mineral salts and amino acids that are healthy for humans.
Before the start of field work, the peasants steamed in the bathhouse, put on clean shirts, bowed at the waist to Mother Earth, asked for a rich harvest, and prayed to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the patron saint of the tiller...”
Slide 4
Grain must be collected from the field on time and without loss and stored in special ELEVATORS. (Show.)
Slide 5
“Bread is in the ear, it’s time to reap the strip.”
Slide 6
And the grain grower begins a hot season, which has long been called “suffering”.
5. Main part.
5.1. Subject message.
– Today we will talk about military bread, about its value especially during the Second World War. About the attitude of the heroes to bread and food.
The Russian people have always had great respect for bread. The most worthy guests were greeted with bread and salt.
Slide 7
They said about bread like this: “Bread on the table, so the table is a throne, but not a piece of bread, so the table is a board.”
5.2. Bread and war.
List the names of the breads that are now sold in bread stores in full assortment.
-Do you know what bread was called during the Second World War?
Slide 8
Military bread.
Now you will get acquainted with the events of past years. And you will find out what value crumbs of bread were for the people.
Slide 9
On June 22, 1941, Germany crossed the borders of our country. The rate of advance of the troops was 30 km per day. The capture of the city of Leningrad was given a special place. The enemy wanted to capture the Baltic Sea coast and destroy the Baltic Fleet. The Germans quickly broke through to the city.
At all times, the enemy struck the grain first. The development of our country and its grain farming was once interrupted by the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. It was like that that time too. The enemy was burning standing bread - a terrible picture. And bread, once again, became a matter of life or death. Both the front and the rear needed it. The future of the people, the country, the whole World depended on bread.
"Bread is the head of everything." Do you know how much labor it takes to produce bread? And how can one remember the wonderful proverb: “The bread that you eat this morning, God created all night.” Still, bread is still living labor. And he must be treated with respect.
5.3. This terrible word "BLOCKADE"
From memories……..
The war found my great-grandmother Susanna in Leningrad. She was not quite 12 years old... In September, a new word appeared in the lives of Leningraders - “BLOCKADE” - then no one yet imagined the consequences of this phenomenon.
….“I remember September 10, 1941 well. My girlfriends and I went to the cinema. The session was interrupted, the siren howled terribly. Everyone ran out of the hall into the street and saw German planes in the sky.” This was the first raid. Very soon another terrible word “EVACUATION” came into use among Leningraders. There were almost no people on the streets, only cats and dogs were running around. The houses were empty. “The boys and I ran and played in these empty houses. The apartments were open, abandoned with things, how many we saw them, we went in, looked at how people lived, but no one took anything that belonged to others. But everything was open, take what you want.”
... “There were a lot of terrible things around, but I have one incident before my eyes, like today. It was the very beginning of the blockade. My mother and I were traveling on a tram. Suddenly our tram stopped for some reason, but we had not yet reached the stop. The driver was pointing something at the rails. All the passengers went outside and saw a terrible sight: a huge horde of rats was heading out of the city, where even these creatures could not survive. We watched in horror as the rats left.” Surely, each of them remembered the proverb about rats being the first to flee a sinking ship. In the evenings, residents covered the windows of their apartments with rags so that light could not be seen. At night, the Nazis flew over Leningrad and if they saw light somewhere, they immediately began bombing. “At home we had a terrible cold. We have already burned all the chairs, we lit the stove a little in the morning and in the evening.” They didn’t heat for the sake of warmth - it was a luxury, they burned to melt snow or cook something.
Slide 10
The meaning of the word blockade. Efremova T.F. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.
Surroundings of a city, fortress, army, etc. enemy troops with the aim of not
provide opportunities to provide assistance to those surrounded from the outside and thereby force them to
surrender or cessation of hostilities.
Slide 11
Children, along with adults, were starving and freezing. Together with the soldiers, we extinguished incendiary bombs, worked in factories and made shells. For their courage and bravery they were awarded the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad” and the medal “Valiant Labor in the War of 1941-1945.”
The blockade, as we know, lasted 900 days and nights, did not know “easy” periods. At the beginning of December 1941, along with the Leningrad winter darkness, cold and hunger rushed into the city. Life seemed to be going downhill, and each next day was worse and more difficult than the previous one. An ordinary piece of bread became a jewel before our eyes.
Slide 12
And bread, once again, became a matter of life or death.
