Lesson summary "Time of Troubles. Boris Godunov, False Dmitry I." Time of Troubles (Time of Troubles). Main events Map of the movement of False Dmitry
The beginning of the 17th century in the Muscovite kingdom is characterized by historians as the Time of Troubles. The tough policies of Boris Godunov caused great discontent among both peasants and nobles. The situation was aggravated by drought. It lasted three long years and brought the people to a pauper state.
It was on the wave of popular rejection of the existing policy that the ruling elite of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth decided to play. But sending troops into a foreign country means declaring oneself an invader. This will cause general discontent and patriotic upsurge. It will be a different matter if a legitimate heir to the royal throne appears. In this case, the struggle for power will have a completely different character. She will be justified according to all laws and will find understanding in every soul.
In 1601, in the Polish lands, a boyar's son, Grigory Otrepiev, appeared. He announced to everyone that he was none other than Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich, who allegedly died in 1591 in Uglich. At the time of death, the heir to the throne was 8 years old. The death itself looked very strange. The child was playing with his peers and accidentally fell on a knife. It pierced his throat and the boy died.
There were persistent rumors that the death had nothing to do with an accident. Dmitry was killed on the orders of Boris Godunov. Thus, he eliminated a competitor to the throne, which he successfully took after the death of Tsar Fedor.
The impostor's statement about his alleged royal origin fell on fertile ground of doubts and assumptions. Researchers have always called this historical figure False Dmitry I. Whether he was in fact the boyar’s son Otrepiev - opinions differ here. Some considered him a Pole, some a Romanian, some a Lithuanian, but there were always many people who claimed that the impostor was Yuri from the Nelidov family - a boyar family that received the nickname “Otrepyevs”. In his youth he took monastic vows and began to be called Gregory.
The impostor initially did not find recognition either from the local nobility or from the Catholic Church. But being an active and resourceful person, he managed to interest the powers that be. In exchange for support, he promised the Pope that he would convert the Russian lands to Catholicism. This resonated in the soul of the holy father, and he gave his papal blessing to the good deed to restore justice and legitimate power in the Moscow state.
Other “piously-minded” individuals also followed the Pope. These were the richest Polish landowners. They provided the impostor with financial support, without which he would not have been able to begin the fight for the throne.
A motley crowd began to gather near False Dmitry. Polish and Lithuanian adventurers, Moscow emigrants who fled the regime of Boris Godunov; the Don Cossacks, dissatisfied with the harsh policies of the reigning person - they all gathered under the banner of the impostor. They had only one goal: to significantly improve their financial situation.
This army did not represent a large combat unit, but adventurism in this environment was decisive. In 1604, False Dmitry I with small forces crossed the Dnieper and went deeper into Russian lands.
To everyone's surprise, the fortress began to surrender to him without a fight. The people, tired of the Kremlin’s tough policies, removed the royal governors and recognized the impostor as the heir to the throne, Dmitry Ioannovich.
Those arrested and bound were taken to the newly-minted king, who showed mercy and forgave the captives. Rumors about the generosity of the rightful heir spread ahead of his army. Soon the governors themselves began to express a desire to surrender to the mercy of the advancing troops, which, as they moved deeper into the lands, were replenished with many willing ones.
It all ended with a meeting with regular royal troops. They were significantly superior to the troops of False Dmitry in numbers, discipline and organization. The completely defeated military units of the impostor fled shamefully, while the pretender to the throne himself took refuge in Putivl.
The only thing that saved him from capture and inevitable execution was that the residents of the surrounding areas rebelled. They settled in the city and declared that they would fight to the end for the “real king.” The assault did not break the resolve of the defenders, and soon Polish troops approached and diverted the main forces of the regular tsarist army to themselves.
All this contributed to the fact that False Dmitry again found himself at the head of military detachments. They were very quickly replenished with volunteers, but the main thing was that the impostor’s popularity among the Russian lands grew even faster. Tsar Boris Godunov was also rapidly losing support from all segments of the population.
It all ended with the fact that the next royal army, moved against the pretender to the throne, partially fled, and partially went over to the side of False Dmitry. The armed mass of people, no longer encountering any resistance, concentrated on the main goal. All detachments gathered into a single fist and turned towards Moscow.
The attempt to organize the defense of the capital failed. Nobody wanted to defend the existing regime anymore. Boris Godunov dies suddenly. A month and a half later, his teenage son Fyodor, a very smart and educated boy, and his mother Maria Belskaya are killed.
