History of the house and museum. Shcherbatova's city estate - Khitrovo After the October Revolution, the house-iron and Kulakovka began to fall into disrepair. The shelters refused to pay the owners, and the owners, not finding anyone to complain to, abandoned this business.

History of the house and museum

The earliest information about the site where the house was built dates back to 1752. The first builder and owner of the house was the secretary of the Manufactory Board, then collegiate adviser, recorder Sergei Fedorovich Neronov. On July 18, 1752, he received permission to erect a mansion building according to the plan of the architect Vasily Obukhov. Construction start datethe building that exists today is considered to be 1777. By the end of the 1770s, square stone chambers of one floor were erected along the red line of the street. Arbat withwhite stone basementa room, the vaults of which rested on two pillars, and a superstructure of the second floor was designed.

Since 1806, the provincial secretary, collegiate assessor Nikanor Semenovich Khitrovo (1748 - 1810) became the owner of the house. Since 1810manorpassed by inheritance to his son, collegiate assessor Nikanor Nikanorovich Khitrovo (1797 - 1855). During the devastating Moscowfire in September 1812, the Khitrovo house was almost completely burned out and was rebuilt by 1816. The plans for the house of 1806 have survived to this day. (done by Evreinov) and 1836. These plans guided the architects of the 20th century during the restoration of the building.

A.S. Pushkin entered into an agreement in the brokerage office of the Prechistensky district to rent part of the Khitrovo house on January 23, 1831, shortly before his wedding. He rented rooms on the second floor, a mezzanine, a stable, a carriage house, a kitchen for six months for two thousand rubles in banknotes, and hired servants. At this time, the owners of the house, usuallyoccupied the first floor, in connection with the raging cholera in Moscow, remained in Orel. Therefore, the sister of the mistress of the house, Nadezhda Nikolaevna Safonova, was engaged in the paperwork on the part of Khitrovo. When exactly did A.S. Pushkin to the house on the Arbat, unknown. In any case, on February 10, 1831, he already asked N.I. Krivtsov to write "on the Arbat to Khitrova's house."

February 17, on the eve of the wedding, A.S. Pushkin arranged a bachelor's dinner, "bachelor party", to which he invited his closest friends and acquaintances. Among the guests were: younger brother Levushka, P. Vyazemsky, N. Yazykov, D.Davydov, I. Kireevsky, A. Elagin, A. Verstovsky. On February 18, the wedding of A.S. Pushkinand N.N. Goncharova. After the wedding in the Church of the Great Ascension, the young people were met in the Arbat house by P. Nashchokin, P. Vyazemsky and his eleven-year-old son Pavel. At a wedding dinner arranged in the new apartment of A.S. Pushkin, the brother of the poet Levushka ordered.

On February 27, in the house on the Arbat, the Pushkins gave their first ball. AND I. Bulgakov recalled: “The glorious Pushkin gave a ball yesterday. Both he and she treated their guests wonderfully. She is lovely and they are like two doves. May God keep it that way. Everyone danced a lot ... Dinner was glorious; it seemed strange to everyone that Pushkin, who lived all the time in taverns, suddenly had such an economy.
Not having lived the planned period, on May 15, 1831, the Pushkin couple left for Tsarskoye Selo, where a summer cottage was hired for them. In the Arbat apartment of A.S. and N.N. The Pushkins spent the first three happy months married life. Here the dreams of A.S. Pushkin about Happiness, Love and Home.

The Arbat house was lucky for the guests. From the autumn of 1884 to May 1885, the same five-room apartment as A.S. Pushkin, filmed here by the younger brother of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Anatoly. The famous composer, visiting Moscow, often visited his beloved brother. In the house on the Arbat, the Tchaikovsky brothers celebrated New Year 1885 together, and on April 25 (May 7) of the same year, Pyotr Ilyich celebrated his forty-fifth birthday here .

In 1920, the mansion on the Arbat was transferred to the Office of the Municipal Fund. In 1921, for several months in the Arbat house, the District Amateur Theater of the Red Army found shelter, for which a hall for 250 seats was equipped on the second floor. The head of the theater was V.L. Zhemchuzhny, and the artistic council included Vsevolod Meyerhold and Vladimir Mayakovsky. The only performance staged on the Arbat was a play by Ya.B. Princess "Sbitenshchik", which enjoyed great success. The role of the retired officer Boltai was played by the young actor Erast Garin, who had just returned from the Red Army.

