PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF TRAINING, EDUCATION AND PERSONALITY FORMATION

UDC 152.3 T.TS. Tudupova

MONOGRAPHIC METHOD AND ITS POSSIBILITIES IN STUDYING THE DIRECTION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A TEENAGER

The analysis of the possibilities of using the monographic method in the study of the orientation of the personality of a teenager is given. The characteristics of adolescents with different personality orientations are given.

Key words: personality orientation, monographic method, adolescence, life-meaning and value orientations.

MONOGRAPHIC METHOD AND ITS POSSIBILITIES IN STUDY OF TEENAGERS ’PERSONAL ORIENTATIONS

The possibilities of monographic method application in a studying of adolescent’s are analyzed. The characteristics of adolescents with different personal orientation are shown.

Keywords: orientation of personality, monographic method, adolescence, orientations of life meaning and value orientations.

There are two general methods of studying personality: nomothetic and monographic (or idiographic). The first method is more often used to obtain general patterns related to the structure of personality; it makes it possible to use quantitative indicators processed using variation statistics. Of course, this method is distinguished by its objectivity. At the same time, it is impossible to restrict oneself to the nomothetic method in the study of personality, since it is impossible to understand a personality if there is no qualitative analysis and there are no indicators of the dynamics of certain personality traits. And it is absolutely difficult to ensure the reliability of psychological diagnostics, especially the forecast, using the nomothetic method. Hence, it becomes necessary to apply the monographic method. In contrast to nomothetic, this method is designed for a comprehensive study of a specific person, what it has in common with other personalities and the special, individual; a study that gives not just slices of personality, but also its dynamics in connection with the conditions in which it is formed.

The first to whom the merit of carrying out and scientifically grounded propaganda of this method belongs is A.F. Lazursky. Although he did not use the terms "idiographic" or "monographic" method, in his books "Classification of Persons" and "School Characteristics" he provided concrete and vivid examples of the psychological study of the individual personality.

V. Stern developed a psychographic method for studying personality, which results in a psychogram of personality and is based on a monographic approach. The author of one of the famous theories of personality, G. Allport, was also a supporter of the idiographic method. Without denying the nomo-thetic method, he criticized its limitations and insufficient suitability for cognition of the originality of the individuality of the individual and the inability to understand the full depth of human individuality.

While recognizing the undoubted advantages of the monographic method, its disadvantages should also be noted. First of all, it is a laborious method, it takes a lot of time to study the personality of one person. At the same time, the laboriousness of the monographic method is paid off by its effectiveness. In our opinion, the monographic method is especially effective in studying the orientation of a teenager's personality. The study of the individual personality characteristics of the orientation of the personality of adolescents, their motives, interests, inclinations, their life-meaning orientations will help the researcher to approach each subject in a differentiated manner. Such a study is carried out, as a rule, empirically. The monographic method, along with other research methods, is

helps to identify one or another orientation of the personality, which predetermines its development and formation. The observation and verbal survey used in the monographic method enable the researcher to form a definite opinion about the orientation of the adolescent's personality.

It should also be noted that the use of monographic research is somewhat difficult. It requires a certain qualification of a researcher, therefore the success of a monographic study largely depends on his professionalism and personal qualities, on his psychological culture, and the ability to correctly approach the adolescent whose personality is being studied. In addition, a modern monographic study of personality should include data of all kinds of personality measurements, which are expressed in numerical values. So, when studying the orientation of a personality, experimental studies carried out using tests, questionnaires, questionnaires, scales, etc., provide the general background on which more in-depth monographic studies are built, mainly aimed at studying the most interesting, striking cases. stand out for their performance. The task of a monographic study of the orientation of the personality is to highlight the characteristic features that are most pronounced in terms of their content. In addition, the complexity of using the monographic method of studying personality lies in the fact that it is difficult to choose what is needed from the large amount of material available. This material, of course, should be well analyzed from such an angle of view, so that the structure of the studied personality trait is clearly shown, so that typical and individual personality traits are highlighted.

Despite the difference in the plans of analysis in the study of personality, all the prevailing domestic science approaches to the solution of the problem of personality distinguish its orientation as the main characteristic of a personality. At the same time, in various concepts this characteristic is revealed in different ways: “dynamic tendency” (S.L. Rubinstein), “meaning-forming motive” (A.N. Leontyev), “dominant attitude” (V.N. Myasishchev), “basic life orientation ”(BG Ananiev),“ dynamic organization of the essential forces of man ”(AS Prangishvili), etc. But no matter how this characteristic is revealed, in all these approaches it is given a leading value.

