Geographical position of the Kuznetsk Altai TPC. Transport and economic relations. Population and natural resources of the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict
According to the economic and geographical position, the nature of natural conditions and resources, and the originality of the historical development and specialization of the economy on the territory of the West Siberian economic region, two subregions can be distinguished - Kuznetsk-Altai and West Siberian.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict includes the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk regions, Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai. Although the subdistrict occupies less than 20% of the territory of Western Siberia, it concentrates about 60% of the total population of the district. The Kuznetsk-Altai subregion is distinguished by the coal, metallurgical, chemical and machine-building industries, large-scale agricultural production with a somewhat limited scale of logging. In this sub-region is concentrated the entire extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metal ores, all the production of coke, chemical fibers, the production of aluminum and ferroalloys, steam boilers, railway cars, tractors. Metal-intensive machine building in Kuzbass is largely focused on the needs of the coal and metallurgical industries. The mechanical engineering of the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory is mainly transport, energy, and agricultural. The food and light industries in Kuzbass are associated with the rational use of labor resources, especially female labor, while in the Altai Territory and Novosibirsk Region these industries are associated with the presence of an agricultural base and the need to build up industrial potential. Agriculture in the Kemerovo region is largely suburban in nature, while in the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory agriculture is inter-district in nature and is focused on the supply of agricultural products to other regions of the country. However, these internal differences of the subregion strengthen the economic unity of Kuzbass and Altai.
An industrial region was formed in Kuzbass as part of a number of industrial hubs - Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk-Kiselevsk, Belovo-Leninsk-Kuznetsk, Kemerovo. In Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai, however, the main form of territorial organization of industry is a separate center. The only exceptions are two industrial hubs - Novosibirsk and Barnaul-Novoaltay.
The largest cities of the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion are Novosibirsk, located at the intersection of the main Siberian highway with the Ob, Kemerovo on the river. Tom and Novokuznetsk.
IN Novosibirsk developed a variety of engineering. Academgorodok, the center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is located near the city. IN Kemerovo the chemical industry and various mechanical engineering are developed. Novokuznetsk - center of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal mining, production of mining equipment.
Altai region And Altai Republic - pasture areas with growing non-ferrous metallurgy, logging, food and light industry. In agriculture, along with the traditional branches of sheep breeding, goat breeding and horse breeding, deer breeding has been widely developed. Agriculture specializes in growing brown bread, potatoes, and forage crops. The sanatorium-and-spa economy (the resorts of Belokurikha and Chemal) and tourism are of great importance. Barnaul is a center of various engineering, chemical, light and food industries. The center of the Republic is Gorno-Altaisk.
See also:
According to the economic and geographical position, the nature of natural conditions and resources, and the originality of the historical development and specialization of the economy on the territory of the West Siberian economic region, two subregions can be distinguished - Kuznetsk-Altai and West Siberian.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict includes the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk regions, Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai. Although the subdistrict occupies less than 20% of the territory of Western Siberia, it concentrates about 60% of the total population of the district. The Kuznetsk-Altai subregion is distinguished by the coal, metallurgical, chemical and machine-building industries, large-scale agricultural production with a somewhat limited scale of logging. In this sub-region is concentrated the entire extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metal ores, all the production of coke, chemical fibers, the production of aluminum and ferroalloys, steam boilers, railway cars, tractors. Metal-intensive machine building in Kuzbass is largely focused on the needs of the coal and metallurgical industries. The mechanical engineering of the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory is mainly transport, energy, and agricultural. The food and light industries in Kuzbass are associated with the rational use of labor resources, especially female labor, while in the Altai Territory and Novosibirsk Region these industries are associated with the presence of an agricultural base and the need to build up industrial potential. Agriculture in the Kemerovo region is largely suburban in nature, while in the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory agriculture is inter-district in nature and is focused on the supply of agricultural products to other regions of the country. However, these internal differences of the subregion strengthen the economic unity of Kuzbass and Altai.
An industrial region was formed in Kuzbass as part of a number of industrial hubs - Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk-Kiselevsk, Belovo-Leninsk-Kuznetsk, Kemerovo. In Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai, however, the main form of territorial organization of industry is a separate center. The only exceptions are two industrial hubs - Novosibirsk and Barnaul-Novoaltay.