Then the house was divided into living rooms - communal apartments. In particular, the famous Pushkin's living room became "Apartment No. 5". High ceilings made it possible to divide it into two levels and accommodate four families here. By the early 1970s, 33 families out of 72 people lived here.

On February 12, 1937, through the efforts of the Pushkin Commission chaired by M.A. Tsyavlovsky, a memorial plaque by sculptor E.D. was installed on the house. Medvedeva. On August 29, 1972, at the initiative of the staff of the State Museum of A.S. Pushkin, the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council of Workers' Deputies decided to organize in the possession of No. 53 on the street. Arbat Pushkin Museum. On December 4, 1974, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR decided to include "Pushkin's House on the Arbat" in the list of monuments of national importance.

The staff of the Moscow Pushkin Museum has done a huge amount of restoration, organizational and scientific work. Opening of the “Memorial apartment of A.S. Pushkin on the Arbat" - the only memorial museum of the poet in Moscow - was held on February 18, 1986.

“Memorial apartment of A.S. Pushkin on Arbat" is today one of the iconic museums of the city. This is a scientific and cultural center for the promotion of the literary heritage of A.S. Pushkin and Russian culture of the XIX century. About 50 thousand people visit the museum every year. Important mass cultural events, scientific meetings and conferences, concerts, poetry evenings, the art festival “Moscow. Pushkin. February Evenings on the Arbat”, diplomatic receptions, marriage ceremonies for young couples.

House №1\13\6 city ​​- this large section between Armenian and Devyatkin lanes, overlooking Pokrovka, has a fairly ancient history.Over the years, its owners have changed several times and almost every one of them built something.Now there are several different buildings on it. Little is known about its first owners, and there are large temporal discrepancies and blind spots in various studies. I did my little research, so in the text some significant dates are in bold. But first things first.

At the end of Armenian Lane in the middle of the 17th century there were two possessions: one -Klyucharyov, other -Lyapunov. They, apparently, went parallel to Pokrovka and stretched from Armenian to Devyatkin per.
By 1716 purchased both plotsand united them state councilor, princeSergei Borisovich Golitsyn(1687 - 1758). His father, Golitsyn Boris Alekseevich, was a steward and tutor of two tsars Fedor Alekseevich and Peter Alekseevich.
Sergei Borisovich was married twice, his first wife wasGolovina Praskovya Fedorovna(1687 - 1720), from whom he had seven children, his second wife -Miloslavskaya Maria Alexandrovna(1697 - 1767), with whom he had four children. Here, in the Armenian lane, lived various representatives of the Miloslavsky family ( see previous parts 2 and 6), perhaps visiting neighbors, he met his second wife.
Aboutwide stone chambersbuiltaround the middle of the 18th century possibly a princessGolitsyna Maria Sergeevna(daughter of Prince Sergei Borisovich from his first marriage), they are known from 1757 The facade of the chamber was facing Pokrovka, but they stood in the back of the courtyard,and the ends went out into the alleys. In front of the chambers, along Pokrovka, a garden stretched.Now Chambers has includedhouse №1\13\6с2 .


The original plan of the building with the central volume protruding on the front and rear facades and small courtyard risalits has been preserved.The massive vaults of the first floor and some details of the processing of the rear facade have been preserved: corner vanes of projections, fragments of architraves lined with bricks.
Ground floor planfrom book

