Most of the population of Siberia lives in. Indigenous peoples of western Siberia. Agriculture of Eastern Siberia
Areas in the depths russian territory, at a considerable distance from the developed Central regions.
The development of an area rich in a diverse range of natural resources (coal, metal ores, and) directly depends on the network of transport arteries. The main routes are the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railways, the waterway along. The natural and climatic conditions of the region are harsh (1/4 of the territory lies in the Arctic), therefore, its development requires large investments.
Natural resources of Eastern Siberia very rich. 70% of Russia's coal reserves are concentrated in Eastern Siberia. There are large deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores (copper, tin, tungsten, etc.). There are many non-metallic ones - asbestos, graphite, mica, salts. The resources of the Yenisei, Angara are huge; 20% of the world's fresh water is unique. The leading place is occupied by Eastern Siberia and in terms of timber reserves.
It is distributed extremely unevenly - the main part is concentrated in the south along, in the rest of the territory the settlement is focal - along and in the steppe intermontane basins. There is a deficit. The degree is high -72%, large cities - Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Chita, Norilsk.
Economy of Eastern Siberia... The development of the rich resources of Eastern Siberia is difficult due to the harsh natural conditions, the lack of a network and a shortage of labor resources. In the country's economy, the region stands out as a base for the production of cheap electricity.
Eastern Siberia specializes in the production of cheap electricity, timber and pulp and paper industries.
Eastern Siberia accounts for 1/4 of the gold mined in Russia.
On the basis of the use of cheap energy, petroleum products, sawmilling, coal, sodium chloride and potassium salts, chemical and. The region produces: chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, clays, mechanical rubber goods, chloroproducts. The centers are Achinsk and Angarsk. In Krasnoyarsk. In Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Lesosibirsk, Baikalsk, Selenginsk, woodworking and pulp and paper industries were built. Logging is carried out in the basins of the Yenisei and Angara. Timber is also transported along the Yenisei, and then along the Northern Sea Route to other areas.
The district produces equipment for the mining industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Cheremkhovo), harvesters, river boats, excavators (Krasnoyarsk), instruments, machine tools, electrical equipment.
The agro-industrial complex is developed mainly in the south of the region. specializes in grain farming and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Sheep breeding is developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva.
The leading place belongs to cereals. Spring wheat, oats, barley, fodder crops are cultivated, potatoes and vegetables are grown. In the north, deer are bred. Hunting and fishing are also developed.
It is represented by leather (Chita, Ulan-Ude), shoe (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kyzyl), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Chita), textile enterprises and wool production.
Transport. The most important routes in the region are the Transsib, BAM, Yenisei, as well as the Northern Sea Route along the northern coast.
Branches of specialization:
- Coal power engineering using brown coal, mined in the Kansk-Achinsk basin by the open method. Large thermal power plants - Nazarovskaya, Chitinskaya, Irkutskaya.
- Hydropower. The most powerful hydroelectric power plants in Russia were built on the Yenisei (Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk, on - Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk).
- Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by energy-intensive industries. Aluminum is smelted in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhovo, copper and nickel in Norilsk, and copper in Udokan.
- The chemical, oil and wood-chemical industries produce a variety of water-intensive products - plastics, chemical fibers, polymers. The raw materials are processed products (Angarsk, Usolye Sibirskoe) and wood (Krasnoyarsk).
- The timber and pulp and paper industries are developed in the Irkutsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where the largest industrial logging in the country is carried out. The largest plants were built in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseisk, Baikalsk.
Large TPK-Norilsk, Kansko-Achinsky, Bratsko-Ust-Ilimsky, Irkutsko-Cheremkhovsky were formed on the basis of interconnected production of coal - and hydropower, nonferrous metallurgy, timber and, as well as in Eastern Siberia.
The future of Eastern Siberia is associated with the formation of a transport network, new energy TPKs, the development of the manufacturing industry, including modern ones. The ecological situation in the areas of concentration of industrial production - Norilsk, the Baikal basin, along the BAM route is of great concern.