The largest cities of the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion are Novosibirsk, located at the intersection of the main Siberian highway with the Ob, Kemerovo on the river. Tom and Novokuznetsk.
IN Novosibirsk developed a variety of engineering. Academgorodok, the center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is located near the city. IN Kemerovo the chemical industry and various mechanical engineering are developed. Novokuznetsk - center of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal mining, production of mining equipment.
Altai region And Altai Republic - pasture areas with growing non-ferrous metallurgy, logging, food and light industry. In agriculture, along with the traditional branches of sheep breeding, goat breeding and horse breeding, deer breeding has been widely developed. Agriculture specializes in growing brown bread, potatoes, and forage crops. The sanatorium-and-spa economy (the resorts of Belokurikha and Chemal) and tourism are of great importance. Barnaul is a center of various engineering, chemical, light and food industries. The center of the Republic is Gorno-Altaisk.
West Siberian subregion located within the Tyumen, Omsk and Tomsk regions. With the exception of a strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway, its territory is the least developed part of Western Siberia. At the same time, due to the presence of large and highly efficient oil, gas, timber and water resources, the formation of a large program-targeted West Siberian Territorial Production Complex (TPC) is proceeding at an accelerated pace. It is located in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions and its branches of market specialization are oil, gas, timber, fishing, reindeer breeding, and hunting. The southern part of this subregion has become the base zone of the centers of this TPK, in which the resources of the north are processed and the necessary industrial equipment and food products are manufactured for the TPK. The major cities of the West Siberian subregion are Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen. Omsk - the center of a variety of mechanical engineering, oil refining, petrochemistry, light and food industries. Tomsk - center of the chemical and petrochemical industry, woodworking and precision engineering, light and food industries. Tyumen - the organizational center of the oil and gas industry, the production of oil and electrical equipment, river shipbuilding, plywood production.
A distinctive feature of the territorial structure of the economy in the northern part of this subregion is the focal nature of the distribution of the population and production. New settlements for oil and gas production have grown here - Urengoy, Yamburg, Nadym, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansiysk, Nefteyugansk and others. Most of the Tyumen region is occupied by autonomous districts - Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets. Along with the traditional sectors of the economy - reindeer herding, hunting and fishing - oil and gas, forestry, food, light industry and electric power industry arose here.
The West Siberian economic region has specific environmental problems associated with the distribution of productive forces, especially with the development of the oil, gas and coal industries in the region, which lead to serious environmental violations.
The sensitivity of the ecological systems of the north of Western Siberia to anthropogenic impact, the influence of transport, and the destruction of reindeer pastures is especially high. All this reduces the productivity of the territory, therefore, such an organization of production is needed that would ensure the preservation of the environment.
In the context of the formation and development of market relations in the course of economic reforms carried out in Russia, Western Siberia will retain its role as the country's largest fuel, energy and export base. The leading role will be played by the gas, oil and coal industries.
New forms of organization and ownership will make it possible in the coming years to stop the decline in production in these industries and bring them to active market activity. Western Siberia already has experience of entering the market. The largest gas concern prevented not only a decline in production, but was also able to increase capacity during the crisis in Russia. As the main factors for the further development of the economy of the West Siberian region is the situation in the world oil, gas and coal markets, as well as in the markets of neighboring countries.
The priority development of the fuel and energy complex in Western Siberia will require centralized capital investments from the federal budget and attraction of foreign investments in the development of new oil and gas fields, especially on the Yamal Peninsula.
Ø West Siberian TPK. On the territory of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, the largest in Russia West Siberian program-targeted territorial production complex is being formed on the basis of unique reserves of natural gas and oil in the middle and northern parts of the West Siberian Plain, as well as significant forest resources. Oil and gas resources were discovered here in the early 1960s over a vast area of 1.7 million km2. The formation of the West Siberian TPK began in the late 1960s. Oil fields are confined to three oil-bearing regions - Shaimsky, Surgugsky and Nizhevartovsky. Deposits: Megionskoye, Sosninsko-Sovetskoye, Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Zapadno-Surgutskoye, Mamontovskoye, Pravdinskoye, Fedorovskoye and many others.
