The development of society, technical progress, objects and processes in everyday life - all this is reflected in the language, and specifically - in the emergence of new words and phrases. It is they who will be called neologisms - which in translation from ancient Greek means nothing more than a “new word” (“neos” is a new, “logos” is a word).

Neologism Is a word or phrase that has recently appeared in the language. Most often these are borrowed words from other languages. Over time, words lose their status as a neologism.

The specificity of neologisms lies in the fact that against the background of common words, they may not be clear to everyone, they belong to the category of passive vocabulary, while they may look somewhat colorful and original. Dead languages ​​do not have such new words, but developed languages ​​are replenished with them not even annually, but monthly and daily. This is due to the very rapid development of progress, information technology, the sphere of relationships, thanks to which these words appear in the everyday life of people.

Talking about what is neologism, it should be noted that the word will be in this status only for a certain period of time. Having lost its innovation and incomprehensibility, having become a familiar word for most people, the neologism passes into the category of commonly used concepts. And new words come to replace, and this is how the language is updated.

Examples of neologisms.

Let's give as an example a few neologisms with their meaning:

Florist- a botanist who studies plants (flora). Often used on sellers in flower shops. In most cases, this means a person who understands flowers and works in the field of selling flowers and other plants.

Manager- an employee of the company who is involved in the management of something. Currently used too widely to be precisely defined. Initially, a manager is a manager (from the English "manage" - to manage, lead, dispose).

Security- security. The word borrowed from the English language - security, is translated as security. Borrowed as a fashion for "glamorous" job titles. This is just a security guard, not a security guard or a security manager.

- shoes from Christian Louboutin.

Types of neologisms.

Experts divide neologisms into several groups, highlighting:

• general language;
• copyright (words were created by the authors of works of art).

They also distinguish lexical neologisms proper, and semantic ones - old words, but with a new meaning (menu, zebra).

Author's neologisms are unusual, while it is important that they are usually tied to a certain work of art and may not be understood in another context. Among the most famous authors who wrote new words and phrases are such luminaries as V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, I Severyanin, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Features of the appearance of neologisms

Neologisms in Russian, as in any other, appear constantly, but a particularly large influx of them is observed during special periods:

• changing the type of society, forms of government, social structure (revolutions, wars, coups);
• modernization and technical progress.

Fundamental changes in society entail various changes in all areas, and the language will be no exception. After October 1917, a huge number of neologisms appeared: Komsomol, workers' school, shock workers, collective farms and others.

The rapid development of technology at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, various political and economic processes also caused the appearance of new words in the language: offshore, life faculty, coach, selfie, roaming, security, spread, rating, catering and many others.

Russian language

What are neologisms? Their types and methods of education

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The movable part of the language is vocabulary. It is being renewed, reflecting the transforming life of the people. Changing vocabulary is a two-way process: the vocabulary is replenished with new words, obsolete words are replaced from it (see).

In quantitative terms, the former prevails, the volume of the vocabulary is growing. Life is becoming more diverse, so there are more new words.

Definition of neologisms

Words that are familiar and understandable to all users of the language constitute its active lexical stock. Opposed to him passive vocabulary... It includes tokens that have recently appeared, but have not received active use.

Natives of the language can understand the meaning of these words, but the need for their use has not become urgent.

Neologisms, their types and methods of formation

Neologisms are lexemes denoting new phenomena and objects in speech that have not lost their shade of novelty: widget, rebranding, cleaning, quorum, devaluation, jogging, clip maker, screenshot. The name comes from the Greek neos"New" and logos"word".

Neologisms reflect the changes observed in different areas of life: vending, startup, merchandiser, broker, franchise─ in business; message , freak, screening, trend, speaker─ in public life.

Modern neologisms in Russian are formed in the following ways:

• external (from foreign languages) and internal (from other types of the state language) borrowings ─ follower, coaching, performance, developer, Westerners;
• the emergence of new definitions of words operating in the language, the development of polysemy (polysemy) ─ semantic neologisms ─ mole(liquid that cleans blockages in pipes), hernia(an elongated small bag that men put on their lower back);
• as a result of the use of two or more same-root words in one utterance ─ derivational neologisms ─ public service, pre-order, infographics, business meeting.

