Thematic tests in organic chemistry. Hydrocarbons. Grade 10. Borovskikh T.A.

M .: 20 1 3. - 1 60 s.

The book is designed to test the knowledge of students in the course of chemistry in grade 10. The publication is focused on working with any chemistry textbook from the Federal List of Textbooks and contains 64 versions of current and final tests on 8 topics of organic chemistry under the code name "Hydrocarbons". Each test is presented in four variants. Test items differ in different levels of difficulty and form: with a choice of answer, with a short answer. The calculation tasks are also given. The manual can be used for a frontal, individual survey, for homework, to prepare for the exam. Answers are given at the end of the book. The book is addressed to students and teachers.

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Content
How to use manual 4
The theory of the structure of organic substances. The nature of the chemical bond 6
Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds 14
Homology and isomerism of organic substances 22
Alkanes. Composition, structure. Obtaining 30
Alkanes. Chemical properties 37
Cycloalkanes. Composition, nomenclature, isomerism. Obtaining 44
Cycloalkanes. Physical and chemical properties 52
Alkenes. Structure. Homology. Isomerism. Methods for obtaining 59
Alkenes. Chemical and physical properties 66
Alcadienes. Structure. Structure, nomenclature. Isomerism 74
Alcadienes. Physical and chemical properties 82
Alkyne. Composition, structure, isomerism, nomenclature, obtaining 90
Alkyne. Chemical and physical properties 98
Arenas. Composition, structure, isomerism, nomenclature. Obtaining 105
Arenas. Chemical and physical properties 113
Natural sources of hydrocarbons and their processing 121
Generalization of knowledge about hydrocarbons: 130
153 responses

Practice test A3. IA - IIIA IVA - VIIA

1 ... The most pronounced metallic properties are:

1) Na 2) K 3) Mg 4) Al

2 ... The least pronounced metallic properties are:

1) Rb 2) Sr 3) Ca 4) K

3 ... HaveK andRb are the same ...

1) atomic radii 3) nuclear charges

2) values \u200b\u200bof relative electronegativity 4) higher oxidation states

4 ... HaveSr andRb are the same ...

1) atomic radii 3) oxidation states

2) the values \u200b\u200bof the relative electronegativity 4) the number of electron layers

5 ... Chromium oxides CrO 3 – Cr 2 O 3 – CrO arranged in ascending order

1) oxidation state of chromium 2) oxidizing properties

3) basic properties 4) water solubility

6 ... Iron oxidesFeO – Fe 2 O 3

1) basic properties 2) oxidation state of iron

3) oxidative properties 4) water solubility

7 ... Chromium hydroxidesCr( OH) 2 -- Cr( OH) 3 arranged in decreasing order

1) basic properties 2) oxidation state of chromium

3) oxidizing properties 4) water solubility

8 ... Iron does not have an oxidation state

1) +6 2) +2 3) +3 4) +5

9.

1) magnesium 2) calcium 3) strontium 4) barium

10.

1) nitrogen and magnesium chloride 3) hydrogen and sodium hydroxide

2) carbon and hydrochloric acid 4)

11 ... Copper reacts with each of a set of substances

1) nitrogen and copper chloride 3) hydrogen and sodium hydroxide

2) oxygen and nitric acid 4) argon and dilute sulfuric acid

12 ... Are the following statements about chromium oxide (VI)?

A. Chromium oxide (VI

B. Chromium oxide (VI) is the basic oxide.

13 ... Amphoteric and basic oxide, respectively, are

1) BaO, K 2 O 2) Al 2 O 3 , CaO 3) SO 2 , Na 2 O 4) Cr 2 O 3 , ZnO

14 ... When chromium interacts with hydrochloric acid,

1) CrCl 2 andH 2 2) CrCl 3 andH 2 O 3) CrCl 2 andH 2 O 4) CrCl 3 andH 2

15 ... When iron interacts with hydrochloric acid, the following forms:

1) FeCl 2 andH 2 2) FeCl 3 andH 2 O 3) FeCl 2 andH 2 O 4) FeCl 3 andH 2

16 ... Are the claims about zinc hydroxide correct?