5.4. Listening to a song.
I remember Gorodnitsky’s wonderful song “Black Bread”.
Bread standards were reduced fivefold. “In order to avoid interruptions in the provision of bread to the front troops and the population of Leningrad, the following standards for the supply of bread should be established from November 20, 1941:
- workers and engineers 250 g;
- employees, dependents and children 125 g;
- first line units and warships 500 g;
- flight technical personnel of the Air Force 500 g.
- to all other military units 300."
5.5. What is blockade bread?
Slide 13
Blockade bread is edible cellulose 10%, cake - 10%, wallpaper dust - 2%, bag knockouts - 2%, pine needles - 1%, rye wallpaper flour - 75%. When baking this bread, the baking pans were greased with solar oil. At the beginning of the blockade, bread was baked from a mixture of rye, oat, barley, soy and malt flour. A month later, they began to add flaxseed cake, bran and flour from musty grain. A month later, the dough was made from cellulose, cotton cake, wallpaper dust, flour, shaking out bags of corn and rye flour, birch buds and pine bark. Many people risked their lives, delivering flour through Ladoga to the besieged, dying, but not surrendering city. Siege bread was priceless. Without bread, there would have been no Victory! .. And people had to work, live, survive - in spite of the Nazis, bombings, shelling, cold and hunger.
5.6. Ration is the norm of bread.
150 grams of black bread was the daily norm for the working population during the siege of Leningrad. But since you are all not working, this norm would be even lower - 125 grams. But imagine: this is for the whole day.
- Do you know how they ate siege bread?
- I didn’t know before either... You need to put the solder on your palm and break off a tiny piece. And chew it for a long, long time, looking at the remaining bread. And break it off again. And chew again. You need to eat this tiny piece as long as possible. And when all the bread is eaten, use your fingertips to collect the crumbs in the middle of your palm and press your lips to them, as if you want to kiss them... So that not a single crumb is lost, not even one... And always remember this, in the school canteen at lunch , at home for dinner and even at a party. ...
5.7. The price of besieged Leningrad bread.
- What is the price of besieged Leningrad bread?
Slide 14
And this is from L.K.’s diary. Zabolotskaya, after the terrible winter of 1941-1942:
… The most expensive item is bread, “Leningrad gold”. An. Mikh N sold a long gold chain in February for 400 rubles (this was the cost of a kilogram of bread). In December, when artisans began selling bread in pursuit of money, at the height of the famine, when we received 125 grams. bread a day, I bought it several times at the market for 300-350 rubles. A box of matches costs 100 grams of bread and 40 rubles of money. These are the most expensive goods; These also include potatoes, which are valued approximately on the same level as bread, and sometimes a little cheaper. Vegetables that are allowed to be sold in markets for money cost: 1 kg of cabbage 80-100 rubles, cauliflower cost 150 rubles, a glass of cranberries 20 rubles. A month ago I allowed myself the luxury of buying half a kilo of potatoes for 125 rubles.<...>Butter and sugar can be bought from speculators with money (about 1000 rubles kg of sugar and up to 2000 rubles kg of butter). In May or June I exchanged a tea set for half a kilo of sugar and half a kilo of butter.
Slide 15
Here is evidence of that terrible winter. This is the diary of the architect E.G. Levina:
January 12, 1942
...The fourth month of the blockade. No water, no electricity, no radio. There are corpses lying along the streets - we pass by. People don't eat, don't wash, their faces are swollen. (We must remember that matches cost 10 rubles per box, a kilo of bread - 350-450 rubles, a kilo of sugar - 1000-1200 rubles, kerosene 30 rubles per liter).<...>
The Museum of the History of St. Petersburg still keeps a piece of moldy bread, the size of a little finger. This was the daily ration (norm) in besieged Leningrad for residents of the city besieged by the Germans during the Second World War.
6.Reading the poem “War Bread”. A. Morozov.
Student.
I remember bread, military, bitter,
It's almost all quinoa.
In it in every crumb,
In every crust,
There was a bitter taste of human misfortune.
He was very involved in that misfortune
Hard bread of hard days,
But how sweet the moment was
When the piece is in my hand
Sprinkled with a pinch of salt
Flavored with mother's tears.
I was hungry, but my mother was in pain
She looked away.
How grief was a frequent guest
(Their childhood days were full),
I especially remember that fortunately
The bitter bread of war was equal.
