Voiced consonants. In my word, all consonants are voiced Unpaired unvoiced consonants
All consonant sounds in Russian are divided into hard and soft and into voiceless and voiced. What is the difference between voiced consonants? Our article answers this question.
How voiced sounds are formed
In the process of forming a consonant sound, not only the voice is involved, but also various noises. They arise due to the fact that various obstacles are formed in the mouth, which are then overcome by the flow of air. For example, when pronouncing the sound [b], we close our lips, and the exhaled air forcefully breaks this barrier.
Children studying Russian in the third grade distinguish sounds by deafness-voicedness only in this way. But sometimes schoolchildren in grades 5 - 6 also distinguish sonorous (very sonorous) and hissing. In the latter, there is no voice at all - only noise (with the exception of F).
For example, the voiced consonant at the beginning of the word "lynx" is sonorous, and the voiceless one at the beginning of the word "pike" is hissing.
The sonorous consonants "l" and "r" can even take on some vowel functions and form a syllable. This happens, for example, in the word "meaning" (therefore, it is sometimes mistakenly written "meaning").
How to distinguish a ringing sound
There are several signs by which a voiced consonant can be distinguished.
You can pronounce the sound out loud by placing your hand on your throat in the area of \u200b\u200bthe vocal cords; if vibration is felt, the sound is ringing.
You can simply memorize voiceless and voiced consonants. Or remember, relying on pairs for deafness-voicedness.
There are mnemonic formulas that allow you to remember the voiceless and voiced. This is a phrase or word where all sounds are either deaf or voiced. Let us give examples of such formulas.
- Deaf: Styopka, do you want some shchets? - Fi. (In this phrase, all sounds are deaf)
- Voiced: Normal (sonorous only)
Paired and unpaired voiced consonants
Most voiced consonants are deaf-voiced pairs. In the table below, in the upper row, all voiced sounds are given, and in the lower row - paired deaf sounds. If there is a dash in one row or another, then the sound is unpaired.
Sounding and stunning
In the flow of speech, sounds depend on their "neighbors", so they can change their quality under the influence of the environment.
Several phenomena are possible in Russian:
- Stunning
- Assimilation(assimilation) by deafness-voicedness.
Stunning occurs at the end of a word. A voiced consonant at the absolute end of a word is pronounced as its own voiceless pair. for example, [gr'ip] (mushroom).
Assimilation occurs in the middle of the word. In Russian, the sound is influenced by the neighbor on the right. Most often, a voiced sound becomes deaf due to the fact that it is adjacent to another deaf sound. Examples of assimilation: tub, riddle. Less often, the consonant becomes voiced for the company. For example, a request [prose'ba].
Similar processes occur in different languages, but in different ways. For example, in the Chuvash language, a voiceless consonant, being between two vowels, becomes voiced.
How to check a questionable consonant
Due to these linguistic processes, consonants in some positions become dissimilar to themselves. Therefore, they need to be checked.
To determine which sound, voiceless or voiced, you need to write in a given word, you should change the word or choose a single root so that after the consonant there is a vowel. for example, pillar-pillars, mow-mow, pointer-point.
The absolute end of a word is not a strong position to distinguish consonants by voicelessness.
There are words that cannot be verified. for example, football, backpack, etc. They must be memorized or looked up in a dictionary.
What have we learned?
From the article, we learned that consonant sounds in Russian are voiced and voiceless. To form a voiced consonant, you need more voice than noise. We learned which sounds make up a deaf-voiced pair, and which ones do not. We learned what sonorous and hissing sounds are.
Test by topic
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Answers:
1 - b; 2 - c, e; 3 - a, d; 4 - b, d; 5 - b; 6 - g; 7 - b; 8 - 1) a, 2) a, 3) b, 4) b; 9 - and; 10 - b; 11 - 1) b, 2) a, 3) b, 4) b, 5) a; 12 - in; 13 - and; 14 - b, c; 15 - 1) b, 2) b, 3) c, 4) a, 5) b, 6) b; 16 - g; 17 - in, d; 18 - in.
Lesson number 11 Test work number 2 on the topic "Phonetics"
Test
Option 1
1. In what words are all consonants voiced?
a) shore; c) again;
b) butter; d) seaside.
a) inter-institutional; to the circus;
b) to the results; d) clean.
3. What word has four sounds?
a) you sew; c) sing;
b) flax; d) the core.
4. What word contains the sound [d]?
a) case; c) horseshoe;
b) dropped it; d) seventeen.
5. In which elephant is there no sound [h]?
a) pass; c) I go;
b) riding; d) the station.
6. Which elephant does not have a consonant sound [ j]?
a) postman; c) sings;
b) flight; d) pouring.
7. Which bishop has the wrong emphasis? Correct the mistake.
a) began; c) ávgustovsky;
b) cement; d) wholesale.
8. In which word is the selected consonant pronounced firmly?
a) academy; c) trend;
b) term; d) tenor.