Video lesson “Eastern Siberia. Population and Economy ”will introduce you to the indigenous peoples of Eastern Siberia, their way of life and culture. In addition, the teacher will tell you about the largest cities of the East Siberian region and their role in political and economic life. From the lesson you will learn about the main sectors of the economy of Eastern Siberia, the geography of their location on the territory of the region.
Largest cities:Krasnoyarsk (1.03 million people), Irkutsk (600 thousand people), Ulan-Ude (412 thousand people).
Household.
Main branches of specialization:
1. non-ferrous metallurgy
2.coal industry
3.electricity
4.chemical industry
5. forest industry
6.fur trade
The economy of the East Siberian region is formed on the basis of its own natural resources. Eastern Siberia, in spite of its insufficient geological exploration, is distinguished by its exceptional wealth and wide variety of natural resources. Most of the hydropower resources and general geological coal reserves are concentrated here, there are unique deposits of non-ferrous, rare and noble metals (copper, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, gold, platinum, etc.), many types of non-metallic raw materials (mica, asbestos, talc, graphite, magnesite, fluorspar, etc.), large reserves of oil and natural gas were discovered. Eastern Siberia ranks first in Russian Federation by timber reserves.
Geological reserves of coal reach 3.7 trillion. tons, which is more than half of Russia's coal resources and twice the US coal resources. The most studied and developed are the Kansko-Achinsky, Minusinsky and Irkutsk coal basins. The Taimyr, Tunguska and Ulugkhem basins have not yet been sufficiently explored, let alone developed.
The Kansk-Achinsk coal basin stretches along the Trans-Siberian railway for a distance of about 800 km. The total geological reserves of coal in it amount to 640 billion tons. The main deposits of this basin are: Berezovskoe, Irsha-Borodinskoe, Nazarovskoe, Bogotolskoe, Abanskoe, Uryupskoe. Coals are brown, occur in thick layers (up to 100 m) and close to the surface, which allows them to be mined in an open way.
Minusinsk coal basin has geological coal reserves of 32.5 billion tons. It is located along the banks of the upper reaches of the Yenisei and its tributary Abakan in the Minusinsk depression. Coals are stone, they can be mined mainly by the mine method.
The reserves of the Irkutsk coal basin are estimated at 76.2 billion tons. The best quality coal of this basin is found in the Cheremkhovsky, Novo-Metelkinsky and Azeisky deposits.
Rich coal deposits have been discovered in Tuva. The Ulughem Basin with geological reserves of about 18 billion tons of coal stands out here, which is a good energy fuel and is characterized by a low ash and sulfur content. However, due to the lack of transport links with the industrial centers of Eastern Siberia, the basin is still only of local importance. Transbaikalia has significant coal reserves. In Buryatia, the largest deposits are Gusinoozerskoye, Nikolskoye, Tugunskoye. Coals are brown with a high yield of volatile combustible substances, as a result of which they can ignite spontaneously during long-term storage. Coals of the Chita region are also mostly brown. The main deposits are Kharanorskoye, Chernovskoye, Tarbagataiskoye. In the Bukachachinskoye deposit, hard coal.
The Tunguska coal basin occupies a large part (1 million sq. Km.) Of the Siberian platform between the Lena and Yenisei rivers. It is still poorly studied, and due to its inaccessibility and remoteness from industrial centers, it is not exploited (only coal is mined for the needs of Norilsk). However, according to estimates, the geological reserves of coal in the Tunguska basin are very large and amount to about 2299 billion tons. In the northern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, there is the Taimyr coal basin with a total reserves of 235 billion tons. It is still poorly studied due to the harsh natural climatic conditions and poor development of the transport network. Within the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is also a part of the Lensky coal basin - the Anabar-Khatangsky coal-bearing region with deposits of brown coal.
Oil was discovered in the 1960s near Ust-Kut near the village of Markovo. In subsequent years, oil and natural gas resources were discovered not only in the north of the Irkutsk region, but also in Evenkia, the Nizhne-Angarsk region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, but they are not yet commercially produced. There are also small reserves of oil shale.
In terms of the wealth of hydropower resources, Eastern Siberia ranks first in Russia. The basis for the development of the electric power industry is the coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin and the hydro potential of the rivers, primarily the Angara and Yenisei. The region provides more than 13% of the total Russian electricity production. It is also important that a significant proportion of energy is produced at hydroelectric power plants, which means that it has a relatively low cost. Energy-intensive industries are developing on the basis of cheap energy.