According to one version in the second half of the XVIII century. the estate passed to the Khitrovo family, and according to another, from the 1740s to end XVIIIcentury the estate belonged Ya.L. Khitrovo.
Khitrovo Yakov Lukich (1700 - 1771 ) - Acting Privy Councilor, Senator, Major General. By order of Emperor Peter I, in 1712 he was sent to study at a mathematical school, then he studied at Revel and at the St. Petersburg Naval School in various sciences, the German language and navigation, and from 1716 he was assigned to serve in the fleet as a midshipman, then he was sent abroad for further training.
Upon returning to Russiain the 1720s served in various positions, incl. engaged in the purchase of forests for the fleet, as well as the construction of barns and slipways in New Holland, then he was a member of the admiralty and patrimonial colleges. Resigned from service1762 (as you can see, Yakov Lukich died in 1771 and until the end of the 18th century the estate could not belong to him).
Khitrovo was married twice.The first wife of Yakov Lukich Khitrovo was a widowAnna Alekseevna Lopukhina(1733 - 1793), nee Zherebtsova.Shewas the daughter of a real Privy Councilor, General-in-Chief and SenatorZherebtsov Alexey Grigorievich. Yakov Lukich Khitrovo was her second husband. Interestingly, he is 33 years older than her and 12 years older than her father.
The first husband of Anna Alekseevna at the turn of the 1760s was the captain of the guard Nikolai Alexandrovich Lopukhin (1698 - 1768 ). He was 35 years older than his wife and 14 years older than her father .. From this marriage in 1861, the daughter of Evdokia, the future Countess Evdokia Nikolaevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya she would later become a wife Alexey Grigorievich, the younger brother of the favorite of Elizabeth Petrovna.

But back to her mother, Anna Alekseevna. After the death of Lopukhin May 31, 1768, she marries Khitrovo Yakov Lukich for the second time, but she will not live with him for long and will divorce.
The second wife of Yakov Lukich will be Vasilisa Ivanovna, nee Golovina .
But here's what's interesting in the list of those buried in the necropolisSpaso-Andronikov Monastery meets the following entries "Khitrovo, Yakov Lukich, boyarin, secretary. owl, burial April 17 1771 Khitrovo" and beyond "Vasilisa Ivanovna, wife of Yakov Lukich Khitrovo, d. st. owls. and a cavalier, the daughter of a devious Ivan Ivanovich Golovin; R. August 15 (1698) † May 30 (1771), at the age of 72". (Thus it turns out that Vasilisa Ivanovnadied later than her husband, so could only be the second wife of Yakov Lukich, hence it follows Anna Alekseevna could marry Khitrovo no earlier than June 1769 (the year of mourning for her first husband), and still have time to divorce him. He, Yakov Lukich, in turn, will have time to marry Vasilisa Ivanovna again in less than two years, and instead of a young wife, he will marry a woman two years older than himself for the second time.).
And here is the mystery. In the "Index of Moscow for 1793" I found that this site on the corner of Pokrovka and Armenian lane belongs to " Khitrovo Anna Alekseevna, Dowager General in the Church of Cosmas and Dimyan on Pokrovka Avenue.
In the photo of 1913, the church of Cosmas and Demyan on Pokrovka is visible on the right, and on the left, behind a metal fence, this site, with a still-preserved garden.


This is also confirmed Vbook at Sytin P.V. "From the history of Moscow streets",he's writing- " find - "Finally, on the corner with Pokrovka was the vast yard of General's wife Khitrova, with stone chambers along the red line of Armenian Lane, which, however, did not reach Pokrovka.
It turns out that during his lifetime, even 22 years after the death of Yakov Lukich, Anna Alekseevna retains her second husband's surname Khitrovo although she was divorced from him. However, they buried her in the same Necropolis of the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery for some reason alreadyunder the name of her first husband. The entry reads - " Lopukhina, Anna Aleksevna, born Zherebtsova, wife ON THE. Lopukhin; R. 1733 † May 19, 1793. Lived 60 years old", . These are the metamorphoses. Maybe someone knows the answer, write.
At the turn of the 19th century, in 1798, the property is divided into two sections and part, from the side of the Armenian lane, is acquired by the family of Count F.I. Levasheva.
Fedor Ivanovich Levashov(1751 - 1819) - Russian military leader, major general (since 1793), senator, privy councilor (since 1797). Representative of the Russian noble and count family of the Levashovs.
K.V. Bard. Portrait of Fyodor Ivanovich Levashov. 1793. State Tretyakov Gallery. Depicted in a uniform with aide-de-camp sewing and aiguillette.

