Methods of translating elliptical constructions of the English language on the example of Sidney Sheldon's work "If Tomorrow Comes". Basic Research Modulation or Meaningful Development
1861 The novel Les Misérables has been written. Victor Hugo sends the manuscript of the novel to the publisher with the following cover letter: "?" The answer was immediate: "!"... Of course, the elliptical ones, which will be discussed in this article, are not so short, but no less dynamic, vivid and emotionally rich. This once again confirms the fact that brevity is the sister of talent. So, today elliptical sentences are our “hero”, our main character, who is confused with other, no less important characters - incomplete sentences. Elliptic sentences are mistakenly considered a variety, but in modern linguistics they are considered separately. They are really easy to confuse. What are their differences? Let's find out….
Elliptical and incomplete sentences
Incomplete sentences are those that do not have main or secondary members. But they are easy to understand, restore thanks to For example, in the sentence “This fertilizer is necessary for raspberries, then for blackcurrant, then for an apple tree”, only in the first part is not violated In the second and third parts of the sentence, the main members of the sentence - “fertilizer is necessary” - are omitted, however, they are clear from the context, so they can safely be called incomplete.
Most often, such sentences are used in dialogues and in descriptions. Elliptic sentences are special in the structure of which only the predicate expressed by the verb is missing. To recreate the action or get an idea of the state, the context is not needed: “The seller - after him, loudly: - Come again!”; "There are billions of bright stars in the dark sky." In the examples given, the verbs "said" and "are" are omitted. They are easy to understand, but not from the situation, but thanks to the whole structure as a whole. It follows that, despite the formal absence of the main members, they take an active part in the construction of the sentence, and this brings elliptical sentences closer to incomplete ones. In other words, incomplete and elliptical sentences are similar only in one thing - in the structure of construction, the absence of one of the members of the sentence. However, the incompleteness of the first is random and depends on how the text is constructed, while the incompleteness of the second is its norm, its peculiarity. The table below summarizes what has been said and helps not to confuse these concepts:
Incomplete | Elliptical |
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The meaning of the sentence is complete, understandable |
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Understandable only by context or situation | Understandable regardless of context or speech situation |
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Missing sentence members |
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Major and minor, which are restored thanks to | Only the verb-predicate, the absence of which is the norm; its meaning is suggested by the structure and content of the sentence itself |
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context | speech situation |
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- You deceived and betrayed him? - No, he me. | 1. It is raining outside. I put on rubber.(The situation suggests that we are talking about boots). 2. It is necessary to knock softly and ask: May I?(A person usually says this phrase when he enters the room) | 1. Incentive offers: Hurry up! All come here! 2. Verb-predicate with the meaning of being, presence, perception: There is a thick white fog over the city; In the hands of a bunch of wild flowers. 3. Verb-predicate with the meaning of thought, speech: I give him a word, and he gives me ten. 4. Verb-predicate with the meaning of movement, movement: The boy is in the forest, and she is behind him. 5. Verb-predicate with the meaning of an energetic action, such as throw, hit, grab: They began to repair justice: someone by the hair, someone by the ears |
The use of elliptical sentences
In conclusion, I would like to say that expressive, spectacular, emotionally colored elliptical sentences are widely used both in colloquial speech and in works of art - in description, in narration, in dialogues. There are frequent cases of their use in the most interesting cases of the use of ellipses in the headlines of newspapers and magazines. The most concise form, on the one hand, helps to save “on ink”, and on the other hand, it attracts a record number of readers in an extraordinary and brilliant way: “Our children are in our families”, “Freedom - with a clear conscience?”, “Salvation - in Testaments”, “Poetry - first of all”, “And behind the crusts - into the transition”.
Elliptic constructions are incomplete subordinate clauses that usually consist of a conjunction and an adjective or noun (with or without a preposition). Such subordinate clauses do not have one or two main members of the sentence: the predicate (or part of it) or the predicate and the subject.
In the scientific and technical literature, there are several types of elliptical structures.
1. Elliptic constructions with unions ( although- though- Although, if- If, once- If, when- When, while- while, when) are characterized by the omission of the subject and the linking verb to be:
A bullet cannot alter its course, while in flight.
A bullet cannot change its course (direction) while it is in flight.
In this example, the value of the subject of the elliptical construct is (while in flight) is revealed in the first part of the sentence ( bullet- bullet). When translating such elliptical constructions, the subject named in the first part of the sentence (the bullet cannot) is replaced by the corresponding personal pronoun (when it ...).
2. Elliptical structures with concessive unions whatever- whatever, regardless of; no matter how- no matter; however- whatever, regardless of ... are characterized by the omission of the predicate may be and in some cases: the same and the subject.
Whatever the shape of the magnet,it has two poles.
Whatever the shape of a magnet, it has two poles.
no matter how weak the initial impulse,it gives the body a forward motion.
However weak the initial impulse may be, it imparts forward motion to the body.
Whatever the method (size) ...
Whatever the method (size)
Regardless of the method (size)
no matter how strong ...
No matter how strong...
Regardless of strength
However simple (difficult)...
No matter how simple (complex)
Regardless of simplicity (complexity)
If there is an adjective after the union, then when translating the union (regardless of ...), the English adjective is transferred to the Russian noun.
3. Elliptic constructions with unions if, where, when + adjective (usually with the suffix -able, -ible) characterized by the omission of the subject and the inflected part of the predicate (is').
Such constructions are translated according to the model:
If (when, where) necessary
If (when, where) necessary
If (when, where) possible
If (when, where) it is possible
4. Elliptical design if any (if anything) characterized by a turnover there is (are)- if there is any.
Such a construction, as a rule, is either after the noun to which it refers, or between the noun and the attribute.
The nucleus determines the radioactive properties, if any of the atom.
The nucleus determines the radioactive properties of an atom if he has those. Elliptical design if any usually translated as "if any".
