Expulsion of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Tatar-Mongol yoke. So how many army did Dad have

Most history textbooks say that in the XIII-XV centuries, Russia suffered from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. However, in recent years, more and more voices have been heard of those who doubt that the invasion took place at all? Have huge hordes of nomads really flooded the peaceful principalities, enslaving their inhabitants? Let's analyze historical facts, many of which can be shocking.

Igo was invented by the Poles

The term “Mongol-Tatar yoke” itself was coined by Polish authors. Chronicler and diplomat Jan Dlugosz in 1479 called the time of the existence of the Golden Horde. It was followed in 1517 by the historian Matthew Mekhovsky, who worked at the University of Krakow. This interpretation of the relationship between Russia and the Mongol conquerors was quickly picked up in Western Europe, and from there it was borrowed by Russian historians.

Moreover, in the Horde troops themselves there were practically no Tatars. It's just that Europe knew the name of this Asian people well, and therefore it spread to the Mongols. Meanwhile, Genghis Khan tried to exterminate the entire Tatar tribe, defeating their army in 1202.

The first census of the population of Russia

The first population census in the history of Russia was conducted by representatives of the Horde. They had to collect accurate information about the inhabitants of each principality, about their class affiliation. The main reason for such interest in statistics on the part of the Mongols was the need to calculate the amount of taxes imposed on subjects.

In 1246, the census took place in Kiev and Chernigov, the Ryazan principality was subjected to statistical analysis in 1257, the Novgorodians were counted two years later, and the population of the Smolensk region - in 1275.

Moreover, the inhabitants of Russia raised popular uprisings and drove out from their land the so-called "besermen" who collected tribute for the khans of Mongolia. But the governors of the rulers of the Golden Horde, called Baskaks, lived and worked for a long time in the Russian principalities, sending the collected taxes to Saray-Batu, and later to Saray-Berk.

Joint hikes

Princely squads and Horde warriors often made joint military campaigns, both against other Russians and against the inhabitants of Eastern Europe. So, in the period 1258-1287, the troops of the Mongols and Galician princes regularly attacked Poland, Hungary and Lithuania. And in 1277, the Russians participated in the Mongol military campaign in the North Caucasus, helping their allies to conquer Alania.

In 1333, Muscovites stormed Novgorod, and the next year the Bryansk squad went to Smolensk. Every time the Horde troops took part in these internecine battles. In addition, they regularly helped the great princes of Tver, who were considered the main rulers of Russia at that time, to pacify the rebellious neighboring lands.

The majority of the horde were Russians

The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta, who visited the city of Saray-Berke in 1334, wrote in his essay "A Gift to the Contemplators of the Wonders of Cities and Wonders of Wanderings" that there are many Russians in the capital of the Golden Horde. Moreover, they make up the bulk of the population: both working and armed.

This fact was also mentioned by the White émigré author Andrei Gordeev in the book "History of the Cossacks", which was published in France at the end of the 20s of the XX century. According to the researcher, most of the Horde troops were the so-called Brodniks - ethnic Slavs who inhabited the Azov region and the Don steppes. These predecessors of the Cossacks did not want to obey the princes, so they moved south for the sake of a free life. The name of this ethnosocial group probably comes from the Russian word "wander" (to wander).

As is known from the chronicle sources, in the battle on Kalka in 1223, the rovers fought on the side of the Mongol troops, led by the voivode Ploskynya. Perhaps his knowledge of the tactics and strategy of the princely squads was of great importance for the victory over the combined Russian-Polovtsian forces.

In addition, it was Ploskynya who tricked the ruler of Kiev, Mstislav Romanovich, along with two Turov-Pinsk princes, and handed them over to the Mongols for execution.

However, most historians believe that the Mongols forced the Russians to serve in their army, i.e. the invaders forcibly armed the representatives of the enslaved people. Although it seems unlikely.

Marina Poluboyarinova, a senior researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in her book “Russian people in the Golden Horde” (Moscow, 1978), suggested: “Probably, the forced participation of Russian soldiers in the Tatar army later ceased. There remained mercenaries who had already voluntarily joined the Tatar troops. "

Invaders-Caucasians

Yesugei-bagatur, Genghis Khan's father, was a representative of the Borjigin clan of the Mongolian tribe of Kiyat. According to the descriptions of many eyewitnesses, both he and his legendary son were tall, fair-skinned people with reddish hair.

The Persian scholar Rashid ad-Din in his work "Collection of Chronicles" (early XIV century) wrote that all the descendants of the great conqueror were mostly blond and gray-eyed.

This means that the elite of the Golden Horde belonged to the Caucasians. Probably, representatives of this race prevailed among other invaders.

There were few of them

We are accustomed to believe that in the XIII century Russia was overrun by countless hordes of Mongol-Tatars. Some historians speak of a 500,000-strong army. However, it is not. After all, even the population of modern Mongolia barely exceeds 3 million people, and if you take into account the cruel genocide of fellow tribesmen, organized by Genghis Khan on the way to power, the size of his army could not be so impressive.

It is difficult to imagine how to feed the half-million army, moreover, moving on horses. The animals simply wouldn't have enough pasture. But every Mongolian horseman led at least three horses with him. Now imagine a 1.5 million herd. The horses of the warriors, riding in the vanguard of the army, would eat and trample everything they could. The rest of the horses would starve to death.