The most generalized theory of personality orientation, in our opinion, is V.N. Myasishchev. Having defined the psychological relations of the personality as an integral system of individual, selective, conscious connections of the personality with various aspects of reality, V.N. Myasishchev formulated one of the provisions of the theory of personality that is important in Russian psychology: the system of objective social relations, in which every person is included from the time of his birth to death, forms his subjective attitudes towards all aspects of reality. And this system of a person's relationship to the world around him and to himself is always the most specific characteristic of a person.

L.I. Bozovic characterizes the orientation of the personality as a system of leading motives. In our opinion, the problem of motives and their role in the formation of the personality of a growing person received the most promising development in its concept. From her point of view, motives are a special kind of stimuli of human behavior, arising from the "inner position" and constituting it. The internal position consists of how the child, on the basis of his previous experience, his capabilities, his earlier needs and aspirations, relates to the objective position that he occupies in life at the present time. And what position he wants to occupy. According to L.I. Bozovic, the most profound and fundamental is the characteristic of orientation from the point of view of a person's relationship to himself and society. Depending on what motivates a person - motives of personal interest or motives associated with the interests of other people, all other features of his personality are built: interests, character traits, aspirations, experiences. Moreover, not only the complex of qualities characteristic of a given person depends on the orientation of the personality, but also the internal structure of each inherent quality. If we understand the attitude as a certain content of the subjective goals and tasks of the individual, reflecting the assimilation of social ideology by him, then the inner position of the individual cannot be explained by any separate motive. It develops under the influence of a system of motives.

In most works on the orientation of the personality, the main attention is paid to the study of such fundamental types of it as a prosocial orientation (focus on other people), a purely personal focus (focus on oneself) and business focus (focus on a task, to a business). These types of orientation are distinguished by such domestic psychologists as L.I. Bozovic, T.E. Konnikov, V.E. Chudnovsky and others.

The objective of our research was to use the monographic method in the study of the characteristics of the personality orientation of adolescents, which can manifest themselves in a special, individual for each student, hierarchy of motives. In the monographic study of personality, such experimental methods were used as the personal orientation questionnaire of V. Smekaly and M. Kuchera to determine the orientation of the personality; M. Rokich's value orientations test (modified by D.A. Leont'ev), D.A. Leontyev, the questionnaire "On the meaning of life" by V.E. Chudnovsky, Kuhn-McPartland test "Who am I?" Along with these techniques, individual adolescents were observed according to a specially developed program. The complex method also combined the sequential writing of essays, conversations with their authors and biographical data of each of them. The research results reflect the originality of the individual variants of the process of the formation of the orientation of the personality. The characteristics of individual adolescents given below indicate that in a monographic study of the orientation of the personality, individual traits in all their originality are most clearly visible.

Ksenia A. (15 years old). Her behavior is characterized by the predominance of motives of a purely personal orientation, motives of her own well-being, a desire for personal superiority, prestige. She is more often busy with herself, with her feelings and experiences, not inclined to respond to the needs of the people around her. IN joint activities tends to satisfy her own claims regardless of the interests of others. Her learning activities characterized by the predominance of prestigious motives. So, in her essay, she notes that "I'm used to being among the best", "I don't want to be worse than others," and also "it's nice to get approval." In characterological terms, Ksenia is distinguished by introversion, rivalry, introspectiveness, and egocentrism. Analyzing the concept of the meaning of life (the questionnaire developed by V.E. Chudnovsky was used as a tool), it clearly differentiates the meaning of life as a concept and as a meaning own life... The subject discloses the concept of the meaning of life in general terms "the goal to which you strive all your life", "a reference point in life." Concretizing the meaning of her own life, she notes that "the main thing is material independence and security, position in society." The highest, dominant, level of the hierarchy of values-goals for the subject was: materially secured life, creativity, freedom, career. Average, preferred, level were also values \u200b\u200bas interesting job, love, having friends, active active life. At the lowest level of the hierarchy were such values \u200b\u200bas a happy family life, entertainment, life wisdom.