The main branch of specialization in Eastern Siberia is non-ferrous metallurgy. 1/3 of Russian non-ferrous metals are produced here. First of all, this is aluminum (3/4 of Russian production), as well as nickel and copper. In addition, Eastern Siberia is one of the main gold mining regions.
Pulp and paper production is also energy intensive. This production uses local forest and water resources. The basic branch of the formation of the economy is the electric power industry. The basis of the energy economy of the East Siberian region is made up of powerful hydroelectric power plants - Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, as well as Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk and the smaller Irkutsk on the Angara. On the basis of cheap brown coal, GRES ( thermal stations regional significance) - Nazarovskaya and Berezovskaya.
Figure: 2. Krasnoyarsk HPP ()
Aluminum production is located near the hydroelectric power station (a source of cheap electricity). The main centers are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Sayanogorsk. The production of copper, nickel, cobalt and other rare non-ferrous metals is represented in Norilsk.
Figure: 3. Metallurgical plant in Norilsk ()
The only oil refinery in Eastern Siberia is located in Angarsk. The most important centers of the timber industry are Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Lesosibirsk.
Spring wheat is grown in the steppe areas with fertile soils in the southern part of the district. On mountain pastures, semi-fine fleece sheep graze.
The ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Siberia is relatively homogeneous. 80% of the population are Russians, who began to develop the territory of Siberia from the end of the 16th century.
Homework:
P. 58, question 2.
1. Name and find on the map the main industrial centers of Eastern Siberia.
2. List the peoples of Eastern Siberia. Name largest cities district.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook for general education. uch. / V.P.Dronov, V. Ya. Rom. - M .: Bustard, 2011 .-- 285 p.
2. Geography. 9th grade: atlas. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M .: Bustard; DIK, 2011 - 56 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A. T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.
2. Ethnography: textbook / ed. Yu.V. Bromley, G.E. Markova. - M .: Higher school, 1982. - S. 320. Chapter 10. "Peoples of Siberia".
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., Rev. and finished. - M .: AST-PRESS SHKOLA, 2008 .-- 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam
1. Control and measuring materials. Geography: Grade 9 / Comp. E. A. Zhizhina. - M .: VAKO, 2012 .-- 112 p.
2. Thematic control. Geography. The nature of Russia. Grade 8 / N.E.Burgasova, S.V. Bannikov: textbook. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2010 .-- 144 p.
3. Tests in geography: grades 8-9: textbook ed. VP Dronova “Geography of Russia. Grades 8-9: a textbook for educational institutions "/ V. I. Evdokimov. - M .: Examination, 2009 .-- 109 p.
4. State final attestation of 9th grade graduates in a new form. Geography. 2013. Tutorial / V. V. Barabanov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2013 .-- 80 p.
5. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Study guide / A. A. Letyagin. - M .: OOO "Agency" KRPA "Olymp": Astrel, AST, 2001. - 284 p.
6. Study guide on geography. Tests and practical assignments in geography / I. A. Rodionova. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 1996 .-- 48 p.
7. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V. P. Bondarev. - M .: Examination, 2003 .-- 160 p.
8. Thematic tests to prepare for the final certification and USE. Geography. - M .: Balass, Ed. House of RAO, 2005 .-- 160 p.
Materials on the Internet
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Indigenous peoples of Siberia in modern world... Municipal budgetary educational institution "Gymnasium No. 17", Kemerovo Compiled by: teacher of history and social studies Kapustyanskaya T.N.
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The largest peoples before Russian colonization include the following peoples: Itelmens (indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka), Yukaghirs (inhabited the main territory of the tundra), Nivkhs (inhabitants of Sakhalin), Tuvinians (indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva), Siberian Tatars (located on the territory of Southern Siberia from Urals to the Yenisei) and Selkups (residents of Western Siberia).
