Ways of word formation in Russian with examples. What are the ways of the appearance of new words in the Russian language? Test questions to consolidate the material
The main ways of word formation.
The laws of word formation with examples:
1) Take into account the lexical meaning of the word (handcuffs<= рука (ручники по смыслу не подходят)-приставочно-суффиксальный)
2) The derivative and the producing base must differ by a minimum of morphemes (free => free - prefixed)
3) Take into account the parts of speech (behind our FOREST - non-productive, but going FOREST - the transition from one part of speech to another)
I) Suffix
- Adverbs on -o, -e (lightning fast)
- Verbs with the suffixes -iva-, -iva-, -va- (consider - consider)
- Nouns with suffixes -ni-, -ni-, -i-, -ti- (position - put)
II) The transition from one part of speech to another (I think it's not worth explaining, since everything is clear)
III) Prefix (if the word exists in the language and explains the original word)
- Verbs (acts-acts ...)
- Adverbs (forever - always ...)
- Noun (superman - human ...)
- Adjective (hyperactive - active ....)
- Pronoun (never - when, nowhere - where ..)
IV) Prefix-suffix (the main thing is that the word logically explains the original)
- Verbs (run away - run ...)
- Adjective (helpless - help ...)
- Noun (snowdrop - snow, seaside - sea ...)
- Adverbs (in my opinion - my ..., firstly - the first ..., again - new ..., to the right - right)
V) Non-suffix (only nouns by cutting off the ending and suffix from the producing word)
- Image. from verb (action meaning) (heating - heating, watching - looking, running - running ....)
- Image. from adjectives nouns g. to "–ь" (width - wide, distance - distant ....)
VI) Addition of stems (easy, but not to be confused with suffix: Agricultural<= земледелие, суффиксальный )
VII) Addition and suffixation (there is no such thing on the exam).
VIII) A method that is also absent in the exam. Postfix is an affix way of word formation, which uses a postfix as a means of word formation: to bathe - to bathe.
More about word formation methods
Word-formation analysis answers the questions:
- from what word is the given word formed?
- how is this word formed?
There are the following ways of education:
1) supplicantprostratebut ← supplicant(suffix method, using the suffix –nits-);
3) underwindowsNickbut ← window o (prefix-suffix method, using the prefix sub- and suffix -nik-);
4) explosion← explosion at (the same general part, the method of education is non-existent);
5) toe and floor ny ← five floor her (addition of two roots).
Rule # 1.
Work only with the initial form of the word (for the inflected parts of speech - nominative, singular and, if possible, masculine, for verbs - indefinite).
Trap!
re-reading l ← re-reading th (suffix method). Mistake! –Ty and –л- are formative suffixes, i.e. they are forms of the same word.
Right: re-read, n.f. per chita th - chita be ( prefix method).
Rule # 2.
If there is a prefix in a word, then try to find first of all a single-root word with a prefix.
Trap!
input ← stroke (prefix method). Mistake! Stroke - not the closest cognate word!
Right: entrance← entrance it (non-accessory method).
Remember!
In derivational analysis, remember that there are historical alternations of vowels and consonants:
E / o / u / a / zero sound (co br at - with bir at - with ber y);
Mistake: vish← vish nya (suffix method, suffix -enn).
Right: cherry ny ← cherry i (suffix mode, suffix –н).
Hissing w, w, h, q alternate with g-k, z-s, d-t ( start at, empty it, pusch y);
B / bl, p / pl, w / vl, f / fl, m / ml ( love it, love yu, in love nenny).
When choosing a cognate word, remember the following:
| Part of speech | from which part of speech can be formed | how |
| noun | noun | prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix |
| adjective | suffix, non-suffix | |
| verb | ||
| adjective | noun | suffix, prefix-suffix |
| adjective | prefixal | |
| verb | suffix | |
| verb | verb | prefix, suffix |
| noun | suffix, prefix-suffix |
|
| adjective | ||
| adverb | noun, adjective, adverb, numeral, pronoun | suffix, prefix-suffix |
| participle | suffix | |
| participle, gerunds | only verb | suffix only |
Ways of word formation:
1) First of all, it is necessary to exclude the way of transition from one part of speech to another.
Transition- This is a non-morphological way of word formation, which consists in changing the morphological features of a word. Outwardly, this manifests itself in the preservation of all morphemes and endings inherent in the original part of speech, but by changing the question asked to this word.