Gas fields are confined to three provinces - the Urals (Igrimskoye, Punginskoye in the Berezovo region), Northern (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Komsomolskoye, Yamburgskoye, etc.) and Vasyuganskaya. On the territory of the West Siberian TPK, large reserves of peat are allocated, which are not yet developed. Brown coal deposits have been discovered - the Severo-Sosvinsky, Ob-Irtysh basins - also not yet touched, as well as sources of thermal and iodine-bromine waters. In the future, the reserves of brown iron ore in the central part of the Tomsk region - the West Siberian iron ore basin - can receive industrial significance. An important role is also played by deposits of building materials, confined mainly to the foothills of the Urals. The biological resources of the West Siberian TPK are represented by timber reserves, fish resources, reindeer pastures, hayfields (floodplain meadows).
In the Ob-Irtysh basin, valuable fish species are common - salmon, sturgeon, whitefish. Therefore, pollution of rivers is especially dangerous with an increase in the extraction and processing of oil and gas.
The general idea of the formation of the West Siberian TPK is to create the largest fuel and energy base on the basis of oil and gas fields. This goal has now been achieved.
The development of oil and gas resources also entailed the transport development of these territories, the exploitation of large forest areas in the central part of the Tyumen and in the north of the Tomsk regions.
Based on the oil resources of the West Siberian TPK, oil refineries operate within Siberia - in Omsk, Achinsk, Angarsk. Large petrochemical complexes have been set up in Tomsk and Tobolsk. But a significant part of the oil from this region goes to other regions of Russia, the CIS countries and far abroad.
The energy supply of the complex is carried out at the expense of thermal power plants in Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urengoy.
Forest resources made it possible to create timber processing complexes in Asino, Tobolsk, Surgut, Kolpashev and others.
Mechanical engineering of the West Siberian TPK specializes in the repair of oil and gas equipment, the construction industry is growing rapidly.
In the internal relations of the TPK, the following railways play an important role: Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy, dead-end branches: Ivdel - Ob, Tavda - Sotnik, Asino - Bely Yar, as well as the waterway along the Ob and Irtysh.
With the prospective development of the West Siberian TPK, the complex of the agro-industrial complex is of particular importance. In the southern regions of the complex - agriculture and animal husbandry, the production of grain, butter, meat, reindeer breeding and fur farming - in the north. In suburban areas - poultry farming and vegetable growing.
For the development of the West Siberian program-targeted TPK, it is especially important to solve the most acute demographic problems, especially the problems of small peoples, as well as the solution of environmental problems of ecosystem conservation.
In the future, in Western Siberia, it is necessary to overcome the narrow-profile specialization of the economy by diversifying the structure of the economy, creating new manufacturing industries based on the integrated use of raw materials and their deep processing.
In the southern regions of Western Siberia, where a powerful defense industry has developed in large industrial centers, it is necessary to intensify the conversion of military-industrial complex enterprises, their reorientation to the production of civilian products and consumer goods.
For the long-term development of the zone of the North of Western Siberia and the national regions - the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs, it is necessary to develop targeted state programs, the management of which should be entrusted not only to local governments, but also to firms, consortiums with state and private capital. At the same time, it is necessary to establish preferential taxation, preferential loans, preferential rates for land for the construction of the most important objects of a market economy (in this case, it is necessary to use incentive prices for environmentally friendly products).
An important condition for the effective development of the leading sectors of the economy of Western Siberia is the provision of equal conditions in obtaining a share of the currency from the export of their products.
One of the main goals of the policy of the authorities of Western Siberia is the protection of small peoples, the revival of their original occupations - hunting, crafts. To achieve this goal, government support is also needed.
In the context of the formation of market relations, the free economic zones established in Western Siberia, created in Kuzbass and Altai, have a promising significance. Market structures are being formed, new forms of ownership and entrepreneurship are being established.
For the West Siberian economic region, the main directions of stabilization are overcoming the crisis in oil production, increasing gas production, and maintaining the achieved level of coal production. Especially important is the increase in the level of extraction of hydrocarbons from the bowels, their complex processing and on this raw material base - the creation of chemical complexes, the development of industrial infrastructure, both in old-producing areas, especially in Kuzbass, and in areas of new development, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
At the same time, the rationalization of the structure of the West Siberian region should be carried out with the obligatory observance of the requirements of environmental protection from pollution, the minimum impact of the fuel industries on the established ecological systems, on the living conditions of the indigenous population of the North.