7. From the memories of residents of besieged Leningrad... Children of the siege...
39 schools continued to operate in the besieged city. It was so cold in the bomb shelters where the classes were held that the ink froze. The students were sitting in coats, hats, mittens... The children were staggering from hunger. It is difficult to imagine all this for us living in the 21st century.
Slide 16
Matvey Kazukka was born in one of the villages near Leningrad. When the war began, he was eleven years old. He remembers how they constantly dug trenches to protect themselves from bombing, and how his mother gave the last crumbs of bread to the children, limiting herself in everything. Blockade cards gave out 125 grams of bread, some cereal and 25 grams of vegetable oil. Soon my mother died of hunger. In 1942, my father also passed away.
Slide 17
The war found Eila Repina staying with her grandmother in Nevskaya Dubravka.
…One day we received an unexpected gift. Mom brought some bread and a few buns in her suitcase. But the bombing began - and we pushed the suitcase under the bed and forgot. When they found him, the bread had dried out and the buns had become moldy. They washed it all, cleaned it and ate it,” recalls Eila Borisovna. “Mom herself was malnourished, so she quickly grew weaker. She never let me overeat: for people unaccustomed to satiation, this was deadly. I remember our neighbors brought home a head of frozen cap lips and strictly told the children not to touch it. But they couldn’t stand it and ate it. Everybody died...
Slide 18
8. Siege menu of Leningradka.
"Coffee from the ground."
“At the very beginning of the blockade, my mother and I often went to the burning Badayevsky warehouses, these were the bombed food reserves of Leningrad. Warm air came from the ground, and then it seemed to me that it smelled like chocolate. My mother and I picked up this black earth, stuck together with “sugar.” There were a lot of people, but mostly women. We put the earth we brought in bags into the closet; my mother sewed a lot of them then. Then we dissolved this earth in water, and when the earth settled and the water settled, we got a sweetish, brown liquid, similar to coffee. We boiled this solution. And when our parents weren’t there, we drank it raw. It was similar in color to coffee. This “coffee” was a little sweet, but most importantly, it had real sugar.”
"Papier-mâché cutlets."
… “Before the war, dad loved to read and we had a lot of books in our house. Book bindings used to be made from papier-mâché - this is pressed paper of gray or sandy color. We made “cutlets” from it. They took the cover, cut it into small pieces and put it in a pan of water. They lay in the water for several hours, and when the paper swelled, they squeezed out the water. A little “cake flour” was added to this porridge. Cake, even back then everyone called it “duranda”, is a waste from the production of vegetable oil (sunflower oil, flaxseed, hemp, etc.). The cake was very coarse; this waste was pressed into tiles. These tiles were 35-40 centimeters long, 20 centimeters wide, and 3 cm thick. They were as strong as stone, and a piece of such a tile could only be broken off with an ax.
... “To get flour, you had to grate this piece: difficult work, I usually grated the cake, it was my responsibility. We poured the resulting flour into soaked paper, stirred it, and the “minced meat for cutlets” was ready. Then they made cutlets and rolled them in the same “flour”, placed them on the hot surface of a potbelly stove and imagined that we were frying cutlets; there was no question of any fat or oil. How difficult it was for me to swallow a piece of such a cutlet. I keep it in my mouth, I hold it, but I can’t swallow it, it’s terrible, but there’s nothing else to eat.” Then we started making soup. They poured a little of this “cake flour” into the water, boiled it, and it turned out to be a viscous stew like paste.”
….“There was a day in my childhood during the siege that I am ashamed to remember. Our room and buffet stand before our eyes. For some reason, my mother left the room, and I saw a piece of bread on the shelf - my mother’s norm. The hands themselves reached out for the piece. At that moment my mother came in and, of course, immediately understood everything. There was pain, melancholy, and tears in my mother’s eyes. I involuntarily pulled my hand away from the bread and couldn’t take it. Mom didn’t say a word and left. I will never forget this mother’s look and this piece of bread. Until the end of my life, my mother never reminded me of this incident, but I always felt guilty before my mother.
Boiled water is blockade tea. In addition to hunger, bombing, shelling and cold, there was another problem - there was no water.
“Whoever could and who lived closer to the Neva went to the Neva for water. We were lucky; there was a garage for fire trucks next to our house. There was a hatch with water on their site. The water in it did not freeze. Residents of our house, and the neighboring ones, walked through the water here. I remember they started taking water from six o’clock in the morning. There was a long line for water, like going to a bakery.