A. Zinc hydroxide exhibits only acidic properties.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

17 ... In an excited state, boron has an electronic configuration

1) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 3 2) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 1 3) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 3 4) 1 s 2 2 s 1 2 p 2

18 ... Iron exhibits oxidation state +3 due to electrons located on

1) 4 s and 3d- sublevels 2) 4s and 4p-sub-levels

3) 4 s and 3p- sublevels 4) 4s and 3s-sub-levels

19 ... The most stable oxidation states of chromium are

1) +1, +6 2) +2, +6 3) +3, +6 4) +4, +6

20. The most stable oxidation state of copper is

1) +1 2) +2 3) +3 4) +11

21. IIwhat about groups?

A. Show oxidation state +2

B. Form ionic compounds with non-metals

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

22. In order of increasing reducing properties, metals are arranged in a row

1) Li, Zn, Mg 2) Na, Li, Al 3) Al, Mg, Na 4) Cr, Li, Al

23 .

1) tellurium 2) sulfur 3) selenium 4) oxygen

24. .

A. Show both reducing and oxidizing properties

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

25. Nitrogen is not an oxidizing agent in reaction with

1) H 2 2) Li 3) O 2 4) Ca

26.

27.

1) O 2 2) Li 3) KClO 3 4) H 2 SO 4

28 ... Sulfur is a reducing agent in reaction with

1) Fe, H 2 , O 2 2) Zn, H 2 , C 3) F 2 , Ca, H 2 4) H 2 SO 4( end ) , HNO 3 , O 2

29

A. All non-metals, except fluorine, have a redox duality.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

30 ... Does not show

31. With an increase in the oxidation state of an element, the strength of oxygen-containing acids

1) decreases 2) increases 3) does not change 4) does not manifest

32.

1) acids 2) bases

3) amphoteric compound 4)

33.

1) decreases 2) increases 3) does not change 4) does not manifest

34 .

1) B, C, N 2) N, O, P 3) F, O, P 4) Cl, S, F

35. Are the following judgments about non-metals true?

B. Their hydrogen compounds are acids

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

36 ... Fluorine exhibits oxidation states

1) -1, 0, +1, +3, + 5, +7 2) -1, 0, +1 3) -1, 0 4) -1, + 5, +7

37. Hydrogen compound of composition H 2 E 2 forms

1) carbon 2) silicon 3) boron 4) nitrogen

38 ... In a rowSi – P – S – Clelectronegativity of elements

1) increases 2) decreases

3) does not change 4) first decreases, then increases

39 ... Are the following judgments about the properties of oxygen and sulfur correct?

A. The maximum valence of these elements in compounds is equal to the group number.

B. When interacting with hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur exhibit oxidizing properties.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

40. Superior Chlorine Oxide Formula

1) Cl 2 O 2) ClO 2 3) Cl 2 O 5 4) Cl 2 O 7

41 ... In a rowHF – HBr there is a decrease

1) strength of acids 2) polarity of bonds

3) reducing properties 4) bond lengths

42 .

1) nitrogen, fluorine 2) fluorine, chlorine 3) nitrogen, phosphorus 4) chlorine, bromine

43.

1) nitrogen and sodium chloride 2)

3) hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide 4)argon and ammonia

44 .

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

45 .

1) aluminum 2) iron3) copper4) chrome

Control test A3. General characteristics of metals of the main subgroups IA - IIIA groups in connection with their position in the periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms. Characterization of transition elements - copper, zinc, chromium, iron by their position in the periodic table of chemical elements and the structural features of their atoms. General characteristics of non-metalsIVA - VIIA groups in connection with their position in the periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms.

1. Atoms donate electrons most easily

magnesium 2) strontium 3) calcium 4) barium

2 . When chromium interacts with hydrochloric acid, the formationis

1) CrCl 2 and H 2 2) CrCl and H 2 0 3) CrCl 3 and H 2 0 4) CrCl 3 and H 2

3 . talls are in a row

l) Al, Zn, Ni 2) A1,Na, K 3) Ni, Zn, Mg 4) Ni, Zn, Al

4 .
A. Alkali metals exhibit an oxidation state of +1.
B.C non-metals form non-molecular compounds.

only A is true2) only B is true

5 . In an excited state, boron has an electron endfiguration

1) ls 2 2 s 1 2 p 3 2) ls 2 2 s 2 2 p 1 3) ls 1 2 s 2 2 p 2 4) ls 2 2 s 1 2 p 2

6. Iron reacts with each of a set of substances

1) nitrogen and magnesium chloride 2)carbon and hydrochloric acid

3) hydrogen and sodium hydroxide4) argon and dilute sulfuric acid

7 . When iron interacts with hydrochloric acid,called

1) FeCl 3 andH 2 2) FeCl 3 and H 2 0 3) FeCl 2 andH 2 0 4) FeCl 2 and H 2

8 . In order of decreasing reducing properties of metalls are in a row

l) Li, Zn, Mg 2) Al, Na, Li 3) Na, Al, Cr4) Cr, Li, Al

9 . Are the following judgments about alkali metals correct?
A. Alkali metals show only a reducing agentproperties.