To the past (which?) Sunday we went to the circus. - It must be remembered (what?) the past.
In the first case, to the word past the question is asked which?, i.e. the question of the adjective, and in the second what?- a noun question. This means that there was a transition in the second sentence.
2) Prefix method.
Remember!The prefix does not change the part of speech!
Common patterns:
times / races, over, super, ultra, extra + noun / adjective = noun / adjective.
anti, des, counter, not, nor + noun / adjective = noun / adjective.
prefix + any non-prefixed verb = verb.
3) Suffix method (often forms a new part of speech).
4) Prefix-suffix method.
5) Addition
When adding, usually two roots, parts of roots, words in a certain case, or the word is an abbreviation (Moscow State University, Unified State Exam) are highlighted in a word.
Algorithm of actions.
1) Write out the word in its initial form and highlight the ending or formative suffix (-ty, -ch or -ty for verbs).
2) Choose the closest related word (it should include the morphemes of the word being parsed as much as possible) and highlight the ending or formative suffix.
3) Select a common part of two words (matching morphemes)
4) Determine the method of education by morpheme, which was not included in the general part.
Analysis of the task.
Write out the word formed by the prefix-suffix method from the sentences.
And at first in kindergarten, and then at school, I bore the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. All would be fine (you never know who have some fathers!), But I did not understand why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid accordion. I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter!
We argue. If you need to find a word formed with a prefix and a suffix, then they must be present in the word that you want to write out. Let's try to find these words. There were not so many of them: at first, absurdities, incomprehensible. Now we will select the closest one-root "relative" to these words.
First - the beginning (they differ in both the prefix and the suffix, i.e. the prefix-suffix method),
Awkwardness - awkward (formed with the suffix -ness, the method of education is suffixed),
Unclear - understandable (they differ only in the prefix, which means that this is a prefix method).
Thus, the correct answer is the word at first.
Practice.
1. From this sentence, write out a word formed by the prefix-suffix method.
I suddenly felt scared, as if the ground had broken under me and I was on the edge of a bottomless abyss.
2. From this sentence, write out the word formed by the prefixed way.
But in "virtual" he can appear as a prince on a white horse.
3. From these sentences, write out the words formed by the non-suffix method (using the zero suffix).
Insulting shouts and threats were heard. It was necessary for Barclay's adjutant to draw his saber in order to pave the way to the carriage.
1) bottomless
2) appear
After analyzing the dictionaries of neologisms, it is possible to identify the basic principles of the development and expansion of the lexical system in the Russian language. The following ways of the appearance of new words are distinguished:
1. Morphological, in which new formations in the language are the result of derivational (word-formation) processes. For example: "mental", "small things". Derivation implies the formation of new words according to certain patterns from morphemes that already exist in the language.
2. Lexico-semantic. In this case, new meanings appear for known words. For example: "pencil case" (type of garage), "zebra" - a pedestrian crossing.
3. Lexical-syntactic (unproductive). With this method, word formation occurs on the basis of word combinations. For example: "today", "now".
4. Morphological and syntactic (unproductive). This is a way in which one part of speech passes into another. For example: "thanks" (to whom?) - gerunds, (to what?) - preposition.
5. External influence. Borrowing is one of the ways of word-formation stock. This includes words such as: "felt-tip pen", "know-how", "ikebana", etc.
According to researchers, the result of word formations in our language is more than 90% of all new formations of the last few decades. The main method today remains morphological, when new words appear from the bases and affixes already existing in the language. They are usually modeled after words that already exist. For example: "PR man" - by analogy "debater".
The neologism that has arisen together with a new object, thing, concept does not immediately enter the active composition of the dictionary. After a new word becomes commonly used, publicly available, it ceases to be a neologism. Such a path has passed, for example, the words soviet, collectivization, collective farm, link, tractor driver, komsomolets, pioneer, michurinets, metro builders, virgin lands, lunniks, cosmonaut and many others.
Consequently, due to the continuous historical development of the lexical composition of the language, many words, even in the 19th century. perceived as neologisms with an abstract meaning (for example, fiction, liberty, reality, citizenship, humanism- humanity, idea, public, equality etc.), in the modern language are part of the active vocabulary.
And some words that have arisen recently (tax in kind, food appropriation, ukom, nepman, komchvanstvo, party maximum, party minimum, people's commissar and others) have become obsolete.
