Children's project “Ponies - little horses. Variant of the exam in the Russian language The use of the correct case form of the noun with derivative prepositions "thanks", "according to", "in spite of", "like", "in spite of", "in opposition"

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS		SUGGESTIONS
A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover B) violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms C) violation in the construction of sentences by an inconsistent application D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition		1) The paths of the garden, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched regularly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet. 2) All day the pony rode the kids in the zoo. 3) MB Barclay de Tolly was one of the military leaders awarded the Order of St. George for his participation in the war against the French. 4) "Lady in Blue" (portrait of the artist EM Martynova) as a pure and delicate flower, which was brought from some unknown bright gardens. 5) Lightning sparkles brightly and illuminated everything around. 6) Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox". 7) Upon arrival in the city, we visited the Pskov Kremlin. 8) The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed to intercept the galloping horse. 9) Without smart and kind books that we read in childhood, our inner world would be incomplete.

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D

Explanation (see also Rule below).

A) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participle in sentence 3. This error is caused by the fact that the participle is not consistent with the word to which it obeys, either in gender, or in number, or case.

Here is the correct spelling: MB Barclay de Tolly was one of the commanders (what?), Awarded the Order of St. George for participating in the war against the French.

Rule Clause 7.1.1

7.1. CONSUMPTION OF PRIVATE TURNOVERS

INTRODUCTION

The participle is a participle with dependent words... For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants

word Graduates-the main word,

those who passed - the sacrament,

who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam is participle-dependent words.

Thus, the participle in this sentence is successfully passed the exam... If you change the order of words and write the same sentence differently by placing the phrase before the main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only punctuation will change, but the turnover remains unchanged.

It is very important: before starting work with task 7 to find errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly formed participial and adverbial phrases.

The goal of the assignment is to find one such sentence in which grammatical norms are violated when using the participial phrase. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the desired participle must be in full form: the short form never forms a participial turnover, but is a predicate.

To successfully complete this task, you need to know:

• the rules for agreeing the participle and the main (or defined) word;
• rules for the location of the participle in relation to the main word;
• time and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
• participle pledge (active or passive)

Pay attention to the fact that in a sentence with a participle, not one, but two or even three mistakes can be made.

Note to teachers: keep in mind that the authors of different manuals have different points of view on the classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be attributed to a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using the participial phrase.

7.1.1 Violation of the agreement of the participle with the defined word

The rule according to which single participles (as well as those included in the participle turnover) agree with the main (= defined) word, requires the setting of the participle in the same gender, number and case as the main word:

About children (what are THEIR?) Returning from a trip; for the exhibition (what?) being prepared in the museum.

Therefore, we simply find a sentence in which there is a full participle, and its ending does not correspond (or) the gender, (or) case, (or) the number of the main word.

1 type, the lightest

I had a chance to chat with guests, attending at the opening of the exhibition.

What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We put the question from a noun and change the end of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.

I had a chance to chat with guests(what are THEM?), attending at the opening of the exhibition.

In these examples, the noun and its participle stand side by side, the error is easy to see. But this is not always the case.

Type 2, harder

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

I want to find the words to a song heard recently.

These sentences contain two nouns: the author of the book; lyrics. To which of them is the participle turnover attached? Thinking about the meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?

Here is the corrected version:

I want to find the lyrics to a song (what OH?) heard recently.

Type 3, even harder

The endings of the participles sometimes fulfill a very big meaningful mission.... Thinking about the meaning!

Let's compare two sentences:

The noise of the sea (what?), Awakening me, was very strong. What was awakening? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake up.

The noise (what?) Of the sea, waking me up, was very strong. What was awakening? It turns out that the noise. And the noise can wake up. This is the correct option.

I heard the heavy footsteps of a bear haunting me. Footsteps cannot chase.

I heard the heavy footsteps of a bear (WHAT?) haunting me... The bear can chase. This is the correct option.

Children of employees (how are THEM?), having any diseases, receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees.” It turns out that the employees will have diseases, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is not the correct option.

Children (what?) Of employees, having any disease, receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “children,” and we understand that it is children who have diseases, and they need permits.

4 type, optional

Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of the named, some of them, some of the gifts.... A participle can be attached to each of the nouns, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participle) can be coordinated with any word. It will be a mistake if the participle "hangs" and has no connection with any of the words.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Each of the participants who received the maximum number of points was given the right to perform one more number.

The sacrament can be consistent with both the word "everyone" and the word "participants".

To each (what OMU?) Of the participants, RECEIVING THE MAXIMUM SCORE, was granted the right to perform one more number

To each of the participants (how THEM?), getting the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number.

We draw your attention to the fact that the error will be the inconsistency of NOR with the first word, NOR with the second:

False: To each of the participants who received ... or to each of the participants who received ... This is not allowed.

In the explanations on RESHU, the variant of coordination with the end of THEM is more often used.

Likewise true: Some of the books (how THEM?), received as a gift, will go as a gift.

Or Part (as AY) books, received as a gift, will go as a gift.

False: Some of the books received as a gift will go as a gift.

NOTE: This type of error when checking essays is considered an agreement error.

7.1.2 The participle and the place of the main word

In well-formed participial sentences the main (or defined word) cannot stand inside the participial turnover. Its place is either before or after it. Remember that the placement of punctuation marks depends on this !!!

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

It is necessary to carefully check the guided the documents for examination.

We walked along the dotted alley fallen leaves.

Leading Street the city was free.

Created novel as a young author caused lively controversy.

note: with this construction of the sentence, it is completely unclear whether to put a comma.

Here is the corrected version:

Must be carefully checked the documents, sent for examination... Or: Must be carefully checked sent for examination the documents.

We walked along alley, dotted with fallen leaves... Or: We walked along dotted with fallen leaves alley.

Street leading to the city was free. Or: Leading to the city Street was free.

7.1.3. Participle phrases that include irregular participle forms

In accordance with the norms for the formation of participles, in the modern Russian literary language, forms of participles in -she are not used, formed from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words rejoicing, helping, reading, able... In the opinion of the RESHU editors, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but, since in the manuals of I.P. Tsybulko there are similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Until I found human, able to help me.

A valuable prize awaits participant, finding the answer to this question.

These sentences need to be corrected, because future participles are not formed from the perfect form of the future participle. There is no future tense participle..

Here is the corrected version:

We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in a conditional mood.

Until I found a person who can help me.

A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.

7.1.4. Participle phrases that include irregular participle pledges

This type of error was in the USE assignments of previous years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017, there are no such tasks. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the mistake is associated with the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the real is used instead of the passive one.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

The documents, going for examination,

Competition, organized by the organizers

Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.

Here is the corrected version:

The documents, sent for examination, must be checked carefully.

Competition, organized by the organizers, the participants liked it very much.

The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.

B) violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms in sentence 5 is caused by the fact that two homogeneous predicates have different tense or form. We will determine the type and time of each predicate and decide which one needs to be applied - the same. BOTH predicates must be placed in the past tense.

Here is the correct spelling: Lightning flashed brightly and illuminated everything around.

Rule Clause 7.5.1

7.5. VIOLATION OF TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP OF VERBS AND VERB FORMS

INTRODUCTION

In order to complete this task and understand its significance, you need to remember what the time of the sentence and the moment of speech are.

Most of the events that are being discussed, or were, or will be discussed, have to do with the moment of speech: they either last constantly, or now, either were, or will be. Events can occur simultaneously or sequentially, be completed or incomplete. What parts of speech have the category of tense? Of course, these are verbs and their forms, participles and participles. What do we know about this?

All forms of the verb have the TYPE category:

Imperfect, questions do not have the prefix C: what to do, what to do;

Perfect, questions are prefixed with C: what to do, what to do.

The indicative forms of the verb have the category of TIME:

Present (for all forms);

Future (only for verbs);

The past (for all forms).

If there are several verb forms in a sentence, be it two predicates, or a participle and a predicate, or a participle and a predicate, they must necessarily correlate with each other in time and type. If this condition is violated, one speaks of a violation of the species-temporal correlation or a mismatch of times.

7.5.1 There are two homogeneous predicates in a sentence, unreasonably having different TIME.

This is the most common type of mistake in the exam preparation manuals.

What does unreasonable mean? This means that there are no conditions for the use of predicates of different times. There is a requirement for homogeneous predicates: they must have ONE and the same time. I emphasize that it was in USE assignments, since in fiction and living colloquial speech there are deviations from this norm, but this is always stylistically justified.

Let's take a look at some examples.

It rains all night and stops in the morning. What is wrong here? The predicate of the present tense "pours"; The past tense has "stopped". Obviously, the message was written after the rain stopped, because at night it was not clear if it would end in the morning. Therefore, the sentence must be corrected by putting both verbs in the past tense.