Design to have + noun + infinitive
In this construction, the verb to have has the meaning of prompting to action and is translated into Russian by the words "force", "make it so that".
It is possible in the transformer of this type to have part of the winding serve as both primary and secondary.
In a transformer of this type, you can do this, so that part of the winding serves simultaneously as primary and secondary winding.
| In English, ellipsis is widely used, i.e. omission of elements of the statement that are easily recovered from the context, or 1. The combination but for smb/smth, which replaces the whole sentence, contains a condition due to which or because of which the action is performed or not performed. Sentences are translated using the union "if not", as well as suggestions "because of", "thanks to". In some cases, an antonymous translation is possible: The country would now be self-sufficient in food but for the drought last year. - The country would provide itself with food if it were not for last year's drought. 2. Elliptic constructions with the union if play an expressive and amplifying role. The phrase if any can be translated into words "if it is true" and so on.: Mistakes, if any, should be corrected in ink. - Mistakes, if any, should be corrected with ink. If anything, used as an introductory word, is translated into words "probably", "actually", "at any rate". After a negative statement, it offers an opposite point of view and is translated as “rather”, “maybe”, “even vice versa”: If anything, you should apologize. - You should probably apologize. She is not thin - if anything, she is on the plump side. If / though / yet in combination with adjectives or adverbs introduce some kind of reservation or opposition to what is being said in the sentence, and are translated using concessive conjunctions "even though", "nevertheless", "and yet": a very pleasant if talkative child - very sweet, although too talkative He looked at me kindly if somewhat skeptically. - kindly, but with some skepticism. If at all - means opposition, translated with the help of “if at all”, “or even not at all”: We'll only do it once - if at all. We may just do it once. |
Ex. 1 Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the translation of elliptical constructions:
1. If anything, the prospects for economic reform have deteriorated further in the past few months.
2. No longer does Ireland suffer from a lack of confidence or excessive touchiness about Britain. Instead, it has become like any other well-off European country, with reasonable if not outstanding growth prospects.
3. The public image of solicitors as stuffy and old-fashioned - if desirable dinner-party companions- is completely at odds with the way in which lawyers see themselves.
4. Lithuania faces real problems in dealing with its substantial, if secretive, Soviet defense establishments.
5. Mothercare’s three stores provide an easy, if often expensive, option for shopping for babies in Moscow.
Ex. 2 Translate the sentences into English using elliptical constructions:
1. If it wasn't for his support, I wouldn't have gotten the job.
2. The weather was probably cold.
3. He is a good driver, although somewhat self-confident.
4. You will be paid next year, if at all.
Ex.3 Listen and translate into Russian an excerpt from the movie "Friends like these: Cowboys and Englishmen" .
(!) Multimedia catalog of the institute. Catalog number - 1559 Frenemies→Movie 3→ counter - 19:13
home assignment
Ex. 4 Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the translation of the ellipsis:
1. Few people seem to know what these think tank members are actually doing, let alone to whom, if anyone, they are accountable, or even who is paying them.
2. Rarely if ever does a mainstream Hollywood figure like Mel Gibson turn to the Vatican for support.
3. If anything else, King Abdullah of Jordan has set out to prove that he is a king for his time, he seems to have created his own style.
4. Prior to the Madrid attacks in March 2004, the conservative government of Prime Minister Jose Aznar was expected to retain power, if narrowly, against the Socialists.
5. Observers outside the US are curious if not bewildered that such a controversy over teaching evolution occurs in one of the most scientifically and technologically advanced countries in the world.
6. The creation of the European single market is going ahead, and if anything, is accelerating.
Ex. 5 Translate the sentences into English using elliptical constructions:
1. If he had not broken his leg, he would probably have been included in the national team by now.
2. He, perhaps, more like a father.
3. A safer, though more expensive, alternative is to charter a private jet.
4. I asked him what the professor said, if he said anything at all.
5. Doing homework has become much easier, although less interesting.
6. Economic change in Europe next year will be slow, if at all.
| | | | | | 7 | | |
Ellipsis (gr. elleipsis - omission, lack) - a speech phenomenon consisting in a communicatively significant omission of the structural elements of a sentence.
Elliptical self-used sentences of a special type are called, the specificity of the structure of which is the absence of a verbal predicate, and a predicate that is not mentioned in the context, i.e., in a semantic sense, is not necessary to convey this message. This is a null sentence. The predicate that is missing and does not need to be restored, however, participates in the formation of the structure of these sentences, since they contain secondary members of the predicate. In this respect, elliptical sentences are close to incomplete ones.
These sentences do not need a context or a situation in order to represent an action or a state. It is expressed by the whole construction as a whole, the purpose of which is to inform about the place, time, method, characterizing the action or state, or to indicate the object of the action, the direction of the action: On blue, dazzling blue sky - blazing fire july
Elliptic sentences usually correlate with complete ones, in which the predicates are expressed by the verbs of being, presence, discovery, perception: Pale circles around the moon(A.N.T.); Dust hanging low over the area (Shol.), verbs with the meaning of speech: Marya - after him, quietly:- Have you eaten all the bread, tea? (A. N. T.), as well as some verbs of motion: He's at the gate but from the window I heard the voice of the mother(Gonch.); I follow him(M. G.) and verbs with the meaning of energetic action (grab, push, hit, throw and etc.):- Into their fire! - swept through the crowd(M.-Sib.).
The lexical limitation of the missing verbs-predicates is manifested in the uniformity of the construction of elliptic sentences: the members that make them up are not numerous. Secondary members in them are either circumstances of place and less often time or reasons (Everywhere the steppe: I- to the store. At five o'clock check; That's why the longing), or additions with the value of the item being replaced (silence instead of answer) destination (Precious gifts for you) relation to the face (Father has a meeting)- and some others.