False Dmitry I solemnly enters Moscow on June 20, 1605. The people rejoice, many have tears of joy in their eyes. The new king is associated with the end of the hated regime. They expect from him the freedoms for which the Moscow state was famous before the accession of Ivan the Terrible.
The newly-crowned autocrat orders Boris Godunov's daughter Ksenia to be tonsured as a nun and Maria Naguya, the mother of Tsarevich Dmitry, to be brought to Moscow. She is brought in, and she publicly recognizes False Dmitry as her son.
Already on July 30, the coronation of False Dmitry I to the kingdom took place. It took place with a huge crowd of people and general joy, which, as subsequent events showed, was premature.
It all boiled down to the fact that the newly-crowned tsar was an ordinary puppet of the Catholic Church and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Soon Poles began to flock to Moscow in large numbers. They all expected various benefits from the autocrat, since they helped him seize power.
False Dmitry I fully met the expectations of his allies. Money flowed like a river from the royal treasury for various awards. Valuable gifts and presents began to be made. All this initially caused bewilderment among the Russian people, and then indignation.
The cup of patience was filled with the ceremonial entry into Moscow of the wife of the new tsar in early May 1606. She was (1588-1614) the daughter of the Polish governor Jerzy Mniszek. Five days later she was solemnly crowned king. Thus, she became the full-fledged queen of the Russian land.
But it must be said right away that Marina Mnishek did not fit into the environment in which she needed to stay for the rest of her life. The girl was a Catholic, and she was surrounded by Orthodox people. She did not know the elementary customs and mentality of those whom she, by the will of fate, was destined to command.
This is how Catholics bow to icons, while Orthodox Christians venerate them. Marina decided to show others that she respects their customs. She venerated the icon of the Mother of God. But she kissed the Mother of God not on the hand, as expected, but on the lips. This caused a shock among those present: where has it been seen that the Mother of God could be kissed on the lips?
Soon, however, all this disgrace and blasphemy came to an end. A conspiracy arose. It was headed by Prince Vasily Shuisky (1552-1612). False Dmitry I was captured by the conspirators and killed. His corpse was burned, the Tsar Cannon was loaded with ashes and fired towards Polish lands. This turned out to be the natural end of the impostor who set his sights on the Russian throne. Marina Mnishek was sent to Yaroslavl, where she spent two years. This ended the next stage of the Time of Troubles.
In 1604, a man posing as the miraculously saved son of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who is usually called False Dmitry I, enlisted the support of the Polish magnates Prince Vishnevetsky, the Sandomierz governor Yuri Mniszek, with a detachment of Ukrainian and Don Cossacks, Polish gentry and Russians who fled to Poland , invaded Seversk land.
In 1604, a man posing as the miraculously saved son of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who is usually called False Dmitry I (apparently, it was the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev), enlisted the support of the Polish magnates Prince Vishnevetsky, the Sandomierz governor Yuri Mnishek, with a detachment of Ukrainian and the Don Cossacks, Polish gentry and Russians, who fled to Poland, invaded the Seversk land. According to various sources, at the beginning of the campaign, False Dmitry had from 2 to 8 thousand people. On October 21, he occupied the first city on Russian territory - Moravsk (Moroviysk). Soon the gates of Chernigov were opened to the impostor. The people, devastated by several decades of wars and famine that plagued the country for several years in a row, wanted to see in the “miraculously saved Dmitry” a “good king” capable of leading them to prosperity. Tsar Boris at first underestimated the danger posed by False Dmitry and limited himself to announcing his imposture.
Meanwhile, the army of False Dmitry approached Novgorod-Seversky, which was defended by a garrison of 600 archers led by the okolnichy Basmanov. It was not possible to take the city; the besieged fought off all attacks. But Putivl recognized the power of the impostor without a fight. Godunov’s troops remained passive, while Rylsk and Sevsk, Belgorod and Kursk, Kromy, Livny, Yelets, Voronezh and a number of other cities took the side of False Dmitry. Seeing that the position of the Moscow government was deteriorating, and fearing that Rus' would be under Polish political influence, the Swedish king Charles IX, whose rights to the throne was disputed by the Polish king Sigismund, offered military assistance to Boris Godunov, but the Russian Tsar refused it.