It LIL rain all night and stopped in the morning. It will not be possible to make two predicates in the present tense: It rains all night and STOPS in the morning, because in such a sentence the thought sounds that this always happens, all the time. Compare: The sun rises every morning and sets every night.

The grandmother has knitted a scarf for her grandson and gives it for his birthday. It is not true, because it "tied" the past tense, and "gives" the present tense. It needs to be corrected by putting both verbs in the past tense.

The grandmother knitted a scarf for her grandson and presented it as a birthday present. First I tied it, and then I donated it. It is possible to put both predicates at the present time, but the meaning will change: Grandmother KNITS a scarf for her grandson and gives it for his birthday. As if the grandmother either constantly gives scarves, or someone talks about it as an event in the past.

So: with homogeneous predicate terms, in the USE tasks, homogeneous predicates should have ONE and the same time.

7.5.2 There are two homogeneous predicates in the sentence, unreasonably having different appearance.

For homogeneous predicates, the rule applies:

If both actions take place at the same time or the time is not specified, then the view must be the same.

For example: Parents and children must learn to respect and understand each other's interests. What is wrong: to respect is an imperfect view, to understand is perfect. We put both parts of the predicate in an imperfect form:

Parents and children must learn to respect and UNDERSTAND each other's interests.

It is not possible to put in perfect: from the verb “respect” the form “respect” has a different meaning.

7.5.3 There are several homogeneous predicates in a sentence, unreasonably having a different APPEARANCE and TIME.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules and conditions here. If the actions take place sequentially, then there may be different correct options: it all depends on the meaning of the sentence.

I did not work for a long time due to illness, then I got a job several times in different companies, but now I make good money. The words then, now, are indicators of actions that occur sequentially. Let's analyze the types of verbs: I didn't work (non-Soviet), I got a job (non-Soviet), I earn (non-Soviet).

I did not work for a long time due to illness, but then I got a job in a small company and now I earn good money. The words then, now, are indicators of actions that occur sequentially. Let's analyze the types of verbs: I didn't work (non-Soviet), got a job (Soviet), I earn (non-Soviet).

I did not work for a long time due to illness, but then I got a job in a small company, earned an apartment. The indicators of actions occurring sequentially are word afterwards. Let's analyze the types of verbs: did not work (non-Soviet), got a job (Soviet), earned (Soviet).

At the same time, there is no violation in the form of time in either the first, second or third examples. But this example has an error:

Mom listened to me attentively, then she laughs and told a similar story.

Correct options:

Mom listened to me attentively, then Laughed and told a similar story.

Mom LISTEN to me attentively, laughs and TELLS a similar story.

Mom listened to me and Laughed, and then TOLD a similar story.

7.5.4 Between the predicates of a complex sentence, the temporal-specific relationship is broken.

Since the two parts of a complex sentence are always grammatically connected, the ratio in time and type and time of the predicates is an unconditional requirement.

Let's look at the simplest examples.

When spring comes, streams flowed. "Coming" - non-Soviet, present; "Flowed" - Sov., Past. The same laws apply here as I do for homogeneous predicates.

So it will be true:

When spring comes, streams FLOW.

When spring came, streams flowed.

Another example with an error:

We have put in so much effort and nothing comes of it. "Attached" - Sov., Past; "It does not work" - not sov., Present.

So it will be true:

We put in so much effort and nothing WAS POSITIVE.

We APPLY so much effort and nothing comes of it.

7.5.4 Errors in sentences with gerunds associated with a violation of the type of temporal correlation

Here the condition is:

the time and type of participle should not contradict the predicate in meaning.

Error example:

After making an omelette, put your eggs in it. “Having prepared” - Sov., Past; "Put" is an imperative verb. To such a predicate, DO is allowed. But try this tip. Cook first, then lay eggs? The error occurred because having prepared in the sentence has a perfect form, that is, it denotes a completed additional action. To make the recipe grammatically correct, let's change the form of the participle to imperfect.

When preparing an omelette, place the eggs first. (remove into it, he's not ready yet)

A similar example:

After reading the book, do not forget to make bookmarks in it. "After reading" - Sov., Past; “Don't forget” is an imperative verb

Bookmarks are made while reading, that is, it will be true:

When reading a book, remember to bookmark it.

Another error:

After handing in the essay, do not forget to check the difficult words in the "Spelling Dictionary". It is impossible to check, having already handed over the work.

BUT renting out -

7.5.5 Errors in participle sentences associated with a violation of the type of temporal correlation

can also be found in quests. At the moment, there are no such examples in the manuals.

C) a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application in sentence 6. The name of the fable, a proper name, is put in the nominative case, if it is an application, that is, the second name. The first name is a fable.

Here is the correct spelling: Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox".

Rule Clause 7.2.1

7.2. Violation in constructing a sentence with an inconsistent application.

INTRODUCTION

An application is a definition expressed by a noun in the same case (that is, CONSISTENT) as the word being defined. When characterizing an object, the application gives it a different name and asserts that it has some additional feature. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, personal pronoun, substantive participle and adjective, as well as numerals. For example: This is how Mikhail Vlasov lived, locksmith, hairy, sullen, with small eyes (MG); It was she Peterhof stranger(Paust.); The first, eldest of all, Fedya, you would give fourteen years (T.); Mother rode with father from Siverskaya station, and we, children, drove out to meet them (Nab.).

Note: Proper names used in a figurative sense (in the letter enclosed in quotation marks) are also applications, they are called UNAUTHORIZED as opposed to AGREED.

Also, very often applications are proper names written without quotation marks.

The components of some types of complex words are not applications (although they resemble them in the form of communication): a) complex words that are terms (sofa-bed, crane-beam, novel-newspaper, museum-apartment, hut-reading room), b) complex words, part of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, unfortunate leader, miracle fish).

UNAUTHORIZED APPLICATIONS, expressed by a conventional name.

7.2.1. Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (in the letter enclosed in quotation marks), are always appendices, if they refer to the word being defined, and stand in the nominative form, regardless of the case form of the word being defined. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who disembarked from the battleship Potemkin to the Romanian coast, was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.); During the test of the tanker "Leningrad" shipbuilders launched another similar vessel - "Klaipeda". This is the type of application that is present in the USE tasks.... Please note: as soon as the DEFINITIVE word "leaves" the sentence (that is book, magazine, picture, play, article, car, steamer and so on), the OWN NAME ceases to be an application, compare: the history of the novel "Eugene Onegin" - the history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin"; Malevich made several copies of "Black Square" - Kazimir Malevich's painting "Black Square" was created in 1915.

7.2.2 If we are talking about the APP - proper name, but written without quotes, then there is a very long set of rules governing their writing. Some groups of proper names agree with the defined word, others do not. Fortunately, there were no such tasks on the exam (at least until 2016).

Following these rules, one should write, for example,

On the planet Mars (not Mars);

On Lake Baikal (not Baikal);

Behind Mount Elbrus (not Elbrus).

On the Ganges River (not the Ganges), but on the Moskva River (not the Moskva River).

Complete information on writing such applications can be obtained by reading any of Dietmar Rosenthal's textbooks on stylistics and literary editing.

D) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 2 is that the word pony, which is the subject, has a masculine gender, this word is not declining. Therefore, the predicate must also be masculine.

Here's the correct spelling: All day long Catalan pony in the baby zoo.

Rule Clause 7.3.4

7.3. Coordination of the predicate with the subject

INTRODUCTION

The subject is the main member of the proposal, which agrees with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.

Subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: Clouds rush, clouds curl; The invisible moon Illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.

In such cases, we can talk about the agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary, an incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members is possible: My whole life has been a guarantee of the faithful meeting with you- correspondence of the forms of number, but different forms of the genus; Your destiny is endless chores- inconsistency of number forms.

The grammatical connection of the main members of the sentence is considered as coordination. This grammatical connection is broader and freer in comparison with agreement. Different words can enter into it, their morphological properties do not have to correspond to each other.

When coordinating the main members of a sentence, the problem of choosing the forms of the predicate number arises, when the gender / number of the subject is difficult to determine. This section of "Help" is devoted to the consideration of these questions.

7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects

If a pronoun is used as a subject in a sentence (and not necessarily in a SPP!), Then you need to know a number of rules prescribing how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.

A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NOBODY, NOTHING, SOMETHING, SOMEONE, WHO WOULD NOT, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglects the opinions of others) risk being left alone].

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever came), [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [Nobody knew (that the lesson was postponed)].

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [Nobody knew (that the lesson was postponed)].

B) If the subject is expressed by a pronoun in the plural TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the plural form. If the subject is expressed by pronouns in the singular TOT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in the singular form. For example: [ Those (who graduated from high school with honors) are more likely to go to college free of charge].

This proposal follows the following model:

[Those (who + predicate), ... predicate ...]... And this is the most common model in which to find an error. Let's analyze the structure of a complex sentence: in the main sentence, the pronoun "te" is a subject, pl. h; "Have" -predictable, plural This is in accordance with rule B.