According to the most daring calculations, the army of Genghis Khan and Batu could not exceed 30 thousand horsemen in any way. While the population of Ancient Rus, according to the historian Georgy Vernadsky (1887-1973), before the invasion was about 7.5 million people.

Bloodless executions

People of the ignorant or disrespectful Mongols, like most peoples of that time, were executed by chopping off their heads. However, if the sentenced person enjoyed authority, then his spine was broken and left to die slowly.

The Mongols were convinced that blood is the seat of the soul. Shedding it means complicating the afterlife path of the deceased to other worlds. Bloodless execution was applied to rulers, political and military leaders, shamans.

Any crime, from desertion from the battlefield to petty theft, could have served as a reason for the death sentence in the Golden Horde.

The bodies of the dead were thrown into the steppe

The method of burial of the Mongol also directly depended on his social status. Rich and influential people found peace in special burials, in which, together with the bodies of the dead, they buried valuables, gold and silver jewelry, and household items. And the poor and ordinary soldiers who died in battle were often simply left in the steppe, where their path of life ended.

In the disturbing conditions of a nomadic life, consisting of regular clashes with enemies, it was difficult to arrange funeral rites. The Mongols often had to move on quickly, without delay.

It was believed that the corpse of a decent person would be quickly eaten by scavengers and vultures. But if birds and animals did not touch the body for a long time, according to popular beliefs, this meant that the soul of the deceased was considered a grave sin.

The question of the date of the beginning and end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russian historiography as a whole did not cause controversy. In this small post, he will try to dot the i's in this matter, at least for those who are preparing for the exam in history, that is, within the school curriculum.

The concept of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke"

However, for a start, it is worth dealing with the very concept of this yoke, which is an important historical phenomenon in the history of Russia. If we turn to ancient Russian sources ("The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu", "Zadonshchina", etc.), then the invasion of the Tatars is perceived as a given by God. The very concept of "Russian land" disappears from the sources and other concepts arise: "Horde Zalesskaya" ("Zadonshchina"), for example.

The very same "yoke" was not called that word. The words "captivity" are more common. Thus, within the framework of medieval providential consciousness, the invasion of the Mongols was perceived as an inevitable punishment of the Lord.

Historian Igor Danilevsky, for example, also believes that this perception is due to the fact that, due to their negligence, the Russian princes in the period from 1223 to 1237: 1) did not take any measures to protect their lands, and 2) continued to maintain a fragmented state and create civil strife. It is for fragmentation that God punished the Russian land - in the minds of his contemporaries.

The very concept of "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was introduced by N.M. Karamzin in his monumental work. By the way, he derived from it and substantiated the need for an autocratic form of government in Russia. The emergence of the concept of yoke was necessary in order, firstly, to substantiate Russia's lag behind European countries, and, secondly, to substantiate the need for this Europeanization.

If you look at different school textbooks, the dating of this historical phenomenon will be different. However, it often dates from 1237 to 1480: from the beginning of Batu's first campaign against Russia and ending with Standing on the Ugra River, when Khan Akhmat left and thereby tacitly recognized the independence of the Moscow state. In principle, this is a logical dating: Batu, having seized and defeated Northeastern Russia, has already subjugated part of the Russian lands to himself.

However, in my studies, I always determine the date of the beginning of the Mongol yoke in 1240 - after the second campaign of Batu, already to South Russia. The meaning of this definition is that then the entire Russian land was subordinated to Batu and he had already imposed duties on it, arranged Baskaks in the occupied lands, etc.

If you think about it, the date of the beginning of the yoke can also be determined as 1242 - when Russian princes began to come to the Horde with gifts, thereby recognizing their dependence on the Golden Horde. Quite a few school encyclopedias place the date of the beginning of the yoke under this year.

The date of the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is usually placed in 1480 after the Standing on the river. Eel. However, it is important to understand that for a long time the Muscovy was worried about the "fragments" of the Golden Horde: the Kazan Khanate, the Astrakhan, the Crimean ... Therefore, yes, we can talk about formal independence. But with reservations.

Best regards, Andrey Puchkov

The possession of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia began in 1237. Great Russia disintegrated, and the formation of the Moscow state began.

Under the Tatar-Mongol yoke they mean a cruel period of rule, in which Russia was subordinate to the Golden Horde. The Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia was able to hold out for almost two and a half millennia. To the question of how long the arbitrariness of the Horde in Russia lasted, history answers 240 years.

The events that took place during this period were very strongly reflected in the formation of Russia. Therefore, this topic has been and remains relevant to this day. The Mongol-Tatar yoke is associated with the cruel events of the 13th century. These were wild extortions of the population, the destruction of entire cities and thousands and thousands of victims.

The rule of the Tatar-Mongol yoke was formed by two peoples: the Mongol dynasty and the nomadic Tartar tribes. The overwhelming majority were nevertheless the Tatars. In 1206, a meeting of the highest Mongol estates took place, at which the leader of the Mongolian tribe Temuchin was elected. It was decided to begin the era of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The leader was named Genghis Khan (Great Khan). Genghis Khan's ability to rule was excellent. He managed to unite all nomadic peoples and form the preconditions for the development of the country's cultural and economic development.