Levashev's wife, presumably, was Avdotya (Evdokia) Nikolaevna Khitrovo(1775 - 1837). In the "Indicator of Moscow" for 1793, it is said that plot No. 58 "at the Red Gate in the aisle of the Church of the Three Hierarchs belongs to Levasheva Avdotya Nikolaevna, foreman" ( just at that time Fedor Ivanovich was a brigadier, he became a major general in 1793, and the reference book was being prepared earlier).
As stated in the book "Monuments of Moscow. White City", namely, under the Levashovs, the house was rebuilt, having received a strictly classical facade treatment.
Photo from the book "Monuments of Moscow. White City".

The house had a pilastered Tuscan portico and flat arched frames of small windows on the ground floor.

Subsequently, it was partially built on and changed inside.


Interestingly, a balcony door was pierced in the central window of the second floor; perhaps the house used to have a balcony.


The later superstructure of the building is clearly visible from the courtyard.

Inside the house, the central classical round hall with deep semi-circular niches in the corners, which may have housed stoves, and the front vestibule of the same period have been preserved.
Photo from the book "Monuments of Moscow. White City". Here the columns look like marble.

And now they are plastered and look like this.


Filmed secretly, all the time someone came in, so the photos turned out to be crooked.

It is believed that this house was rented in 1819 - 1821 by Herzen's father and uncle A.I. - Yakovlev Ivan Alekseevich and Yakovlev Lev Alekseevich, Muscovites Sorokin V.V. write about this. and Romanyuk S.K. The latter quotes "as Herzen wrote in Past and Thoughts", "... the economy was common, indivisible estate, a huge household inhabited the lower floor ... "( but here we are talking about the estate, most likely about Pokrovsky-Zaseken, which belonged to the Yakovlev brothers).
Libedinskaya N.B., who wrote the book "Herzen in Moscow", does not mention this address, Zemenkov B.S. does not have it either.
Herzen A.I. was born in Moscow on March 25, 1812 at 25 Tverskoy Boulevard, where he lived for 5 months, then the family moved to a rented house on M. Dmitrovka (not preserved). Here is what A.I. in "Past and Thoughts" - "Until the age of ten, I did not notice anything strange, special in my position; it seemed natural and simple to me that I live in my father's house, ... my mother has the other half ..." (as We see that we are not talking about any transfers). And then Herzen writes - "The senator (father's brother) bought himself a house on the Arbat; we arrived alone at our large apartment, empty and dead. Soon after, my father also bought a house in Staraya Konyushennaya." ( We are talking about a house in B. Vlasevsky lane, 14, not preserved).
And the last thing Romanyuk mentions is another rented house of Father Herzen in B. Znamensky Lane - "In 1817 - 1818 this house was rented by I. A. Yakovlev, father of Alexander Herzen." ( Thus, it turns out that he and his father moved endlessly: from 1812 lived M. Dmitrovka, from 1817 B. Znamensky, from 1819 Pokrovka, from 1823-1824 B. Vlasevsky, but these moves are not reflected in "Past and Thoughts", so whether little Herzen lived in the Levashovs' house is worth checking again).


But back to Levashov. In the "Indicator of Moscow" for 1839, the owners of the estate in the pr. Churches of Kozmi and Demyan on Pokrovka appear Levashev Vasily Fedorovi h, titular adviser, lieutenant colonel Levashev Alexander Fedorovich- sons of Fedor Ivanovich. In the same year they sell the estate and it is already passing into merchant hands.

How Moscow streets were named

She was given the name by the name of General N.Z. Khitrovo, son-in-law of Field Marshal Kutuzov. The general owned a house in the area and planned to build a large market nearby for the sale of greens and meat. The Khitrovo mansion has been preserved and stands on the corner of Yauzsky Boulevard and Podkolokolny Lane in the courtyard of the Stalinist house.

Two estates stood on the site of the Khitrovsky market, but they burned down in 1812. For a long time, no one undertook to restore these mansions, and their owners were unable to pay taxes. And in 1824, General Khitrovo bought these properties and arranged a square, and then presented it to the city.

In 1827, Khitrovo died, and the stalls changed owners. The square began to gradually change: if earlier there were front gardens on three undeveloped sides, now shopping arcades have appeared. On holidays and on Sundays, trade covered the square itself, where portable trays were installed.