B. Their hydroxides are strong bases.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

10 . Iron exhibits the oxidation state +3 due to the electrorons located on

4 sand Zd-sub-levels 2 ) 4 siZr-sublevels 3)4 sand 4p-sublevels 4) 4 s and Zs-sub-levels

11 . Atoms donate electrons most easily

1) rubidium 2) calcium 3) strontium 4) cesium

12 . Are the following statements about zinc hydroxide true?
A. Zinc hydroxide exhibits only acidic properties.
B. Zinc hydroxide exhibits only basic properties.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

13 . In order of decreasing reducing properties of metalls are in a row

Zn, Cr, Al 2) Al, Cr, Zn3) Na, Zn, Co 4) Cr, Zn, Al

14 . Are the following judgments about alkali metals correct?
A. When interacting with oxygen, predominantlyform peroxides.

B. Their hydroxides are alkalis.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

15 . The most stable oxidation states of chromium arego

1)+1,+2 2)+2,+6 3)+3, +6 4)+4,+6

16 . Copper reacts with each of a set of substances

1) nitrogen and copper chloride 2)oxygen and nitric acid

hydrogen and sodium hydroxide 4)argon and dilute sulfuric acid

17 . Aluminum reacts with each of a set of substances

nitrogen and sodium chloride 2)oxygen and concentrated nitric acid

hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide 4) argon and ammonia

18 . Copper does not interact with

dilute sulfuric acid 2)concentrated nitric acid

concentrated sulfuric acid 4)dilute nitric acid

19 . Zinc reacts with each of a set of substances

1) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid 2)oxygen and sodium chloride solution

argon and potassium hydroxide 4)neon and water

20 . When nickel reacts with hydrochloric acid,called

NiCl 3 and H 2 2) NiCl 2 and H 2 0 3) NiCl 3 and H 2 0 4) NiCl 2 and H 2

21 . Atoms donate electrons most easily

1) tin 2) india 3) aluminum 4) antimony

22 . Are the following statements about chromium oxide (VI)?
A. Chromium oxide (VI) is an acidic oxide.

B. Chromium oxide (VI) is the basic oxide.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

23 . In order of decreasing reducing properties of metalls are in a row

l) Mg, Zn, Au 2) A1, Fe, Zn 3) Na, Zn, Mg 4) Ni, Al, Zn

24. Are the following judgments about alkali metals correct?
A. Show reductive and oxidativestate.

B. Their salts are not cationically hydrolyzed.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

25 . The most stable oxidation state of copper isis

1)+1 2)+2 3)+3 4)+11

26. Silver reacts with each of a set of substances

nitrogen and sodium chloride 2)oxygen and concentrated nitric acid

hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide 4)argon and ammonia

27 . Are the following statements about zinc oxide true?
A. Zinc oxide is a non-salt-forming oxide.
B Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

28 . talls are in a row

l) Al, Zn, Ni 2) Al, Na,TO 3) Ni, Mg, Zn 4) Zn, Ni, Al

29 . Amphoteric hydroxide does not form

1) aluminum2) iron 3) copper 4) chrome

30 . Are the following judgments about metals true?IIA groups?
A. Show oxidation state +2.

B. Form ionic compounds with non-metals.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

31. Atoms donate electrons most easily

1) magnesium 2) calcium 3) sodium 4) lithium

32 . Are the following statements about magnesium hydroxide correct?
A. Magnesium hydroxide is acidic.

B. Magnesium hydroxide exhibits basic properties.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

33 . In order to increase the reducing properties of metalls are in a row

l) Li, Zn, Mg 2) Na, Li, Al 3) Al, Mg, Na4) Cr, Li, Al

34 . Amphoteric hydroxide forms

1) sodium 2) magnesium3) potassium 4) beryllium

35 . Are the following judgments about metals true?IIA groups?