Reasons for the appearance of new words:
1) In everyday speech, we create new words for the following purposes:
1.With the help of a new word, we name new objects and phenomena: dutik boots, dnipryanka wheat variety.
2. However, we can create a name for a well-known phenomenon that does not have a verbal designation in the language. For example, it is not at all new that viewers leave the audience when they do not like the film, but we do not denote this phenomenon with a special word. But one resident of Sverdlovsk said: “ The hall splashed».
3. Words are also created when we want to more vividly designate a phenomenon that has a name, instead of intricate about Thuringian porcelain, it is said fintiflyushy, the sealant is called stickponchik.
4. You can play with words. This is done willingly by children learning the language, but adults are not averse to sometimes for fun for the sake of composing a word: “Since there is a fountain pen, there must be an auto-foot. There is neither a new subject, nor an old phenomenon devoid of a name. There is word-creation for the sake of jokes, entertainment.
2) What is observed in everyday speech occurs in artistic or publicistic speech. Here new names are given to new objects created by the artist's imagination: cybers at the Strugatskys, the best from V. Zorin and others.
New words are divided into two groups depending on the reasons for their appearance in the language. Neologisms are new words created to denote new phenomena. All the rest are casualisms.
In addition to neologisms, which are the property of the common language, new words formed by one or another author are distinguished. Some of them entered the literary language, for example, drawing, mine, pendulum, pump, attraction, constellation, etc. (at M. Lomonosov), industry, falling in love, absent-mindedness, touching(at Karamzin's), fade away(F. Dostoevsky), etc.
Others remain in so-called occasional copyright formations. They perform pictorial and expressive functions only in an individual context and, as a rule, are created on the basis of existing word-formation models, for example, mandolin, smile, sickle, hammer, chamberlain and many others (at V. Mayakovsky); boomed, overdone ( from B. Pasternak), furry women, country of Ant and Muravskaya country ( from A. Tvardovsky), magically, cellophane(from A. Voznesensky), bogey, unfamiliarity, overworld, unbendable and others (E. Yevtushenko), etc.
Sources of new words
The sources of new words are: word formation and borrowing from another language. Since we are talking about borrowing in 3.2, here we will talk about word formation of neologisms and occasionalisms.
A common source of new words is education according to active derivational models or patterns: inflated boots - dutik, boiled - boiled denim fabric, the color of which is changed during boiling - boiling". Wed: tanned sheepskin coat - sheepskin coat; dutik- probably like walkers, panties, although these are different models of word formation.
Occasionalisms are also created according to active derivational models, such formations are called potential words: There the fortune-teller fiddled with lunch, heated on the Gratz kerosene stove, wiped her hands like a cook on an apron, took a bucket with enamel that had broken off in places and went out into the yard to fetch water"(I. Ilf, E. Petrov. Twelve chairs).
Adverb like a cook formed according to the productive model "po + adjective + -i". We can use it to form a large number of words like: chef, student, journalist, driver and so on, depending on our imagination. The model is open. The educations that we receive, in some cases, seem unacceptable, like chef-style, in others - as if even existing, normative. This is exactly the property of the productive model, in which the border between formative and occasional formations is blurred due to units that exist as if at the tip of a pen, so it is impossible to say whether we have chosen them from our vocabulary or have just created in connection with a need arisen. expressions of thought.
Occasionalisms are also formed according to the sample word. In "Newspaper Portraits" V. Konyakhin created the following series of words: " The most hard-working, most selfless patriots of their newspaper and their city come from former worker correspondents, engineers, village correspondents, military correspondents, juniors and housewives. Their special advantage is their excellent knowledge of the geography and demography of all enterprises and dynasties of the city.».
Words " engineers "and" housewives " modeled on adjacent words. If desired, this series can be continued again, because there are many professions: teacher, doctor, doctor.
Occasionalism can be obtained through a semantic transformation of the existing model. For example, in the novel by Y. Bondarev “The Shore” the following adverbs are used: “ The attic blushed red in hot lounges chah of the sun, near - pines, highlighted in the morning on one side of the trunks ”; "Lilac bloomed with snow"; "Senior sergeant Zykin, in sullen seclusion, stared at the light of the bowl"; "... the buzz of corn that sounded tinny in the wind».