Elliptic sentences are sometimes referred to as incomplete or a special type of incomplete 1. However, some linguists consider such sentences to be incomplete only in historical terms and do not classify them as incomplete in modern Russian 2 . Such proposals really cannot be qualified as incomplete, since their incompleteness is a structural norm, and comparing them with complete constructions is just a conditional device for revealing their constructive specifics.
These are completely typified constructions that do not need to be restored by the members of the sentence, they are quite complete (even out of context) in terms of their communicative task, as for their grammatical construction, its specificity lies in the presence of subordinate word forms that reveal verb dependence. However, this "dependence" is very relative: these word forms are characterized by more and more free functioning. Such a dependence is still clearly felt in structures such as To the left - the door to the front; Around the corner is a bookshop and is lost in sentences like Road in the woods; Meeting at the obelisk, where the substantive influence is so great that it defeats the former verb and functionally transforms dependent word forms, and the ellipsis in these cases is no longer felt: such sentences are perceived as nominative with a defining member, and their former ellipticity is one of the stages of development of this type offers. It is no coincidence that some linguists consider it possible to refer even constructions with a prepositive circumstance to nominative sentences on the grounds that such a circumstance (determinant) does not imply a mandatory dependence on the verb (In the field is wind; In the air is silence) and refers to the entire sentence as a whole. Undoubtedly, the substitution of the verb-predicate here looks at least artificial, since in modern Russian such sentences, of course, are created without the participation of the verb, the more difficult it is to detect the constructive role of the verb in sentences like Outside the window, a quiet whistle of a watchman (M. G.) and Today is Sunday. V. V. Vinogradov calls such adverbial constructions “free”, since there is no direct dependence on any particular part of speech. Moreover: “The corresponding forms of indirect cases with a preposition depend not so much on the verbs that do not control them, but on the prepositions themselves of a specific spatial meaning: over, behind, from. P.". “At the same time,” V. V. Vinogradov continues, “it is undoubted that in the process of the historical development of the language, the range of syntactic phenomena associated with the so-called weak control, with more or less independent use of prepositional
Various types of incomplete and elliptical sentences as a fact of live colloquial speech have been widely used in the language of the newspaper in recent years. These constructions provide rich material for developing the structure of headings; numerous ellipses here are already a kind of standard. The language of the newspaper strives for dynamism, catchiness. This is facilitated, in particular, by extremely short sentences with the omission of informationally redundant words. Here are some newspaper headlines: universities- national economy; mountain farming- scientific bases; Grain transportation- speed and rhythm; Scientists- homeland; Radio- schoolchildren; World- Earth. Such ellipses are extremely economical in terms of means of expression. In the heading, only those members of the sentence that are the target in this statement are named, everything else is logically replenished by the text, the speech situation, eliminating the need to name all the links of the grammatical structure. In incomplete heading sentences, the absence of one or more members of the structure in most cases is a syntactic norm that creates a stylistic and expressive coloring of heading sentences. Newspaper headlines, replete with such constructions, express the thought in the most concise form. It is interesting that specific structures are formed among the title sentences, which are acceptable only in the field of titles and impossible in the text of the article, notes, etc., for example: Briefly about the important; For fishing- by plane; Bread- Motherland. The development of such structures is caused by the need to legitimize, in relation to the specifics of the title, special sentence models that, despite the reduction in language material, give the maximum effect in attracting the reader's attention. Heading sentences are often built on the basis of a combination of only forms of indirect cases. This tendency to save means of expression in headlines contributes to the accumulation of thought. However, with excessive enthusiasm for such designs, there is a danger of a negative stylistic effect.
Varieties:
1. Demand/request to provide an object (“Slave!”)
2. Distribution of the object (“They have it in portions”)
3. Active physical impact on the object (“I am your crutch”)
4. Physical contact, often of an intense nature (“And he is by the sleeve”)
5. The movement of the subject in space ("Fedka over the threshold")
6. Moving an object in space
7. Purposeful movement
8. Location of the subject
9. Timing of the event
10. Change in the state of the subject (transition to a physical or psychological state, transfer to another position, change in appearance)
11. Changing the state of the object; impact result
12. Beginning of action ("Together for work")
13. The relation of the subject to another person / object
14. Speech or thought
ELLIPTICAL sentences can NOT be considered incomplete. They do not have correlative full variants. The specific predicate in them cannot be restored, since each elliptical sentence must be compared with several verb sentences that include the entire semantic group. In elliptical sentences, the verb is shortened without "compensation" in the context. The semantics of the corresponding group of verbs is expressed with the help of the dependent member of the phrase, which contributes to the indication of the process of movement, speech. The elliptical model is formed by a direct combination of a substantive member denoting a doer and a verb phrase with the meaning of the purpose of movement, the object of speech, etc. Productive models of these sentences are common in speech: the semantics of movement, movement, intense physical action; small semantic groups or single concrete verbs are reduced.
PHRASEOLOGIZED verbless sentences should be distinguished from elliptical sentences. They serve to express greetings, wishes, attract or maintain attention, etc. They are not built, but reproduced as ready-made units (for example, “Good night!”, “What's new?”, “Happy holiday!”, “I'm To you."…).
In terms of communication, in the context of specific proposals can be qualified in different ways. For example: "A friend decided to turn to his coach: And I - to you" - incomplete; "And then they called - come: I - to you" - elliptical; "Good morning! I to you! - phraseological.
INTRODUCTION
Literature embodies not only and not so much rational as artistic and aesthetic knowledge of reality. The aesthetic value of the work and the level of emotional and expressive impact on the reader depend on how and in what form the content is materialized. In artistic texts, units and means of all styles are used, but all these style elements are included in a special literary system and acquire a new, aesthetic function. When translating, there is a constant loss, distortion or addition of information, which is due to differences between languages.
Elliptic sentences and constructions are used not only in dialogue, dialogic unity, they can also be found in descriptions-remarks for plays, in complex sentences, and also in newspaper headlines. The study of the features of already published translations of literary texts can form the basis for improving the translation technology itself, and this is precisely the practical significance of this topic.