A. Show only regenerative properties.

B. The strength of the bases increases from top to bottom in the group.

only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

36 ... Are the following statements true about non-metals?

A. Show only oxidizing properties

B. Their hydrogen compounds are acids.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

Chlorine is both an oxidizing and a reducing agent that reacts with

1) H 2 About 2)Fe 3) C 2 H 4 4) C 4 H 6

38. Doesn't show oxidation state equal to the group number

1) oxygen 2) sulfur 3) selenium 4) tellurium

39. The oxidizing properties of elements increase in the series

1) nitrogen, carbon 2) carbon, silicon 3) oxygen, nitrogen 4) chlorine, fluorine

40. The ability of hydrogen compounds of non-metals to form an intermolecular hydrogen bond over the period from left to right

1) decreases 2) increases 2) does not change 3) does not manifest

41. Are the following statements true about non-metals?

A. Show both reducing and oxidizing properties.

B. The strength of anoxic acids grows in the group from top to bottom

42. Nitrogenis not oxidizing agent in reaction with

H 2 2) Li 3) O 2 4) Ca

Does not show oxidation state equal to the group number

1) chlorine 2) fluorine 3) bromine 4) iodine

44.

a number of

nitrogen, fluorine 2) fluorine, chlorine 3) nitrogen, phosphorus 4) chlorine, bromine

45.

1) B, O,N2) Se,ABOUT,P 3) C,ABOUT,S 4) Cl, S, Se

46. Are the following judgments about non-metals true?

A. All non-metals, except fluorine, have oxidativerestorative duality.

B. All non-metals interact with oxygen.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

47. Phosphorus is an oxidizing agent that reacts with

1) 0 2 2) Li 3) KS10 3 4) H 2 S0 4

48. Does not exhibit the highest valency equal to the group number
1) tellurium 2) sulfur3) selenium 4) oxygen

49. The oxidizing properties of the elements increase in

a number of

silicon, carbon 2) carbon, germanium3) phosphorus, arsenic 4) sulfur, carbon

50. The ability of hydrogen compounds of non-metals to formcall intermolecular hydrogen bond by grouptop down

does not appear 2) increases3) does not change 4) decreases

51. Phosphorus is a reducing agent in reaction with

1) About 2 2) Li3) Mg 4) Ca

52. Does not exhibit the highest valency equal to the group number

1) silicon 2) phosphorus 3) sulfur 4) fluorine

53. The oxidizing properties of elements increase in the series

1) phosphorus, silicon 2) sulfur, selenium 3) nitrogen, fluorine 4) nitrogen, arsenic

54. The regenerative properties of elements increase in a row

1) F, Cl, I2) P ; C1, I3) Se, S, 0 4) P, S, Cl

55. Acidic properties of oxygen-containing acids by period from left to right

1) do not appear 2) increase3) do not change 4) decrease

56. Phosphorus is an oxidizing agent that reacts with

1) About 2 2) Li3) KSU 3 4) H 2 SO 4

57. Does not exhibit the highest valency equal to the group number

1) phosphorus 2) arsenic 3) antimony 4) nitrogen

58. Oxidizerproperties of elements increase in

bromine tellurium 2) bromine, chlorine3) chlorine, iodine 4) oxygen, nitrogen

59. The regenerative properties of elements increase in a row

1) Te, Se, S 2) Cl, Br, I 3) Se,INr, I4) Cl, S, O

60. Acidic properties of oxygen-containing acids by group from top to bottom|

decrease 2) increase 3) do not change 4) do not appear

Sulfur is an oxidizing agent in reaction with

1) Fe,H 2 , 0 2 2) Zn, H 2 , C 3) F 2 , Ca, H 2 4) H 2 S0 4 (KOH C ) , HN0 3 , Ni.

C, 0, N 2) F, 0, N 3) 0,R, CI4) CI, P, F

Chlorine exhibits oxidation states

1) -1, 0 2)-1,0,+73)-1,0, + 1,+3,+5, +7 4)-1,+5,+7

Hydrogen compound of iodine exhibits properties

acid 2)bases 3)amphoteric compound 4)does not show acid-base properties

With an increase in the oxidation state of an element, the strength of oxygencontaining acids

decreases 2) increases 3) does not change 4) does not appear

66. . Sulfur is a reducing agent in reaction with

Fe, H 2 , 0 2 2) Zn, H 2 , FROM3) F 2 , Ca, H 2 4) H 2 S0 4( KOH Ts) at HN0 3 , 0 2

67. The oxidizing properties of the elements decrease in the series

I, 0, N 2) F, C1, I3) I,Those, S 4) Br, Cl, N

Fluorine exhibits oxidation states

1)-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7 2)-1,0,+73) - 1, 0 4)-1,+5,+7

69. The regenerative properties of the elements increasein a row

1) IN,C, N 2) N, 0, P 3)F, 0, P4) C1,S, F

70 . Hydrogen selenium compound exhibits properties

acids 2) bases 3)amphoteric compound4)does not show acid-base properties

M .: 2017 .-- 432 p.