Military distributions of the Tatar-Mongols

Genghis Khan created a very strong, warlike and wealthy state. His warriors had surprisingly very hardy qualities, they could spend the winter in their yurt, in the midst of snow and winds. They had a thin physique and a thin beard. They shot accurately and were excellent riders. During attacks on states, he was punished for cowards. If one soldier escaped from the battlefield, the entire ten was shot. If a dozen leaves the battle, then they shoot the hundred to which she belonged.

Mongolian feudal lords closed a tight ring around the Great Khan. Having elevated him to the leader, they planned to receive a lot of riches and jewelry. Only the unleashed war and uncontrolled plunder of the conquered countries could lead them to the desired goal. Soon after the creation of the Mongol state, the campaigns of conquest began to bring the expected results. The robbery lasted for about two centuries. Mongol-Tatars longed to rule the whole world and own all the riches.

Conquest campaigns of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

• In 1207, the Mongols were enriched with large volumes of metal and valuable rocks. Attacking the tribes located to the north of the Selenga and in the Yenisei valley. This fact makes it possible to explain the emergence and expansion of weapons property.
• Also in 1207, the Tangut state from Central Asia was attacked. The Tanguts began to pay tribute to the Mongols.
• 1209 Were in the seizure and plunder of the land of the Khigurs (Turkestan).
• 1211 year. A grandiose defeat of China took place. The troops of the emperors were routed in collapse. The state was plundered and left in ruin.
• Date 1219-1221. the states of Central Asia were defeated. The result of this three-year war did not differ in any way from the previous campaigns of the Tatars. The states were defeated and plundered, the Mongols took talented artisans with them. Leaving behind only burnt houses and poor people.
• By 1227, vast territories in the east of the Pacific Ocean to the west of the Caspian Sea had passed into the possession of the Mongol feudal lords.

The consequences of the Tatar-Mongol invasion are the same. Thousands of killed and just as many enslaved people. Destroyed and plundered countries, which need to recover for a very, very long time. By the time the Tatar-Mongol yoke approached the borders of Russia, her army was extremely large, gained experience in fighting, endurance and the necessary weapons.

Conquests of the Mongols

Mongol invasion of Russia

The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia has long been considered 1223. Then the experienced army of the Great Khan came close to the borders of the Dnieper. At that time, help was provided by the Polovtsians, since the principality in Russia was in disputes and disagreements, the defensive abilities were significantly reduced.

• Battle on the Kalka River... May 31, 1223. The Mongolian army, numbering 30 thousand, broke through the Polovtsy, and faced the army of Russia. The first and only to take the blow were the princely troops of Mstislav the Udal, who had every chance to break through the dense chain of Mongol-Tatars. But he did not receive support from other princes. As a result, Mstislav died, surrendering to the enemy. The Mongols received a lot of valuable military information from Russian prisoners. There were very heavy losses. But the onslaught of the enemy was held back for a long time.
• The beginning of the invasion December 16, 1237... Ryazan was the first on the way. At that time, the death of Genghis Khan took place, and his grandson, Batu, took his place. The army under the command of Batu was no less fierce. They swept away and plundered everything and everyone who met them along the way. The invasion was purposeful and carefully planned, so the Mongols quickly penetrated into the interior of the country. The city of Ryazan lasted five days under siege. Despite the fact that the city was surrounded by strong high walls, under the onslaught of the enemy's weapons, the walls of the city fell. The Tatar-Mongol yoke plundered and killed the people for ten days.
• Battle of Kolomna... Further, Batu's army began to move towards Kolomna. On the way, they met an army of 1,700 people, subordinate to Evpatiy Kolovrat. And despite the fact that the Mongols outnumbered the army of Evpatiy many times over, he did not coward and with all his might repulsed the enemy. As a result, significantly damaging him. The army of the Tatar-Mongol yoke continued to move and set off along the Moskva River, to the city of Moscow, which lasted five days under siege. At the end of the battle, the city was burned, and most of the people were killed. You should know that before getting to the city of Vladimir, the Tatar-Mongols conducted defensive actions against the hidden Russian squad all the way. They had to be very attentive and always be ready for a new battle. There were many battles and skirmishes with the Russians on the way.
• The Grand Duke of Vladimir, Yuri Vsevolodovich, did not respond to requests for help from the Ryazan prince. But then he himself was under the threat of attack. The prince competently disposed of the time that was between the Ryazan battle and Vladimir. He gathered a large army and armed them. It was decided to determine the city of Kolomna as the site of the battle. On February 4, 1238, the plan of Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich began to be implemented.
• It was the most ambitious battle in terms of the number of troops and a hot battle between the Tatar-Mongols and the Russians. But he was also lost. The number of Mongols was still much higher. The Tatar-Mongol invasion of this city lasted exactly a month. Ending March 4, 1238, the Russians were defeated and also plundered. The prince fell in a heavy battle, inflicting a great hijacking against the Mongols. Vladimir became the last of the fourteen cities conquered by the Mongols in North-Eastern Russia.
• In 1239 the cities of Chernigov and Pereslavl were defeated... A trip to Kiev is planned.
• December 6, 1240. Captured Kiev... This further crippled the already shattered structure of the country. Powerfully fortified Kiev was defeated with huge battering guns and thresholds. The way to Southern Russia and Eastern Europe was opened.
• 1241. Galicia-Volyn principality fell... After that, the actions of the Mongols were temporarily suspended.