Boris sent a message to Sigismund, accusing him of violating the terms of the truce. The Polish king denied the violation, stating that the Poles, Lithuanians and Ukrainian Cossacks who were in the troops of False Dmitry acted as private individuals, without the official approval of the royal authorities. In fact, the Polish government was interested in weakening Rus' and did not prevent the impostor from recruiting subjects of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into his troops. And the weakness of royal power in Poland did not allow it to interfere with the willful actions of the magnates.
Boris ordered Prince Mstislavsky to form an army in Kaluga. Six weeks later, he marched with an army to Bryansk, where he united with the army of governor Dmitry Shuisky. Together they went to the rescue of Basmanov. Under the command of the Russian governors there were up to 25 thousand people. At the Uzruy River they were met by a 15,000-strong army of the impostor. Some of Miloslavsky’s soldiers ran over to False Dmitry before the battle, but the governor Godunov still had an almost twofold numerical superiority. However, their army was not eager to engage in battle with someone who was suspected of being the legitimate heir to the throne.
The battle took place on December 21. The Russian army repulsed the first attack of the impostor's army, but could not withstand the repeated attack of the Polish cavalry against the regiment of the right hand. This regiment mixed with a larger regiment, and both of them retreated in disorder. The resilience of the left wing of the Russian army could not save the situation. Miloslavsky was wounded and barely escaped capture. The impostor did not dare to pursue the superior enemy forces. Miloslavsky's army took refuge in the forest, surrounding the camp with an earthen rampart.
The next day, 4 thousand foot Zaporozhye Cossacks arrived at False Dmitry and another 8 thousand-strong detachment with 14 guns was on the way. However, it was not possible to take Novgorod-Seversky, and the impostor retreated to Sevsk. Part of the Polish-Lithuanian troops left him and returned to Poland. Miloslavsky at this time went to Starodub. There he was joined by the army of Prince Vasily Shuisky, whom the tsar ordered to take decisive action and crush the impostor.
On January 21, 1605, a new battle took place near the village of Dobrynichi. Miloslavsky and Shuisky had about 30 thousand people, the impostor - 15 thousand, including 7 Polish horse banners and 3 thousand Don Cossacks. The artillery of the sides was approximately equal: 14 guns for the Russian troops, 13 for False Dmitry. The impostor learned that the entire enemy army had gathered for the night in one small village, and decided to suddenly attack, having previously set Dobrynichi on fire. However, Russian patrols caught the arsonists, and the tsarist troops managed to prepare for battle.
The guard regiment was attacked by the main forces of the impostor and thrown back to Dobrynichi. False Dmitry delivered the main blow to the enemy’s right wing, hoping to throw him back across the Sev River. His cavalry attacked in two lines. In the first line there were Polish banners, in the second there were Russian cavalry, which, to distinguish them from government troops, wore white shirts over their armor. Mstislavsky ordered his right wing to also go on the offensive to stop and overthrow the enemy. In the first line of Russian troops there were detachments of German and Dutch mercenaries. The impostor's cavalry pushed back the mercenary infantry, and then threw back the Russian cavalry standing behind it. After this, False Dmitry’s strike force attacked the center of Mstislavsky’s army - the archers who had settled in Dobrynichi behind carts of hay. They met the cavalrymen with fire from arquebuses and cannons and put the enemy to flight. The example of the cavalry was followed by the foot Cossacks on the right flank of False Dmitry, who decided that the battle was lost.
The Russian cavalry, seeing that the enemy was running, launched a counterattack and completed the rout. False Dmitry's reserve, consisting of a foot detachment of Don Cossacks and artillery, was surrounded and almost completely destroyed. The impostor's army was pursued for 8 km. He and the remnants of the army managed to escape to Rylsk. In the battle of Dobrynichi, False Dmitry lost 5-6 thousand killed and no less number captured, as well as all 13 of his guns. Miloslavsky's army lost 525 people killed.
However, Mstislavsky did not use his great success and did not organize a persistent pursuit of the defeated troops of the impostor. As a result, he escaped capture and again managed to gain a considerable number of supporters. From a military point of view, the battle of Dobrynichi is significant in that in it the Russian army (Mstislavsky) for the first time used a linear battle formation.