The study guide contains material for preparing for the exam in chemistry. The manual for preparing for the exam includes systematized theoretical material in four sections of chemistry, as well as tasks for independent work (with answers). All types of assignments and approaches to their assessment are presented. Comments on the solution of the tasks will help you to repeat the basic concepts necessary to prepare for the exam. The manual contains training options for the exam. Addressed to students in grades 10-11 who are going to take the exam in chemistry, as well as chemistry teachers.

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CONTENT
Foreword 6
BASICS OF CHEMISTRY
1.1. Theoretical material 10
Modern concepts of the structure of the atom 11
Periodic Law and Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev. Regularities of changes in the chemical properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 16
Chemical bond and structure of matter 20
Electronegativity. Oxidation state and valence of chemical elements 28
Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Dependence of the properties of substances on the features of their crystal lattice 37
Classification of chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions.
Balance shift 40
Electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes.
Ion exchange reactions 43
Salt hydrolysis. Aqueous solutions medium 46
Redox reactions 47
Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 52
Chemical reaction rate 53
1.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 55
1.3. Self-study assignments 70
2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2.1. Theoretical material 87
Classification and nomenclature of inorganic compounds 87
Characteristics of the elements by position in the Periodic Table 97
Chemical properties of simple inorganic substances 104
Chemical properties of complex inorganic substances 122
2.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 137
2.3. Self-study assignments 149
3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
3.1. Theoretical material 168
Theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism 168
Types of bonds in molecules of organic substances. Hybridization of carbon atomic orbitals.
Radical. Functional group 169
Classification and nomenclature of organic substances 170
Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons 175
Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas) 187
Typical chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 192
Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 198
Biologically important substances (fats, carbohydrates) 204
Typical chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds 210
Biologically important substances 216
The main methods of obtaining hydrocarbons 217
The main methods of obtaining oxygen-containing substances 222
The main methods of obtaining nitrogen-containing substances 226
The relationship of organic compounds 228
3.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 229
3.3. Self-study assignments 240
4. METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE IN CHEMISTRY. CHEMISTRY AND LIFE
4.1. Theoretical material 264
Experimental Foundations of Chemistry 264
General ideas about industrial methods for producing essential substances 269
Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 2 76
High molecular weight compounds.
Polymerization and polycondensation reactions.
Polymers. Plastics, fibers, rubbers 281
Calculations by chemical formulas and reaction equations 286
4.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 297
4.3. Self-study assignments 309
APPROXIMATE EXAM OPTIONS
Option 1 318
Option 2 330
Option 3 341
Option 4 352
Option 5 363
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK
Fundamentals of Chemistry 374
Inorganic chemistry 379
Organic chemistry 387
Knowledge and use of substances and chemical reactions 394
Answers to sample assignments
training options for the exam 409
Answers to tasks part 1 409
Answers to tasks part 2 411

The manual offered to your attention is intended for the study, generalization and systematization of the material on chemistry studied at the senior stage of school. Working with the manual will also allow you to successfully prepare for the unified state exam (USE) in chemistry, which is carried out using control measuring materials (CMM) - standardized tasks, the content of which fully complies with the current regulatory framework of school chemistry education - the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary ( full) general education.
The manual includes:
- training materials for the main sections of the chemistry course (theory and training tasks);
- approximate versions of the exam;
- answers to assignments for independent work and assignments of sample options.
Educational and training materials for the main sections of the course of chemistry are a systematic presentation of material about substances, their composition, structure and properties; about the chemical reaction, the essence and patterns of the course of reactions of various types; on the use of substances and chemical transformations, methods of cognition of chemical objects. The material included in the manual is a mandatory component (invariant core) of the content of all current high school chemistry programs for classes studying chemistry at a specialized level.