In the spring of 1247 the Mongol-Tatars reached the opposite border of Rus and entered Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary. Batu placed the created "Golden Horde" on the borders of Russia. In 1243, they began to accept and approve the princes of the regions in the horde. There were also large cities that stood against the Horde, like Smolensk, Pskov and Novgorod. These cities tried to express their disagreement and resist the rule of Batu. The first attempt was made by the great Andrei Yaroslavovich. But his efforts were not supported by most of the ecclesiastical and secular feudal lords, who, after so many battles and attacks, finally established relations with the Mongol khans.

To say briefly, after the established order, the princes and church feudal lords did not want to get down from their seats and agreed to recognize the power mongol khans and the established levies of tribute from the population. The plundering of Russian lands will continue.

More and more attacks of the Tatar-Mongol yoke fell on the country. And it was harder and harder to give a worthy rebuff to the robbers. In addition to the fact that the country was already pretty tired, the people, impoverished and downtrodden, also the princely showdown did not give the opportunity to get up from their knees.

In 1257, the Horde started a population census in order to reliably establish the yoke and impose an unbearable tribute on the people. To become the unshakable and indisputable ruler of the Russian lands. Russia managed to defend its political system and retained the right to build a social and political stratum.

The Russian land was subjected to endless painful invasions of the Mongols, which would last until 1279.

Overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia came in 1480. The Golden Horde began to disintegrate gradually. Many large principalities were divided and lived in constant skirmishes with each other. The liberation of Rus from the Tatar-Mongol yoke is the service of Prince Ivan III. He ruled from 1426 to 1505. The prince united the two large cities of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod and went to the goal of overthrowing the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

In 1478, Ivan III put forward a refusal to pay tribute to the Horde. In November 1480, the famous "standing on the Ugra River" took place. The name is characterized by the fact that neither side ever dared to start a battle. After spending a month on the river, the overthrown Khan Akhmat turned his camp and went to the Horde. How many years did the Tatar-Mongol rule last, which ravaged and destroyed the Russian people and Russian lands, now we can answer with confidence. Mongol yoke in Russia

Russia under the Mongol-Tatar yoke existed extremely humiliatingly. She was completely subordinate both politically and economically. Therefore, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia, the date of standing on the Ugra River - 1480, is perceived as the most important event in our history. Although Russia became politically independent, the payment of tribute in a smaller amount continued until the times of Peter the Great. The complete end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke - the year 1700, when Peter the Great canceled payments to the Crimean khans.

Mongol army

In the XII century, Mongol nomads united under the rule of the cruel and cunning ruler Temuchin. He mercilessly suppressed all the obstacles to unlimited power and created a unique army that won victory after victory. He, creating a great empire, was named by his nobility Genghis Khan.

Having conquered East Asia, the Mongol troops reached the Caucasus and Crimea. They destroyed the Alans and Polovtsians. The remnants of the Polovtsians turned to Russia for help.

First meeting

There were 20 or 30 thousand soldiers in the Mongol army, it is not precisely established. They were led by Jebe and Subedei. They stopped at the Dnieper. And at this time, Khotyan persuaded the Galich prince Mstislav Udaliy to oppose the invasion of the terrible cavalry. He was joined by Mstislav Kievsky and Mstislav Chernigovsky. According to various sources, the total Russian army numbered from 10 to 100 thousand people. A council of war took place on the banks of the Kalka River. A single plan was not worked out. made one. Only the remnants of the Polovtsi supported him, but during the battle they fled. The princes who did not support Galicia still had to fight the Mongols who attacked their fortified camp.

The battle lasted three days. Only by cunning and a promise not to take anyone prisoner did the Mongols enter the camp. But they did not keep their word. The Russian governors and the prince were tied up alive by the Mongols and covered with boards, and they sat on them and began to feast on victory, enjoying the groans of the dying. Thus, the Kiev prince and his entourage perished in torment. The year was 1223. The Mongols, without going into details, went back to Asia. They'll be back in thirteen years. And all these years in Russia there was a fierce bickering between the princes. She completely undermined the strength of the Southwestern principalities.

Invasion

Genghis Khan's grandson Batu with a huge half-million army, having conquered the Polovtsian lands in the south in the east, approached the Russian principalities in December 1237. His tactic was not to give a big battle, but to attack individual detachments, smashing everyone one by one. Approaching the southern borders of the Ryazan principality, the Tatars demanded tribute from him with an ultimatum: a tenth of horses, people and princes. In Ryazan, there were barely three thousand soldiers. They sent for help to Vladimir, but no help came. After six days of the siege, Ryazan was taken.

The inhabitants were destroyed, the city was destroyed. This was the beginning. The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke will occur in two hundred and forty difficult years. Kolomna was next. There the Russian army was almost all killed. Moscow lies in the ashes. But before that, someone who dreamed of returning to their native places, buried in a treasure of silver jewelry. It was found by accident when construction was underway in the Kremlin in the 90s of the XX century. Vladimir was next. The Mongols did not spare either women or children and destroyed the city. Then Torzhok fell. But spring was coming, and, fearing a thaw, the Mongols moved south. Northern swampy Russia did not interest them. But on the way was a tiny defending Kozelsk. For almost two months, the city fiercely resisted. But reinforcements with battering machines came to the Mongols, and the city was taken. All the defenders were cut out and left no stone unturned from the town. So, all of Northeastern Russia by 1238 lay in ruins. And who can have doubts about whether there was a Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia? From the short description it follows that there was a wonderful good neighborly relationship, isn't it?