9. Divide words into syllables.
Mike, opening, classmate, epic, pre-jubilee.
Indicate all possible hyphenation of the word "discovery".
10. Perform phonetic analysis of the following words.
Shine, shop, soft.
Option 2
1. In what word are all voiced consonants?
a) frost; c) suddenly;
b) deep; d) resentment.
2. In what word or combination of words is there no sound [s]?
a) compasses; c) personal;
b) at the institute; d) live.
3. In which row of words are there more sounds than letters?
a) weeds, only; c) rain, southern;
b) at night, south; d) singing, furious.
4. In which row in all words is the sound [k]?
a) suddenly, soft; c) circumference, mileage;
b) throw it to the house; d) to the point, ride.
5. In which words is there no sound [f]?
a) life, a book; c) landscape, friendship;
b) a defector, a gatehouse; d) smear, juggle!
6. In which word there is no sound [ j]?
a) jasper; c) to solder;
b) borrow; d) Jamaica.
7. What word is stressed incorrectly? Correct the mistake
a) provision; c) open up;
b) grow moldy; d) scribble.
a) terrace; c) test;
b) timbre; d) a sandwich.
9. Divide words into syllables.
Outline, saturday, notorious, like, take.
Indicate all possible variants of the transfer of the elephant "outline".
Light, eaten, swirl.
Option 3
1. In what words are all consonant sounds deaf?
a) shore; c) swing;
b) butter; d) write it down.
2. In what word or combination of words is there no sound [s]?
a) flimsy; c) uninteresting;
b) everyday; d) nation.
3. Which word contains more letters than sounds?
a) meat; c) fight;
b) drinks; d) herringbone.
4. In what word does the stunning occur?
a) match; c) globe;
b) grass; d) do it.
5. In which word is there no sound [d]?
a) a gift; c) door;
b) drive up; d) disaster.
6. What word does not have a consonant sound [u]?
a) a loader; c) pilot;
b) a cabman; d) sawyer.
7. And which word is incorrectly stressed? Correct the mistake
a) scanty; c) ávgustovsky;
b) catalog; d) call.
8. In which word is the highlighted consonant pronounced softly?
a) academy; c) disorientate;
b) deck; d) thesis.
9. Divide words into syllables.
Check out, steel, hunter, old, prehistory.
Indicate all possible hyphenation of the word "background".
10. Perform phonetic analysis of the following words.
Singing, book, swimming.
Codifier
Skill number | Testable skill | Job No. |
Identify voiced consonants | ||
Determine which word has no sound [s] | ||
Determine which word has 4 sounds | ||
Determine a word that has a sound [d] | ||
Which elephant has no sound [h] | ||
Determine which word does not contain [th ’] | ||
Correct mistake | ||
Determine in which word the selected consonant is pronounced firmly | ||
Divide words into syllables | ||
Perform phonetic parsing of words |
Analysis scheme
Job No. | Surname, name of the student Student actions | |||||||
Identified voiced consonants | ||||||||
Identified absence[s] | ||||||||
Defined a word with 4 sounds | ||||||||
Defined a word with sound [d] | ||||||||
Defined a word without sound [h] | ||||||||
Determined the word without sound [th ’] | ||||||||
Bug fixed | ||||||||
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Voiced and voiceless consonants
Let's remember how the sounds of speech are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs along the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.
Let's conduct an experiment: we pinch our ears and say the sound [n], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments pulled tight and began to tremble. This tremor turned into a voice. My ears rang a little.
You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists called such sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.
Consonant sounds paired in voicing-deafness
Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the way of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: on the first floor, muffled sounds will live, and on the second - voiced. Inhabitants of the first house:
| [b] | [d] | [h] | [g] | [in] | [f] |
| [P] | [t] | [with] | [to] | [f] | [w] |
These consonants are called paired by voicing - deafness.
Figure: 1. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants (Source)
They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same way: the lips are folded in the same way, the tongue moves in the same way. But they also have pairs in terms of softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.
| [b] | [b ’] | [d] | [d '] | [h] | [z '] | [g] | [g ’] | [in] | [in'] | [f] |
| [P] | [P'] | [t] | [t ’] | [with] | [with'] | [to] | [to'] | [f] | [f ’] | [w] |
The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always solid... And they are also called hissing sounds.
All these sounds are indicated by letters:
Unpaired voiced consonants
But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonants in our houses.
To the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:
Recall that the sound [th ’] always only soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are designated in writing by letters:
(ale)
(and short)
The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonorous" in translation from the Latin "sonorus" means voiced.
Unpaired voiceless consonants
We will settle in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:
| [x] | [x ’] | [c] | [h ’] | [u ’] |
Remember that the sound [c] is always solid, a [h ’] and [u’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonants are denoted in writing by letters:
Sounds [h ’], [u’] - hissing sounds.
So we populated our city of consonants and letters. Now it is immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.