Now attention to the subordinate clause: "who" is the subject, "finished" - the singular predicate. This is in accordance with rule A.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must check in for the flight on their own].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have ever seen the northern lights) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning summer vacations) buy tickets in the spring].

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must check in for the flight on their own].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will not be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

In examples 1 and 2, the error is easy to see: just throw out the subordinate clause... In the following example, the error often goes unnoticed.

EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who are planning a summer vacation), buy tickets in the spring].

C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF .., EACH OF ..., NONE OF .. then the predicate is put in the singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY FROM ..., SOME OF ..., ALL FROM .. then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who won the prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old manor trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who have been in a similar situation) certainly thought about the ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties, (which presented its project), defendedIts advantages over other projects].

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old manor trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who have been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (which presented its project), defended its advantages over other projects].

D) If the sentence contains the phrase WHO, AS NOT .., the predicate is put in the singular masculine form. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children to communicate?

This turnover can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in clause 7.3.3, part B.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 7 Who else, if not us, should be concerned about the cleanliness of their cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 7 Who else, if not us, should be concerned about the cleanliness of their cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

7.3.2 Coordination of predicate with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity

When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem of choosing the forms of the predicate number arises, when the subject indicates a set of objects, but appears in the singular.

A) The collective nouns and words that are close to them in meaning act as the subject.

Collective nouns denote the totality of homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: LEAVES, DUBNYAK, DUMP, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHING, PROFESSION, PEASANTRY. They have the form of only a singular number, are not combined with cardinal numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with the words a lot / a little or how much: LITTLE RODNY, A LITTLE LEAF, A LOT OF MOSHKARA.

Close to them in the meaning of collectiveness can be attributed and the words NAROD, STAYA, VOYSKO, GROUP, CROWD; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; THREE, PAIR; DARKNESS, ABOUT, LOTS AND OTHERS

The subject, expressed by a collective noun, requires the setting of the predicate only in the singular form:

For example: The kids were playing in the yard of the house; young people often take the initiative.

The subject expressed by a noun of the type GROUP, CROWD also requires setting the predicate only in the singular form:

For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; three horses swept under the windows

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central and District Markets has repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on the bench.

Here are the corrected options: 

EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central and District Markets has repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

B) A collective noun with a quantitative meaning acts as a subject

Nouns MAJORITY, MINORITY, SET, SERIES, PART, despite the grammatical form of the singular, denote not one thing, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the singular form, but also the plural. For example: On this pond ... countless ducks were hatched and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is pounding at the door. Which form should you give preference to?

The subject, which has in its composition the collective nouns MAJORITY, MINORITY, PLOT, ROW, PART, requires the setting of the predicate only in the singular form if:

but) there are no dependent words from a collective noun

Some went on vacation, and some stayed; many scattered axis, minority remained

b) a collective noun has a dependent singular

With a subject that contains the words MAJORITY, MINORITY, SET, SERIES, PART, the predicate can be put both in the plural and plural forms, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:

Most students passed and test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.

Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects were commissioned ahead of schedule

The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the characters.

Consider the cases in which the use of the plural of the predicate is permitted and permissible.

The predicate is put
singular if	plural if
The activity of animate persons is not emphasized: Part of the conference participants did not accept participation in the discussion	Activity is emphasized. The subject is inspired. Most writers are emphatically rejected editor fixes. Most students are good answered in the classroom.
Activity is not emphasized, the passive participle indicates that the object itself does not perform the action. A number of workersattracted to responsibility.	Activity is emphasized in the presence of a participle or adverbial turnover.
Activity is not emphasized, the subject is inanimate Most items lay in a mess A number of workshops makes details for our workshop.	Activity is also indicated by a number of homogeneous members: Majority editors, proofreaders, authors, reviewers studied these documents. Most editors got order, got acquainted with its content and made necessary conclusions. A number of homogeneous predicates.

Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that the singular form of the predicate is more consistent with the tradition of book-writing styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate should be clearly justified. A mistake in the tasks of the exam will be the unreasonable setting of the predicate in the plural.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the assignments were AND were not completed correctly.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will take place in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel.

EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the "Children's Library" series

Here are the corrected options: 

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the assignments were not completed correctly. Predicated in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the character.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will take place in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. Events cannot act on their own, therefore the predicate must be used in the singular.

EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the "Children's Library" series... Predicated in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the character.

C) The subject is a combination of a numeral with a noun

With a subject expressed in a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in which number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood next to the slope and were silent; He had two sons... L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: There were three peasants and a woman in the sleigh; In his soul, two feelings fought - good and evil.

Note: In the USE tasks, such cases do not occur, since there is a great possibility of misclassification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral name. Therefore, we restrict ourselves to general remarks and note the most gross errors made in written works.

With a subject that contains a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate in both the plural and the singular form:

Five years have passed; ten graduates chose our institute

The use of different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action is emphasized by the plural. number.

The predicate is usually put in the singular if

In the subject, a numeral ending in "one":

Twenty-one students of our institute are part of the city's national volleyball team, but Twenty-two (three, four, five ...) students of our institute are part of the city's national volleyball team

If the message captures this or that fact, the result, or when the message is impersonal:

SOLD About twenty-two suits; Three or four students will be transferred to another class.

The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:

Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north

Wrong: Three kingdoms stood There were two windows in the room with wide window sills. Three windows of the room were facing north.

The only number that creates the idea of ​​a single whole is used to designate the measure of weight, space, time:

Painting the roof will require thirty-four kilograms of drying oil. Until the end of the journey, there were twenty-five kilometers left. A hundred years have passed. However, it seems already eleven o'clock struck O. Five months have passed since then

Wrong: Painting the roof will require thirty-four kilograms of drying oil; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. The past hundred years. However, it seems that eleven o'clock has struck I. Five months have passed since then.

With a subject expressed in a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral gender-, the predicate is usually put in the singular, and in the past tense - in the neuter, For example: half an hour will pass, half an hour has flown by, half of the city participated in the demonstration.

Wrong: half of the class participated in the competition, it will take half an hour

7.3.3 Coordination between subject and predicate, detached from each other

Between the subject and the predicate, there can be minor separate members of the sentence, clarifying members, subordinate clauses. In these cases, the general rule must be strictly observed: the predicate and the subject must be consistent.

Let's consider special cases.

A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in the sentence, built according to the model "noun. - this is n. "

Note to teacher: This type of error in the SPP is noted by I.P. Tsybulko, while in D. Rosenthal's "Reference on Spelling and Literary Editing" such an error is called a construction displacement in a complex sentence.

The nominative part of the predicate in a sentence built according to the noun + noun model must be in the nominative case.

For example: [The first thing (to learn) is to highlight the basis of a sentence].

The grammatical basis of the main sentence consists of the subject first and predicate excretion... Both words are in the nominative case.

And this is how it looks misspelled sentence: [The first thing to learn is to highlight the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the relative clause, the predicate acquired the genitive case, which is an error.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (which needs to be paid attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last (which should be focused on) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important thing (what you should strive for) is to fulfill your dream]

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (which needs to be paid attention to) is the ideal side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last (which should be focused on) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important thing (what you should strive for) is the fulfillment of your dream]

B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are specifying terms.

In order to clarify the subject, sometimes they use clarifying (clarifying turns), connecting members of the sentence, separate additions. So, in the sentence Jury of the competition, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner, the highlighted turnover is connecting(in other manuals it is called clarifying).

The presence in a sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such turns are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, INCLUDING, and the like. For example: Editorial office of the journal, including editors of the Internet portal, in favor of the reorganization.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out for participation in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of grandfather.

EXAMPLE 6. The school administration, including members of the parents' committee, spoke in favor of an extended parent meeting.

Here are the corrected options:

The error is easy to see if you throw out the subordinate clause.

EXAMPLE 4 The whole team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke in favor of participating in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, were looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather. 

EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated an extended parent meeting.

7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.

For the correct connection of the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.

A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulties in determining the gender or number.

The gender and number of non-declining nouns, abbreviations, conventional words and a number of other words are determined by special rules. For the correct coordination of such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological characteristics.

Ignorance of these rules causes errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; the cocoa has cooled down; the shampoo is over; the university announced the recruitment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed

Necessary: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa is cold; the shampoo is over, the university announced the recruitment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed

Nouns, the gender / number of which is difficult to determine, are discussed in the section After studying the material given, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.

Consider sentences with errors

EXAMPLE 1. The parcel post was sent at the beginning of the week.

In the sentence, the word "parcel" is a feminine subject. The proverbial "was sent" stands in the masculine. This is mistake. We fix: The parcel was sent and at the beginning of the week

EXAMPLE 2. The tulle was in perfect harmony with the color of the upholstered furniture.