Slide 19
People stood with cans, teapots and just mugs. Strings were tied to the mugs and they used to draw water. It was also my responsibility to fetch water. My mother woke me up at five in the morning to be first in line.
According to some strange rule, you could only scoop and lift the mug three times. If they were unable to get water, then they silently walked away from the hatch.
If there was no water, and this happened often, they melted the snow to warm the tea. But washing was no longer enough, we dreamed about it. We probably haven’t washed since the end of November 1941. Our clothes simply stuck to our bodies from dirt. And the lice just ate.”
Slide 20
“By November, everything in the house that looked edible had already been eaten: mustard, ground coffee, several pieces of duranda, wood glue, drying oil.”
Slides 21, 22, 23, 24
What helped the people of besieged Leningrad to survive in this hell was their faith in the help of the “Mainland”, which is somewhere nearby; they just need to be patient a little. Everyone wanted to live to see Victory and see how the Nazis were driven out of our land. It never occurred to anyone to commit suicide; it would have been regarded as cowardice and betrayal. They clung to life until the last. This is how you have to want to live in order to eat something that cannot be called food. And how could the human body accept it?
Siege dessert: “jelly” made from wood glue.
… “It was possible to exchange wood glue at the market. The wood glue bar looked like a chocolate bar, only its color was gray. This tile was placed in water and soaked. Then we boiled it in the same water. Mom also added various spices to it: bay leaf, pepper, cloves, and for some reason the house was full of them. Mom poured the finished brew into plates, and the result was an amber-colored jelly. When I ate this jelly for the first time, I almost danced with joy. We ate this jelly while hunting for about a week, and then I couldn’t look at it and thought “I’d rather die, but I won’t eat this glue anymore.”
Slides 25, 26,27
During the blockade, according to official data, 641 thousand Leningraders died of hunger; according to historians, at least 800 thousand. About 17 thousand citizens died from bombing and shelling.
9.Reading proverbs about bread.
A loaf of bread is formed from strips of paper on a board, each strip symbolizes a piece of bread, and proverbs about bread are written on the reverse side. Children go out and take a “piece”, read proverbs and explain their meaning. The number of “pieces” is 24, designed for each student.
1. If you want to eat, you’ll start talking about bread.
2. A hungry person has bread on his mind.
3. There would be bread, and the bread would have people.
4. Without a piece of bread there is sadness everywhere.
5. Without a plow and a harrow, the king will not find bread.
6. It’s bad to live without bread and near water.
7. It’s not a problem that there is quinoa in the bread, but it’s a disaster when there is neither bread nor quinoa.
8. As long as there is bread and water, it’s not a problem.
9. Someone else's bread is always delicious.
10. Work is bitter, but bread is sweet. If you don't work, you won't get bread.
11. Bread father, water mother.
12. Bread on the road is not a burden.
13. Bread is a gift from God, father, breadwinner.
14. Better bread and water than pie with misfortune.
15. Bread is on the table, so is the table the throne; and not a piece of bread - and the table is board.
16. Bread warms, not a fur coat.
17. Time and a slice for a whole bread
18. War is war, and lunch is on schedule.
19. Someone else’s bread is bitter if you don’t have your own.
20. Buckwheat porridge is our mother,
21. And the rye bread is the father.
22. Bread is the head of everything.
23. Bread is the host, snack is the guest.
24. The bread you eat this morning was created by God all night.
10. Creative activity. You have template sheets on your table. Write a mini-essay on the topic: “A piece of siege bread as the only source of life and hope. The bitter taste of Victory."
When the war began………………………………………………………..……………………
The bread was priceless! He was called…………………………………………………………………………………..
Daily ration of bread……………………………………………… …Bread was baked from a mixture……………………………………………………….……People fought for life and ate…………………………….. I learned how carefully you need to eat bread and carefully …………………………………………………… ……………………………….
I liked the proverb:…………………………………………………………………………………………
Faith helped the people of besieged Leningrad survive. Without bread, there would have been no Victory!
I will too……………………………………………………………………....
11.Reading poems.
Student.
The grains of our days, glow with carved gilding.
We say: “Take care, take care of your native bread!”
We don’t dream of a miracle, a living speech comes to us:
“Take care of your bread, people! Learn to save bread!” N. Tikhonov
12. The song “Russian Field” is playing. Music by Y. Frenkel, lyrics by I. Goff.
Student
This is what happened on my land:
From year to year, from generation to generation - for centuries,
That bread that is on the table in every house
Warmed by human hands.