If new words become widespread and come into use, they soon cease to be neologisms. Not so long ago, words such as: printer, terrorist attack, sponsor, cloning.
However, radical transformations in the country's economy and public administration led to the loss of the shade of novelty, words began to be often used by native speakers. Society responds to all changes in social and personal consciousness, and reflects this in speech.
There are neologisms:


In different historical periods, the activity of the appearance of neologisms of different thematic groups is not the same. The historical upheavals of the twentieth century - from the October Revolution to the collapse of the USSR - gave rise to a stormy surge of neologisms in this century:

• after the October Revolution - requisition, dictatorship, proletariat, commune;

• during the collectivization period 1929-1930, industrial growth of industry - industrial relations, surplus appropriation, dispossession of kulaks, collective farm, fraternization, depersonalization, equalization, five-year plan, milling machine operator, asphalt worker;
• during the Great Patriotic War - siege woman, fireman, medical instructor, fugasca, funeral, raid, beep;
• in the post-war period - biocybernetics, transplantation, astronaut, lunar, lunar rover, cosmodrome, badminton, biathlon, carting, jeans, pepsi, bijouterie;
• during perestroika - glasnost, corruption, cooperative, democratization, voucher, stagnant;
• at the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century - computer, printer, scanner, disk drive, browser, portal, leasing, logistics, consulting, broker, barter, pressure, impeachment, inauguration.

The function of ordering and systematizing linguistic neologisms is performed by explanatory dictionaries. The introduction of a lexeme into their structure simultaneously adds it to the literary modern language.
Not every neologism will be fixed in literary speech, but it is impossible to predict which words will be fixed and which will not.

Occasional neologisms

Created by a writer or publicist, they give the subject a more vivid imagery, call it a fresh word, enhance the impact on the reader, and express their attitude.

Occasional neologisms are distinguished by the novelty of the internal form, the originality of the combination of elements and are the property of only a specific work.

Neologisms are not included in the vocabulary of the literary language, although the most successful of them are still fixed in speech.

Many famous poets have resorted to their creation:
I don't give a damn about bronzes mnogopudye…
V. Mayakovsky
The body of poetry is tender and fragile
And they pass through thought girl…
E. Evtushenko
The doctor listened to the baby
And then he says:
Influenza- simulenets,
Pretender, quitter!
S. Marshak

Occasional Neologism - Hogwarts

Occasionalisms used in texts cannot always be considered successful. Among them there are dissonant, cumbersome, bearing the stamp of a clerical style.

This is especially noticeable when forming complex words and abbreviations: game readings, book unit, express repair hosiery(sign on the street), dust-free 111 thousand books(library report on subbotnik), deputy leader(Deputy Director), workforce, sapon, human day.

The successful use of occasional neologisms, examples of words and meanings in Russian prose can be seen in the works of the Soviet and Russian writer, screenwriter Galina Nikolaevna Shcherbakova:

• Marrying off a daughter for the first time at great expense when she is already over thirty is a matter, as their neighbor says, shy(shy - "to be limited in funds, to feel awkward").
• Here he is all near suede bald, with soft pads of lips, which he generously glues to everyone - women, men, children, dogs, cats, posing as a kind of sweetheart who loves everything that exists (suede-bald - "suede suit + bald").
• Elena lived, according to her mother, not just in a normal, but, one might say, in hypernormal family: the presence of culture and the absence of vices (hypernormal - "very good").

Occasional words are conceived by the writer for the embodiment of specific tasks: they express the assessment of the writer, create subtext, for emotional impact (see).

The originality and freshness of occasionalism focuses the attention of the readership, draws in the process of understanding the meaning encrypted by the author. This is an effective way to influence the addressee.

About new words these days

Each language in its dynamics borrows words from different languages. This is a normal natural process. Nowadays, there is an active neologization.