The purpose of this work is to study the methods of translating elliptical structures based on Jerome Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye".
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set:
Consider the concept of ellipsis and types of elliptical structures;
Learn how to translate elliptical structures
Analyze the translation of elliptical structures based on the novel by J. Salinger "The Catcher in the Rye"
The following methods were used during the study:
Analysis, interpretation and compilation of materials on the theory and practice of translation from various sources;
Comparative analysis of the text of the original and the text of the translation of the novel "The Catcher in the Rye" into Russian.
Chapter I. Elliptic constructions and techniques for their translation.
The main sphere of use of elliptic constructions is dialogue: it is in the replicas of the dialogue that part of the sentence is usually omitted, since either it is already clear from the previous replica belonging to the interlocutor; or where part of the sentence can be easily omitted if it is not essential.
– And by the way, before I forget it, I hopeyou'll come to supper to-night- here. Will you? after the opera.(Second sentence means: "Willyoucometosuppertoday? "And by the way, before I forget, I hope you'll come over for dinner tonight." Will you come? after the opera.)
– Delighted! - I agree! (The captain's answer implies: "Ishallbedelightedtocome! »)
The problem is that without context it can be difficult to understand the meaning of elliptical constructions, sometimes in the absence of this it is completely impossible. There are features characteristic of a certain language, on the basis of which a dialogic unity is built, the construction of which is accompanied by the correct and appropriate use of constructions using elliptical sentences - those constructions that are used in Russian often turn out to be incorrectly used in English.
Ellipsis(ancient Greek ἔλλειψις - flaw) in linguistics - the intentional omission of non-essential words in a sentence without distorting its meaning, and often to enhance the meaning and effect.
The problem of ellipsis is one of the most controversial in linguistics, and one or another interpretation of it depends on the researcher's understanding of the essence of language units in general. For the traditional school-normative grammar of the English language, it seemed undoubted that any sentence is characterized, first of all, by the presence of a subject-predicate structure, and that any apparent deviation from this structure should be explained as an ellipse phenomenon, i.e., "omission" or "implication" of those or other elements of the sentence structure.
Any elliptic sentence should be interpreted as a non-elliptic sentence transform, formed by means of an ellipse transformation or "deletion", the essence of which is the replacement of an explicit variant of a word or words with a zero variant of the same word. Any word can be subjected to this ellipsis operation, both significant and auxiliary.
An analysis of elliptical sentences shows that there are no clear boundaries between complete and incomplete sentences. Structural schemes of sentences are created in speech and, when stabilized, become language models. The factors that determine the place of such constructions on the “transitivity scale” are the presence of a synonymic and modal-temporal series, as well as the lexical and grammatical meanings of word forms, etc. Constructions that are stable phraseological combinations, as well as some familiar word forms adjoin elliptical sentences: MerryChristmas; HappyNewyear; Manyhappyreturns etc. Such structurally incomplete constructions are semantically complete.
Barkhudarov singles out the classification of elliptical constructions on the basis of the method of explication of the word represented by the zero variant. By "explication" or "replenishment" we mean the transformation inverse to ellipsis ("erasure"), namely, the replacement of the zero variant of a word with an explicitly expressed variant. If the word or words represented by the zero variant are explicated, i.e., restored in their sounding variant from the surrounding context, i.e. from the previous or subsequent text, then such an elliptic construction is called syntagmatically replenished. If the explication of a given word or words is possible only on the basis of other similar constructions that occur in the language, but are not directly registered in the contextual environment of the given elliptic construction, then such an elliptic construction is called paradigmatically replenished.
1.1 Syntagmatically augmented elliptic constructions
In sentences of this subtype, words that have undergone an ellipsis can be restored both from this sentence and (more often) from some other sentence, preceding or following. Example
The ellipsis is restored from the same sentence:
She was proud of her father having been an officer and her husband a colonel.
She was proud that her father was an officer and her husband a colonel.
The ellipsis is restored from the previous sentence. This may be a sentence uttered by the same speaker (or within the same author's speech):
Sam was in her blood. Had always been. would always be.
Sam was in her blood. Has always been. Always will be.
The sentence from which the ellipse is being restored can also be pronounced by another speaker (participant in the dialogue):
– I wish you didn "t have to do it. - You better not have to do it.
– Idon" t. - I won't.
The ellipsis is restored from the next sentence. This is the rarer case; however, in English, such constructions are still found:
“Nice letter, isn't it?” - Wonderful letter, isn't it?
These constructions are interesting in that they contain two elliptical sentences that complement each other; so, in our example, in the first sentence, the subject is represented by zero options it and linking verb is, replenished from the subsequent sentence, but this subsequent sentence, in turn, is itself elliptical - in it, the core of the substantive phrase is represented by zero options (a) letter and his associate nice restored from the previous sentence.
1.2 Paradigmatically augmented elliptical structures
Sometimes the words of an elliptic sentence represented by the zero variant cannot be recovered from the surrounding context, but require for their explication an appeal to other similar constructions that occur in the language, although not registered in the immediate contextual environment of the given elliptic sentence. Since in this case the completion is made on the basis of no longer syntagmatic, but paradigmatic connections, we give such elliptical sentences the name of paradigmatically completed.
– "Married?"- Married?
– Widower, sir. two children." - A widower, sir. Two children.
A sunny midsummer day. - Sunny July day.
Various types of incomplete and elliptical sentences as a fact of live colloquial speech have been widely used in the language of the newspaper in recent years. These constructions provide rich material for developing the structure of headings; numerous ellipses here are already a kind of standard. The language of the newspaper strives for dynamism, catchiness. This is facilitated, in particular, by extremely short sentences with the omission of informationally redundant words. Here are some examples of newspaper headlines: Girl Gymnast Another Woman on Ice. Such ellipses are extremely economical in terms of means of expression. In the heading, only those members of the sentence that are the target in this statement are named, everything else is logically replenished by the text, the speech situation, eliminating the need to name all the links of the grammatical structure. In incomplete heading sentences, the absence of one or more members of the structure in most cases is a syntactic norm that creates a stylistic and expressive coloring of heading sentences. Newspaper headlines, replete with such constructions, express the thought in the most concise form. It is interesting that specific structures are formed among the title sentences, which are acceptable only in the field of titles and impossible in the text of the article, notes.