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The Yakuts are the most numerous of the Siberian peoples. According to the latest data, the number of Yakuts is 478,100 people. In modern Russia, the Yakuts are one of the few nationalities that have their own republic, and its area is comparable to the area of \u200b\u200ban average European state. The Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) is geographically located in the Far Eastern Federal District, but the Yakut ethnic group has always been considered an indigenous Siberian people. The Yakuts have an interesting culture and traditions. This is one of the few peoples of Siberia that has its own epic.
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The Buryats are another Siberian people with their own republic. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude, located to the east of Lake Baikal. The number of Buryats is 461,389 people. Buryat cuisine is widely known in Siberia, which is rightfully considered one of the best among ethnic ones. The history of this people, its legends and traditions are quite interesting. By the way, the Republic of Buryatia is one of the main centers of Buddhism in Russia.
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Tuvans. According to the latest census, 263,934 identified themselves as representatives of the Tuvan people. The Tuva Republic is one of the four ethnic republics of the Siberian Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl with a population of 110 thousand people. The total population of the republic is approaching 300 thousand. Buddhism also flourishes here, and the traditions of Tuvans also speak of shamanism.
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Khakases are one of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, numbering 72,959 people. Today they have their own republic within the Siberian Federal District and with the capital in the city of Abakan. This ancient people have long lived on the lands west of the Great Lake (Baikal). He was never numerous, which did not prevent him from carrying his identity, culture and traditions through the centuries.
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Altaians. Their place of residence is quite compact - it is the Altai mountain system. Today Altaians live in two constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Altai and the Altai Territory. The population of the ethnos "Altaians" is about 71 thousand people, which allows us to speak of them as a fairly large people. Religion - Shamanism and Buddhism. The Altaians have their own epos and a pronounced national identity, which does not allow them to be confused with other Siberian peoples. This mountain people has a long history and interesting legends.
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The Nenets are one of the small Siberian peoples compactly living in the Kola Peninsula region. Its population of 44,640 people makes it possible to classify it as a small nation, whose traditions and culture are protected by the state. The Nenets are nomadic reindeer herders. They belong to the so-called Samoyed folk group. Over the years of the 20th century, the number of Nenets has approximately doubled, which indicates the effectiveness of state policy in the field of preserving small peoples of the North. The Nenets have their own language and oral epic.
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The Evenks are a people predominantly living on the territory of the Sakha Republic. The number of this people in Russia is 38,396 people, some of whom live in the regions adjacent to Yakutia. It should be said that this is about half of the total population of the ethnos - about the same number of Evenks live in China and Mongolia. The Evenks are a people of the Manchu group that do not have their own language and epic. Tungus is considered the native language of the Evenks. Evenki are born hunters and trackers.
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Khanty is the indigenous people of Siberia, belonging to the Ugric group. Most of the Khanty live in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Ural Federal Okrug of Russia. The total number of Khanty is 30,943 people. About 35% of the Khanty live in the Siberian Federal District, with the lion's share of them in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. The traditional occupations of the Khanty are fishing, hunting and reindeer herding. The ancestral religion is shamanism, but recently more and more Khanty consider themselves to be Orthodox Christians.
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The Evens are a people related to the Evenks. According to one version, they represent the Evenk group, which was cut off from the main halo of residence by the Yakuts advancing south. A long time away from the main ethnos made the Evens a separate people. Today their number is 21 830 people. The language is Tungus. Place of residence - Kamchatka, Magadan region, Republic of Sakha.
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The Chukchi are a nomadic Siberian people who are mainly engaged in reindeer husbandry and live in the Chukchi Peninsula. Their number is about 16 thousand people. The Chukchi belong to the Mongoloid race and, according to many anthropologists, are the indigenous aborigines of the Far North. The main religion is animism. Indigenous trades are hunting and reindeer herding.
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The Shors are a Turkic-speaking people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia, mainly in the south of the Kemerovo region (in Tashtagolsky, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensky, Myskovsky, Osinnikovsky and other districts). Their number is about 13 thousand people. The main religion is shamanism. The Shor epic is of scientific interest primarily for its originality and antiquity. The history of the people dates back to the 6th century. Today, the traditions of the Shors have survived only in Sheregesh, since most of the ethnic group moved to cities and largely assimilated.