Timur B. (15 years old) is characterized as a teenager who maintains good relationships with people. Shows great interest when it comes to collective activities. The prosocial orientation of his personality is revealed in the desire to act in the interests of other people, his class team, to act together with others. Cooperative relations are in the first place in terms of importance. Characterologically characterized by the desire for friendship and sympathy, insufficient autonomy. Waiting for care from others, warmth, love, understanding. Has no aggressive and conflicting tendencies. The motivation for teaching is distinguished by altruistic attitudes: "I want to have knowledge in order to be useful to society." The highest, dominant, level of the hierarchy of values-goals was made up of such values \u200b\u200bas compassion, the presence of loyal friends, love, and public recognition. At the middle level were such terminal values \u200b\u200bas freedom, a materially secure life, self-confidence, harmony, a happy family life, and a career. The lowest level of values \u200b\u200bwas made by creativity, life wisdom, entertainment, active active life. It should be noted that the subject's semantic field is very complete: “to become useful to people, to have friends who understand and love you; education; mutual assistance ". Notes that the presence of the meaning of life is of great importance for a person: "life without meaning is not interesting", "the meaning is to leave behind something good, not to live only for yourself."

Ayuna V. (14 years old), 9th grade student. In the structure of her personality orientation, business motives predominate, aimed at self-expression, self-esteem in studies, at striving for self-improvement and self-development. Differs in activity, independence, decisiveness, persistence, sobriety of views on life. Does not need anyone's help, strives to achieve the set goals and objectives, to be directly involved in the process of activity. Curious, shows a strong interest in learning. In his essay he notes “I want to be developed and cultured”, “I like to learn new things”, “I want to continue my education, prepare for my chosen profession”. He sees the meaning of life in knowledge, in getting an education (cognitive meanings):

"My meaning in life at the moment is to grow up to be an intelligent and developed person so that my parents do not feel ashamed of my level of development and education." Among the dominant values-goals, such as interesting work, active active life, life wisdom, and career prevail. It should be noted that in the orientation of the subject's personality, the connection between business motives and personal interests is clearly visible.

This is, in a schematic form, the content of the characteristics of adolescents, distinguished by the originality and uniqueness of the orientation of their personality. The given characteristics show that in a monographic study the individual traits of the orientation of the personality in all their originality are most clearly visible. The monographic method provides an excellent opportunity to study the inner world of a person, its orientation, and allows one to assess motives, goals and values. Working with the monographic method, the researcher can comprehensively study a specific personality, what it has not only in common with other personalities, but also special, individual. Undoubtedly, the monographic method significantly enriches the tools used by the researcher and allows one to obtain objective and reliable information about the orientation of the adolescent's personality.

Literature

1. Bozhovich L.I. Personality and its formation in childhood. - M., 1968.

2. Lazursky A.F. Classification of personalities // Selected works on psychology. - M., 1997 .-- S. 5-266.

3. Lazursky A.F. School characteristics // Selected works on psychology. - M., 1997 .-- S. 267-411.

4. Leontiev D.A. Methodology for studying value orientations. - M., 1992.

5. Myasishchev V.N. Social psychology and psychology of relationships. - M., 1965.

6. Allport G. Formation of personality: selected works. - M., 2002.

7. Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. - SPb., 1999.

8. Tudupova T.Ts. Ethnopsychology of personality orientation. - Ulan-Ude, 2002.

9. Chudnovsky V.E. The meaning of life and destiny. - M., 1997.

10. Stern V. Differential psychology and its methodological foundations. - M., 1998 .-- 335 p.

Tudupova Tuyana Tsibanovna - candidate of psychological sciences, associate professor, head of the department of developmental and educational psychology of Buryatsky state university... E-mail: [email protected]

Tudupova Tuyana Tsibanovna - candidate of psychology, associate professor, head of age and pedagogical psychology department of Buryat State University. E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 159.928.22 T.A. Klimontov

PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS OF THE WORLD PICTURE OF INTELLECTUALLY GIFTED HIGH SCHOOLS

The article is devoted to the graphic technique aimed at studying the picture of the world. The initial theoretical provisions used in the development of the methodology are highlighted, the procedure for conducting and processing the results is described, and the results of its testing on samples of intellectually gifted students with a clear latent form of giftedness and ordinary high school students are presented.

Key words: picture of the world, intellectual giftedness.

T.A. Klimontova PSYCHOGNOSIS OF INTELLECTUAL GIFTED SENIOR PUPILS ’WORLD PICTURE

The article is devoted to graphic methods, directed on world picture studying. The basic theoretical concepts of this method are unlighted. The results of its approbation on a sample of intellectually gifted pupils with explicit, implicit giftedness, and no gifted senior pupils have been presented.

Keywords: world picture, intellectual giftedness.