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Elliptical type designs ifany, ifanything have an expressive and amplifying meaning and are transmitted into Russian by subordinate conditional sentences, as well as by words almost, perhaps, at all and etc.
Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once. If there are any objections to this plan, they should immediately be presented to the committee. (Objections, if any...).
Note. If anything can also be translated as anyway.
If anything it will be in their interests to follow this course.
Boin any case, it is in their interest to follow this course.
Elliptical designs also include concessive clauses, introduced by unions whatever, however in which there is no predicate (sometimes subject). Such concessive clauses are translated into Russian by full concessive clauses with conjunctions whatever, whatever(the predicate and subject of the full sentence are restored).
Thebritishpeoplehavetosubmittonewtaxation, howeverhigh. “The English people have to put up with new taxes, however high they may be.
Union though can be at the end of a simple sentence following another simple sentence closely related to it in meaning. final though corresponds to Russian nevertheless, nonetheless, nonetheless, nonetheless:
Notdidn't tellthosewhere he had been, but I know, though.
He didn't tell me where he was, but I still know.
In the same function, the adverb however can be used both in the final and initial position:
Notis very busy. He will see you, however.
Elliptical structures also include the combination If+ participleII(or adjective). This combination is translated into Russian by a subordinate concessive clause.
Ifconsideredfromthispointofview, theproblemtakesonanewaspect. - If we consider the problem from this point of view, then it acquires (takes) a different character.
Butthedecision, iflogical, requiresameasureofcourage. “But this decision, although logical, requires a certain amount of courage.
The meaning of concession is also conveyed by pronouns and adverbs with the component ever– however, whoever, whatever, wherever, whenever. These words give a hint of additional possibility:
WhoevertoldyouthiswaswrongWhoever told you that was wrong.
HoweveroftenItriedIcouldn't" tfindtheanswerNo matter how hard I tried, I couldn't find an answer.
1.3 Techniques for translating elliptical structures
Acceptance of transfer - a specific action or specific operations caused by difficulties encountered in the translation process.
Syntactic assimilation
Syntactic assimilation or literal translation is a type of translation in which the syntactic structure of the original is transformed into an absolutely similar structure of the target language.
Thought exhausted, he went to bed very late.
As exhausted as he was, he went to bed very late.
However far it is, I intend to drive there tonight.
No matter how far it is, I intend to go there tonight.
However, according to A.V. Fedorov “any kind of attempts to translate literally this or that text or segment of the text lead, if not to complete incomprehensibility of this text, then at least to heaviness and ambiguity. This is what may be called "translation style" (or, as it is sometimes said, "translation language").
Combining offers
Sentence merging is a translation method in which the syntactic structure in the original is transformed by combining two or more simple sentences.
The association is usually used in conditions of differences in syntactic or stylistic traditions:
He should follow my advice. If anything it's in his interests.
He should follow my advice, in any case, it is in his interests.
I've decided to buy this car. Even if it takes all my money.
I decided to buy this car, even if it costs me all my money.
Division of the proposal
The differences associated with linguistic selectivity are also embodied in the degree of discreteness in the description of the objective situation. A situation that in one language is described with the help of one feature, in another language requires two or more features for its expression. In the pair of languages I am describing, Russian and English, English has more economical ways of expressing thought than is the case in Russian.
At the same time, there are many cases when it is the Russian language that is more discrete than English, which leads to an expansion of the volume of the translated text.
Sentence division is a method of translation in which the syntactic structure of a foreign language is transformed into two or more predicative structures of the target language.
In Russian, there is a tendency to combine as many subject situations as possible within the framework of one sentence. This leads to the formation of sentences that include several homogeneous subjects, predicates or objects, as well as subordinate clauses, attributive, adverbial and participial constructions. It cannot be said that there are no such sentences in the English language, but the frequency of their use and, more importantly, the overload of the structure with homogeneous and defining elements is certainly less than in Russian. As a result, when translating, the same objective situations are expressed not in the form of homogeneous members of a sentence or all kinds of attributive phrases, but in separate independent sentences.
If anything, he continued and companies remained more determined than ever to fight.
Anyway, he continued. Companies, like never before, remained determined to fight.
However long was the period of its coming to being and development, the results were quite satisfying, even excellent.
The results were very satisfactory. Even great ones. And this despite the long stage of formation and development.
Specification
Continuation
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Yes, we had a talk. Wereallydid.
Generalization
Generalization (the process opposite to concretization) of the original meaning takes place in those cases when the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is higher than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language and consists in replacing the particular with a general, specific concept by a generic one. When translating from English into Russian, this technique is used much less frequently than concretization. This is due to the peculiarities of the English vocabulary. The words of this language often have a more abstract character than Russian words related to the same concept.
It should be noted that in the process of translation the same word can be subjected to lexical transformation in opposite directions: in the direction of narrowing and expanding the meaning, i.e. can be both an object of concretization and generalization.
Antonymic translation
Antonymic translation is based on the logical rule according to which the negation of a concept can be equated with the assertion of the opposite concept semantically opposed to it. In fact, such dictionary equivalents as incorrect / erroneous, short / low, near / close. Most often, antonymic translation is implemented as a replacement of a linguistic expression (word, phrase) by its antonym with the simultaneous replacement of an affirmative construction with a negative one and vice versa.
Antonymic translation is the replacement of a negative or interrogative form of a sentence with an affirmative one or vice versa. The conditions for applying such a transformation, as a rule, are associated with the lexico-semantic composition of the predicate. When translating into Russian from English, most often the negative form of the sentence changes to an affirmative one, less often to a negative one:
Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defense of his policy.