Southwestern Russia

Her turn came in 1239. Pereyaslavl, Chernigov principality, Kiev, Volodymyr-Volynsky, Galich - everything is destroyed, not to mention the smaller cities and villages and villages. And how far is the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke! How much horror and destruction his beginning brought. The Mongols went to Dalmatia and Croatia. Western Europe trembled.

However, news from distant Mongolia forced the invaders to turn back. And they did not have enough strength for a second trip. Europe was saved. But our Motherland, lying in ruins, bleeding, did not know when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke would come.

Russia under the yoke

Who suffered the most from the Mongol invasion? Peasants? Yes, the Mongols did not spare them. But they could hide in the woods. Townspeople? Sure. There were 74 cities in Russia, and 49 of them were destroyed by Batu, and 14 were never recovered. Craftsmen were turned into slaves and taken out. There was no continuity of skills in crafts, and the craft fell into decay. They have forgotten how to pour glass dishes, cook glass for the manufacture of windows, there are no multi-colored ceramics and jewelry with cloisonné enamel. Masons and carvers disappeared, and stone construction was suspended for 50 years. But the hardest of all was for those who, with weapons in their hands, repelled the attack - the feudal lords and warriors. Out of 12 Ryazan princes, three survived, out of 3 Rostov princes - one, out of 9 Suzdal princes - 4. And no one calculated the losses in the squads. And there were no less of them. Professionals in military service have been replaced by other people who are used to being pushed around. So the princes began to possess full power. This process subsequently, when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke comes, will deepen and lead to the unlimited power of the monarch.

Russian princes and the Golden Horde

After 1242, Russia fell under the complete political and economic oppression of the Horde. So that the prince could legally inherit his throne, he had to go with gifts to the “free king”, as our princes of the khans called, to the capital of the Horde. I spent quite a long time there. Khan slowly considered the lowest requests. The whole procedure turned into a chain of humiliations, and after long reflections, sometimes for many months, the khan gave a "shortcut", that is, permission to reign. So, one of our princes, having arrived to Batu, called himself a slave in order to keep his possessions.

The tribute to be paid by the principality was necessarily stipulated. At any moment, the khan could summon the prince to the Horde and even execute the unwanted in it. The Horde had a special policy with the princes, diligently fanning their feuds. The disunity of the princes and their principalities played into the hands of the Mongols. The Horde itself gradually became a colossus with feet of clay. In herself, centrifugal sentiments intensified. But this will be much later. And in the beginning, its unity is strong. After the death of Alexander Nevsky, his sons fiercely hate each other and fiercely fight for the Vladimir throne. Conventionally, the reign in Vladimir gave the prince seniority over all the others. In addition, a decent allotment of land was joined with those who bring money to the treasury. And for the great reign of Vladimir in the Horde, a struggle flared up between the princes, sometimes even to death. This is how Russia lived under the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The Horde troops practically did not stand in it. But in case of disobedience, punitive troops could always come and start cutting and burning everything.

Rise of Moscow

The bloody feuds of the Russian princes among themselves led to the fact that the Mongol troops came to Russia 15 times from 1275 to 1300. Many principalities emerged from the strife weakened, from which people fled to quieter places. Little Moscow turned out to be such a quiet principality. It went to the inheritance of the younger Daniel. He reigned from the age of 15 and led a cautious policy, trying not to quarrel with his neighbors, because he was too weak. And the Horde didn't pay close attention to him. Thus, an impetus was given to the development of trade and enrichment in this lot.

Immigrants from troubled places poured into it. Over time, Daniel managed to annex Kolomna and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, increasing his principality. After his death, his sons continued their father's relatively quiet policy. Only the princes of Tver saw them as potential rivals and tried, fighting for the Great Reign in Vladimir, to spoil Moscow's relations with the Horde. This hatred reached the point that when the Moscow prince and the prince of Tver were simultaneously summoned to the Horde, Dmitry Tverskoy stabbed Yuri of Moscow. For such arbitrariness, he was executed by the Horde.

Ivan Kalita and "great silence"

The fourth son of Prince Daniel, it seemed, had no chance for the Moscow throne. But his older brothers died, and he began to reign in Moscow. By the will of fate, he also became the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Under him and his sons, Mongol raids on Russian lands stopped. Moscow and the people in it grew richer. Cities grew, their population increased. A whole generation grew up in North-Eastern Russia, which stopped trembling at the mention of the Mongols. This brought the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia closer.

Dmitry Donskoy

By the time of the birth of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich in 1350, Moscow is already turning into the center of the political, cultural and religious life of the northeast. The grandson of Ivan Kalita lived a short, 39 years old, but bright life. He spent it in battles, but now it is important to focus on the great battle with Mamai, which took place in 1380 on the Nepryadva River. By this time, Prince Dmitry defeated the punitive Mongol detachment between Ryazan and Kolomna. Mamai began to prepare a new campaign against Russia. Dmitry, having learned about this, in turn began to gather forces to repulse. Not all the princes responded to his call. The prince had to turn to Sergius of Radonezh for help in order to gather the people's militia. And having received the blessing of the holy elder and two monks, at the end of the summer he gathered a militia and moved towards the huge army of Mamai.