Currently, the study of the picture of the world, its formation in ontogenesis, as well as the relationship with behavior and activity, belongs to the range of those fundamental psychological problems that do not lose their relevance. The study of the problem posed has a pronounced theoretical significance and opens up prospects for solving a number of applied problems of psychological science. With the expressed interest of scientists in this subject area, it is necessary to state

Conversation

Conversation is a psychology-specific method for studying human behavior, since in other natural sciences, communication between the subject and the object of research is impossible. A dialogue between two people, during which one person identifies the psychological characteristics of the other, is called a conversation method. Psychologists of various schools and directions widely use it in their research.

Conversation is included as an additional method in the structure of the experiment at the first stage, when the researcher collects primary information about the subject, gives him instructions, motivates, etc., and at the last stage - in the form of a post-experimental interview. Researchers distinguish between clinical conversation, an integral part of the "clinical method," and focused face-to-face interviews.

The clinical interview is not necessarily carried out with the patient in the clinic. This term was fixed for a method of researching an integral personality, in which, during a dialogue with a subject, the researcher seeks to obtain the maximum full information about his individual and personal characteristics, life path, the content of his consciousness and subconsciousness, etc. The clinical conversation is most often carried out in a specially equipped room. It is often included in the context of psychological counseling or psychological training.

Different schools and disciplines of psychology use their own strategies for conducting clinical interviews. During the conversation, the researcher puts forward and tests hypotheses about the characteristics and causes of personality behavior. To test these particular hypotheses, he can give the subject tasks, tests. Then the clinical conversation turns into a clinical experiment.

The data obtained during the clinical conversation are recorded by the experimenter himself, or better - by an assistant or researcher who writes down the information after the conversation from memory. Both methods of fixing information have their own disadvantages. If the recording is made during the conversation, the confidential contact with the interlocutor may be broken. In these cases, covert audio and video recording helps, but this raises ethical problems. Recording from memory leads to the loss of some information due to incompleteness and memorization errors caused by fluctuations in attention, interference and other reasons. Some of the information is lost or distorted due to the fact that the researcher can evaluate some of the subject's messages as more significant, and neglect others. If the conversation is recorded manually, then it is advisable to encode the speech information.

An interview is called a targeted survey. The interview method has become widespread in social psychology, personality psychology, labor psychology, but the main sphere of its application is sociology. Therefore, by tradition, it is referred to as sociological and socio-psychological methods.

An interview is defined as a "pseudo-conversation": the interviewer must always remember that he is a researcher, not overlook the plan and lead the conversation in the direction he needs.

Confidential contact between the interviewer and the interviewee is crucial during the interview. But in no case should familiarity and loss of psychological distance be allowed. You should maintain a neutral position in the interview process and try not to demonstrate your attitude either to the content of the answers and questions, or to the interlocutor. There are many specific guidelines for constructing and conducting interviews. All of them are described in great detail in the relevant sociological and socio-psychological literature.

Compliance with all necessary conditions conducting a conversation, including collecting preliminary information about the subjects, makes this method a very effective tool for psychological research. Therefore, it is desirable that the interview is conducted taking into account the data obtained using methods such as observation and questioning. In this case, its goals may include checking the preliminary conclusions arising from the results of psychological analysis and obtained using these methods of primary orientation in the studied psychological characteristics of the subjects.

Monographic method

The research method, cannot be embodied in any one technique. It is a synthetic method and is concretized in the aggregate of a wide variety of non-experimental (and sometimes experimental) techniques. The monographic method is used, as a rule, for a deep, thorough, longitudinal study of the age and individual characteristics of individual subjects with the fixation of their behavior, activities and relationships with others in all major spheres of life. At the same time, researchers strive, based on the study of specific cases, to identify the general patterns of the structure and development of certain mental formations. The study is based on the assumption that the studied social object is typical for a certain population, and therefore the conclusions obtained for the object can be extended to the entire population.

However, usually in psychological research, not one method is used, but a whole set of different methods that mutually control and complement each other.

on the topic: The problem of using monographic and comparative research in modern conditions

Introduction

In case studies, the use of traditional methods becomes insufficient to highlight unique ways of solving problems. After all, these methods are based on the generalization of mass statistics, the use of complex mathematical models. A way out of this situation is presented in sociology, which occasionally practices the so-called monographic method.

The possibilities of monographic research provide an understanding of the ongoing processes, firstly, in a highly dynamic environment, an alarming unstable situation, when people change their self-identification, cultural regulators lose their usual meaning; secondly, when studying unique phenomena; thirdly, when studying specific short-term events.