Almost nothing could be said in support of his policies.
In general, she has changed little, if at all, in the two years of her absence.
In general, in two years of absence, she has not changed much.
Compensation
The essence of compensation in the process of translation is quite fully disclosed in the book by A.V. Fedorov.
“In the practice of translation, there are a number of cases when this or that element of the original is not reproduced at all or is replaced by a formally distant element, this or that word, phrase, etc. is omitted, but the impossibility of conveying a separate element, a separate feature of the original also does not contradict the principle of translatability, since the latter refers to the entire work as a whole. Of course, the whole does not exist as some kind of abstract concept - it consists of specific elements, which, however, are essential not each individually and not in their mechanical aggregate, but in a system formed by their combination and constituting unity with the content of the work. Hence the possibility of substitutions and compensations in the system of the whole, which opens up various paths for this; thus, the loss of an individual element that does not play an organizing role may not be felt against the background of a vast whole, it seems to be dissolved in this whole or replaced by other elements, sometimes not set by the original.
The starting point for determining the role of an individual element in the original, the need for its accurate transmission, as well as the possibility or regularity of its omission or replacement, is the ratio of content and form in their unity.
Thus, compensation in translation should be considered the replacement of an incommunicable element of the original with an element of a different order in accordance with the general ideological and artistic nature of the original and where it seems convenient under the conditions of the Russian language. Compensation can be semantic or stylistic. In the first case, the missing non-transferable component is filled in for completeness of meaning.
Semantic compensation is often used to fill gaps caused by the so-called "non-equivalent" vocabulary. First of all, these are designations of realities that are characteristic of the country of a foreign language and alien to another language and other reality. If these details are not of fundamental importance, then there will be no loss for the reader if they are omitted from the translation.
The amendment received 3.622.000 votes, while the executive resolution received 4.090.000. if anything, executive majority was only 468.000 in a vote of nearly eight million.
In this text, which deals with the results of voting at the congress of English trade unions, the selected combinations are semantically elliptical. The English reader can easily restore their full form. executive committee resolution, i.e. resolution proposed by the executive committee, And executive committee resolution majority, i.e. majority of votes cast for a resolution of the executive committee. In such a supplemented form, these combinations will be transmitted in Russian, where elliptical forms executive resolution or executive majority would be completely incomprehensible to the reader or would be misinterpreted by him.
A little table with a dinner was laid out - and wine and plate.
A small table was set for dinner, silver and carafes gleaming on it.
The literal translation "both wine and silver" is completely unacceptable, because. in this case, such an elliptical construction with a polyunion in terms of expressiveness does not correspond to the English one and does not convey the meaning contained in it.
Thus, compensation is used to convey elements of meaning lost in translation, and this is done in a different way, or later in the text.
– Then this girl gets killed, because she's always speeding.
– Gets killed?
–
– Dies?
ChapterII. Features of the translation of elliptical structures in the translation into Russian of Jerome Salijer's novel "The Catcher in the Rye".
Jerome David Salinger(English) JeromeDavidSalinger; genus. 1919) is an American writer, a classic of 20th-century US literature, best known as the author of The Catcher in the Rye.
Salinger was born on January 1, 1919 in New York. In his youth he studied at the military academy in Valley Forge. He was educated at New York schools, a military school and three colleges. His writing career began by publishing short stories in New York magazines. During World War II, the writer took part in the military operations of American troops in Europe.
His first story "Young people" ( TheYoungFolks) was published in the magazine "Story" in 1940. The first serious fame for Salinger was brought by a short story "It's good to catch a banana fish" ( APerfectdayforBananafish, 1948) is the story of a day in the life of a young man, Simura Glass, and his wife. Eleven years after its first publication, Salinger released his only novel, The Catcher in the Rye ( TheCatcherintheRye, 1951), which met with the unanimous approval of criticism and remains especially popular among high school students and students who find in the views and behavior of the hero, Holden Caulfield, a close echo of their own moods. The book was banned in several countries and in some places in the United States for being depressed and using abusive language, but is now included in the lists of recommended reading in many American schools.
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In 1953, the collection Nine Stories was published. In the 60s, the novels "Franny and Zooey" were published ( FrannyandZooey) and the story "Above the rafters, carpenters" ( RaisehightheRoofBeam, carpenters).
After the story "The Catcher in the Rye" gained resounding popularity, Salinger began to lead the life of a recluse, refusing to give interviews. After 1965 he stopped publishing, writing only for himself. In recent years, he has hardly interacted with the outside world, living behind a high fence in a mansion in the town of Cornish, New Hampshire.
In the USSR and Russia, his works were translated and published, and gained popularity, especially among the intelligentsia. The most successful and well-known is the translation by Rita Wright-Kovaleva.
The specific style and the presence of slang make the translation of the work both complex and interesting.
2.1 Characteristics of Jerome Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye" and its features from the translator's point of view
Seventeen-year-old Holden Caulfield, who is in a sanatorium, recalls "that crazy story that happened last Christmas", after which he "almost gave up", was ill for a long time, and now he is undergoing treatment and soon hopes to return home.
His memories start from the day he left Pansy, a boarding school in Agerstown, Pennsylvania. Actually, he did not leave of his own free will - he was expelled for academic failure - out of nine subjects in that quarter, he failed five. The situation is complicated by the fact that Pansy is not the first school that the young hero leaves. Before that, he had already abandoned Elkton Hill, because, in his opinion, "there was one continuous linden." However, the feeling that there is a "linden" around him - falsehood, pretense and window dressing - does not let Caulfield go throughout the whole novel. Both the adults and the peers with whom he meets irritate him, but he is also unbearable to remain alone.
The last day of school is rife with conflict. He returns to Pansy from New York, where he traveled as the captain of the fencing team for a match that was not held due to his fault - he left his sports equipment in the subway car.