Compared to the previous stages (the October Revolution, collectivization, the Great Patriotic War, perestroika), new words are actively mastered, their number is in the tens of thousands.

Not yet indicated in specialized reference books, neologisms are not part of the modern book language, they have variants of spelling or sound: standover or standover, demo version or demo version.
Spelling variations of the word create understandable difficulties when writing texts. Reinforcing the neologism (a variant of the correct spelling of a word) and its meaning is a pressing issue in publishing houses and in editorial activities.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word neologism

neologism in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of Medical Terms

neologism (neo- + Greek logos word; synonym speech neoplasm) in psychiatry

a new word used by the patient in oral and written speech, created by him.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

neologism

neologism, m. (from the Greek. Neos - new and logos - word) (lit. lingual). A word that has reappeared in the language, for example. for the Russian language of our time, the words: Stakhanovite, Komsomolets, collective farm, etc.? An old word with a completely new meaning, eg. bow, drummer, etc.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

neologism

A, m. In linguistics: a new, word or expression, as well as a new meaning of an old word. Neologisms of modern times. Mayakovsky's neologisms.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

neologism

m. A new word, expression or a new meaning for an already existing word that reappeared in the language at a certain stage of its development (in linguistics).

Wikipedia

Neologism

Neologism- a word, word meaning or phrase that has recently appeared in the language.

The freshness and originality of such a word, phrase or speech turnover is clearly felt by the native speakers of the given language. This term is used in the history of the language to characterize the enrichment of the vocabulary in certain historical periods - so, we can talk about the neologisms of Peter the Great, the neologisms of individual cultural figures (M.V. Lomonosov, N.M. Karamzin and his school), the neologisms of the Patriotic period. wars, etc.

In developed languages, tens of thousands of neologisms appear every year. Most of them have a short life, but some are fixed in the language for a long time, they enter not only into its living everyday fabric, but also become an integral part of literature.

Neology- a science that deals with the study of neologisms. (Also the self-designation in Hungary of supporters of orthodox modernism in Judaism.)

Examples of the use of the word neologism in literature.

Manrighta is very modern, excellently oriented in the ways of interpretation. neologisms, colloquial words and expressions, buzzwords, cliches and jargon, senor.

This instability prompts the mythologist to resort to a special terminology, about which I would like to say a few words here, because sometimes it evokes an ironic attitude towards itself: we are talking about neologisms.

Speaking, however, about the ambiguity of the morphemic structure of Carroll's neologisms, M.

As for neologisms the next five stanzas, it will be shown below that they also have a clear morphemic structure.

Stransky points out that due to the contamination of words, strange word formations often appear, reminiscent of their quirkiness neologisms early dementia.

I'm pretty sure that for the most part neologisms are formed in this way.

It is noteworthy that many patients, who in large numbers account for neologisms and bizarre crazy ideas, that is, they are under the unconditional domination of the complex, are often corrected by voices.

In the form of stimulating words, I chose neologisms, in many cases existing in the patient.

And I was making up neologisms, among which there are also successful ones: popuchol, rulinet.

But one day I wondered why, in fact, everything neologisms- only words?

How did the writer compose those of his neologisms, which in the Carrollian are usually called nonsense?

In mythology, however, most often it is necessary to give names to ephemeral concepts associated with specific circumstances, neologisms in this case are inevitable.

There is not a single Shakespeare play where they do not meet neologisms, and to this day giving the impression of new, unusual, poetic words.

Fighting for purity, clarity, and general accessibility of the language, he ridicules the class jargon of the aristocracy, he masterfully uses dialectisms, vernacular, introduces neologisms.

Kostya, not indifferent to all sorts of literary delights, took into the habit of writing these neologisms in a notebook, but soon got caught on it.