Figure: 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants (Source)
Consolidation of knowledge in practice
1. Consider pictures and transform one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: let's remember the pairs of consonants.
d point - point
b points - kidney
w ar - heat
fishing rod - duck
2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonants, they are called charades. Try to guess them:
1) I pour into the field with a voiceless consonant,
With a ringing - I ring myself in the open . (Ear is a voice)
2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a ringing - it eats leaves. (Scythe is a goat)
3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
It happens with the letter "el" in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)
In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing sounds, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:
- Six mice rustle in the reeds.
- A hedgehog has a hedgehog, a snake has a snag.
- Two puppies chewed on a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.
So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and voiceless and how these sounds are indicated in writing.
There are 21 consonant letters and 36 consonant sounds in Russian. Consonant letters and corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [d], d - [d], g - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], p - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of hard and soft, voiceless and voiced consonants by pair-unpaired: voiceless - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonants and consonants of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [con '] - con [con], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].
For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If a consonant letter in different words means either soft or hard sound, then the sound belongs to paired ones. For example, in the word cat the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ’]. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [в] and [к '] do not make up a pair in terms of hardness-softness, but they make up a pair [в] - [в ’]. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it refers to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [w] is always solid. There are no words in the Russian language where it would be soft [f ']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w '], it refers to unpaired.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds are voiced and deaf. Thanks to voiced and voiceless consonants, we distinguish between words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Voiceless consonants are pronounced with their mouths closed; when pronouncing them, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.
Some consonants have a similar sound in the way of pronunciation, but pronounced with a different tonality - dull or loud. Such sounds are combined into pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.
- paired consonants: b-p, w-f, g-k, d-t, z-s, zh-w.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, y, c, x, h, sch.
Sonorous, noisy and hissing consonants
Sonorous - voiced unpaired consonants. Sonorous sounds 9: [’], [l], [l’], [m], [m ’], [n], [n’], [p], [p ’].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:
- Noisy deaf consonants (16): [k], [k '], [n], [n'], [s], [s '], [t], [t'], [f], [f '], [x], [x'], [q], [h '], [w], [u'];
- Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [z ], [h '].
Hissing consonants (4): [w], [h ’], [w], [w’].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonant sounds (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The above tables show the division. Let's summarize everything with the scheme:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonants.
To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know vowel sounds and phonetic rules.
Be sure to write words with the letter ё through ё. Phonetic analysis of the words "hedgehog" and "hedgehog" will be different!
In Russian, there are words consisting only of voiced consonants, for example: howl, fit, knowledge, flowerpot, fence, yard, yard, frozen, ice cream, entreaty, friendship, groovy, distributed.
You can add words to this list in which voicing of voiceless consonants occurs:
selection, chop, slowed down, collection, harness, fence off, cut off, station, spin.
In Russian there are many words in which all consonants are voiced. These are words such as, for example, ship, ballerina, comb, sight, lemon, lemon, wood, wood, dawn, young, and many others.
Words in which all consonants are voiced there will be the following (examples):
- gallery
- real
- grimm
- iron
- tree
- log
- banner
- thunderstorm
- city, beard
- fashion, model
- puddle, meadow
- shin
- wife, toad,
- sparrow
- war
- fashionable
- tan
- lemon
- collection (collection)
There are many words in Russian that consist only of voiced consonants. we will give examples of such words: knowing, shin, lemon, sea, lemon, tan, meadows, wood, iron, bazaar, fashion, ice cream, knowledge, thunder, ballerina, fence, ship.
Here are some examples of words in which all consonants will be voiced:
Probably, it means that the vowel sounds in these words are still present, just consonants - only voiced. There are quite a few such words in our language, they are very different, I will give a few of them for example: lawn, howl, rose, mimosa, thunder, piled up, clamp, slaughter, log and many others.
In Russian, the following consonants are voiced: B, C, G, D, F, Z, Y, L, M, N, R. Of course, a word cannot be composed of consonants, but there are words that contain only voiced consonants : fight, year, verb, zombie, district, etc.
In Russian, there are words consisting only of voiced consonants. As an example, we will give the following words: fence, yard, frozen, tan, banner, friendship, groovy, thunder, thunderstorm, sparrow, wife, sea, hole, gallery.
In Russian, there are quite a few words in which only voiced consonants, for example: ringing, howl, dawn, knowledge, fish, mountain, fence, yard, ice cream, friendship, gallery, sparrow, wife, thunder, thunderstorm, fashion, bazaar.
There are a lot of such words in Russian. You can even come up with an algorithm for their creation. Voiced consonants do not form pairs - l, m, p, d. That is, these letters can stand both at the beginning of a word and at the end without a vowel and not be stunned.
For example: mom, llama, sea, rum, swarm, scrap, bark.
And you can also take other voiced consonants, just make sure that the sound does not become deaf - bazaar, mountain, fashion, ice cream.