Once in New York, he realizes that he cannot come home and inform his parents that he has been expelled. He gets into a taxi and goes to the hotel. On the way, he asks his favorite question that haunts him: "Where do the ducks go in Central Park when the pond freezes over?" The taxi driver, of course, is surprised by the question and wonders if the passenger is laughing at him. But he does not think to mock, however, the question about ducks is rather a manifestation of Holden Caulfield's confusion in front of the complexity of the world around him, rather than an interest in zoology.
This world both oppresses him and attracts him. It is hard for him with people, without them it is unbearable. He tries to have fun in a nightclub at the hotel, but nothing good comes of it, and the waiter refuses to serve him alcohol as a minor. He goes to a nightclub in Greenwich Village, where his older brother D.B., a talented writer who was tempted by the big fees of a screenwriter in Hollywood, liked to visit. On the way, he asks another taxi driver a question about ducks, again without getting an intelligible answer. In a bar, he meets an acquaintance D. B. with some sailor. This girl arouses such dislike in him that he quickly leaves the bar and goes on foot to the hotel.
The next morning, he arranges a meeting with Sally Hayes, leaves the inhospitable hotel, checks his suitcases in a left-luggage office, and begins the life of a homeless man. Wearing a back-to-front red hunting cap bought in New York on the ill-fated day he forgot his fencing gear on the subway, Holden Caulfield saunters through the cold streets of the big city. Going to the theater with Sally does not bring him joy. The play seems stupid, the audience, admiring the famous actors Lanta, is a nightmare. The companion also annoys him more and more.
Soon, as expected, there is a quarrel. After the performance, Holden and Sally go skating, and then, in a bar, the hero gives vent to the feelings that overwhelmed his tormented soul. Explaining his dislike for everything that surrounds him: “I hate ... Lord, how much I hate it all! And not only school, I hate everything. I hate taxis, buses where the conductor yells at you to get out through the back, I hate getting to know the wrecks who call the Lants "angels", I hate riding elevators when you just want to go outside, I hate trying on suits at Brooks ... "
He is rather annoyed that Sally does not share his negative attitude towards what he dislikes so much, and most importantly, towards school. When he offers her to take a car and leave for two weeks to ride in new places, and she refuses, judiciously reminding that "we are, in fact, still children," the irreparable happens: Holden utters insulting words, and Sally leaves in tears. New meeting - new disappointments. Holden, left alone, gets drunk, calls Sally, asks her forgiveness, and then wanders through the cold New York and in Central Park, near that very pond with ducks, drops the record bought as a gift for Phoebe's younger sister.
When he gets home, and to his relief to find that his parents are visiting, he only hands Phoebe the pieces. But she is not angry. In general, despite her small years, she perfectly understands the condition of her brother and guesses why he returned home ahead of schedule. It is in a conversation with Phoebe that Holden expresses his dream: “I imagine how little children play in the evening in a huge field of rye. Thousands of kids, and not a soul around, not a single adult, except for me ... And my job is to catch the kids so that they do not fall into the abyss.
Thinking about how to live on, Holden decides to move somewhere to the West and there, in accordance with the long-standing American tradition, try to start all over again. He sends Phoebe a note informing him of his intention to leave, and asks her to come to the appointed place, as he wants to return the money borrowed from her. But the sister appears with a suitcase and declares that she is going to the West with her brother. Willingly or unwittingly, little Phoebe plays him himself in front of Holden - she declares that she will no longer go to school, and in general she is tired of this life. Holden, on the contrary, has to involuntarily take the point of view of common sense, forgetting for a while about his all-negation. He shows prudence and responsibility and convinces his sister to abandon his intention, assuring her that he himself will not go anywhere. He takes Phoebe to the zoo, where she rides the carousel while he admires her.
The characteristic features of fiction, the manifestation of the individuality of the writer, due to his worldview, the diversity of both lexical and grammatical means of the language, the variety of combinations of book-written and oral speech in the stylistic varieties of both - all this, taken together, makes the question of literary translation extremely complex.
The main difficulty of literary translation lies not in the reproduction of the structural and linguistic elements of someone else's speech, but in the artistic recreation of the totality of images of the original, as a whole.
Features of the Russian and English languages often stand in the way of a full-fledged transfer of Jerome Salijer's style of writing. One of the features can be attributed to the translation of elliptical structures, which are given special attention in this work.
2.2 Analysis of the translation of elliptical constructions in Jerome Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye".
Syntactic assimilation
In the text, there is a translation of elliptic constructions with the help of syntactic assimilation (i.e., the syntactic structure of the original is transformed into a similar structure of the target language, while preserving the set of full-meaning words and their order in the original and in the translation).
Whatever the conversation, she knows exactly what you're talking about.
Whatever the conversation is, she always understands what you are talking about with her.
However nice your little note at the bottom of the page, but we studied the Egyptians from November 4th to December 2nd.
As cute as your little postscript at the bottom of the page is, we were exploring Egypt from November 4th to December 2nd.
I doubt very much if you opened your textbook even once the whole term.
Did you?
I doubt very much whether you opened the textbook at least once a quarter. Opened?
Thus, both in the source language and in the target language there are parallel syntactic structures that allow translation with zero transformation.
Moreover, in the last example, when translating the elliptic construction didyou? specification is used.
Combining offers
When combining sentences, the syntactic structure in the original is transformed by combining two simple sentences into one complex sentence:
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She ran bought her ticket and got back on the carrousel. Just in time. Then she walked all the way round it till got her own horse back. Then she got on it. She waved to me and I waved back.
She ran and bought a ticket and at the last second returned to the carousel. And again she ran all around until she found her old horse. Sat on her, waved to me and I waved to her too
I told him I was a real moron. All stuff. I told him how I would "ve done exactly the same thing if I" d been in his place, and how most people didn't appreciate how tough it is being a teacher.