The increasing orientation of modern sociology towards comparative research is associated, first of all, with the needs of practice, forecasting social development, the increasing interdependence of the economic and political development of different countries, the expansion of interaction between different cultures. Commonly known winged words: "Everything is known in comparison." The world of phenomena and things around us is infinite in the sense of the inexhaustibility of their qualitative and quantitative diversity.

The internal needs of science itself (the creation and testing of generalized theories covering an ever wider class of social objects and processes) are another incentive for this orientation.

The object of the work is monographic and comparative research.

The subject of the research is the specificity of the application of monographic and comparative research.

The purpose of the work is to study theoretical foundations about monographic and comparative research and their field of application.

The stated goal defines the research objectives:

1. Identify the main problem of using monographic and comparative research in modern conditions.

Chapter 1. The problem of using monographic and comparative research in modern conditions

Monographic research - 1) in the narrow sense, the examination of one or more objects in the framework of a well-developed theory. It resembles a case study, in contrast to which it pursues not the acquisition of new knowledge, but the formulation of an accurate social diagnosis, for example, the organizational structure of a particular enterprise. 2) In a broad sense, any study of one or more objects for both cognitive and practical purposes. The object of research is selected typologically based on the available information. It is assumed that it is characteristic of the entire class of phenomena.

The monographic method cannot be embodied in any one method. That is, it practically represents some kind of synthetic method and is more concretized in the aggregate of the most diverse non-experimental (and sometimes experimental) methods. This method is used by many sciences related to human activities. For example, psychologists for a deep, thorough study of the individual characteristics of individual subjects with the fixation of their behavior, activities and relationships with people around them in all major spheres of life. But at the same time, researchers always try, based on the study of specific cases, to identify general patterns of the studied subject and draw generalizing conclusions.

The monographic method is inherently close to the qualitative research methods widely practiced in sociology. The advantage of these methods is that they allow a deeper understanding of the phenomenon being studied and often - to come to the formulation of new problems. The limitations of the statistical quantitative approach are especially felt in conditions of increased dynamics of social processes. The methodology of qualitative analysis in many such situations is more fruitful, allowing one to take into account new trends in the development of phenomena, and what is especially important - at the initial stage of their formation. Practical sociologists note the special relevance of the case study method for work in transitional, crisis periods of the development of society. Because during these periods, new social relations arise, problems are formed, in relation to which not only methods of solution have not been found. These problems are often unknown and have yet to be identified.

As for the possibilities of making generalizations based on one case, it might make sense to agree with the American sociologist E. Bogardus, who argues that one case is as necessary as a million - in the sense that it can bring that something new in scientific thought. Such novelty can reflect on what we already know and what, therefore, can be understood. This thesis is quite applicable to the study of a person in any coordinates. Indeed, in fact, each person is a unique phenomenon of the Universe. The great Russian writer M. Bunin is right in many respects, saying: "Everyone living on Earth deserves to be written a book about him." It is not only the masses that play a big role in history. But also outstanding personalities, and sometimes ordinary performers, possessing a certain unique gift. Today, the combination of uniqueness in an organization creates the prerequisites for its survival.

Of course, any method, any research strategy has limited opportunities for obtaining scientific results. Wrong attitudes and hopes for the method's capabilities can lead to significant errors. An indispensable condition for the use of any method is a clear definition of the boundaries of its possibilities. In this regard, it should be noted that the main goal of a monographic study is the discovery and detailed description of patterns of social relations. At the same time, the very fact of discovering a certain mechanism of such relations is scientifically significant. The possibilities of monographic research provide an understanding of the ongoing processes, firstly, in a highly dynamic environment, an alarming unstable situation, when people change their self-identification, cultural regulators lose their usual meaning; secondly, when studying unique phenomena; thirdly, when studying specific short-term events.

The purpose of such a study is to study in detail one or several cases, to reveal the content of processes hidden from external observation in the social environment, to better understand the phenomenon under study and to offer its multiple interpretation.

The m onographic method can be used for various purposes. But in each application, it is concretized depending on the objects under study, with the ultimate goal of collecting “enough data to create a theory of the object. For only at the level of theory can we talk about scientific analysis.

Of course, when using the monographic method, the researcher is concerned about the question of its validity. As with any other method, it is largely determined by the method and tools for collecting information. In each case of using a monographic study, the researcher chooses his own set of such methods. Their list includes methods of qualitative sociology (observations and free interviews, document analysis), representative survey, questionnaire. When using surveys and questionnaires, the monographic method focuses mainly on small samples. On these samples, such methods of information generalization are implemented as complex-functional analysis; comparison, detailing; the study of relationships using multidimensional groupings and analytical indicators; calculation of nonparametric rank correlation coefficients; construction of generalized indicators by the taxonomy method and some others. But in any case, we note once again that the set of procedures involved in the study of the case entirely depends on the objectives of the study and is not limited only to qualitative methods.