It is necessary to move from the traditional export of West Siberian gas and oil to cooperation between countries on the basis of joint entrepreneurship, the creation of joint ventures, leases, and the introduction of advanced foreign technology in the exploration, production and processing of hydrocarbons.
The priority direction in the development of the region's economy is the development of oil and gas resources on the continental shelf of the Kara Sea.
test questions
1. What natural resources and their combinations determine the industrial development of the West Siberian economic region?
2. Highlight the current problems of the oil and gas complex of Western Siberia.
3. Give a brief description of the West Siberian TPK.
Agriculture
The agriculture of Western Siberia is characterized by the production of grain, industrial crops, vegetables, potatoes, as well as the development of dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding and reindeer breeding. Of the cereals, the main crops are wheat, rye, barley and oats. To increase the productivity and sustainability of agriculture, work is underway to drain the lands of the Baraba forest-steppe and irrigate the lands in the Kulunda steppe. Aleiskaya and Kulunda irrigation systems were created. In addition to the areas of animal husbandry traditional for Western Siberia, horses, sarlyk yaks, deer and sika deer are bred in the Altai Mountains. Camel breeding is practiced in the south of Western Siberia.
Transport and economic relations
The transport routes of Western Siberia are characterized by high traffic density. In addition to the main Siberian railway line, the South Siberian Railway was built, which played an important role in the development of the production forces of Kuzbass and Altai. A number of lines departed from it in the northern and southern directions. The railway was built: Irtysh - Karasuk - Stone on the Ob - Altai. The new railway line is: Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy. To a large extent, inter-district and intra-district transportation of goods in Western Siberia is carried out along the rivers of the Ob-Irtysh basin. Particularly widespread in Western Siberia were pipeline transport and power lines. Of great importance is the motor road - the Chuysky tract, which provides communications with Mongolia. Air transport is of great importance for passenger and cargo transportation, without which it is difficult to imagine the implementation of regular internal and external relations.
A feature of interregional relations is the predominance of exports over imports. The region exports oil, gas, coal, lumber, metal, non-ferrous metal ore concentrates, etc. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and consumer goods are imported.
Intra-district differences
Kemerovo region has huge natural resources - high-quality coking coal, iron ores, various non-ferrous metal ores, building materials, forest resources. This is the first coal base in Russia and the second metallurgical base after the Urals. The leading sectors of the region's market specialization are coal mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and metal-intensive engineering, especially the production of equipment for specialization industries. In the agriculture of the region, the leading role is played by agriculture, which specializes in the production of cereals, potatoes, vegetables, as well as developed dairy and meat livestock. The largest industrial center of the region is Kemerovo. Mechanical engineering and chemical industry are especially developed in the city. The second largest industrial center is Novokuznetsk, where one of Russia's largest Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works operates, and 30 km. from it is the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant. The coal mining centers are Prokopyevsk, Kiselevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Mezhdurechensk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky. The center of non-ferrous metallurgy is Belovo.
Tyumen region- Russia's main base for oil and gas production. It is also a large timber industry region. The main branches of market specialization are oil, gas, petrochemical - a large petrochemical complex has developed in Tobolsk. The branch of specialization is the timber industry. In agriculture, there are conditions for farming. Rye, spring wheat, oats, flax, potatoes and vegetables are cultivated. Animal husbandry is specialized in cattle breeding and sheep breeding, reindeer breeding is developed in the northern regions. A large industrial center is Tyumen, where mechanical engineering, woodworking, light food industry and especially petrochemistry are developed.
Cities with the main specialization in oil and gas have grown in the region - Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Strezhevoy, Urengoy and others.
In the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug the most important branch of specialization is the oil and gas industry. Its centers are Ust-Balsk, Surgut. Shaim, Berezovo. The timber, fishing and fur trade industries are also developed. Reindeer herding and dairy farming occupy the most important place in agriculture. Vegetables and potatoes are grown in the suburbs. The center of the district is Khanty-Mansiysk.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has unique gas resources, especially promising on the Yamal Peninsula and the Kara Sea continental shelf. The district is also rich in oil resources. The main branches of specialization are oil and gas production, fishing industry, fur trade, fur farming and reindeer husbandry. The center of the district is Salekhard.