He said that I was mentally retarded, generally a cretin, that I myself would have acted in his place in exactly the same way, and that many do not understand how difficult it is to be a teacher.
Association is used, as a rule, in conditions of differences in syntactic or stylistic traditions.
Division of sentences
The syntactic structure of the sentence in the original is converted into two or more predicative structures in the target language.
But I just couldn't hang around there any longer, however his requests, the way we were on opposite sides of pole, and the way he kept missing the bed whenever he chucked something at it, and his sad old bathrobe with his chest showing , and that grippy smell of Vicks Nose Drops all over the place.
But I couldn’t hang around with him all my life, no matter how much he asked me, and we pulled in different directions. And he always threw something on the bed and missed, and this miserable dressing gown of his, all his chest is visible, and here it also smells of flu-like drops all over the house.
This technique is due to both grammatical considerations (differences in the admissibility of a set of syntactic turns) and pragmatic ones (if the sentence undergoes a number of transformations leading to an excessive or stylistically inadequate number of subordinate or other syntactic turns).
Antonymic translation
Antonymic translation is the replacement of a negative or interrogative form of a sentence with an affirmative one or vice versa.
Hurry up.
Just don't dig!
No kidding. I appreciate it. I really do.
Honestly, I really appreciate it, really!
If anything, it is all right with me if you flunk me though as I am flunking everything else except English anyway.
In any case, it's okay if you fail me - I already failed in all subjects except English.
Most often, antonymic translation is implemented as a replacement of a linguistic expression (word, phrase) by its antonym with the simultaneous replacement of an affirmative construction with a negative one and vice versa.
Specification
Concretization is a method of translation in which a word or phrase of a foreign language with a broader subject-logical meaning is replaced by a word in translation with a narrower meaning. The concretization of the original meaning is used in those cases when the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is lower than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language.
This technique is widely used when translating such words as: to be, to have, to get, to do, to take, to give, to make, to come, to go.
Yes, we had a talk. Wereallydid.
Yes, we had a conversation. We talked.
Generalization
Generalization (the process opposite to concretization) of the original meaning takes place in those cases when the measure of informational ordering of the original unit is higher than the measure of ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language and consists in replacing the particular with a general, specific concept by a generic one.
That smell all over the place. Vicks Nose Drops.
It still smells like flu drops throughout the house.
The need for generalization can also be caused by the danger of distorting the meaning when translating a word or phrase by its dictionary correspondence.
It should be noted that in the process of translation the same word can be subjected to lexical transformation in opposite directions: in the direction of narrowing and expanding the meaning, i.e. can be both an object of concretization and generalization.
Modulation or semantic development
The reception of semantic development consists in replacing the dictionary correspondence in translation with contextual, logically related to it. This includes various metaphorical and metonymic substitutions made on the basis of the category of crossing.
If we take into account that all significant parts of speech are divided into three categories: objects, processes and signs, then in the course of translation there is an amazing variety of substitutions both within each category and between different categories. To convey the same content by means of another language, it often does not matter what form of the word this content will be expressed. An object can be replaced by its sign, a process by an object, a sign by an object or process, etc.
Modulation or semantic development is the replacement of a word or phrase in a foreign language, the meanings of which can be deduced logically from the initial meaning:
– Then this girl gets killed, because she's always speeding.
– Gets killed?
– And then the girl dies, because she always breaks the rules.
– Dies?
That kind of stuff. The old bull.
In a word, he did it right.
It's awful.
Terrible thing.
Boy! I also say "Boy!" quite a lot. Partly because I have a lousy vocabulary
and partly because I act quite young for my age sometimes.
Wow! This is also a habit - to say "Eh!" or “Wow!”, partly because I'm at a loss for words, and partly because I sometimes behave quite out of age.
Compensation is used where it is necessary to convey the purely linguistic features of the original, which do not always have a match in the target language. The method of compensation is indicative in that it clearly illustrates one of the provisions of the theory of translation - not individual elements of the text are adequately translated, but the entire text as a whole. In other words, there are untranslatable particulars, but there are no untranslatable texts.
Conclusion
In this paper, various elliptic constructions and techniques for their translation were considered, and an analysis of the translation of elliptic constructions was also carried out. With the help of this, we were able to study some features of the translation of the novel "The Catcher in the Rye" into Russian.
It should be noted that when working with texts of fiction, the translator should try to reflect the individual style of the author in the translation. This task seems to be the most difficult when it comes to translating a text into a language that differs greatly in its structure and norms from the original language.
Even a significant part of formally complete sentences of coherent speech, taken out of context, does not express the fullness of thought that they possess in context. The semantic connection of sentences and the relative ambiguity of a single sentence also find a formal expression: these are personal and demonstrative pronouns, demonstrative pronominal words, allied particles (“also”, “also”, etc.), introductory words indicating the relation to the previous speech. And although such a sentence is grammatically complete, this completeness is formal and relative, since the real meaning of the message is clarified only from the context. Thus, even formally complete sentences are a whole step-by-step series of more or less complete or semantically sufficient statements. Elliptic constructions and sentences are used in order to avoid an excessive or stylistically inadequate number of clauses or other syntactic turns. Knowledge of translation techniques allows you to better understand, analyze, and, therefore, create equivalent statements in the target language.
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Levitskaya T.R., Fiterman A.M. Manual for translation from English into Russian. - M .: Higher school, 1973. - 136 p.
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Retsker Ya.I. Translation theory and translation practice. - M .: International relations, - 1974. - 216 p.
Salinger J.D. Works. In 2 vols. T.1. Short stories (1940-1948); Catcher in the Rye: Per. from English. / Note. A.M. Zverev; Kharkiv: Folio; Belgorod: Folio-Transit, 1997. - 339p.
Fedorov A.V. Fundamentals of the general theory of translation (linguistic problems): For in-comrade and faculty. foreign lang. Textbook - M .: Higher School. 1983. - 303p.
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