All the previous characteristics of the conditions for using the monographic method and its essence show that it is in the field of the sociocultural paradigm. It is she who allows the presence of unverifiable (intuitive) experience in logical constructions, an unscientific method of obtaining facts. That is, the fact investigated by the monographic method cannot be reproduced in full accordance with the recorded event. The acceptability of the conclusions of the monographic method must be taken as a reality. And to believe that the quality of the conclusions is determined by the level of professionalism of the researcher, to ensure such professionalism.

When choosing a monographic method and its structure, it is advisable to first get acquainted with its advantages and problems.

The advantages of this method include the following:

1. Possibility of obtaining deep information about latent processes, hidden mechanisms of social relations. Only with the help of such a qualitative approach can the sphere of informal relations existing between people be reconstructed.

2. This method allows you to provide a better understanding of social reality, the uniqueness of each object, and at the same time highlight common features for further generalization.

To activate such human needs as self-expression, self-affirmation, universal tools are not applicable. These needs are largely if not entirely determined by individuality and desire. The study of the reserves of their development is possible on the basis of "case study".

The cognitive capabilities of this method provide an understanding of the processes taking place in specific situations ("now and here"). This is very important in a dynamic reality, when it is difficult to explain an action that has a positive outcome and there is no time to find an explanation, when it is necessary to study informal relations, when it is necessary to analyze unique phenomena.

The monographic method is devoid of the shortcomings of the statistical method, which shows more correlation than causality and, more often than not, deals with the external aspects of life. Since the user of the monographic method experiences feelings of empathy and participation, he can discern more of what lies on the surface of the phenomenon based on such feelings.

Problems arising when working with the monographic method:

1. The need to obtain large initial volumes of diverse, sometimes redundant information, which partially will not find application in assessments and analysis.

Limited opportunities to obtain scientific results in a rigorous approach to this concept based on generally accepted criteria.

Possible subjectivity of the research approach.

Lack of logical justification for a possible scope of generalization.

It should be borne in mind that as a result of a monographic study of the model of social relations within the framework of this method, the problem of identifying the degree of prevalence of the obtained conclusions is not solved

The disadvantages of the typical monographic method also include the subjective choice of observation units. conditions management. Tasks research: ... problems development of entrepreneurial activity. Methods researchused in this work: monographic ... used in research literature and 5 related annexes research ...

1. Personnel and labor motivation of employees in modern conditions

   Abstract \u003e\u003e State and law

   ... study issues of personnel policy and motivation of workers in modern conditions ... monographic and educational literature, periodical materials dedicated to this problem ... strategies use human potential ... relatively rare ...

2. Features of financial policy in modern conditions and the main directions of its

   Abstract \u003e\u003e Finance

   ... modern conditions ... used ... monographic works of domestic and foreign scientists; reference materials for specialized publications dedicated to this problem ... -comparative ... 0.2 0.0 applied scientific research in the field of national economy ...

3. Study socio-economic and political processes (3)

   Abstract \u003e\u003e Political Science

   ... using ... IN modern conditions foreign policy process ... complex problems... Russian .... Monographic ... comparative method: cross-cultural and relatively-Historical methods. Standardization Standardization - in sociological research ...

Special methods of scientific research include monographic research, empirical, linguistic, project-based and many others like that. Let's consider them in more detail.

Monographic method.

The name of this method is associated with the term "monograph", widely used in the scientific world, the origin of which, in turn, should be sought in two Greek words monos and grapho. Monos in translation means one, only, meaning of the word grapho - I write. Thus, based on etymology, the term "monograph" can be interpreted as "a description of one." As a rule, a monograph is the result of scientific work. It differs from other forms in the depth and integrity of the consideration of the problem.

When conducting scientific research, it is sometimes allowed to mix the concepts of "monographic method" and "method of monographic research".

The monographic method itself - it is also called the method of studying an individual case - is predominantly descriptive. The method consists in the fact that an economic phenomenon or a problem (a group of problems) is carefully and comprehensively investigated (analyzed) on a single, but representative object, typological features are distinguished in it, after which a hypothetical conclusion is made that the emerging trends in the development of the analyzed object have place on other similar objects. This method is characterized by the researcher's concentration on the study of individual problems, the integrity of the consideration of the analyzed facts, the unity of the structure research activities, fundamental and generalized, theoretical orientation of the content. In general, the monographic method is embodied in a set of techniques, in specific methodological techniques. For example, in such as reductionism, organicism, integratism.