The tsarist army approached Rylsk only a few days later, when False Dmitry had already managed to flee to Putivl. The Poles were about to leave him, but the Russian supporters of the “named Dmitry,” who had nothing to lose except their own heads in case of defeat, insisted on continuing the fight. The impostor turned to Sigismund for help, but he refused to fight with Moscow. Then False Dmitry sent letters to the peasants and townspeople, promising them exemption from duties. In the southern steppes, many fugitive peasants accumulated, joining the army of the impostor. A 4,000-strong detachment of Don Cossacks returned to him, and the garrisons of Oskol, Valuyek, Belgorod, Tsarev-Borisov and some other cities went over to the side of False Dmitry.
Meanwhile, the tsarist commanders failed to take Rylsk, the garrison of which the impostor reinforced with 2 thousand of his Russian supporters and 500 Poles. Supply difficulties forced Miloslavsky to lift the siege after 15 days. Due to difficulties with the supply of food, he generally wanted to disband the army, but the king categorically forbade him to do this.
Mstislavsky's army was ordered to go to Kromy, where the garrison, which had gone over to the side of the impostor, was besieged by the army of governor Sheremetev. False Dmitry also sent 4 thousand Don Cossacks under the command of Ataman Korela to help the Kroms. The Cossacks forestalled Mstislavsky and at the end of February broke through to Kromy with a large supply of food. They moved on a sleigh through frozen swamps.
At the beginning of March, Mstislavsky approached Kromy. Government troops burned the wooden fortifications with artillery fire and captured the rampart, but then retreated for an unknown reason. The Cossacks took advantage of this, poured a new earthen rampart and surrounded the city with a moat. On the reverse slope of the rampart they dug dugouts where they hid from enemy cannonballs. Among the besiegers there were many supporters of False Dmitry, who secretly supplied Kromy with gunpowder and food.
The situation in the country changed dramatically after Tsar Boris suddenly died on April 13, 1605. He was succeeded by his 16-year-old son Fedor, but many boyars were afraid that he, lacking his father’s experience and intelligence, would not be able to cope with the turmoil. They were increasingly inclined to support the impostor, hoping that, having become king, he would be able to curb the Cossack and peasant freemen. The tsarist governor Basmanov arrived near Kromy with reinforcements. He formed a conspiracy in the army in favor of the impostor. When on May 7 the vanguard of False Dmitry, consisting of 3 Polish banners and 3 thousand Russian militias, approached Kromy, the entire tsarist army went over to his side. The path to Moscow was open. On June 10, False Dmitry entered the capital and was proclaimed king. Before this, the boyars strangled Tsar Fedor.
Together with False Dmitry came several thousand Poles, Lithuanians and Cossacks, who took up robbery, which the new tsar was in no hurry to stop. He lasted eleven months on the throne.
On May 2, 1606, the fiancée of False Dmitry Marina Mnishek arrived in Moscow, and with her a 2,000-strong Polish detachment. By that time, the people had already become disillusioned with the “good king,” who did not take any measures to alleviate the situation of the peasants, but only granted new lands to his most prominent supporters. The boyars were also burdened by the “thin king.” They plotted against False Dmitry. The arrival of a new detachment of Poles was used by the conspirators to stir up anti-Polish sentiments among Muscovites. People suspected False Dmitry of accepting Catholicism. On the night of May 17, an uprising broke out in the capital, during which many Poles, Lithuanians and other foreigners were killed. The Kremlin was captured by a crowd of people. The conspirators took advantage of the turmoil and killed False Dmitry, proclaiming Prince Vasily Shuisky king. The surviving Poles were released to their homeland, but all the captured booty was taken away from them.
Russian Civilization
Events at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. received the name "Time of Troubles". The causes of the unrest were the aggravation of social, class, dynastic and international relations at the end of the reign of Ivan 4 and under his successors.
“The chaos of the 70-80s. 16th century." Difficult economic crisis. The most economically developed center (Moscow) and north-west (Novgorod and Pskov) of the country have become desolate. One part of the population fled, the other died during the years of the oprichnina and the Livonian War. More than 50% of the arable land remained uncultivated. The tax burden increased sharply, prices increased 4 times. In 70-71 - plague epidemic. The farm economy lost its stability, and famine began in the country. Under these conditions, the landowners could not fulfill their duties to the state, and the latter did not have enough funds to wage war and govern the state. At the end of the 16th century. in Russia, in fact, on a state scale, a system of serfdom was established (the highest form of incomplete ownership of the feudal lord over the peasant, based on his attachment to the land of the feudal lord).