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Muncie. This people has been known to Russians since the beginning of the foundation of Siberia. Even Ivan the Terrible sent a host against the Mansi, which suggests that they were quite numerous and strong. The self-name of this people is Voguls. They have their own language, a fairly developed epic. Today their place of residence is the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. According to the latest census, 12,269 people identified themselves as belonging to the Mansi ethnic group.
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The Nanais are a small people living along the banks of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. Belonging to the Baikal ethnotype, the Nanais are rightfully considered one of the most ancient indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Today the number of Nanai in Russia is 12,160 people. The Nanai have their own language, which is rooted in Tungus. The writing system exists only among the Russian Nanais and is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
According to researchers from different regions, the indigenous peoples of Siberia settled in this area in the late Paleolithic era. This time is characterized by the greatest development of hunting as a trade.
Today, most of the tribes and peoples of this region are small and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with such an area of \u200b\u200bthe geography of our Motherland as the peoples of Siberia. Photos of representatives, language features and housekeeping will be given in the article.
Understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the versatility of peoples and, possibly, awaken in readers an interest in travel and unusual impressions.
Ethnogenesis
The Mongoloid type of man is represented practically throughout the entire territory of Siberia. It is considered its homeland. After the glacier began to retreat, people with such facial features settled in the region. In that era, cattle breeding was not yet developed to a significant extent, therefore, hunting became the main occupation of the population.
If we study the map of Siberia, we will see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tunguska, Mongolian and Turkic languages \u200b\u200bon the one hand - and Samoyed Ugric on the other.
Socio-economic features
The peoples of Siberia and the Far East, before the development of this region by the Russians, basically had a similar way of life. First, tribal relations were widespread. Traditions were kept within the framework of individual settlements, marriages tried not to spread outside the tribe.
Classes were divided depending on the place of residence. If there was a large waterway nearby, then there were often settlements of sedentary fishermen, among whom agriculture was born. The main population was engaged exclusively in cattle breeding, for example, reindeer herding was very widespread.
It is convenient to breed these animals not only because of meat, unpretentiousness in food, but also because of their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed such peoples as, for example, the Evenks, to be good riders and warriors in comfortable clothes.
After the arrival of firearms in these territories, the way of life has changed significantly.
Spiritual realm of life
The ancient peoples of Siberia are still adherents of shamanism. Although over many centuries it has undergone various changes, it has not lost its strength. The Buryats, for example, first added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.
Most of the rest of the tribes were formally baptized in the period after the eighteenth century. But this is all official data. If we drive through the villages and settlements where small peoples of Siberia live, we will see a completely different picture. Most adhere to the centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovations, the rest combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.
Especially these facets of life are manifested on national holidays, when attributes of different beliefs are encountered. They intertwine and create a unique pattern of the authentic culture of this or that tribe.
Aleuts
They call themselves Unangan, and their neighbors (Eskimos) - Alakshak. The total population barely reaches twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the northern United States and Canada.
Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. True, there are two points of view on their origin. Some consider them to be an independent ethnic formation, others - that they stood out from among the Eskimos.
Before this people got acquainted with Orthodoxy, of which they adhere today, the Aleuts professed a mixture of shamanism and animism. The main shamanic costume was in the form of a bird, and the spirits of various elements and phenomena were represented by wooden masks.
Today they worship a single god, which in their language is called Agugum and is a complete compliance with all the canons of Christianity.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, as we will see later, many small peoples of Siberia are represented, but these live only in one settlement - the village of Nikolskoye.
Itelmens
Self-name comes from the word "Itenmen", which means "the person who lives here", local, in other words.
You can meet them in the west and in the Magadan region. The total number is a little more than three thousand people, judging by the 2002 census.
By appearance they are closer to the Pacific type, but still have clear features of the northern Mongoloids.
The initial religion is animism and fetishism, the Raven was considered the first ancestor. It is customary to bury the dead at the Itelmens according to the rite of "air burial". The deceased is suspended before decay in a tree house or laid on a special platform. This tradition can boast not only the peoples of Eastern Siberia, it was spread in ancient times even in the Caucasus and North America.
The most common trade is fishing and hunting for coastal mammals such as seals. Besides, gathering is widespread.