In the 1860s, a shed was built on Khitrovskaya Square, where the Moscow labor exchange was located. Workers, peasants freed from serfdom and even unemployed intelligentsia flocked here in search of work. Basically, servants and seasonal workers were hired at the Khitrovskaya stock exchange. Stock traders became "easy prey" for pickpockets. Not everyone was able to find a job, and many settled in the vicinity of Khitrovka, living as beggars.

Gradually, inexpensive taverns and taverns were opened around Khitrovskaya Square, charitable organizations fed the poor for free, and the surrounding houses turned into bunkhouses and tenement houses with cheap apartments.

A grim sight was Khitrovka in the last century. There was no light in the labyrinth of corridors and passages, on the crooked, dilapidated stairs leading to the bunkhouses on all floors. He will find his own way, and there is no need for a stranger to meddle here! And indeed, no power dared to poke its head into these gloomy abysses... The two- and three-story houses around the square are all full of such doss-houses, in which up to ten thousand people spent the night and huddled. These houses brought huge profits to homeowners. Each rooming house paid a nickel per night, and the "numbers" went for two kopecks. Under the lower bunks, raised an arshin from the floor, there were dens for two; they were separated by hanging matting. The space of an arshin in height and one and a half arshins in width between two mats is the “number”, where people spent the night without any bedding, except for their own rags.

By the end of the 19th century, Khitrovka had become one of the most disadvantaged districts of Moscow. On Khitrovskaya Square there were flophouses - Yaroshenko's house, Bunin's house, Kulakov's house and Rumyantsev's house. And in the mansion of General Khitrovo there was a hospital for Khitrovans.

In Rumyantsev's house there was, for example, an apartment of "wanderers". The most healthy, swollen from drunken fellows with shaggy beards; their greasy hair lies over their shoulders, they have never seen a comb or soap. These are the monks of unprecedented monasteries, pilgrims, who for their entire lives go from Khitrovka to the church porch or to Zamoskvoretsky merchants and back.
After a drunken night, such a fearful uncle crawls out from under the bunks, asks the tenant for a glass of fusel oil on credit, puts on a wanderer's cassock, over his shoulders a knapsack stuffed with rags, over his head a skullcap and barefoot, sometimes even in winter in the snow, to prove his holiness, he walks for the collection.
And such a "wanderer" will not tell lies to the dark merchants, what will he not hand over to them to save their souls! Here is a sliver from the Holy Sepulcher, and a piece of the ladder that the forefather Jacob saw in a dream, and a check that fell from the sky from the chariot of Elijah the Prophet.

In the house of Rumyantsev, in addition to the rooming house, the taverns "Peresylny" and "Siberia" worked, and in the house of Yaroshenko - the tavern "Katorga". These were unofficial names common among the Khitrovans. Each tavern was visited by a certain type of public. There were beggars, homeless people and horse traders in Peresylny. "Siberia" collected pickpockets, thieves, large buyers of stolen goods, and in "Katorga" there were thieves and runaway convicts. A prisoner who returned from prison or from Siberia almost always came to Khitrovka, where he was greeted with honor and assigned "to work."

Bunin's house was cleaner than the others, where the entrance was not from the square, but from the alley. Many permanent Khitrovans lived here, who existed by day labor like chopping firewood and clearing snow, and women went to mopping, cleaning, washing like day laborers. Here lived professional beggars and various artisans, who had completely lost their lives. More tailors, they were called "crayfish", because they, naked, having drunk their last shirt, never went anywhere from their holes. They worked day and night, altering rags for the market, always hungover, in rags, barefoot. And the pay was often good. Suddenly, at midnight, thieves with knots burst into the "crayfish" apartment. They wake up.
- Hey, get up guys, get to work! - shouts the awakened tenant.
From the knots they take out expensive fur coats, fox rotundas and a mountain of different dresses. Now the cutting and sewing begins, and in the morning the horse dealers come and carry fur hats, vests, caps, and trousers to the market in armfuls. The police are looking for fur coats and rotundas, but they are no longer there: instead of them - hats and caps.

The house-iron is inscribed in the sharp corner of Petropavlovsky and Pevchesky (Svininsky) lanes. The owner of the building was Kulakov. Here was one of the most famous and terrible Khitrovka bunkhouses with underground corridors. They survived, and in the Soviet years there was a bomb shelter.