The Code of Law introduced Yuriev's autumn day - the time of peasant transitions. By the end of the 16th century. For the first time, “reserved summers” were introduced - years in which peasants were prohibited from crossing even on St. George’s Day. The introduction of the state system of serfdom led to a sharp aggravation of social contradictions in the country and created the basis for mass popular uprisings. The aggravation of social relations is 1 of the reasons for the troubled times.
Another reason The turmoil became a dynastic crisis. The oprichnina did not completely resolve the disagreements within the ruling class. The contradictions aggravated due to the end of the legitimate dynasty, which traced back to the legendary Rurik. After the death of Ivan 4, the middle son Fedor ascended the throne. But in fact, the tsar’s brother-in-law, boyar Boris Godunov, became the ruler of the state (Fyodor was married to his sister).
With the death of the childless Fyodor Ioannovich in 98. the old dynasty ended. At the Zemsky Sobor, B.G. was elected king. He pursued a successful foreign policy, continued his advance into Siberia, developed the southern regions of the country, and strengthened his position in the Caucasus. Under him, the patriarchate was established in Russia. Job, a supporter of Godunov, was elected the first Russian patriarch. However, the country was weakened and did not have the strength to conduct large-scale military operations. Its neighbors - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, Crimea and Türkiye - took advantage of this. The aggravation of international contradictions will become even more one of the reasons that broke out during the Time of Troubles events. The peasants increasingly expressed dissatisfaction and blamed B.G. for everything. The situation in the country has become even more aggravated due to crop failure. In a short time, prices increased more than 100 times. Mass epidemics began. Cases of cannibalism have been reported in Moscow. Rumors spread that the country was being punished for violating the order of succession to the throne, for the sins of Godunov. A fire broke out in the center of the country uprising of slaves(1603-1604) under the leadership of Cotton Crookshanks. It was brutally suppressed, and Khlopok was executed in Moscow.
Historians explained the Time of Troubles primarily by class conflicts. Therefore, in the events of those years, the Peasant War of the 17th century stood out primarily. Nowadays the events of the late 16th-17th centuries. har-yut as a civil war.
False Dmitry 1. In 1602 A man appeared in Lithuania posing as Tsarevich Dmitry. He told the Polish tycoon Adam Wisniewiecki about his royal blood. Voivode Yuri Mnishek became the patron of False Dmitry. The Polish magnates needed False Dmitry in order to begin aggression against Russia, disguising it with the appearance of a struggle to return the throne to the rightful heir. This was a hidden intervention. In fact, monk Gregory (in the world - minor nobleman Yuri Otrepiev) in his youth was a servant of Fyodor Romanov, after whose exile he became a monk. In Moscow he served under Patriarch Job. False Dmitry secretly converted to Catholicism and promised the Pope the distribution of Catholicism in Russia. L.1 also promised to transfer the Seversky and Smolensk lands, Novgorod and Pskov to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his bride Marina Mniszek. In 1604 the impostor launched a campaign against Moscow. B.G. dies unexpectedly. Tsar Fyodor Borisovich and his mother, at the request of the impostor, were arrested and secretly killed. In June 1605 False Dmitry was proclaimed king. However, the continuation of the serfdom policy, new extortions in order to obtain the funds promised to the Polish magnates, and the discontent of the Russian nobility led to the organization of a boyar conspiracy against him. In May 1606 an uprising broke out. L1. was killed. The boyar Tsar Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610) ascended the throne.
Regarding foreign policy, False Dmitry began to look for allies in Europe to start a war against the Ottoman Empire. In addition, he, according to some information, wanted to spread Catholicism in Rus' in order to improve relations not only with Poland, but throughout Western Europe. He himself was more supportive of the ideas of Protestantism, and considered Orthodoxy not the best form of Christianity and persecuted many Orthodox monks, considering them to be slackers (the maintenance of Orthodox monasteries was cut to a minimum).
A situation arose when the small middle class (low boyars and merchants) approved of the policies of False Dmitry, and the boyars, ordinary peasants and Don Cossacks (who helped the impostor, but received little for it) were only waiting for a reason to openly express their dissatisfaction.
In the end, the Cossacks rebelled and, under the leadership of a certain Ilya Korovin, moved to Moscow to express their discontent, and possibly overthrow the impostor. It must be said that Ilya Korovin himself was an impostor - in order to gather more Cossacks into his ranks, he introduced himself as Tsarevich Pyotr Fedorovich, the grandson of Ivan the Terrible, who in fact did not exist. He later became popularly known as False Peter, and also as Ileiko Muromets, quite possibly the prototype of the famous epic character Ilya Muromets(if this is so, then the epic hero was fundamentally different from the real person).