Tomsk region it is also rich in natural resources - oil, gas, iron ores, various building materials, as well as forest resources with high-quality wood of such valuable tree species as spruce, pine, cedar and fir. River fishing and fur trade are developed. Agriculture specializes in the production of crops such as rye, spring wheat, oats, vegetables, and potatoes. Dairy livestock breeding is also developed. Tomsk is a large industrial center of the region. The city has developed engineering, metalworking, woodworking, chemical-pharmaceutical, rubber industry. The area is especially distinguished by a large petrochemical complex. In the city of Asin, the largest in Western Siberia, the Asinsk timber industry complex, was created.
Altai region is the largest agricultural base of Western Siberia and at the same time stands out for its developed industry, especially engineering, chemical industry, light and food. The mining industry, woodworking, and fur trade have been developed.
In agriculture, the leading place is occupied by agriculture. Spring wheat, sunflower, potatoes and vegetables are grown. Animal husbandry of the meat and wool direction is developed. The large center of the region is Barnaul. In this city, such industries as mechanical engineering, which produce boilers, motors, mechanical presses, etc., are developing. Chemical enterprises produce rubber products, viscose and nylon fibers, etc. The textile food industry has developed. The center of tractor building is Rubtsovsk. The food industry is also well developed here. The largest industrial center is Biysk - a center of mechanical engineering and a diverse food industry.
Altai Republic are characterized by the richest forest resources with valuable tree species (cedar, pine, spruce), non-ferrous metals, especially mercury. The leading sectors of the republic's specialization are fine-wool sheep breeding, fur trade, and the extraction of non-ferrous metals, especially mercury and gold. The only protected area for maral breeding in Russia has been created. Pantocrine is obtained from the antlers of maral deer. The Republic gives 60% of all antlers to the country. Agriculture is developing. They breed yaks and sarlyks. They grow gray bread, potatoes, vegetables. The center of the republic is the city of Gorno-Altaisk.
Novosibirsk region stands out primarily in such industries as mechanical engineering, mainly machine tool building and power engineering. Such industries as chemical, light industry, production of building materials are also developed. The region has a highly developed agriculture, which specializes in the production of spring wheat and dairy and meat livestock. The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located in Novosibirsk. Research multidisciplinary institutes are located in a specially built academic campus near Novosibirsk. The large center of the region and the largest city in terms of population is Novosibirsk. The city hosts a number of machine-building enterprises that produce generators for turbines, electric motors, metal-cutting machines, and various equipment. The metal is produced at the Kuzmin Metallurgical Plant. It produces sheet steel, electric-welded pipes.
Chemical industry enterprises located in the city produce plastics, household chemicals, and medicines. There are also enterprises in the textile, clothing, knitwear, footwear and food industries. In the cities of Berdsk, Iskitim, the production of building materials is developed, in Barabinsk and Kuibyshev - mechanical engineering and the food industry.
Omsk region specializes in the processing of oil coming through the pipeline from the Tyumen region, the chemical industry, mechanical engineering and the food industry. In agriculture, the region specializes in the cultivation of spring wheat, vegetables, potatoes, and dairy and meat animal husbandry.
Omsk is a large industrial center of the region. Just like Novosibirsk, Omsk is one of the largest cities in Russia. Mechanical engineering is developed in the city, which produces spare parts for tractors, automobiles and agricultural machines for the eastern regions of the country. Plants them. Kuibysheva and Omskselmash produce equipment for livestock breeding complexes and accessories for agricultural machinery. There is an oxygen engineering plant, the Omsk-gazoapparat plant produces equipment for gas facilities.
The chemical industry, in addition to the refinery, produces tires, carbon black, synthetic rubber, and fibers. The light and food industries have been developed.
According to the peculiarities of the economic and geographical position, the nature of natural conditions and resources, the originality of the historical development and specialization of the economy on the territory of the West Siberian economic region, two subdistricts can be distinguished - Kuznetsk-Altai and West Siberian. In the future, they can become independent large economic regions.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict includes the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk regions, Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai. Although this subdistrict occupies less than 20% of the territory of Western Siberia, about 60% of the total population of the district lives in it. The Kuznetsk-Altai subregion is distinguished by the coal, metallurgical, chemical, machine-building industries, a developed agro-industrial complex, with a somewhat limited scale of logging.