"word") is a word, meaning of a word or phrase that has recently appeared in the language. From this definition it is clear that the concept of a neologism is changeable in time and relative: a word remains a neologism as long as the speakers feel novelty in it. For example, for the Russian language of the late 20th century. a certain novelty is felt by the majority in words of foreign language origin image maker,summit,Internet, in words formed from Russian morphemes: White House(about the defenders of the White House in Moscow during the October 1993 events), cash"cash", denationalization"transformation of state property into any other - private, cooperative, collective, etc.", in phrases hot line,shadow economy, in the newly emerging meanings of some older words: cracker"someone who" breaks "computer programs", green"U.S. dollars ", apple"related to the Yabloko social and political association", etc.

New words that appear in the language to designate new things and concepts (in connection with the development of science, technology, culture and other aspects of the social life of society) are usually called lexical neologisms proper (in the examples just given, these are words image maker,summit,Internet,White House,cash,denationalization). If the old form of the word is used, but a new meaning is attributed to it, then they speak of semantic neologism ( cracker,green,apple tree). Turns type hot line,shadow economy, in which the very connections of words with each other are new, unusual, are called compatible neologisms. All three types of neologisms are united by the common name "linguistic".

In addition to linguistic, individual, or author's neologisms can be found in speech. Unlike linguistic ones, they, being created by one person - a poet, writer, public figure, etc. - remain an attribute of an individual style and their novelty, uniqueness does not fade over time. Such are, for example, many neologisms by V. Mayakovsky ( huge,december,snort and others), V. Khlebnikov ( exhausted,delight-winged,laughers and etc.); V. Vysotsky named physics quantalist by combining the physical term quantum with the word cavalryman. Some of the author's neologisms - especially expressive and at the same time denoting communicatively important phenomena - may fall into general use. This happened, for example, with the words that M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin invented: bungler and bungling,stupidity... Korney Chukovsky introduced the word office, which means painful (cf. words like diphtheria,colitis etc.) the tendency of some people to inappropriate use of clerical words and phrases. Individual authorial neologisms have become so firmly embedded in the language that now only specialists can establish that, for example, the word industry in the past - the author's neologism: two centuries ago it was introduced into use by N.M. Karamzin. Verb fade away entered the general literary dictionary thanks to F.M. Dostoevsky; a well-known word now mediocrity(first with emphasis based on: dullness, and later on the prefix: nonsense) was first used by the poet Igor Severyanin.

Neologistic words appear in the language in three ways:

1) by word-formation derivation - the formation of new words from morphemes existing in the language according to known (usually productive) models; the most common methods of forming neologisms are suffixation ( grounded - grounded,cheat - cheat,tease - teaser,geologist - geologist-in-ya), prefix ( post-Yeltsin,super advantageous), prefix-suffix method ( everyday-oh - oh-everyday-and-th,sound - oh-sound-willow), addition of stems, often in combination with the suffix ( substance abuse,small picture,strangeness), truncation of the foundations, especially characteristic of the formation of neologisms in colloquial speech ( schiz- from schizophrenic,beech- from second-hand bookstore);

2) by semantic derivation, i.e. development in an already existing word of a new, secondary meaning based on the similarity of the newly designated phenomenon with the already known phenomenon: shady- associated with illegal methods of enrichment ( shadow business,shadow economy); paralysis- complete inaction of power, economic, social and political mechanisms in the state ( paralysis of power,the economy is on the verge of paralysis), guest performer- a criminal who commits crimes in different places outside of his permanent residence;

3) by borrowing words from other languages ​​( voucher,image,marketing,know-how,thriller and many others) or from uncodified subsystems of a given language - from dialects, vernacular, jargon: for example, for the 1960s, neologisms were a word borrowed from dialects craftsman, common vernacular window dressing(and the adjective derived from it ostentatious), in modern speech they are felt as relatively new slang words in origin chaos,disassembly,party and under.

A special group of neologisms is made up of lexical and phraseological tracing papers - words and word combinations created under the influence of foreign language samples: steep"making a strong impression with his decisiveness, manners and manner of behavior, ability to influence others, etc." ("Translation" of one of the meanings of the English. tough), skinheads(eng. skinheads), hot line(eng. hot line), brain drain(eng. brain drain) etc.