In the sentence, the word "tulle" is a masculine subject. The predicate "approached" stands in the feminine. This is mistake. We fix: Tulle is in perfect harmony with the color of upholstered furniture.

EXAMPLE 3. The UN has gathered for a regular meeting.

In a sentence, the word "UN" is a feminine subject (organization). The predicted "gathered" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: UN gathered for a regular meeting.

EXAMPLE 4. Foreign Ministry announced its participation in the meeting

In the sentence, the word "MFA" is the subject, it does not change. When decrypting, we get “Ministry

foreign affairs ". At the same time, we remember that this word refers to the masculine gender. The predicted "reported" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The Foreign Ministry announced its participation in the meeting.

EXAMPLE 5. Moskovsky Komsomolets has published a rating of the best universities in the country.

In the sentence, the phrase "Moskovsky Komsomolets" is the subject, this is a conventional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word "Komsomolets". The predicate "printed" is in feminine. This is mistake. Correcting: "Moskovsky Komsomolets" published a rating of the best universities in the country.

EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .

In the sentence, the word "Tbilisi" is the subject, it is an unchangeable conventional name. This word is masculine, like the word "city". The predicate "attract" is plural. This is mistake. We fix: Tbilisi attracts tourists. 

B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of the profession

With a masculine noun denoting a profession, position, rank, etc., the predicate is put in the masculine gender regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director summoned an employee

WITH mistakes will be suggestions, in which the teacher made a report, the director summoned an employee .

Note: in the presence of a person's own name, especially a surname, in which these words act as applications, the predicate agrees with the proper name: Sergeeva's teacher read a lecture. More on this point below, 7.3.5

7.3.5 Subject has an attachment

Application is a definition expressed by a noun consistent with the word being defined in the case: city ​​(what?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, site (what?) "ReshueEGE"

As a general rule, the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of an attachment in the form of a different kind or number during the latter does not affect the agreement.

For example: The factory, this grandiose colossus, it seemed, too, was a ship of unheard of size. The proposal will be wrong The factory, this grandiose colossus, it seemed, was also a ship of unheard of size .

If there is an application with the subject, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and then put the predicate in one way or another.

Table 1. Appendix and subjects are written separately... With a combination of a generic name and a specific or specific and individual, the subject is the word denoting a broader concept, and the predicate is consistent with it. Here are some examples:

Application is a common noun:

the rose flower smelled amazingly; the oak tree has grown; kharcho soup is cooked

Application - proper name

the Dnieper river overflowed; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out; watchdog dog barked

Exception: last names of people... In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Science Zvantseva left, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper names are subject.

Table 2. The subject is compound noun, forms terms, in which one part resembles an application in function. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.

The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change

an armchair-bed stood in the corner; laboratory plant fulfilled the order; the invoice was issued in a timely manner; the studio theater has brought up quite a few actors; attention was attracted by the table-poster; song-romance became very popular

The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:

cafe-dining room is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine open(in this combination, the bearer of a specific meaning is part of the snack bar); raincoat-tent lay(a tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman Gazeta" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).

EXAMPLE 1 Ice cream cake cut into equal parts .

The compound noun "ice-cream cake" after the main, more general word "cake" is masculine, therefore: Cake - ice cream cut into equal parts

EXAMPLE 2 The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko. .

The conventional name is an application, therefore, the predicate must be coordinated with the word "story": The story "Children of the Underground" was written by A. V.G. Korolenko.

EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, just a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .

The subject is the word "dog", it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, just a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.

EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrov gave the first lecture. .

The subject is the surname "Petrova", it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday the young teacher Petrov gave the first lecture.

A) In a sentence, homogeneous subjects and one predicate

If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by unions or connected through a connecting union, then the following forms of coordination apply:

Predicates after homogeneous subjects are usually plural:

Industry and agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.

A predicate preceding a homogeneous subject usually agrees with the closest of them:

In the village, trampling and screams were heard

If there are separating or adversarial conjunctions between the subjects, then the predicate is put in the singular.

The experienced fear or instant fear in a minute seems both funny and strange and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.

Consider the sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job. .

Two subjects, the predicate comes after a number of homogeneous members, so it should be in the plural: Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did its job.

EXAMPLE 2 Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me. .

Two subjects, with the conjunction a, the predicate must therefore be in the singular: Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me.

EXAMPLE 3 The usual noise and loud voices were heard in the distance. .

Two subjects, the predicate stands in front of a number of homogeneous members, therefore it should stand in the singular: In the distance I heard the usual noise and loud voices.

B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like "brother and sister"

The setting of the predicate in the plural or singular depends on what meaning is attached to the phrase: joint action or separate.

When combined in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition s) like "brother and sister", the predicate is put:

in plural if both named objects (persons) act as peer action producers(both are subjects);

Pasha and Petya had been waiting for their mother's return for a long time and were very worried.

singular if the second item (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is complementary):

The mother and the child went to the outpatient clinic. Nikolai and his younger sister came later than everyone else.

Only in the singular if there are words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:

Father and mother went out of town.

Only in the singular with the subject expressed by the pronoun I, YOU

I'll come with a friend; you and your mom had a fight

Consider the sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .

With the word "together", the predicate cannot be in the plural: Brother and friends went to the beach.

EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .

With the subject I (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be in the plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.

EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .

With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be in the plural: You and your sister WILL live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room.

E) the incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition in Proposition 8 is that after the preposition "in a cut", nouns are used only in the form of the dative case. WHAT? and in no other, for example:

Here is the correct spelling: The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed across (what?) RIDING a galloping horse.

Rule Clause 7.7.1

7.7 INCORRECT USE OF THE SINGLE FORM OF A Noun WITH A PROSPECT

This type includes incorrectly constructed sentences with derived prepositions and the non-derived preposition "po".

7.7.1 The use of the correct case form of the noun with the derivative prepositions "thanks", "according to", "contrary to", "like", "contrary to", "contrary to"

After the prepositions "thanks", "according to", "in spite of", "like" and other nouns are used only in the dative case (to whom? To what?) and in no other.

Consider the sentences with the error:

Example 1. Real success can only be achieved through (what?) Persistence, dedication and (what?) Deep knowledge of a person. If the words "perseverance, determination" are in the dative case (which is true!), Then the phrase "deep knowledge" is used in the genitive case, it needs to be corrected by writing "deep knowledge".

Example 2. According to (what?) The traditions prevailing in the navy, crossing the equator was considered a significant event.... We replace the case: according to (what?) "Established traditions".

Example 3. It was decided to work on the strait, contrary to (what?) The established rules, not in summer, but in winter. We replace: "contrary to the established rules."

Note 1. The preposition "thanks" is used only when it comes to the reasons that caused a positive result. Therefore, turnovers with this preposition in combination with something negative should be considered unsuccessful: Thanks to the death of my mother, I grew up early... In this sentence, you need to use a simple preposition "because of".

Note 2. The preposition "thanks" is called derivative because it was formed from the gerunds "thanks". And these are completely different parts of speech. To the gerunds we put the question "what are we doing?" and separate it with commas either as a single or as part of an adverbial turnover.

Compare: He successfully defended his thesis and (what was he doing?) Thanks to (whom?) The project manager and (who else?) Comrades for their help and support, left the audience... The participle "thanks" is an additional action to the predicate "out".

He successfully defended his thesis thanks to (what?) The help of the project manager and comrades. There is no way to ask the question "what by doing", this is not an additional action, it is a pretext. And there are no commas. The comma in sentences with the word "thanks" can serve as a hint: it does not exist with a preposition.

7.7.2 With a noun there is a preposition "by"

The non-derivative preposition "by" in the meaning "after something" is used with a noun only in the form of a prepositional case, not a dative

Therefore, the sentences below are constructed not properly:

Upon arrival Yu he felt bad when he went to Moscow.

Upon arrival at in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.

Upon completion Yu construction workers left the site in perfect order.

At the end Yu English courses I got a certificate.

In these sentences, the preposition "by" means "after something", so the word after it had to be used in the prepositional form, not the dative case:

upon arrival in Moscow (= after arrival in Moscow), upon arrival in Venice (= after arrival in Venice), upon completion of construction (= after completion of construction), at the end of the course (= after completion).

The following construction of these sentences will be correct:

Upon arrival in Moscow, he felt unwell.

Upon arrival in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.

Upon completion of construction, the workers left the site in perfect order.

After completing the English courses, I received a certificate.

Remember:

upon arrival (= after arrival),

upon arrival (= after arrival),

upon completion (= upon completion),

at the end (= after the end).

7.7.3 With a noun there is a derivative preposition "in view", "due to", "in case", "provided", "with the help" and others

These prepositions also arose as a result of the transition from independent parts of speech and require the genitive nouns behind them.