The gloomy row of three-story stinking buildings behind the iron house was called "Dry Ravine", and all together - "Pig House". It belonged to the collector Svinin. Hence the nickname of the inhabitants: “irons” and “wolves of the Dry ravine”.

After the October Revolution, the house-iron and Kulakovka began to fall into disrepair. The shelters refused to pay the hosts, and the hosts, unable to find anyone to complain to, dropped the matter.

Also in the post-revolutionary years, crime increased sharply on Khitrovka. In this regard, in the 1920s, the Moscow Council decided to demolish the Khitrov market, and on March 27, 1928, a square was arranged on the square. At the same time, the old rooming houses were transformed into housing associations.

In 1935, Khitrovsky Square and Lane were renamed in honor of Maxim Gorky. Historical names were returned only in 1994.

They say that the morals described by Gilyarovsky reigned in Khitrovka for a very short time - in the 20th century, when the authorities weakened control. And in the 19th century, there were many aristocratic houses in this area that simply could not coexist with rooming houses. But for many, Khitrovka is associated precisely with the "bottom" and the play of the same name by Maxim Gorky. And although Gorky scooped "nature" for the play "At the Bottom" in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe slum "Millionka" of Nizhny Novgorod, in 1902 Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko and the artist Simov came to study the life of the "lower classes" to stage this play in Khitrovka.

On March 20, 2008, the Don-Stroy construction company developed a development project for the former Khitrovskaya Square. On the site of the Electromechanical College (Podkolokolny Lane, 11a), it was planned to build an office center. This caused protests from local historians and local residents.

After collecting signatures under state protection, they took the whole area "Sightseeing place" Ivanovskaya Gorka - Kulishki - Khitrovka "". Proposals for building up the area arose many more times, but local residents made it clear that they were against construction on Khitrovskaya Square.

Now only the cellars and partly the first floors are left of the Khitrovsky doss-houses. The rest was rebuilt into prestigious housing.

They say that......Sonka the Golden Hand hid the treasure in one of the houses on Khitrovka. But no one managed to find him. Those who tried went crazy or disappeared. They also say that the ghost of a woman who wants to reveal the secret of her treasure still roams Khitrovsky streets.
... Kulakov's daughter, Lidia Ivanovna Kashina, came to Konstantinovo to Yesenin.
"You know,
He was funny
Once in love with me, "-
says Anna Snegina, the heroine of the poem of the same name. Its prototype was L.I. Kashin. In Soviet times, she lived in Moscow, in Skatertny Lane, worked as a translator and typist. Few people know that Sergei Yesenin and the prototype of his "Anna Snegina" are buried not far from each other at the Vagankovsky cemetery.
... in the salon of Elizaveta Mikhailovna Khitrovo, the wife of General Khitrovo, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Gogol and other famous writers often visited. It is known that Elizaveta Mikhailovna woke up late and received the first visitors in her bedroom. Soon a joke appeared in society. Another guest greets the reclining hostess and is going to sit down. Mrs. Khitrovo stops him: “No, don’t sit on this chair, this is Pushkin. No, not on the sofa - this is Zhukovsky's place. No, not on this chair - this is Gogol's chair. Sit on my bed: this is a place for everyone!” .
...on Khitrovka, the artist Aleksey Savrasov ended his life in poverty. It is believed that Makovsky depicted the artist in the form of an old man in a scarf and hat in the foreground in the painting "Bedhouse".
... lived on Khitrovka Senya One-Eyed, who drank his own eye. He really wanted to drink, but there was no money. And nearby lived his friend Vanya, also one-eyed. Senya came to him and exchanged his glass eye for a quarter of vodka.

Do you have anything to tell about the history of Khitrovka?

Soon this plot was bought by Prince S.I. Shcherbatov. And in the late 1750s, his widow built new two-story stone chambers. This was far from the last change to the house. So after the demolition of the walls of the White City, the estate, oriented with its main facade to the west, turned in the opposite direction - facing the boulevards. And at the end of the 18th century, the house was rebuilt again.

The fire of 1812 did not touch the mansion, although everything around was burned to the ground. In 1822, the estate was bought by General Nikolai Khitrovo - the same one, thanks to whom Khitrovka appeared in Moscow. He rebuilt the house again, decorating it with his family coat of arms.