On September 8, at dawn, a great battle took place. Dmitry fought in the forefront, was wounded, he was found with difficulty. But the Mongols were defeated and fled. Dmitry returned with a victory. But the time has not yet come when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia will come. History says that another hundred years will pass under the yoke.

Strengthening of Russia

Moscow became the center of the unification of Russian lands, but not all princes agreed to accept this fact. Dmitry's son, Vasily I, ruled for a long time, 36 years, and relatively calmly. He defended the Russian lands from the encroachments of the Lithuanians, annexed Suzdal and the Horde weakened, and less and less reckoned with it. Vasily visited the Horde only twice in his life. But there was no unity within Russia either. Rebellions broke out endlessly. Even at the wedding of Prince Vasily II, a scandal broke out. One of the guests was wearing Dmitry Donskoy's golden belt. When the bride found out about this, she publicly tore it off, inflicting an insult. But the belt was not just a jewel. He was a symbol of the grand ducal power. During the reign of Vasily II (1425-1453), feudal wars were fought. The Moscow prince was seized, blinded, wounded at the same time his entire face, and throughout his subsequent life he wore a bandage on his face and received the nickname "Dark". However, this strong-willed prince was released, and his co-ruler was the young Ivan, who, after the death of his father, would become the liberator of the country and receive the nickname Great.

The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia

In 1462, the rightful ruler Ivan III came to the throne of Moscow, who would become a converter and reformer. He carefully and prudently united the Russian lands. He annexed Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Perm, and even obstinate Novgorod recognized him as sovereign. He made the double-headed Byzantine eagle the coat of arms and began to build the Kremlin. This is how we know him. From 1476 Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. A beautiful but untrue legend tells how it happened. Having accepted the Horde embassy, \u200b\u200bthe Grand Duke trampled on the Basma and sent a warning to the Horde that the same would happen to them if they did not leave his country alone. The enraged Khan Akhmed, having collected a large army, moved to Moscow, wishing to punish her for disobedience. Approximately 150 km from Moscow near the Ugra River on the Kaluga lands in the fall, two troops stood opposite. The Russian was headed by Vasily's son, Ivan Young.

Ivan III returned to Moscow and began to carry out supplies for the army - food, fodder. So the troops stood opposite each other, until early winter came with a lack of food and buried all the plans of Ahmed. The Mongols turned around and left for the Horde, admitting defeat. This is how the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke took place bloodlessly. Its date is 1480 - a great event in our history.

The meaning of falling yoke

Having suspended the political, economic and cultural development of Russia for a long time, the yoke pushed the country to the margins of European history. When the Renaissance began and flourished in Western Europe in all areas, when the national self-consciousness of the peoples was taking shape, when the countries were getting rich and flourishing in trade, they sent the ship fleet in search of new lands, in Russia there was darkness. Columbus discovered America in 1492. For Europeans, the Earth grew rapidly. For us, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia marked the opportunity to get out of the narrow medieval framework, change laws, reform the army, build cities and develop new lands. In short, Russia gained independence and began to be called Russia.

Today we will talk about a very "slippery" from the point of view of modern history and science, but also an equally interesting topic. I raised such a question ihoraksjuta “Now let's go further, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don't remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these are all the consequences of the baptism of Rus, the bearer of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want, well, as usual, with sword and blood, remember the cross hikes, can you tell us more about this period? "

Controversy over history of the invasion tatar-Mongol and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably will never disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including supporters of Gumilyov, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. mongol yokethat I would like to develop. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the XIII century, Russia was subjected to the invasion of the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular, China and Central Asia, which they had already captured by this time. Our historians of Russia know exactly the dates: 1223 - the Battle of Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kiev. Tatar-Mongol troopsdestroyed individual squads of princes Kievan Rus and subjected her to a monstrous defeat. The military strength of the Tatars was so irresistible that their domination continued for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

For 250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde in money and blood. In 1380, Russia, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, gathered strength and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated Temnik Mamai, but this defeat did not happen to all Tatar-Mongols, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history says that there was practically no Tatar-Mongol in Mamai's army, only local nomads and mercenaries from the Don were Genoese. By the way, the participation of the Genoese suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to build on, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to the already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions about the number of nomadic Tatar-Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist at the moment:

I propose to start with a very interesting fact... Such a nationality as Mongolo-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. Mongols and Tatars The only thing that is common is that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is large enough to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect in the same territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. Whereas other nomadic Türkic tribes, called Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria) from the Pokon centuries in Russia, settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days in Europe they were called Tatars, or Tat'Ariev (the most powerful of the nomadic tribes, unyielding and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families of them, which made up 6 tribes: Tatars-tutukulyut, Tatars-alchi, Tatars-chagan, Tatars-Kuin, Tatars-terat, Tatars-barkuy. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. There is not a single word among them that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more consonant with Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - Tatars and Mongols - for a long time waged a war with varying success for mutual extermination, while Genghis Khan did not seize power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was a foregone conclusion. Since the Tatars were the murderers of Genghis Khan's father, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general beating of the Tatars and not to leave one alive to the limit determined by the law (Yasak); to kill women and small children, and cut the wombs of pregnant women in order to completely destroy them. … ”.