In view of (who? What?) Bad weather;

Due to (who? What?) Frost;

In case of (who? What?) Success

Answers in order of letters:

A	B	IN	G	D
3	5	6	2	8

Answer: 35628

Syntactic norms

1. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) I was assigned the main role in the school play "Don Quixote".

2) Upon arrival in Moscow, the artist gave a press conference.

3) Many who have been to Pereslavl know that this city is younger than Rostov, but its history is also rooted in the distant past.

4) The walk that promised us so much pleasure was nothing interesting.

5) On one of the autumn days, the forest, refreshed by the cold air, seemed to look younger, shone with gold leaves and a reddish network of birch branches.

2. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) You can read about the life and work of the artist, about his ruined talent in the story "Orest Kiprensky".

2) The long Moscow winter, which transformed Anna's whole life, was now recalled differently, in some other, new light.

3) Inspiration is a state in which a person works with all his might.

4) When analyzing the text of a work of art, do not be afraid to express your attitude to what you read.

5) Those who oppose themselves to society are doomed to loneliness.

3. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) Activists of social movements forgot about disagreements and spoke out with a united front against the closure of the museum.

2) Studying folklore, the composer created wonderful lyric works.

3) The rhizome of the white water lily is a product from which flour can be obtained.

4) Having paid the bill, it is necessary to inform the publisher in writing of the number of the payment order.

5) Once on a drifting ice floe, the fishermen counted on salvation.

4. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error related to a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) During this time, a state was created that was able to cope with all external enemies.

2) The blizzard looked and suddenly recognized in the black-headed boy the same shepherd boy to whom he left his horse yesterday.

3) Thanks to modern technologies, scientists explored the depths of Lake Samotlor and found the richest oil deposits under the muddy bottom.

4) Subject and everyday details in prose not only carry an ethical semantic load, but also become the most important elements of style.

5) The Itogi magazine continues to publish a series of essays on the country's economy.

5. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) Bright flashes of lightning, which seemed to pierce the air, enchanted with their menacing beauty.

2) From above, from the slope, the flowers that grew in islands looked like mosaic spots on the green background of the meadow.

3) When sending an important telegram, be sure to indicate the return address.

4) At the end of the performance, the audience could not come to their senses for a long time from what they saw.

5) Using metaphors and comparisons, the text becomes more emotional and brighter.

6. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) Contrary to popular belief, camels do not store water in their humps.

2) Immediately upon arrival in Yuryevets, tourists will pay attention to the bell tower of St. George the Victorious.

4) The daylight that floods the room gives the image a cool, silvery hue.

5) The name of Aivazovsky was well known in the circles of the Turkish aristocracy, which at that time was actively involved in European culture.

7. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) Those who turned to the poetry of B. Pasternak are stunned by unexpected metaphors, the expressiveness of antitheses, and the concatenation of antonyms.

2) Scientists have noticed that the ozone layer of the Earth is thinning.

3) The new film will be screened in the Salyut and Sever cinemas.

4) The passport must be replaced after its expiration date.

5) When I come to a symphony orchestra concert, I listen to classical music and enjoy it.

8. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error related to a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) He has always respected and sincerely admired his friends.

2) The ambiguity of the works of Salvador Dali excited the imagination of viewers who are accustomed to the world of calm landscapes and portraits.

3) The house in which the playwright lived during the first years after his arrival in St. Petersburg was located on the embankment of the Red Canal.

4) The painting "Bathing the Red Horse", which was created in 1912 by the artist Vodkin, was shown at the exhibition "World of Art".

5) The Lavrov translator has gained great popularity due to the simplicity of the input language and high compilation efficiency.

9. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) One of the artists who used plein air painting was.

2) After graduating from the institute, Tatyana Ilyinichna went to Altai to teach chemistry.

3) Schoolchildren of our village willingly helped a group of archaeologists who came from Novgorod.

4) Few know the story of the painting "The Rooks Have Arrived", which was first shown in Moscow at the exhibition of the Society of Art Lovers in 1871.

5) Amazing spring light, which filled the whole picture and illuminated it in different ways, slightly gilded the snowy hillock near the fence and the fence itself.

10. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error related to a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) Those who just entered the cinema seventeen years ago have already become masters.

2) The natural monument "Pillars of weathering", located on the territory of the Troitsko-Pechora region of the Komi Republic, has become one of the seven wonders of Russia.

3) Thanks to the warm days of golden autumn, the forest seemed to look younger, shone with golden leaves and a reddish network of birch branches.

4) Peter felt his eyes stick together from fatigue and his body aches terribly.

5) Fiction speech, which is fundamentally different from the official, business and scientific, in a number of signs approaches the journalistic.

11. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error related to a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) By the end of the 1840s, several canvases had already been written, among which "The Choppy Bride" and "The Fresh Cavalier" stood out.

2) The schoolchildren spent two happy days at the Zvezdochka camp.

3) Three classmates: Victoria, Elena and Karina - were engaged in different sports sections.

4) Gumilev declared versification a science and a craft that needs to be studied diligently.

5) One of the most important factors in the recognition of a player in a country like England is love or contempt from the press.

12. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error related to a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) The paths of the garden, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched regularly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet.

2) At the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that lays eggs and incubates them: it was a platypus.

3) All day long the pony rode the kids in the zoo.

4) M. Gorky wrote about how he "decorated a folk song and fairy tale with the brilliance of his talent!"

5) The meaning that people put into different concepts changes with the change of a person and society.

15. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error related to a violation of syntactic norms. Please provide an example with an error.

1) By using profanity, the media are now fined.

2) The participant who has read the largest number of books wins in the Bibliocross competition.

3) The train was not delayed, it arrived at the station according to the schedule.

4) In "Wild Landowner" -Schedrin visually depicts a rich master, who found himself without servants.

5) Anyone who does not know how to laugh at himself is extremely touchy.

1. 1) (correct: I was assigned the main role in the school play "Don Quixote"

2.5) (correct: Those who oppose themselves to society are doomed to loneliness)

3.2) (correct: studying folklore, the composer created wonderful lyrical works)

4.4) (correct: Subject and everyday details in prose not only carry an ethical semantic load, but also become the most important elements of style)

5.5) (correct: With the use of metaphors and comparisons, the text becomes more emotional and brighter)

6.1) (correct: Contrary to popular belief, camels do not store water in their humps)

7.2) (correct: Scientists have noticed that the ozone layer of the Earth is thinning)

8.1) (correct: he always respected and admired his friends sincerely)

9.1) (correct: One of the artists who applied plein air painting was)

10.3) (correct: Thanks to the warm days of golden autumn, the forest seemed to look younger, shone with gold leaves and a reddish network of birch branches)

11.3) (correct: Three classmates: Victoria, Elena and Karina - practiced in different sports sections)

12.2) (correct: at the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that lays eggs and incubates them: it was a platypus)

13.3) (correct: the brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed to intercept the galloping horse)

14. 4) (correct: M. Gorky wrote about how he decorated a folk song and a fairy tale with the brilliance of his talent)

15.1) (correct: in case of using profanity from the media, a fine will now be charged)

Part 1

Answers to tasks 1–26 are a digit (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

Read the text and complete assignments 1-3.

(1) With regard to urban improvement, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe. (2) In Western Europe, the first pavements appeared only at the end of the 12th century, and in Novgorod, already in the 11th century, all streets, as well as courtyards inside estates, were paved with trees. (3)<...>the famous Yaroslav's courtyard in Novgorod had the first plumbing in Northern Europe, through which clean spring water ran in wooden pipes.

1. Indicate the sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The level of improvement of Veliky Novgorod in the Middle Ages was higher than in the cities of Western Europe at that time.
2. The first pavements in Western Europe appear several centuries earlier than in the cities of the Novgorod principality.
3. The first in Europe plumbing with mechanical water supply to houses was built in Novgorod.
4. From the point of view of urban improvement, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe.
5. Already in the XI century in Novgorod, all the streets were paved with wood, as well as courtyards inside the estates.

2. Choose an introductory structure on your own, which should be in place of the pass in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this introductory construct.

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry that describes the meanings of the word RUN. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

To run , run, run, run; run; nonsov.

1. Move quickly, pushing off sharply from the ground with the movements of the legs. B. trot.
2. To be saved (to be saved) by flight. B. from captivity.
3. transfer Move quickly, pass, move.The clouds are running. The days are running.
4. About watch: hurry, go ahead.

4. In one of the words below, there was a mistake in the stress setting: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted. Write this word down.

Adolescence

speed up

sent

survivor

busy

5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the lexical error by matching the selected word with a paronym. Write down the chosen word.

• All DIPLOMATS of the competition will take part in the next round.
• He, as always, DOES, unsmiling, like a serious, frowning bird.
• It was a pine-tree bough, with brick and cranberry-colored feathers, with a beak crossed like two crooked BONE knives.
• To somehow COMPLETE the lack of movement and fresh air, Lisa went for a walk to the pond.
• By that time, the Institute HAS BEEN reorganized and reduced.