After the death of General Khitrovo in 1826, his heirs sold the estate. In 1843 she passed to Colonel Vladimir Orlov.

Guide to Architectural Styles

Since he had no children, in 1889 the house was placed at the disposal of the Moscow Trustee Committee for the Poor. Thus, in the old manor, the "Oryol Hospital of the Moscow Committee for the Care of the Poor, for the indigent patients" was opened. It was intended mainly for the inhabitants. Here they were treated, performed simple operations and fed in the dining room.

After the revolution, the hospital was closed, and in the 1930s the hospital church was demolished. Now the estate is located in the courtyard of the Stalinist house. The coat of arms of Khitrovo has been preserved on the building, but it is occupied by the Moscow Medical School No. 2 named after Clara Zetkin.

House 16, building 5.

House Khitrovo(the main house of the estate of N. S. Shcherbatova - the Oryol hospital (almshouse, hospital) of the 18th - 19th centuries). Valuable object of cultural heritage of federal significance.

The main house of the city estate is located on the historical territory of the White City of the Kulishki tract. It is part of the five quarters of the Khitrovka Sightseeing Place.

The house acquired its current appearance in 1823 under Major General N. Z. Khitrovo. The family coat of arms of Khitrovo has been preserved on the pediment.

Story

The estate was inherited by his son - F. A. Golovin. Golovin built new wooden mansions and a brick church with them, consecrated in the name of the Kazan icon in -1698.

From Admiral Golovin, the estate passed to his widow, and then to his nephew, the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Lieutenant Pyotr Ivanovich Golovin. In 1748 the estate burned down.

In 1750, the property was bought by Prince Semyon Ivanovich Shcherbatov (?-), who returned from Pustoozero exile (according to the so-called "Suzdal case" of 1718), and in 1757 it passed to his widow, Natalya Stepanovna Shcherbatova (nee Bestuzheva). She built a new stone house with an outbuilding to replace the burned-out wooden mansions, connecting the house with the church with a passage. On the back facade, the restorers restored the architectural decoration of Shcherbatova's house.

The new owner overhauled the old Shcherbatovsky house in the Empire style. The facade from the side of Yauzsky Boulevard was decorated with a six-column portico, and the family coat of arms was placed on the pediment. The church also received new decor and was re-consecrated in honor of the Tikhvin Icon.

After the death of Khitrovo, the house passes to the merchant's wife A.N. Nemchinova, and the church is closed again.

In the house of the Oryol hospital, Clara Zetkin organized a medical assistant's school. Now the house is the Medical School. Clara Zetkin.

Gallery

see also

• Church of the Mother of God of Smolensk at the Oryol Hospital on Khitrovka

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Notes

Literature

• Church archeology of Moscow: Temples and parishes of Ivanovskaya Gorka and Kulishki / Ed. ed. Doctor of Art History A. L. Batalov. - M ., 2006. - S. 136-154. - ISBN 5-91150-014-0.(in trans.)