The entire mining of non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metal ores, all the production of coke, chemical fibers, the production of aluminum and ferroalloys, steam boilers, railway cars, and tractors is concentrated in the subregion. The metal-intensive machine building of Kusbass is largely focused on the needs of the coal and metallurgical industries, while the machine building of the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory is mainly transport, energy, and agricultural. The food and light industry in Kuzbass is associated with the rational use of labor resources, especially female labor, while in the Altai Territory and Novosibirsk Region these industries are associated with the presence of an agricultural base and the need to build up industrial potential. Agriculture in the Kemerovo region is largely suburban in nature, while in the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory agriculture is inter-district in nature and is focused on the supply of agricultural products to other regions of the country. However, these internal differences of the subregion strengthen the economic unity of Kuzbass and Altai.
West Siberian subregion located within the Tyumen, Omsk, and Tomsk regions. With the exception of a strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway, its territory is the least developed part of Western Siberia. At the same time, due to the presence of large and highly efficient oil, gas, timber and water resources, the formation of a large program-targeted West Siberian Territorial Production Complex (TPC) is proceeding at an accelerated pace. It is located in the north of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, and its branches of market specialization are oil, gas, timber, fishing, reindeer breeding, and hunting. The southern part of this sub-region has become the base zone of the centers of this TPK, in which the resources of the north are processed and the necessary industrial equipment and food products are manufactured for the TPK.
The West Siberian economic region has specific environmental problems associated with the distribution of productive forces, especially with the development of the oil, gas and coal industries in the region, which lead to serious environmental violations.
The sensitivity of the ecological systems of the north of Western Siberia to anthropogenic impact, the influence of transport, and the destruction of reindeer pastures is especially high. All this reduces the productivity of the territory, therefore, such an organization of production is needed that would ensure the preservation of the environment.
In the context of the formation and development of market relations, the implementation of economic reforms, Western Siberia will retain its role as the country's largest fuel, energy and export base. The leading role is played by the gas, oil and coal industries. New forms of organization and ownership will make it possible in the coming years to stop the decline in production in these industries and bring them to active market activity. There is already experience of entering the market in Western Siberia. The state gas concern not only prevented a decline in production, but was also able to increase its capacity during the crisis in Russia. At present, the process of corporatization is also intensively going on in other industries, primarily in coal and oil. As the main factors for the further development of the economy of the West Siberian region is the situation in the world oil, gas and coal markets, as well as in the markets of the CIS countries.
The priority development of the fuel and energy complex in Western Siberia will require centralized capital investments from the federal budget and attraction of foreign investments in the development of new oil and gas fields, especially on the Yamal Peninsula.
From 1992 to 1996 I worked at the Akilovsky basic school in the Kochevsky district of the Perm region. This educational institution was declared an experimental site on the topic “Block-laboratory system based on immersion in the subject”. In 1997, I changed my place of residence, but the nostalgia for experimental work remained and I continued to work in this direction, already at another school. The structure and principles of building a lesson have been preserved. The training session is distinguished by a clear organization, a high level of independence and self-organization of students, and differentiation of the educational process. I offer one of the developments of such a lesson.
Geography lesson in grade 9
developed by a geography teacher of the first qualification category MOU
“PSOSH №2” Khuranova S.E.
Textbook Rom V.Ya., Dronov V.P. “Geography of Russia. Population and economy”.
| Lesson topic | Western Siberia |
| The purpose of the lesson |
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| Main content |
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| Geonomenclature |
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| Leading Concepts | PTK, TPK, metallurgical base, branch of specialization, technologies. |
| Equipment | Physical map of Western Siberia; atlases - grade 9, YNAO; symbol table; signal cards; album sheets; markers; LOK cards; contour maps |
| Working with a contour map |
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| textbook material. | x 64 p.300, 307 – 315 |
During the classes.