Reductionism, as already indicated in paragraph 1.7, involves dividing a complex studied socio-economic phenomenon into simpler components and studying their nature and properties separately from each other. It is assumed that by summing the properties of these parts, one can obtain knowledge of the properties of the original whole. For example, the control process can be split into the following components: a control object (impact), a control object, and functions performed. By the sum of their properties, a conclusion is made about the properties of the entire management structure.

The organism, in contrast to reductionism, denies the possibility of reducing the complex to the simple: the properties of the whole are determined on the basis of considering the same whole without splitting it into parts and establishing the sum of its parts. The organism as a method is used in qualitative descriptions of the integrative whole, its integral properties. For example, a management process can be presented as an integrative whole. Its main components are the organizational structure of management, setting up accounting and control, planning, organizing activities, and motivation. By defining and characterizing the essential parameters of these phenomena without dividing them into component components, the researchers thereby achieve the implementation of the organic method.

Integratism is a kind of reverse reductionism. Its essence lies in the fact that scientific search is carried out in the direction from simple, elementary to the ever-increasing complexity of the organization (phenomenon, process) and, ultimately, to systems. In other words, systems approach (see about it in section 1.7), among other things, is a comprehensive methodological approach to the organization of scientific research. And all of the above methods, as well as those that will be discussed below, in each separate scientific research should be united on systemic (holistic) principles, complement each other not mechanically (making up a simple sum), but dialectically, i.e. including taking into account the conflicting interactions of these methods, the results obtained, etc.

INdifference from monographic method method of monographic researchbased on the study and analysis of the research results of the problem identified in scientific work, which were carried out earlier by other scientists and practitioners. It involves the work of a dissertation candidate not only with paper media, but also with manuscripts, as well as with electronic and digital media containing data related to the research problem (see paragraphs 2.2 and 2.3).

... Economic knowledge of the laws and patterns of enterprise development is a very complex process and requires a certain methodology and research methods

... Methodology - the doctrine of a set of basic principles, methods of cognition and transformation of reality

... The method of science is a set of means, methods and techniques of research, its characteristic way of penetrating into the content of the studied... The method of enterprise economics is determined by the content and characteristics of its subject as a science, requirements and objectives. If the subject of science answers the question of what is being studied, then the method - how is it studied

... The research of the science "Economics of enterprises" is based on the dialectical method. This means that scientists, investigating economic phenomena and processes, use dialectical principles, categories and laws according to which all aspects of the life of society as a single organism are considered in interaction, interconnection and development in development.

... The application of the principle of interconnection and development of phenomena of objective reality means that economic phenomena should be considered not in isolation, in isolation from specific historical circumstances, but comprehensively - in the interaction of interconnection and development. For example, it is necessary to analyze the level of development of productive forces and the rational use of resources in agricultural enterprises in relation to other sectors of the national economy, their enterprises, and the development of production of certain types of resources.

... Analyzing economic relations and phenomena, one should also note that they are interconnected with political, legal, demographic, ideological and social relations, natural and technological phenomena.

... Phenomena should be considered not in a state of rest, but in a state of continuous movement, and this process should be understood as a gradual ascending line from the lowest to the highest, in the transition from quantity to a new quality, from the enumeration of one phenomenon to denial.

other

... It is impossible to study the economics of enterprises without knowledge of practice, constant ties with it. Does not mean descriptive or empirical knowledge of the practical aspects of production, - the scientific substantiation of practice, the prospects for the development of an enterprise, and the identification of natural trends are gaining importance. This approach allows the introduction of ajuwata into practice everything new and advanced. Justifying and disseminating advanced business practices, one must notice differences in the conditions for the use of natural resources in different regions, that is, there is a growing comparability of the relevant conditions.