An excerpt characterizing the Khitrovo House

“I stopped by to see you,” Rostov said, blushing.
Dolokhov did not answer him. “You can bet,” he said.
Rostov remembered at that moment a strange conversation he had once had with Dolokhov. “Only fools can play for luck,” Dolokhov said then.
Or are you afraid to play with me? Dolokhov said now, as if he had guessed Rostov's thought, and smiled. Because of his smile, Rostov saw in him that mood of spirit that he had during dinner at the club and in general at those times when, as if bored with everyday life, Dolokhov felt the need to get out of it by some strange, mostly cruel act. .
Rostov felt uncomfortable; he searched and did not find in his mind a joke that would answer Dolokhov's words. But before he could do this, Dolokhov, looking straight into Rostov's face, slowly and deliberately, so that everyone could hear, said to him:
- Do you remember, we talked about the game with you ... a fool who wants to play for luck; I should probably play, but I want to try.
"Try for luck, or perhaps?" thought Rostov.
“Besides, don’t play,” he added, and cracking a torn deck, he added: “A bank, gentlemen!
Pushing the money forward, Dolokhov prepared to throw. Rostov sat down beside him and at first did not play. Dolokhov looked at him.
Why don't you play? Dolokhov said. And strangely, Nikolai felt the need to take a card, put a small sum on it and start the game.
“I don’t have any money with me,” Rostov said.
- I believe!
Rostov put 5 rubles on the card and lost, put another and lost again. Dolokhov killed, that is, he won ten cards in a row from Rostov.
“Gentlemen,” he said after a few moments, “please put money on cards, otherwise I might get confused in the accounts.”
One of the players said that he hoped he could be trusted.
- You can believe, but I'm afraid to get confused; I ask you to put money on cards, - Dolokhov answered. "Don't be shy, we'll deal with you," he added to Rostov.
The game went on: the footman, without ceasing, served champagne.
All the cards of Rostov were beaten, and up to 800 tons of rubles were written on it. He wrote 800 tons of rubles over one card, but while he was being served champagne, he changed his mind and wrote again an ordinary kush, twenty rubles.
- Leave it, - said Dolokhov, although he did not seem to be looking at Rostov, - you will soon win back. I give to others, but I beat you. Or are you afraid of me? he repeated.
Rostov obeyed, left the written 800 and placed a seven of hearts with a corner torn off, which he picked up from the ground. He remembered her well afterwards. He placed the seven of hearts, writing 800 above it in broken off chalk, in round, straight numbers; drank the served glass of warmed champagne, smiled at Dolokhov's words, and with bated breath, waiting for the seven, began to look at Dolokhov's hands, holding the deck. Winning or losing this seven of hearts meant a lot to Rostov. On Sunday last week, Count Ilya Andreich gave his son 2,000 rubles, and he, who never liked to talk about financial difficulties, told him that this money was the last until May, and that therefore he asked his son to be more economical this time. Nikolai said that this was too much for him, and that he gave his word of honor not to take more money until spring. Now 1,200 rubles remained of this money. Therefore, the seven of hearts meant not only the loss of 1,600 rubles, but also the need to change this word. With bated breath, he looked at Dolokhov’s hands and thought: “Well, hurry up, give me this card, and I’ll take my cap, go home to dinner with Denisov, Natasha and Sonya, and surely there will never be a card in my hands.” At that moment, his home life, jokes with Petya, conversations with Sonya, duets with Natasha, a picket with his father, and even a quiet bed in the Cook's House, presented themselves to him with such force, clarity and charm, as if all this had long passed, lost and invaluable happiness. He could not allow that a stupid accident, forcing the seven to lie first on the right than on the left, could deprive him of all this newly understood, newly illuminated happiness and plunge him into the abyss of an as yet unexperienced and indefinite misfortune. It could not be, but he still waited with bated breath for the movement of Dolokhov's hands. These broad-boned, reddish hands, with hair visible from under their shirts, laid down a deck of cards and took up the glass and pipe being served.
"So you're not afraid to play with me?" Dolokhov repeated, and, as if to tell a merry story, he laid down his cards, leaned over on the back of his chair, and slowly began to tell with a smile:
- Yes, gentlemen, I was told that there was a rumor spread in Moscow that I was a cheater, so I advise you to be more careful with me.
Well, swords! Rostov said.
- Oh, Moscow aunts! - Dolokhov said and took up the cards with a smile.
– Aaah! - Rostov almost shouted, raising both hands to his hair. The seven he needed was already at the top, the first card in the deck. He lost more than he could pay.
- However, do not bury yourself, - said Dolokhov, glancing briefly at Rostov, and continuing to throw.

After an hour and a half, most of the players were already jokingly looking at their own game.
The whole game focused on one Rostov. Instead of sixteen hundred rubles, he had a long column of numbers written down, which he counted up to ten thousand, but which now, as he vaguely assumed, had already risen to fifteen thousand. In fact, the record already exceeded twenty thousand rubles. Dolokhov no longer listened and did not tell stories; he followed every movement of Rostov's hands and glanced briefly at his note behind him from time to time. He decided to continue the game until this record increased to forty-three thousand. This number was chosen by him because forty-three was the sum of his years combined with Sonya's. Rostov, leaning his head on both hands, sat in front of a table covered with writing, drenched in wine, littered with cards. One painful impression did not leave him: these broad-boned, reddish hands with hair visible from under his shirt, these hands, which he loved and hated, held him in their power.