Adverbs using the suffixes -о / -е are formed from qualitative adjectives and denote a feature related to an action: good writing is good writing... Here, adverbs are formed from relative adjectives: morning, snowy, stone, tin... Has the general meaning of the adverbs received changed? Sure. They mean
action attribute through comparison: the trunks are illuminated by the sun as
it happens in the morning; the lilac bloomed like snow; stared motionless like a stone; bugs rang like tin... And again we can replenish a number of similar formations: they blushed brick, walked woodenly, smiled heavenly.
Sometimes occasionalism is a derivational synonym for an existing word. For example, instead of the normative talking shop V. Konyakhin in "Newspaper Portraits" uses the following: " He will not be offended, because in principle he does not go to these talking points.».
Occasionalism has the same root as the normative lexical unit, but the word-forming element has changed: instead of the suffix -l-, the suffix -lovk- is used. Here the scope for our imagination has been significantly reduced, we can only try on two or three suffixes for this root: talker, talker, talker, and absolutely
sounds strange " talk". I must say that these new formations are much less natural than the one used by the writer, and, therefore, if we had conceived to include them in our text, most likely we would need some kind of excuse, explanation, assessment, in general - an apology to the reader for a clumsy creation. Or else it would be necessary to create a special context that would justify our education.
For example: " There was no noise around, but rather a chatter - everyone broke up into groups and talked, talked, talked about their affairs».
Finally, occasionalism can be created by the author, so to speak, according to the original project, as a result of the original combination of morphemes. For example, S. Kirsanov in the poem "Max-Emelyan" created from the verbs " sleep" and " wake up"Two nouns: from asleep to enlightened... Nouns do not have such a model; this way of combining morphemes belongs to the poet.
So far, occasionalisms have been considered, which were built from real morphemic material: existing roots, suffixes, interfixes, prefixes. However, cases have already been shown before when the word was constructed by the author directly from sounds, let us recall Marshakov's "alinon". There is also a sword in "Clever Things" zing zeng- the word is also composed of sounds, and not of morphemes. These cases are rare and are always artistically grounded, for example, as an experiment. Here is V. Khlebnikov's poem "The Thunderstorm":
Wai, wi, evu!
Take a zozern. Ve-certsi.
Vravra, vravra!
Wrap, wrap, wrap!
Gugog. Hack. Gakri.
Vivavevo ...
Someone is given, someone is not given to hear the roar of a thunderstorm and the beat of rain in this set of sounds. For our topic, the very fact of trying to paint a picture not with musical, but linguistic sounds is important. This is an extreme case of co-creation. And for the sake of completeness, it is necessary to mention it.
1.6.3 Test questions to consolidate the material
1. What groups are the vocabulary of the common language divided into?
2. What words belong to the active vocabulary of the language? Give examples.
3. What words belong to the passive vocabulary of the language? Give examples.
4. What are the features of the process of loss of words by the language?
5. What groups are obsolete words divided into? Tell us about each in detail. Give examples.
6. How can obsolete words be used?
7. What are the ways of explaining obsolete words in the text?
8. What words are called neologisms?
9. What are the reasons for the emergence of new words?
10. What are the sources of new words?
New words (neologisms)
Ways to explain obsolete words in text
Obsolete words included in a literary text, in some cases, require an explanation. It can be done:
1) in a footnote or in a dictionary after the text;
2) sometimes an explanation is given in brackets (see the article by Yuri Shatalov "The First Tomb of the Holy Prince" in Appendix 30);
3) more complex ways of interpreting obsolete words included in the artistic presentation itself.
06referring to V. Kataev's book "Broken Life, or the Magic Horn of Oberon" , in which the word is for the author the same subject of memory as people, things and events that surrounded him in childhood. Therefore, the meaning of the word is revealed in detail and lovingly, through a specially stipulated parallel with a modern word or through a living picture - a description of an object:
“I loved it very much when my mother took me with her to the Dwarf store for shopping. I must add that the Dwarf himself was always in the pot, in part reminding the junk hats, since all the junk dealers in our city wore pots and were called not junk hats, but "old wardens. », “We immediately - without wasting time - ran into the basement of Zhenya Dubastoy's house and quickly found a lot of all sorts of things ... and, among other things, a tube of the universal glue“ syndeticon ”, which was very popular at that distant, distant time. ... "Sindetikon" really tightly glued a variety of materials, but in particular fingers were glued from it, which was then very difficult to unstick. This thick, smelly, amber-yellow glue had the ability to stretch with infinitely thin, infinitely long hair strands that adhered to clothes, furniture, walls, so that careless, hasty use of this universal glue was always accompanied by a lot of troubles ... ".