... The use of factual material plays an important role and allows different methods to be applied. In order to improve the expression of the results of economic thinking and to facilitate it, every economist can use four main alternative types:

- expression in words - when there is no need to conduct in-depth research using various scientific methods, reducing the cost of production, all other things being equal, will increase the profit of enterprises

- an arithmetic illustration shows the dependence of demand on price: if the price decreases, the product will be sold and consumed more, and vice versa;

- the geometric equivalent is the expression of information on changes in the price of a product, crop yields, animal productivity, graphically;

- algebraic expression - the use of mathematics in economics, i.e. mathematical modeling of an economic phenomenon, situation or process to study a certain aspect

its development

IN in the process of scientific knowledge of economic phenomena, elements of the dialectical method are widely used - analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction

... Analysis is the dismemberment of an object, a subject or economic relations between them into its component parts and elements, study in a solitary state and clarification of the connections between them (Figure 16)

... Rice 16 elements of the dialectical research method

... Synthesis-combining (mentally), individual elements together

Analysis and synthesis is widely used in the study of the structure of the phenomena that are observed - the cost of production, production assets of enterprises, gross production, the structure of sowing, etc. A kind of expression of analysis and synthesis is the method of statistical groupings: the statistical population is divided into groups , and conclusions are made on the basis of the whole set.

... Induction is obtaining a general conclusion based on single facts, i.e. from research facts to the nature of objects

Induction plays an important role in the use of such an element of the dialectical research method as the ascent from the concrete to the abstract. So, when exchanging one commodity for another, it turns out that they are something in common, but it is necessary to reduce to something third. This common is the cost of labor for the production of goods. The use of such an element does not require the study of the entire set of separate facts and phenomena, since this process is endless.

... Deduction involves the movement of research from general to

separate and singular. It plays an important role in the use of such an element of the dialectical research method as the ascent from the abstract to the concrete. For example, clarification of the category "In addition to the cost" makes it possible, using the deductive method, to identify such specific forms of profit as entrepreneurial income, trade profit, interest, land rent.

Induction and deduction as elements of the dialectical research method are complementary. The results of their application - theories, economic principles and generalizations, methods, recommendations - are used to develop economic policy.

... The historical element of the dialectical method of cognition involves the study of a specific process of development, real phenomena in their historical sequence, and logical - a way of knowing the economic system, its individual elements during the period of reaching full maturity of the very forms

... These two elements are used in certain historical studies and can serve as the basis for deep theoretical conclusions.

... In the study of specific phenomena and processes, in addition to the described elements of the dialectical method of cognition, other methods and techniques are also common in the economy of enterprises.

... The method of comparison is the very method of cognition. It is used to compare the economic efficiency of various activities, production technology. Such calculations can be used to compare the norm in them and the actual costs, followed by clarification of the reasons for their disagreements. The comparison method is used for economic assessment in the dynamics of indicators - the level of gross output, the level of profitability, labor productivity is too thin.

... Studying mass phenomena, processes, facts and showing trends and patterns of their development, they use the economic and statistical method. It allows you to find out the quantitative influence of individual factors on a change in the

result

... Economic and mathematical method They are used for optimization in production planning, both for the enterprise as a whole, and for forecasting individual elements of economic development (optimization of the machine and tractor fleet, optimization of feed and processing). Mathematical modeling and algebraic images of the results obtained in the economy of agricultural enterprises are used when, on the basis of the initial information, using a computer, the optimal quantitative expressions of the predicted indicators are determined. When applying the math, remember that this is not about replacing economic methods mathematical research, but on the improvement of the mathematical apparatus and expansion of the material base of economic methods.

... Balance method widely used for balances of material, cost and labor resources in managing the economy of an enterprise. It allows you to provide quantitative proportions regarding the need and availability of resource in villages, as well as to link the available resources with their use, to identify proportions, relationships formed in the production process.

... Monographic method allows you to study advanced experience, identify advanced and progressive methods of economic activity of enterprises, analyze the reasons for the decline of the enterprise and substantiate measures aimed at further its further development. Monographic study and description of individual issues, phenomena, advanced experience and its generalization contributes to the identification of all new and progressive enterprises in the economy.

... Calculation and constructive method common in forecasting and planning production and economic development processes. It provides for the development of several options for solving a specific economic problem of the enterprise, their assessment with a sub al choice of the best one.

... Experimental method allows you to check in practice the correctness of theoretical provisions, the degree of effectiveness of new levers of economic regulation of the enterprise economy. The use of this method is seen as a practical step towards testing theoretically meaningful problems. With its help, you can confirm the correctness of theoretical developments, clarify them or refute them. The limited application of this method is due to the complexity of creating conditions for comparison, the danger of causing harm, therefore, theoretical developments must be accurate and realistic as provided.

... Abstract-logical method are used in all hundred actions to solve economic problems. According to his employer * categories, concepts, economic theories and hypotheses, conclusions and recommendations are formulated. Here abstraction and the logic of thinking are in the foreground.

So, the method of enterprise economics as a science is a complex and interrelated study of the economic situation with the aim of studying the relationship between people in the process of production activity through the analysis of information in various scientific ways.