That is why such a nation could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to name all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, Tat'Ariev or simply in Latin TatArie.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and TarTaria Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years the so-called "Monglo-Tatar yoke" existed on the lands that were inhabited by the ancestors of the modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly, in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities underwent the Mongol-Tatar invasion under the leadership of the legendary Khan Batu.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even the canonical version does not directly confirm the fact of the conquest of the northeastern Old Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders - allegedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde (a state formation that occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded Mongolian prince Batu). They say that the army of Khan Batu made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go "arm in arm" of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Khan Batu consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the people they had just conquered.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of a letter from Batu to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the all-powerful khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take his son into the upbringing and make him a real warrior and commander.

Some sources also claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their naughty children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

Due to all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future "(" Olma-Press ") puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and middle of the XIII century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols, at the head of the nomadic tribes (later called the Tatars), came to the northeastern Russian principalities, they really entered into rather bloody military clashes with them. But only Batu Khan did not succeed in a crushing victory; most likely, the case ended in a kind of "combat draw". And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and Tatar mothers frightened their children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

All these terrible stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were composed much later, when the Moscow tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army of nomadic peoples, and subjecting them to strict discipline decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Russia. In the winter of 1237, the Mongol-Tatars army invaded the territory of Russia, and after defeating the Russian army on the Kalka River, set off further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task turns back. From this period the So-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke"Over Russia.

But wait, they were going to conquer the whole world ... so why not move on? Historians replied that they feared an attack from the back, defeated and plundered, but still strong Russia. But this is just ridiculous. Plundered state, will run to defend foreign cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops, so that they can fight back fully armed.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the House of Romanov, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the "times of the Horde" disappear. For example, “The Lay of the Death of the Russian Land”, historians, believe that this is a document from which everything was carefully removed, which would testify to the Yoke. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "misfortune" that befell Russia. But there is not a word about the "Mongol invasion".

There are many more oddities. In the story "About Evil Tatars" Khan from Golden Horde orders to execute the Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to worship the "pagan god of the Slavs!" And some of the annals contain amazing phrases, such as: “ Well, with God! " - said the khan and, crossing himself, galloped to the enemy.
So, what really happened?

At that time, the "new faith" was already flourishing in Europe, namely Faith in Christ... Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything, from the way of life and order, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, "tactical tricks" were often used, akin to bribery of powerful persons and persuading them to their faith. And after gaining power through the purchased person, the conversion of all his "subordinates". It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out to Russia. Through bribery and other promises, the ministers of the church were able to seize power over Kiev and surrounding areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And Vorogi came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to implant an alien faith to us, Sprinkle gold and silver on the Russian princes, bribe their will, and lead us astray. They promised them an idle life, full of riches and happiness, and forgiveness of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up into different states. The Russian clan retreated to the north to Asgard the Great, And they named their state after the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister Light-wise. (They called it Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria, too, did not bow before the enemies, and did not begin to accept their faith as hers.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with TarTaria. They began to conquer the Russians with fire and sword of the earth and impose their alien faith. And then the army of war rose to a fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to Ratniki in order to restore order to the Russian Lands. "

So the war began, in which the Russian army, lands Great Aria (father of the Arias) defeated the enemy, and drove him out of the primordially Slavic lands. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is translated by drop caps old Slavic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. The "political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned on the ground, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN (our defender).
So there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity Great Aria or TarTaria... By the way, modern history also confirms this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely reverse, and very intent:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the early 60s of the 13th century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the 13th-15th centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in non-ruined lands. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skilful management of the campaign and bravery in battle. (Wikipedia)

It doesn't seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the middle of the invasion " Mongolo-Tatar"To Russia? Burning in fires and plundered " Mongols"Russia, is attacked by the Swedish army, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the victors are strong Swedish army Do Rusichi lose to the Mongols? In my opinion, it's just Brad. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

Since 1237 Rat Great Tartary began to recapture their ancestral lands back, and when the war came to an end, the representatives of the church who were losing the lay asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were sent into battle. If they failed to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army Horde (that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) faced in the battle with the army of the Crusaders, which had come to the rescue of its henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of Nevsky prince and remained to reign Novgorod, and the Horde's army went on to expel the foe from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted "the church and the alien faith" until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left not north. By setting 300 years of peace.

Again, this is confirmed by the so-called end of yoke « Battle of Kulikovo"Before which 2 knights participated in the match Peresvet and Chelubey... Two Russian knights, Andrey Peresvet (transcending the light) and Chelubey (beating with his forehead, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was Chelubey's loss that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, rebuilt with the money of the same "Churchmen" who nevertheless penetrated into Russia from under the counter, albeit more than 150 years later. This is only later, when all of Russia plunges into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the Romanov family came to power, many documents will acquire the form we know.

By the way, it is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands, and expels the infidels from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which passed half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by the army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could have been.This is exactly our territory, which originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day, the remains of civilization are found EtRusskov.

The Macedonian army was supplanted by the army Slavyan-Arievwho defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. Trembling with fear and horror, the Europeans never ceased to be afraid of the Rusichi, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Russia would rise and shine again with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Peter the Great. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academic historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russian (including MV Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. It so happens that the history of Ancient Russia was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Russia, and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that Lomonosov's works on the history of Russia published by Miller were falsifications. Little remains of Lomonosov's works.

Such a concept can be found on the website of Omsk State University:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let's pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
facts. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and instilled in us from childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the highlights in the history of ancient Russia is this
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Russia, swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Russia was conquered in the XIII century with any
there was a side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the west, as Morozov believed, should have
remain information about clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, exactly where they should have passed
conquerors.