New words that appear in the language as a result of the emergence of new concepts, phenomena, qualities are called neologisms (from gr. neos- new + logos- word).
Neologisms are divided into two types:
1) lexical neologisms denote the appearance in life of new things, phenomena, qualities (for example, virgin soil, lunar, cosmonaut, etc.);
2) semantic neologisms- the new name of what already has a name (for example, the background is the lining of the peasant shirt, the hype is gold leaf, etc.).
The neologism that has arisen together with a new object, thing, concept does not immediately enter the active composition of the dictionary. After a new word becomes commonly used, publicly available, it ceases to be a neologism. Such a path has passed, for example, the words soviet, collectivization, collective farm, link, tractor driver, komsomolets, pioneer, michurinets, metro builders, virgin lands, lunniks, cosmonaut and many others.
Consequently, due to the continuous historical development of the lexical composition of the language, many words, even in the 19th century. perceived as neologisms with an abstract meaning (for example, fiction, liberty, reality, citizenship, humanism- humanity, idea, public, equality etc.), in the modern language are part of the active vocabulary.
And some words that have arisen recently (tax in kind, food appropriation, ukom, nepman, komchvanstvo, party maximum, party minimum, people's commissar and others) have become obsolete.
Reasons for the appearance of new words:
1) In everyday speech, we create new words for the following purposes:
1.With the help of a new word, we name new objects and phenomena: dutik boots, dnipryanka wheat variety.
2. However, we can create a name for a well-known phenomenon that does not have a verbal designation in the language. For example, it is not at all new that viewers leave the audience when they do not like the film, but we do not denote this phenomenon with a special word. But one resident of Sverdlovsk said: “ The hall splashed».
3. Words are also created when we want to more vividly designate a phenomenon that has a name, instead of intricate about Thuringian porcelain, it is said fintiflyushy, the sealant is called stickponchik.
4. You can play with words. This is done willingly by children learning the language, but adults are not averse to sometimes for fun for the sake of composing a word: “Since there is a fountain pen, there must be an auto-foot. There is neither a new subject, nor an old phenomenon devoid of a name. There is word-creation for the sake of jokes, entertainment.
2) What is observed in everyday speech occurs in artistic or publicistic speech. Here new names are given to new objects created by the artist's imagination: cybers at the Strugatskys, the best from V. Zorin and others.
New words are divided into two groups depending on the reasons for their appearance in the language. Neologisms are new words created to denote new phenomena. All the rest are casualisms.
In addition to neologisms, which are the property of the common language, new words formed by one or another author are distinguished. Some of them entered the literary language, for example, drawing, mine, pendulum, pump, attraction, constellation, etc. (at M. Lomonosov), industry, falling in love, absent-mindedness, touching(at Karamzin's), fade away(F. Dostoevsky), etc.
Others remain in so-called occasional copyright formations. They perform pictorial and expressive functions only in an individual context and, as a rule, are created on the basis of existing word-formation models, for example, mandolin, smile, sickle, hammer, chamberlain and many others (at V. Mayakovsky); boomed, overdone ( from B. Pasternak), furry women, country of Ant and Muravskaya country ( from A. Tvardovsky), magically, cellophane(from A. Voznesensky), bogey, unfamiliarity, overworld, unbendable and others (E. Yevtushenko), etc.
What is it - a mistake in the speech of the XXI century, how to increase literacy and why in Russia they like to write their position with a capital letter? We talked about this and much more with Elena Shmeleva, Candidate of Philology, Senior Researcher at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
"AiF.ru": Elena Yakovlevna, what error in speech can be called the most widespread and annoying hearing today?
Elena Shmeleva: This is a rather individual thing. Some are annoyed by the wrong accent. My son once told me that he had met a girl, he liked her, but after she said “ringing”, he immediately stopped liking her. I am annoyed not so much by mistakes as by the inability to distinguish the style of speech, that is, a person in public speech uses words and expressions that are permissible only in the kitchen or in a beer bar. It seems to me that this is the main problem of our speech now. An educated person who speaks well is one who, speaking in parliament, speaks the same language; when drinking with friends - to others. The inability to switch from one style to another is really the trouble of our speech.