May 17, 1606 boyar Vasily Shuisky Accompanied by his associates, he entered the Moscow Kremlin with a sword and cross, calling for the persecution of the impostor. At the same moment, other boyars attacked False Dmitry in the palace. It is known for sure that False Dmitry was killed with a dagger by Pyotr Basmanov, the other circumstances of the death are contradictory, some of them include a long pursuit of False Dmitry, many injuries and other dramatic scenes with fiery speeches in the best traditions of Martin’s “Game of Thrones”.
One way or another, on May 17 (May 27, new style) 1606, False Dmitry I was killed, and after his death his body was desecrated and then burned. Most likely it was his ashes that were fired from the Tsar Cannon.
The image of Dmitry the impostor has long inspired literary figures - poets, writers and playwrights from different countries, including Alexander Pushkin, Schiller and Marina Tsvetaeva.
From that moment on, Vasily Shuisky became the ruler of Rus', but the Time of Troubles did not end there.
Political reasons: during the collection of lands, the Moscow principality turned into a vast state, which greatly advanced along the path of centralization in the 16th century. The social structure of society has changed significantly. The political crisis was aggravated by the dynastic crisis, which was not at all completed with the election of Boris Godunov. The idea of a legitimate, lawful monarch turned out to be integral to the concept of power. In order to enslave the peasants, “Reserved Summers” were introduced - years when the transition from feudal lord to feudal lord was prohibited. In 1597, a decree was passed on a five-year search for fugitive peasants.
Godunov suddenly died in May 1605. In June 1605, False Dmitry solemnly entered Moscow. False DmitryI is proclaimed king. The new tsar was not afraid to break many Orthodox traditions and openly demonstrated his commitment to Polish customs. This alarmed and later turned those around him against him. Very soon a conspiracy was drawn up, headed by V.I. Shuisky. But the plot failed. False Dmitry showed mercy and pardoned Shuisky, who was sentenced to death. however, he did not fulfill the promise given to the Poles (income from Novgorod land). The Poles plundered Russian lands and in May 1606 anti-Polish uprisings broke out in Moscow. False DmitryI killed and proclaimed king Vasily Shuisky.
After the death of False Dmitry, the boyar Tsar Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610) ascended the throne. He gave an obligation, formalized in the form of a kissing cross (kissed the cross), to preserve the privileges of the boyars, not to take away their estates and not to judge the boyars without the participation of the Boyar Duma. The nobility now tried to resolve the deep internal and external contradictions that had created with the help of the boyar king. One of Shuisky's most important affairs was the appointment of a patriarch. Patriarch Ignatius the Greek was stripped of his rank for supporting False Dmitry I. The Patriarchal throne was occupied by the outstanding patriot 70-year-old Kazan Metropolitan Hermogenes. In order to suppress rumors about the salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry, his remains were transferred by order of Vasily Shuisky three days after the coronation from Uglich to Moscow. The prince was canonized. By the summer of 1606, Vasily Shuisky managed to gain a foothold in Moscow, but the outskirts of the country continued to seethe. The political conflict generated by the struggle for power and the crown grew into a social one. The people, having finally lost faith in improving their situation, again opposed the authorities. In 1606-1607 An uprising broke out under the leadership of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, which many historians consider the peak of the Peasant War of the early 17th century.
Set out from Poland in the spring of 1608 False DmitryII and in 1609 he set up his camp in the Tushino region. The Swedes, whom Shuisky hired in exchange for the Korelsky volost, defeated the Tushentsev. In 1609, the Poles began an open intervention in Russia, and approached Moscow. In 1610 Shuisky was overthrown, the boyars seized power (“ Semi boyars"), who surrendered Moscow to the Poles and invited the Polish to the throne Prince Vladislav.
Having removed V. Shuisky from power on July 17, 1610, the Moscow aristocracy created its own government - "Seven Boyars"- and invited the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. The election of the heir to the Polish throne, Vladislav, by the Russian Tsar was stipulated by a number of conditions: Vladislav’s adoption of Orthodoxy and the crowning of the kingdom according to the Orthodox rite. Having converted to Orthodoxy, Vladislav lost the right to the Polish throne, which removed the threat of Russia's annexation to Poland. It was envisaged to introduce separation of powers. The king would be the head of state (limited monarchy with separation of powers).