6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error,eliminating the extra word... Write this word down.

When you commit an act for which you may be ashamed later, you need to remember that someday you will get the effect of a reverse boomerang.

7. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

favorite of the PROFESSOR

MOST DECISIVE

in TWO meters

on their territory

Plucked apple

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

8. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover B) violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms C) violation in the construction of sentences by an inconsistent application D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

1) The paths of the garden, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched regularly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet. 2) All day the pony rode the kids in the zoo. 3) MB Barclay de Tolly was one of the military leaders awarded the Order of St. George for his participation in the war against the French. 4) "Lady in Blue" (portrait of the artist EM Martynova) as a pure and delicate flower, which was brought from some unknown bright gardens. 5) Lightning sparkles brightly and illuminated everything around. 6) Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox". 7) Upon arrival in the city, we visited the Pskov Kremlin. 8) The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed to intercept the galloping horse. 9) The publication of Gogol's poem "Ganz Küchelgarten" while still in the gymnasium was greeted by criticism of Petersburg with ridicule, after which Gogol burned all the books with this poem, taking them away from booksellers.

9. Indicate the answer options in which the unstressed vowel of the root, checked by stress, is missing in all words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) r .. luxurious, ec..logy; uh..betting;

2) k..reairist; supporting ... to .. tanned;

3) pr..stizh; child .. article, this .. label;

4) zag .. mature; k..ftan; zam..reti (in horror);

5) clutter .. wait; sympathetic; those..retical.

10. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) not .. restrained, not .. local, prepackaged

2) under..tap, pr..image, with..to observe

3) pr..to be able, impassive, pr..ambula

4) super..grass, disinfection..infection, to..play

5) di..harmony, skull..strip, not..burnable

1) Abkhazian ... Belarusian ...

2) head..vate, reconnaissance..vish;

3) roof..chka, ethnographer..sky,

4) service ... out, aluminum ... out;

5) camel..nok, zucchini..k

12. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) taken out, covered ... you, sown

2) splash..you, breathing..shy, early..nny

3) move..my, jump out..you see..who

4) pen..shaya (sea), (shelves) p..t acceleration ... t

5) you hate ... you, (clouds) gon ... mye, outstripped ...

13. Determine the sentence in which NOT with the highlighted word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write this word out.

The potatoes in the gardens are still (NOT) DIGGED.

Small tragedies of an individual remain (NOT) NOTED by anyone.

The teacher (NOT) ONCE told the children about the need to submit the essays on time.

This house is (NOT) BIG but very cozy.

This pianist, completely (NOT) CLAIMING for worldwide fame, but with healthy ambitions, won over the journalist.

14) Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

I (THAT) HOUR went to the Tatarinovs in such a way that I (WOULD) not find Nikolai Antonovich.

LIKE (SAME), like other representatives of the Moscow world, Famusov values ​​ranks and wealth, (FOR) THIS he is looking for a suitable party for his daughter.

It was a LITTLE (SO) big cat, but, (B) OTHERWISE, very peaceful.

The lecturer revealed the meaning of the SAME (SAME) concept, which (IN) CONSEQUENCES analyzed at the seminar.

(B) FOLLOWing Savelyeva they asked me too, to the SAME (SAME) task we both need

moose is not easy.

15) Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one letter H is written?

Into the (1) glory of the title (2) the singer neja (3) oh, negada (4) about declared her

participation in the festival and was invited (5) to the jury.

16) Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) A penetrating love for native places and snow-covered expanses beckons to itself gives rise to thoughts about the bitterness of loss and anxiety for the future.

2) In the corner he played the same note a hundred times and the tuner scattered with beaded arpeggios.

3) In the Meshchera region, the sources of rivers and springs and groves and oak groves have become reserved.

4) The air is light and clear and the river is frozen.

5) Either thoughts, or memories, or dreams were wandering in his head.

The sea hummed menacingly (1) standing out from all the noises of this disturbing (2) and sleepy night. Huge, lost in space (3) it lay deep below (4) far

whitening through the twilight (5) with manes of foam running to the ground (6). (I. B.)

18) Arrange any missing punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), which should be replaced by a comma in the sentence.

Sometimes a thought will come that (1) seems (2) correct, but you are afraid to believe it. However, then you see that the thought, which (3) may be (4) and strange, is in fact the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.

19) Arrange all punctuation marks: write the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be (s) a comma (s).

Cold autumn shadows (1) roamed the forest (2) trees (3) in which (4) froze in anticipation of winter.

20) Arrange all punctuation marks: write the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be (s) a comma (s).

There was such fatigue (1) that (2) even if there were no orders (3) to take a rest (4) people would not be able to take a step further.

21) Find sentences in which colon is put in accordance with the same punctuation rule. Write down the numbers of these sentences

1) Wide fields spread out behind our village. 2) We headed along a narrow path straight to a distant birch grove: every year you can pick up full baskets of delicious mushrooms here. 3) The main thing is to be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from poisonous ones. 4) The day turned out to be without rain, and all the trees are illuminated by the bright rays of the warm sun. 5) The forest is quiet and no birds singing can be heard, they are preparing to travel south. 6) Walking through the forest, you can see that bright russula hats are visible from under the brown and yellow leaves, but we will pass by. 7) The guys and I decided in advance to collect only the most delicious mushrooms: fragrant white, red boletus, cute boletus, chanterelles and mushrooms. 8) They can be cooked in different ways: fry, salt for the winter.

Read the text and complete assignments 22–27.

(1) The Germans were expelled from Uman, and on the streets of the city there were cars, armored personnel carriers and tanks that they had abandoned in flight. (2) The city still smelled of burning, that animal stifling smell that the running masses of people leave behind, and the stench of rotting food: in the trucks were barrels of cucumbers and cabbage.

(3) On one of the streets, through the broken window of the lower floor, I saw heaps of books piled on the floor. (4) The sight of books always worries me, and I went into the room, in which I immediately identified the library from the shelves. (5) There seemed to be no one in the room, just looking closely, I saw the mournful figures of two middle-aged women sorting through books in the next room. (6) Some of the books were already on the shelves. (7) I approached the women, and we met: one turned out to be the teacher of the Russian language Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya, the other - the librarian of the district library Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich, and the books that were lying on the floor were dragged from the underground, where they survived the entire occupation. (8) I picked up one of the books - it was a textbook of economic geography, but after turning over a few pages, I turned to the title of the book in bewilderment: it did not correspond to the content.

(9) - We have a lot of work ahead of us, - said one of the women, - the fact is that by order of the Gebitskommissar Oppa, we had to destroy all the books according to the attached list - and she took out of the box a whole bundle of sheets of paper with tight lines of typewriting: this is there was a list of books to be destroyed. - (10) We pasted the title pages from old textbooks and various other books, and we managed to save almost everything that was to be destroyed, - the woman added with satisfaction, - so do not be surprised if the volume of Pushkin's works, for example, is called an embroidery guide ...

(11) This was indeed the case: two courageous women saved an entire district library by pasting different titles into books to be destroyed or putting them into other bindings. (12) And now they were sorting out their wealth, restoring what, by order of the appointed director of the library Kramm, they had to tear to shreds.

(13) In Uman, in the building of the regional library, I became convinced of the immortality of the book.

(According to V.G. Lidin)

22. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter answer numbers.

1) The narrator managed to find the necessary book, he was helped in thisZinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich.

2) The narrator picked up a textbook on economic geography, but flipping through it, he found that the title of the textbook did not correspond to the content.

3) Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich saved the whole district library.

4) The Germans had not yet been expelled from Uman, and their cars, armored personnel carriers and tanks stood close to the streets of the city.

5) Gebitskommissar Oppa ordered the destruction of all books on the attached list.

23. Which of the following statements are true? Enter answer numbers.

1) Sentences 7-8 contain a narrative.

2) Sentences 1-2 contain a description.

3) Proposals 9-10 provide reasoning.

4) Proposition 13 is the output of the entire text.

5) Sentences 11-12 contain a description.

24) From sentences 5-8, write out a word with a meaning"Occupation by the armed forces of the state of territory that does not belong to it"

25) Among sentences 9-13, find the one (s) that (s) are connected (s) with the previous one using a union and a personal pronoun. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).

26) Read the excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks.

“Recalling the war years, the author uses pictorial and expressive means - tropes: (A) _______ (“ animal stifling smell ”in sentence 2,“ mournful figures ”in sentence 5), (B) _______ (“ where they survived the entire occupation ”in Sentence 7). The author tries to recreate as fully as possible the images of women that remained in his memory, and for this purpose he uses the syntactic means - (C) ________ (sentence 7) and (D) _______ (for example, in sentences 1, 2, 12) ”.