Kamchadals
Not all peoples of Siberia and the Far East are aborigines, an example of this is the Kamchadals. Actually, this is not an independent nationality, but a mixture of Russian settlers with local tribes.
Their language is Russian with admixtures of local dialects. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Siberia. These include Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan region, the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
Judging by the census, their total number fluctuates around two and a half thousand people.
Actually, as such Kamchadals appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and traders were intensively establishing contacts with the locals, some of them married Itelmen women and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.
Thus, the descendants of precisely these inter-tribal unions bear the name of Kamchadals today.
Koryaks
If you start listing the peoples of Siberia, the Koryaks will not take the last place in the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.
In fact, this is not a single people, but several tribes. They call themselves soapy or chavchuven. According to the census, today their number is about nine thousand people.
Kamchatka, Chukotka and Magadan Region are the territories of residence of representatives of these tribes.
If classified based on lifestyle, they are divided into coastal and tundra.
The first are nymylans. They speak the Alyutor language and are engaged in sea crafts - fishing and hunting seals. Kereks are close to them in culture and way of life. This people is characterized by a settled life.
The second are the nomads Chavchiv (reindeer herders). Their language is Koryak. They live in the Penzhinskaya Bay, Taigonos and adjacent territories.
A characteristic feature that distinguishes the Koryaks, like some other peoples of Siberia, is the yarangi. These are mobile cone-shaped dwellings made of skins.
Muncie
If we talk about the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, one cannot fail to mention the Ural-Yukaghir region. The most prominent representatives of this group are the Mansi.
The self-name of this people is the Mensy or Voguls. "Mansi" in their language means "man".
This group was formed as a result of the assimilation of the Uralic and Ugric tribes in the Neolithic era. The former were sedentary hunters, the latter were nomadic herders. This duality of culture and economy continues to this day.
The earliest contacts with western neighbors were in the eleventh century. At this time, the Mansi get acquainted with the Komi and Novgorodians. After joining Russia, the colonization policy intensifies. By the end of the seventeenth century, they were pushed back to the northeast, and in the eighteenth they formally adopted Christianity.
Today there are two phratries in this people. The first is called Por, he considers the Bear to be his ancestor, and it is based on the Urals. The second is called Mos, its founder is the woman Kaltashch, and the majority in this phratry belongs to the Ugrians.
A characteristic feature is that only cross marriages between phratries are recognized. Only a few indigenous peoples of Western Siberia have this tradition.
Nanai
In ancient times they were known under the name of Goldy, and one of the most famous representatives of this people was Dersu Uzala.
Judging by the population census, there are slightly more than twenty thousand of them. They live along the Amur in the territory of the Russian Federation and China. The language is Nanai. Cyrillic is used on the territory of Russia, in China - the language is unwritten.
These peoples of Siberia became famous thanks to Khabarov, who explored this region in the seventeenth century. Some scholars consider them to be the ancestors of the settled farmers of the Duchers. But most are inclined to believe that the Nanai simply came to these lands.
In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of borders along the Amur River, many representatives of this people turned out to be citizens of two states overnight.
Nenets
When listing the peoples, it is impossible not to dwell on the Nenets. This word, like many of the names of the tribes of these territories, means "man". Judging by the data of the All-Russian population census, more than forty thousand people live from Taimyr to theirs. Thus, it turns out that the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.
They are divided into two groups. The first is tundra, the majority of which are, the second is forest (there are few of them). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one will not understand the other.
Like all peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets have features of both Mongoloids and Caucasians. Moreover, the closer to the east, the less European signs remain.
The basis of the economy of this people is reindeer herding and, to a small extent, fishing. The main dish is corned beef, but the cuisine is replete with raw cow and deer meat. Thanks to the vitamins contained in the blood, the Nenets do not have scurvy, but such exoticism is rarely to the taste of guests and tourists.
Chukchi
If we think about what peoples lived in Siberia, and approach this issue from the point of view of anthropology, we will see several ways of settlement. Some tribes came from Central Asia, others from the northern islands and Alaska. Only a small fraction are locals.