"AiF.ru": Do you have an answer to the question of how to learn to speak well?
Elena Shmeleva: This is a difficult science. Previously, we were engaged in rhetoric, taught orators to speak. In order to speak well, there is one constant recipe - read more, listen to good speeches more. We imitate our parents, teachers, people we like, who we think speak well. We must try to rid our speech of unnecessary words, check ourselves. There are dictionaries for this. But we have a very low culture of using them. In general, no one speaks perfectly, there are always difficult words that raise doubts. For example, one person you respect says this, and another speaks differently. If in doubt, do not be lazy, check in the dictionary.
"AiF.ru": In order to speak better, you advised to listen to correct speech more, but what about improving literacy in written speech?
Elena Shmeleva: To do this, too, you need to read more. Another question is that nowadays books are often published without a proofreader. Why do they say that you need to read more? Because the eye gets used to writing a word, that is, you, without hesitation, write the word the way you are used to seeing it. Now there are publications in which there are errors, on the Internet people also write in different ways, so it happens that the eye gets used to the wrong spelling. I think that sometimes the illiteracy arising among previously literate people is explained by this very reason.
"AiF.ru": Elena Yakovlevna, it is difficult to be literate in a country where everyone wants to write themselves with a capital letter. We have a million different "Presidents", "Chairmen of the Board of Directors", "Managers" in our country ...
Elena Shmeleva: It really is some kind of obsession. For some reason, the capital letter is perceived as a sign of special importance. We have constant disputes over this issue. According to the rules of the Russian language, in a compound name, only the first word is written with a capital letter, for example, Moscow State University. In the phrase "State Duma" only "State" should be written with a capital letter. Our legislators constantly argue with us, because they believe that the word "Duma" must be written with a capital letter. It is impossible to explain to people that a capital letter does not mean that you will become a more important person. We are sent papers from the Federation Council, where it says "The Third Assistant to the Minister ...", all words with a capital letter. We are trying to explain that this is wrong, but, unfortunately, it does not work very well.
New words
AiF.ru: How do you assess the level of speech culture today?
Elena Shmeleva: If we talk specifically about the language, then I would not say unequivocally that before everyone spoke well, but now it is much worse. People on the streets spoke as they spoke. It’s just that before, there was practically no lively, spontaneous speech in the media. Everything was written in advance, rehearsed, checked by editors. Therefore, there was a feeling that only correct speech was being heard from the radio and television. And now there is a lot of lively speech. Relatively speaking, street speech is heard from TV screens. This, of course, annoys many people, because TV and radio presenters, whose speech we are used to taking as a role model, now speak in the same way as people around. That is, it is not the Russian language that has changed, but, as linguists say, the conditions for the functioning of the language have changed.
"AiF.ru": What is the rate of appearance of new words in the language today, is it increasing or decreasing?
Elena Shmeleva: The Internet makes new words spread faster across the country. Another thing is what to call a new word. Some borrowed or buzzword appeared and very quickly went on the Internet, everyone began to use it. But then this word in the language may not be fixed, the fashion will pass - and that's it. We are in no hurry to include new words in the dictionary. There are different systems of lexicography. I am sometimes asked why American dictionaries are larger than ours, they have so many more words? The tradition of Russian lexicography is that we wait for the word to really enter the Russian language, we wait for some time. And American lexicographers, as soon as the word appeared in the language, in the same year it is added to the explanatory dictionary.
"AiF.ru": How long are they waiting to add a word?
Elena Shmeleva: It is not only time that plays a role, but also the breadth of use. Usually, at the beginning, the word is included in the dictionary of new words or the dictionary of foreign words, and in the explanatory dictionary, new words are entered, as a rule, after ten, or even twenty years. But I say this tentatively. It happens that rather quickly it becomes clear that the word seems familiar and widely used to everyone, but it is still not in the explanatory dictionary, since our explanatory dictionaries are rarely reprinted. It turns out that in our explanatory dictionaries not only are there not many words, but also there are not many new meanings. For example, the words "positive" and "negative" have only a photographic meaning, and given the fact that most people now shoot with digital cameras, it turns out quite funny, because the meaning of these words is completely different now. But dictionaries do not have this, and this is bad, because dictionaries still have to keep up with the times.