List of terms:

1) parceling

2) metaphors

3) rows of homogeneous members of the sentence

4) ellipsis

5) lexical repetition

6) dialogue

7) epithets

8) comparison

27. Write an essay based on the text you read.Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in the commentary two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them. Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Express your attitude to the author's position on the problem of the original text (agreement or disagreement) and justify it. The length of the essay is at least 150 words. A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such a work is rated 0 points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting

Anastasia Romanova
Children's project "Ponies - little horses"

Introduction ___ 3

1.1. Pony Story ___ 5

1.2. Benefit or beauty ___6

1.3. How to properly care for a pony ___6

1.4. How to learn to care for a pony ___ 7

Part 2. Practical.

2.1. Poll ___9

2.2. Ride to the horse farm ___ 10

Conclusion ___12

References and Internet sources ___ 13

Appendix 1-2 ___ 14-19

Introduction.

The project is aimed at developing the cognitive processes of the child.

The design work is designed for adults and children who love animals and value friendship.

Relevance and choice of topic.

I really love the cartoon “My Little Pony. Friendship is the miracle!". It was with him that my understanding of what friendship is and how to protect it began. The cartoon characters became so interesting and close to me that my mom and dad, and all my relatives began to buy me figurines of these wonderful and cute horses. I have almost all the cartoon characters in toys, books, coloring books, puzzles, and even in the decor of my room now there is a Sparkle that embodies the Element of Magic, Rarity - the Element of Generosity, Applejack - the Element of Honesty, Rainbow Dash - the Element of Loyalty, Fluttershy - the Element of Kindness and Pinkie Pie, who represents the Element of Laughter.

In the cartoon, all these horses are conscious, sensible and quite adult characters, however, their height suggests the opposite - they are very small. And then I wondered if there are little horses in a real non-cartoon life and are they as friendly as in a cartoon. I asked my mother if such horses really exist, and she showed me a photo of a pony that is slightly taller than me and said that this was her true size. It became very interesting for me to get to know these wonderful creatures better. This is how this project came about.

Starting this work, I asked myself the following question: "What do I know about ponies?" And, on reflection, I realized that practically nothing. From my desire to get to know them better, the goal of the project follows.

Purpose of the project: To find out whether ponies are capable of friendship and whether communication with them is useful for a person.

Project objectives:

Find out where and when the ponies appeared?

Find out the purpose of the pony?;

Find out if ponies are useful animals or are they kept for beauty?

How to properly care for a pony?

Finding out if ponies are capable of friendship?

Research subject: features of a pony.

Research methods: study of informative literature and Internet resources; polling friends; own observations; generalization of results.

Hypothesis: I will assume that ponies are good friends, and they benefit people.

This is the practical significance of the study.

1 part. Theoretical. "Little horses"

1.1. Pony history.

In encyclopedias and on the Internet, my mother and I tried to find the answer to the question "Where did ponies first appear?" (Appendix 1, photo 1)

A pony is such a very miniature horse that all small children are in love with. To be honest, the diminutiveness of the pony did not come from an easy life. Initially, ponies had common ancestors with horses. But the lack of food, rocky soil, constant winds and an unfavorable climate led to the fact that the ponies became smaller, but no less hardy than their relatives in the animal kingdom.

By the way, in certain territories, small horses (ponies) are still preserved in their wild version.

It is believed that the first ponies appeared on the islands of Europe, the north of Scandinavia and the south of France. In the conditions of rocky islets, where constant humid Atlantic winds prevail and there is little vegetation for grazing, a breed of strong, low-growing shaggy, unpretentious horses has formed. It was in the south of France that the remains of the oldest horse, solutre, were discovered. It is the prehistoric ancestor of very ancient horse breeds, of which modern ponies are direct descendants. To date, about 20 riding and easy-harness pony breeds (Shetland, Welsh, Icelandic, Hokkaido, etc.) have been bred. (Appendix 1, photo 2-5)

There are few people who will not smile with emotion when they see a short, stocky horse with sad eyes and satin ribbons woven into the mane. "Pony!" Children shout happily, and adults nod their heads "Yes, this is a pony, almost a horse." But why almost? Is it just because she is small? In fact, a pony is also a horse, it just belongs to undersized breeds.

There is an opinion that ponies are a horse for children. However, ponies were originally bred and used to do a certain job. A good example is the Shetland (or Shetland) pony, which gets its name from the Shetland Islands group located far northeast of Scotland. These stocky and short-legged horses, whose height does not exceed 102-107 cm, are most often seen by a visitor to zoos, parks, horse rentals and schools.

The Shetland pony is famous for its enormous strength (in relation to its miniature size). It can carry cargo twenty times its own weight. In the past, these ponies have worked in mines and coal mines underground. Almost 16,000 Shetland ponies were employed in England alone. A small horse dragged a heavily laden trolley for 3000 hours a year, transporting up to 3000 tons per year and overcoming almost 5000 km. Many ponies worked underground for years without seeing sunlight, barely rising to the surface and breathing in soot and coal dust.

1.2. Benefit or beauty.

Previously, ponies were used to do hard work, but now ponies can be seen in the park, rolling children. I've heard that pony riding is very healthy. My mother and I reviewed a lot of literature, blogs on the Internet and I realized that they knew about the healing effect of horse riding on people even under Hippocrates. At the end of the 18th century, the philosopher Denis Diderot wrote that in the first place among the many physical exercises is horse riding, which can treat various diseases. It was believed that the horse destroys the bad energy of a person and replaces it with good. Riding a bareback horse is exactly the same as walking training. Moreover, in order to maintain the correct fit, the rider must maintain balance, monitor the coordination of his movements. Consequently, the muscles are at work in their entirety (affected and healthy, often inactive). At the same time, riding improves fine motor skills, hones complex movements. These Hippotherapy (Healing Riding Techniques) cannot be replicated with other exercises in motor healing techniques.

Horseback riding stretches and corrects the spine, removes stoop, strengthens general muscle tone, stabilizes the vestibular apparatus, and eradicates dizziness. In fact, the motor apparatus is completely tuned, blood flow and metabolic processes are normalized, the general tone of the body rises. (Appendix 1, photo 8)

The emotional impact that a person receives from communicating with an animal is one of the essential healing factors of horseback riding. Experts believe that nervous excitement quickly passes from stroking the horse on the nose or lips.

In addition to therapeutic riding, the pony helps a person in agriculture. They can transport vegetables and fruits to farms. (Appendix 1, photo 6)

It turns out that ponies are very useful for humans, but I’m also sure that it’s very nice to have such an animal.

1.3. How to properly care for a pony.

Any pet needs care, and a pony needs special care, because this is not a kitten, not a puppy, this is a horse!

Ponies, although small, do not belong to the category of toys, since they, of course, have a small stature, but a very strong character, which even the most thoroughbred horses can often envy.

In order to win the trust and friendship of a little pony, it is necessary to make a lot of efforts, because although they look simple, however, in fact, ponies are very cunning cuties that require sincerity and genuine attention from a person.

Taking care of ponies, as horses are not easy to take care of. For example, imagine that only the mane of a small horse needs to be washed and combed twice a day, otherwise the animal's hair will get tangled, and then there will be nothing to care for, since it will have to be completely cut. (Appendix 1, photo 7)

Have you ever seen a pony without a mane? No? Then you're in luck, as the ponies' already sad eyes become even sadder.

In addition, ponies do not tolerate dirt - this is a very clean animal that requires a lot of attention to caring for it. In addition to washing and combing the mane, the ponies must be wiped daily with a stiff brush. And in the pony boxing in the stable, the floor should be sent with straw bedding, since it can relieve stress and fatigue from the hooves that accumulate during the day.

In general, ponies are very picky horses. But if you do not care about them and do not love them sincerely, then you will never be able to know if the ponies are capable of true friendship.

1.4. How to learn to care for a pony

Learning to take care of your pony is very important so that a good relationship develops between you and the little horse. First of all, you need to study the literature about this, then ask adults to talk about how often you need to feed, bathe, and comb your ponies. The more we learn, the better we will understand why the animal behaves this way and not otherwise.

First you need to learn how to properly give a pony a treat, which can be a carrot or an apple. To do this, you need to hold out the treat in an open palm, but be sure to squeeze your fingers together - this will prevent an accidental bite of the animal on the finger or on the palm.

Then we gradually try to take care of the pony - at these moments do not make any demands on the animal, then in the future the pony will be happy to meet you, expecting only pleasant things.

Ask your mom to let you walk with the pony while she grazes on the lawn - this will help the animal see you as a friend, a creature who can be trusted and who only brings pleasure. It is imperative to establish rules for handling ponies. Many young children need help figuring out what ponies love and don’t love. It is best to write down a list of peculiar rules for handling ponies on paper. For example, ponies cannot be teased, tugged, hit, poked, pulled by the tail, and so on, because no rough games are allowed with these animals! Also, you cannot abruptly run up to the pony from behind without warning about this in advance with your voice.