1. Teacher's lecture
(20 minutes, based on the LOC written on the board and on student cards).Composition: Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory, rep. Altai, YNAO, KhMAO
G-D prom + resources oil-70%, 1/3 swamps c.coal-30% term. water |
Z-Sib plant in Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy plant in Novokuznetsk |
Zn - Belovo; Sn, Novosibirsk; Al -Novokuznetsk |
Metallurgical VPK- Omsk, Novosibirsk En. Machine Rocket Tractor Aircraft Agricultural machinery |
HPP-Novosibirsk |
Fertilizers - Barnaul, Tobolsk Plastics, dyes - Omsk, Tomsk Petrochemistry |
Yar. wheat, grain - 20% m, m-m livestock, deer-in bees-in |
mechanical revised wood prevails Wood chemistry |
2 TPK: a) Kuznetsk-Altai Coal, CM b) West Siberian Oil Gas |
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2. Self-immersion
(20 minutes, on assignments from the board).2) Compose a story (based on LOK) about the economy of Western Siberia.
3) To characterize the TPK of Western Siberia according to the plan:
1. Geographic location.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
3. Specialization of TPK.
4. Problems and prospects of development.
- 1st option - Kuznetsk-Altai coal and metallurgical TPK;
- Option 2 - West Siberian Oil and Gas Chemical TPK) .
4) Additional tasks (at the choice of students) of a problem-search nature:
- prove that Western Siberia stands out for its powerful economy;
- formulate the problems facing the West Siberian petrochemical complex;
- make an advertising brochure in the drawings of the West Siberian economic region.
3. Workshop
.(20 minutes, checking self-immersion tasks).1) A story about Western Siberia (based on LOK).
2) Characteristics of the West Siberian and Kuznetsk-Altai TPK according to the plan.
3) Checking the performance of additional tasks of a problem-search nature (at the choice of the teacher).
- Evidence that a powerful economy has developed in Western Siberia:
- diversified economy;
- Developed scientific base;
- This is the main oil and gas and coal base of the country;
- Large metallurgical base;
- Area of developed grain farming.
- Problems of the West Siberian TPK:
a) insufficient development of the oil and gas processing industry;
c) insufficient development of the chemical industry;
c) environmental issues;
d) problems of the peoples of the Far North;
f) lack of labor resources;
f) insufficient development of social infrastructure.
- Exhibition of brochures.
4) The game “Do you believe - do not believe?”
Students have flashcards. The teacher asks a question and reads the answers. Students raise the required card: “I BELIEVE” - white, “I DON'T BELIEVE” - black.
1 question. What are the main features of the EGP and FGP of the West Siberian region:
- large area °
- remoteness from the central regions °
- proximity to the Ural region°
- good transport network ·
- access to the seas of the Arctic Ocean °
- favorable natural conditions ·
- rich natural resources°
- the main territory of the region has a flat relief °
- borders with Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
2 question. What resources are rich in the Kuznetsk-Altai TPK?
Question 3. What branches of specialization have been formed in the West Siberian TPK?
4 question. What branches of mechanical engineering are developed in Western Siberia?
- severe°
- exact°
- agricultural°
- automotive industry ·
OUTPUT. The main economic function of Western Siberia is the supply of oil and gas to the European part of the country. The role of coal has recently been declining.
4. Offset.(20 minutes)Assignments are given in ascending order from option A to B. Students must complete assignments starting from level A.
Level A - Corresponds to the grade "3", a test that determines the minimum basic level on the topic.
Level B - corresponds to the grade "4", includes the leading concepts on the topic.
Level B - corresponds to the grade "5", complicated and creative tasks.
2.Set match:
3. Match:
4. In Western Siberia, the zone of the North occupies:
- Most of the territory;
- Approximately half;
- The smaller part.
5. Of the resources of Western Siberia, the most important for the country are:
- Forest;
- Fuel and energy;
- Ore.
6. A complex of structural materials is developed in Western Siberia:
- In the north;
- On South.
7. Set match:
8. The economy of Western Siberia mainly uses resources:
- Own;
- Imported.
B. Explain concepts.
B. Creative tasks of the choice of students.
1. Draw a diagram of the Siberian metallurgical base.
2. There is such a song among the peoples of the Mansi:
We will leave, we will leave the earth,
Not to be born again
And on fast horse-skis
Do not slide after sables.
Our boats are like graves
On the sands they rot sadly,
And in the deserted villages
Only mice will live.
What problem of the indigenous people of the North is mentioned in the poem?
What other problems of the indigenous population would you add? Suggest ways to solve these problems.
5. The result of the lesson.
6. Homework.
Note: The material is designed for 2 paired lessons.
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