He smelled them with warmth, he smelled them good,
And the song that the lark sang,
Under the blue sky in golden loaves,
On a sunny summer afternoon in July.
The plowman will walk through the stubble in the morning,
And, pointing to the field with his hand,
He says quietly: “Bow before him,
As mothers, as our common lot!
You will grow up, and after many years,
You'll be back here again at dawn,
And you will say: “There is nothing more expensive,
What is the warmest bread in this White World!”
13. Summary.
– What rules do you know for handling bread? (Take as much as you can eat with clean hands; do not wrap it in newspaper; do not put it in a bag with vegetables; learn to cook with stale bread.)
– How much bread does your family need per day?
-What can you cook with the remaining bread? (Add crackers, croutons to minced meat, after soaking.)
-What can you do with moldy bread? (Feed the birds).
Slide 28
We will always remember the wise saying that came to us from the depths of centuries:
“Let the hand wither that throws even a crumb of bread under your feet.”
Slide 29
This concludes our class hour. Thanks for the work! The result of which will be your careful attitude towards bread.
Slide 30
14. Doing homework.
Guys, I suggest you read at home the stories of the writers: Sergei Alekseev “Festive Lunch” and Viktor Dragunsky “Watermelon Lane”. At the next lesson, we will hold a “Reader's Conference”, where you will share your impressions of what you read. Illustrate vivid episodes in the works.
What was the price of a piece of "siege bread"?
Nowadays we often hear “Not by bread alone”... Well, then it is so until you think about its true price. But in the old days they said: "Bread is the head of everything", it was considered an almost sacred symbol of food. And for centuries people have been making up sayings and sayings about it, poets have sung it in their lyrical lines, and artists have depicted it on their canvases. And the image of “siege bread” in paintings and poetry is especially touching to tears. It’s scary to even think about what the real price of this black piece of bread actually was.
Siege bread
the mainland" along Lake Ladoga was the only salvation for a million people.
100%" height="400" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/m6f6zXqlHf4" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="">
Siege bread
I remember the bread of the blockade years,
Which they gave us in the orphanage.
He was not born out of torment - out of our troubles,
And what didn’t they put in it then!
https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/00-hleb-0001.jpg" alt=" “Bread”. From the series Children of War. (1985) Author: Zhabsky Alexey Alexandrovich." title=""Bread". From the series Children of War. (1985)
But the worst famine was when
We didn’t receive bread for two or three days.
We understood that war is a disaster,
But every day they waited with hope for bread.
We starved not for days, but for years.
We dreamed of eating our fill at least once.
Whoever saw it will never forget,
The children were dying of hunger.
https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/00-hleb-0002.jpg" alt=" “Spikelets.” (Difficult years). (1985). Author: Alatov Stanislav Iosifovich." title=""Spikelets." (Difficult years). (1985).
"На хлебе у нас всё держится, хлебом всё измеряется. Отношением к хлебу определяется нравственное богатство или убожество человека. Хлеб – мерило человеческой души. Уважение к хлебу – это уважение не к бесчувственному ломтю, содержащему белок и другие компоненты, это память, это история, это национальная культура, это миллионы проблем, радостей и горестей. Хлеб – это наше прошлое, настоящее и будущее, это наша жизнь!" !}
https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/219412439.jpg" alt=" “Harvest.” (1986).
In the spring the Sun will rise to its zenith,
And the new spikelet will be gilded.
There are many ears of grain in a harvest year,
And the man will remove them from the field.
https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/00-hleb-0011.jpg" alt="“Jewish Baker.” (1921) Author: Pen Yehuda Moiseevich." title=""Jewish Baker" (1921)
To everyone who cherished the ear of bread,
It's up to your conscience to get a piece.
Better is bread and salt in peace and without sorrow, than many valuable dishes in sorrow and grief.", так говорил Святитель Иоанн Златоуст. В творчестве многих отечественных и зарубежных художников отражено уважительное отношение к хлебу.!}
https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/00-hleb-0016.jpg" alt=" “Still life with a bottle, decanter, bread and wine.” Author: Claude Monet." title=""Still life with a bottle, decanter, bread and wine."
https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/00-hleb-0008.jpg" alt=""Bread".
https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/00-pimonenko_030.jpg" alt=""Sower".