Of course, in school courses in Russian history, we are
convince that the Cossack troops appeared only in the XVII century,
allegedly due to the fact that the slaves fled from the power of the landlords to
Don. However, it is known - although it is usually not mentioned in textbooks,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed STILL
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks belongs
to the XII-XIII centuries. See, for example, the work of Sukhorukov<> in the DON magazine, 1989.

Thus,<>, - wherever it comes from, -
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably have to come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THE CONQUEST OF RUSSIA WAS NOT. BECAUSE THE HORDE WAS NOT ATTENDING WITH THE COSSACKS, THAT
The Cossacks were part of the horde. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly justified,
for example, A.A. Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE MAKE SOMETHING BIGGER.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossack
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the Horde - IT WAS
SIMPLY REGULAR RUSSIAN TROOPS.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms VOISKO and WARRIOR,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan.

Then the terminology changed. By the way, back in the 19th century in
Russian folk proverbs words<> and<> were
are interchangeable. This can be seen from the numerous examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<> etc.

There is still the famous city of Semikarakorum on the Don, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF CHINGIZ KHAN. Moreover, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still persistently looking for the Karakorum, no
For some reason, there is no Karakorum.

Desperate, they hypothesized that<>... This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded by
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital Karakorum was entirely located on
the territory subsequently occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Russia from the outside, but there is simply Eastern Russian regular
an army that was an integral part of the Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is as follows.

1) <> WAS JUST A PERIOD OF THE WAR
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS RUSSIA
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE GOVERNOR-KHAN \u003d TSAR, A B
CITIES ARE SITTEN CIVIL REGULARS - PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED TO
WE WERE COLLECTING Tribute FOR THE USE OF THIS RUSSIAN TROOP, ON HIS
CONTENT.

3) THUS, THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE IS REPRESENTED
ONE EMPIRE, IN WHICH WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND A CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT
ITS REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS HAVE ALREADY INCLUDED IN
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-ORDYN EMPIRE EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. HER STORY ENDED WITH A FAMOUS GREAT
CONFUSION IN RUSSIA BEGINNING XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE KINGS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, - WERE PHYSICALLY EXPIRED. BEFORE RUSSIAN
THE ARMY HORDE ACTUALLY HAS BEEN DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>... AS A RESULT TO POWER IN RUSSIA HAS COME IN PRINCIPAL
NEW PRO-WESTERN DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOVS. SHE TOOK THE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN-ORDYN HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. SO
ROMANOV WANTED IN ROOT TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. SHOULD GIVE THEM THE DUE - IT WAS DONE
GOOD. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN ESSENCE, THEY COULD BEFORE
UNRECognizability to distort the entire RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDA WITH ITS CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL AND MILITARY
CONDITION - HORDE, THEY DECLARED THE ERA<>... WITH THIS OWN OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-VOYSKO
TURNED - UNDER THE PEN OF THE ROMANIAN HISTORIANS - IN THE MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

Notorious<>familiar to us from Romanovsky
telling the story was just STATE TAX inside
Rus for the maintenance of the Cossack army - Horde. Famous<>, - every tenth person taken to the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like a call to the army, but only
from childhood - and for life.

Further, the so-called<>in our opinion
were just punitive expeditions to those Russian regions
who, for some reason, refused to pay tribute \u003d
state filing. Then the regular troops were punished
civil rioters.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and substantiation, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the basic facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for managing the state: Prince and Khan... The prince was responsible for managing the state in peacetime. The khan or "military prince" took over the reins of control during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Chinggis Khan is not a name, but the title of "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is about him that is usually talked about when they talk about Chinggis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (LN Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe".).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Chinggis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide ").

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their "compatriot" had created a Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with ... The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (NV Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army of "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% fell on other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of St. Sergius of Radonezh "Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed in the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: "The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lygnitz on April 9, 1241" As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. The next image shows “the khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol empire, Khanbalik” (it is believed that Khanbalik is supposedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese"? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, rifle caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, “Russia That Was Not”).

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences in the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: "The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - these are like two different worlds ..." (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the period of the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has survived. But on the other hand, there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence to support the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many forgeries designed to convince us of the existence of an invention called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke". Here is one such fake. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication is declared "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, the bright light and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, wonderful animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and by many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, this "ancient" document contains the following line: "You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!"

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The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999 - 2010), Doctor of Political Sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. "Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors."

“In fact, the Russian Empire, and then Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation is the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Chinggis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as has already been done in China, ”continued Mirikhanov. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars once frightened Europe so much that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice. "

Izmailov summed up the result:

“The historical period, which is usually called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is the usual feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: scattered principalities could not afford such construction, but only a de facto confederation, united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars. "

Historian Lev Gumilyov, from the book "From Russia to Russia", 2008:
“Thus, for the tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to Sarai, Russia received a reliable strong army, which defended not only Novgorod and Pskov. Moreover, the Russian principalities, which accepted an alliance with the Horde, fully retained their ideological independence and political independence. This alone shows that Russia was not
a province of the Mongol ulus, but a country allied to the great khan, which paid some tax on the upkeep of the army, which it needed itself. " Nevsky. Nevskaya battle (part 1), Well, also check out and whether The original article is on the site InfoGlaz.rf The link to the article this copy was made from is