The Chukchi, or luoravetlan, as they call themselves, are similar in appearance to the Itelmen and Eskimos and have facial features, as in It prompts reflections on their origin.
They met Russians in the seventeenth century and fought a bloody war for more than a hundred years. As a result, they were pushed back beyond the Kolyma.
The Anyui fortress, where the garrison moved after the fall of the Anadyr fortress, became an important trading point. The fair in this stronghold had a turnover of hundreds of thousands of rubles.
A richer group of Chukchi - the Chauchu (reindeer herders) - brought skins here for sale. The second part of the population was called ankalyn (dog breeders), they roamed in the north of Chukotka and led a simpler economy.
Eskimos
The self-name of this people is Inuit, and the word "Eskimo" means "one who eats raw fish." So they were called by the neighbors of their tribes - the American Indians.
Researchers distinguish this people into a special "Arctic" race. They are very adapted to life in this area and inhabit the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.
Judging by the 2002 census, there are only about two thousand people in the Russian Federation. Most of them live in Canada and Alaska.
The Inuit religion is animism, and tambourines are a sacred relic in every family.
For exotic lovers it will be interesting to learn about the igunaka. This is a special dish that is deadly for anyone who hasn't eaten it since childhood. In fact, this is the rotting meat of a slaughtered deer or walrus (seal), which was kept under gravel pressure for several months.
Thus, in this article we have studied some of the peoples of Siberia. We got acquainted with their real names, peculiarities of beliefs, economy and culture.
Eastern Siberia is a territorial unit of Russia, which is located west of the Yenisei. The eastern border of the region is the watershed ridges that run along the Pacific coast.
The rich lands of Eastern Siberia have a huge potential for industrial development, but today they are used less than 10%.
Population
Among all regions of Siberia, only the East is characterized by depopulation of the population. A decrease in the number of inhabitants by 2.5% of every 1000 people is recorded annually. Even such a small figure leads to the fact that some areas of Eastern Siberia are close to the fact that they will not be populated in the coming years.
As for the average population density in the region, it is 4 times lower, similar to the indicator for the country. Moreover, in the Evenki district, this figure is 3 people. Per 100 km 2, while in the southern part of the region the population is even higher than the national average. By ethnicity, the indigenous people of the region are carriers of many nationalities and cultures. The mixing of ethnic groups took place for several centuries, so it is rather difficult to determine the belonging of the modern population to any of them. According to the territorial binding of eastern Siberia, the peoples of the Turkic, Mongolian and other groups live.
Industry of Eastern Siberia
Despite its small population, Eastern Siberia is a well-developed industrial region with a specialized structure. The peculiarity is that the production direction of each region is conditioned by the availability of the resource base.
All industrial East Siberian centers are settlements in which several areas of the same industry are developed. The only exceptions are a few of the largest cities in which the industry has a more complex structure. Only such cities as Chita, Krasnoyarsk, and Irkutsk were able to develop several sectoral areas, thanks to the availability of a railway connection.
The most developed area of \u200b\u200bindustry in Eastern Siberia is non-ferrous metallurgy, the share of which amounted to about 30% of the country's total indicators. Processing of raw materials is carried out at several mid-level enterprises.
The second industry, which is of great importance for the country, is wood and paper production. The products of this branch of Eastern Siberia account for 17% of the total state volume.
In general, the region is rich in natural resources and has all the prerequisites for active industrial development. But while there are more economically profitable and transport accessible deposits, Eastern Siberia remains an undeveloped and sparsely populated region of the country.
Agriculture of Eastern Siberia
The agro-industrial complex of the eastern part of Siberia is represented by several areas, including plant growing, fishing, animal husbandry and other types of agricultural industries. A quarter of the region's population is involved in agriculture.
Most of the land allocated for agricultural land in the region falls on pastures and hayfields, which contributes to the development of meat and dairy farming.
In some areas, they specialize in sheep development and wool harvesting. As for agriculture, most of all in the region it is aimed at growing the main grain crops, in particular wheat, barley, oats and others.
The richness of the flora and fauna of the region, allowed the villagers, in addition to the main areas of agriculture, to benefit from other types of fishing. Including from picking mushrooms and berries, hunting, fishing and others.