In the Russian lexicographic tradition, neologisms are recorded in special dictionaries. The most famous of them are several editions of the reference dictionary New words and meanings edited by N.Z. Kotelova and Yu.S. Sorokin (L., 1973, 1984) and ed. E.A. Levashov (St. Petersburg, 1997), based on materials from the press and literature of the second half of the 20th century; Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century edited by G. N. Sklyarevskaya (St. Petersburg, 1998), Perestroika dictionary ed. V.I. Maksimova (St. Petersburg, 1992), as well as a series of books called New in Russian vocabulary. Dictionary materials, published from 1977 to 1996. Dictionaries of author's neologisms are also being created: for example, N.N. Pertsova compiled Dictionary of neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov(Vienna - Moscow, 1995).

Occasionalisms should be distinguished from neologisms (Latin occasionalis "random") - words formed "on occasion", in specific conditions of speech communication and, as a rule, contradicting the linguistic norm, deviating from the usual ways of forming words in a given language. Occasionalism often appears in speech as a means of a language game, a joke, a pun: slander(in N.S. Leskov - the result of a pun compound of words slander and feuilleton), first printer(a word created by I. Ilf and E. Petrov by deliberate distortion of the word pioneer); Chukokkala- the name of K. Chukovsky's manuscript almanac, combining the first part of his surname and the second half of the name of the village of Kuokkala near St. Petersburg, where K. Chukovsky lived before the revolution.

The so-called potential words are close to occasionalisms - lexical units that are not in the dictionary of a given language, but which are easily formed according to one or another word-formation model: cf. the words of the type noted by researchers of Russian colloquial speech grabber,chase,launcher,clapper and under. An important difference between occasionalisms and potential words is that occasionalisms are "violators of the laws (rules) of general language word formation", and potential words, on the contrary, "filling empty cells of word-formation paradigms ... implement the laws of word formation" (E.A. Zemskaya ).

Occasionalisms and potential words are often found in spontaneous colloquial speech: by an occasional word - in accordance with the laws of word formation or in spite of them - the speaker often denotes either that which does not have a standard name, or that which he cannot immediately recall the regular designation of.

The Russian language is a living language, and therefore it develops all the time. Some words are falling out of active use, and more and more new words appear, to which our grandparents are so hard to get used to. Based on this, one can logically answer the question of what neologisms are.

Neologisms are new words or expressions that appear in a language along with the emergence of new objects, phenomena, concepts, processes in social life.

When you know what neologisms are, it is not at all difficult to find examples:
genome, clone, management, manager, logistics, virtual, interactive, image maker, bowling, etc.

How neologisms appear

At the time of its appearance, each word is a neologism, since it means a new concept that has just appeared. Over time, it becomes commonly used and is included in the active vocabulary of the language. In other words, the status of neologisms of words is preserved until they become common, inherent in the lexical stock of as many native speakers as possible.

Now it is hard to believe it, but words such as metro, cosmodrome, television, lunar rover, genotype, refrigerator, perestroika, privatization were also neologisms in the Russian language at one time.

Along with lexical neologisms (new words), many semantic neologisms appear (words that already exist in the language, but acquire new meanings). For example, such modern neologisms: a kettle is not a device for heating water, but a person who does not understand anything at all; a pirate is not only a sea robber, but also a person who uses copyrighted works of science, culture and technology without the permission of the authors, which is a violation of the law.

Another reason for the appearance of neologisms is the desire to give a brighter name to an existing object or phenomenon. Such a name that corresponds to the worldview of the author.

Types of neologisms

Thus, modern neologisms in the Russian language are divided into general linguistic and individual (author's) ones, which can be found in the works of writers or scientists.

For example, V. Mayakovsky used words such as love, pedestrian, turn blue. Such words rarely come into active use, but there are exceptions. Not everyone knows that such familiar words as industry, falling in love, absent-mindedness, touching are the author's neologisms of N. Karamzin.

Who knows, maybe thanks to you our language will be replenished with neologisms even more?