Everyone should strictly understand that ponies have their own feelings, that this is a living creature. Horses and ponies are most often very attached to those people who care about them, which is why we must understand that if we do something bad to the pony: hit or shout, then we will break the trust that arose between us with little horse

And most importantly, building a good relationship between you and the pony is only necessary in the presence and control of your parents.

Part 2. Practical.

2.1. Interview.

To find out what others know about ponies, I decided to ask my friends about them.

Mom and I have prepared a few questions:

1. Who are ponies?

2. Are they useful to humans? If so, with what?

3. Are they capable of friendship?

The survey was attended by guys from my group and some adults. (Appendix 2, photo 1-3)

Some girls (5 people) answered that ponies are heroes from the cartoon "Friendship is a miracle". Some guys (3 people) - answered that ponies are animals that ride children in the park on holidays, and this is not a cat or a dog to be friends with a person.

My dad, Dmitry Kirillovich, said that ponies are little horses that appeared a long time ago and helped a person to transport heavy loads in coal mines. And about friendliness, he said that if you behave like a real friend, then the pony can become your friend.

My grandmother, Tatyana Aleksandrovna, told that horses became small because of the harsh climate, but after that they did not cease to be horses. Ponies are very useful for a person, because if you stroke her, then you will feel calmer. And after a hard day's work, a few minutes spent with the pony will do you good. They seem to charge you with positive emotions and energy. They can also transport goods, although now, and this is good, they are no longer used like that. As for friendship, my grandmother said that any animal (just not a wild one) is capable of friendship, the main thing is to let him know that you are in a friendly mood.

Elena Vladimirovna (a teacher from my kindergarten) said that ponies are a breed of horses. They are small in stature and are often used in circus, parks for children to ride. Less commonly in agriculture. Ponies are trusting and affectionate, loyal to their master. They are real friends!

I asked Elena Anatolyevna (my teacher) and she said that ponies are little horses that radiate goodness. They cheer up, delight with their appearance and purpose. Like all horses, they are wayward, each has its own character, but they are drawn to people and capable of friendship.

2.2. Ride to the horse farm.

The more I learn about ponies, the more I want to get to know them better, and that is why my parents brought me to the place where these horses live.

The first meeting…

At first glance, it seems that the pony is a cutie that is easy to walk up to and hug. But ... but in reality it is not. My new friend, Sparkle, seemed very serious to me. First, I was offered to treat her to carrots. I took a carrot and handed it to her. Twilight carefully bit off the carrot with her strong teeth and chewed it. I held out another carrot and she ate it again. It's funny to watch the pony chew food. (Appendix 2, photos 4-6)

Walk…

Then we were offered to take a walk around the territory with Iskorka. Naturally, no one let me go alone - my parents and Aunt Marina were with me, she takes care of the horses and knows how to behave with them. I walked next to the horse, held a chumbur (a long rein, in a bridle, for which a horse is tied or on which a horse is driven) and she kept looking at me. Twilight was walking on the left side, Aunt Marina said that this is how it is supposed to drive a pony. It was a little uncomfortable to walk - the chumbur should be held with the right hand next to the pony's head, and the end of the chumbur should be held with the left hand. You need to look ahead and stay at the pony's shoulder all the time. In my opinion, Twilight has gotten used to me a little.

See you soon…

So, after the first meeting, feeding and walking, we decided to take a break, because my new friend also needs to rest. In parting, I was allowed to stroke Twilight. After my today's discoveries, this is no longer so scary, but very exciting. What if she doesn't understand my intentions and gets angry ... But when I began to stretch out my hand to her, Twilight moved her head to my palm. Oh, how nice it is to stroke a little horse! "Bye, Twilight!" - I told her goodbye. No doubt I'll come to visit her again! (Appendix 2, photo 7-9)

Visit a friend ...

My mother and I agreed that on weekends we would go to the horse farm to Sparkle. All week I thought that I would take it with me to treat the horse, what I would wear. And now the long-awaited day has come. Early in the morning I packed my backpack, had breakfast and we drove off. The sparkle was already walking. We went to her. I began to call her from afar, because you cannot approach any horse without announcing yourself with a voice. It even seemed to me that Twilight recognized me. I reached out to her nose, and she allowed herself to be stroked. Then she began to lower and raise her head, as if in her own way greeted us. It's so funny! Mom cut an apple at home, and I fed it to Twilight one piece at a time. Then we went for a walk, and I even managed to ride a pony. I felt calm, as with a friend. I think the horse felt the same way. But I didn’t skate for a long time - all of a sudden it’s hard for Twilight. I thanked her and that she is smart. It seems to me that she understands everything ... I was even allowed to take her to the box in the stable and comb her mane! It's funny, but I understood for sure that Twilight trusts me, and we became friends with her. She confidentially allows herself to be combed, stroked on the nose, on the back, although she likes the nose more, as it seemed to me ...

Conclusion.

So, thanks to my research, I have found the answers to the questions posed. With the help of the Internet, adults, encyclopedias, a survey, I learned a lot about a pony - a little horse!

My hypothesis was confirmed: ponies are capable of friendship, the main thing is to learn to be a good friend yourself.

For many centuries, the horse has been a constant companion of man and has been used by him for a variety of purposes. People today make very different demands on the horse, depending on the economic direction. Some are required to be quick in mastering circus acts, from others - obedience and entertainment of children in parks, from the third - great traction and carrying heavy loads. But before demanding anything, a person must learn how to handle a pony, find contact with her. It is very difficult to actually overestimate the importance that a pony has in a person's life. This is an animal that not only helps in the household, but also makes it possible to adapt to a particular situation, relieve stress or eliminate severe depression. After all, a pony is an animal capable of curing a person from even the most difficult diseases. I tried to become a friend for the ponies ... And, in my opinion, I succeeded.

At the end of my project, I want to introduce you to a poem about a pony that we wrote together with my mother!

Ponies are little horses.

Look in the smooth field

Two horses are nibbling the grass.

Take a closer look you

A horse of strange height.

These little horses

Wonderful ponies!

In the circus arena

In the park, in the zoo

These horses delight people sweetly.

And ponies dream, standing in a smooth field,

So that people are kind to horses!

List of literature and internet sources.

1. Encyclopedia for children. Biology. A life. The world of plants and animals. Evolution and secrets of the living. Volume 2. - 5th ed., Revised. and add. / Chap. ed. M.D. Aksyonova. - M.: Avanta +, 2002 .-- 704 p. : ill.

2. Encyclopedia of animals for kids / EA Alekseeva, EA Guricheva. - M.: ROSMEN - PRESS, 2013 .-- 144 p. : ill.

3. Encyclopedia “What is? Who it?" Volume 2. - 3rd ed., Revised. and add. - M.: Pedagogy - Press, 1993 .-- 416 p. (pp. 212 - 213).

4. Free Internet Encyclopedia Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8

5. Article "The benefits of communicating with horses" http://detivsporte.ru/verkhovaya-ezda/verhovaya-ezda-na-poni

6. The first encyclopedia of animals for small chicks / T. V. Skiba, S. V. Rublev, Rostov n / a: Vladis, 2015. - 416 p. (pp. 192 - 193).

7. Article "Pony care" http://poroda-loshadey.ru/poni/kak-uchazhivat-za-poni

Part 1

Answers to tasks 1–26 are a digit (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

Read the text and complete assignments 1-3.

(1) With regard to urban improvement, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe. (2) In Western Europe, the first pavements appeared only at the end of the 12th century, and in Novgorod, already in the 11th century, all streets, as well as courtyards inside estates, were paved with trees. (3)<...>the famous Yaroslav's courtyard in Novgorod had the first plumbing in Northern Europe, through which clean spring water ran in wooden pipes.

1. Indicate the sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

The level of improvement of Veliky Novgorod in the Middle Ages was higher than in the cities of Western Europe at that time.

The first pavements in Western Europe appear several centuries earlier than in the cities of the Novgorod principality.

The first in Europe plumbing with mechanical water supply to houses was built in Novgorod.

From the point of view of urban improvement, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe.

Already in the XI century in Novgorod, all the streets were paved with wood, as well as courtyards inside the estates.

2. Choose an introductory structure on your own, which should be in place of the pass in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this introductory construct.

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry that describes the meanings of the word RUN. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

To run , run, run, run; run;nonsov.

Move quickly, pushing off sharply from the ground with the movements of the legs.B. trot.

To be saved (to be saved) by flight.B. from captivity.

transfer Move quickly, pass, move.The clouds are running. The days are running.

About watch: hurry, go ahead.

4. In one of the words below, there was a mistake in the stress setting: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted. Write this word down.

Adolescence

speed up

sent

survivor

busy

5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the lexical error by matching the selected word with a paronym. Write down the chosen word.

All DIPLOMATS of the competition will take part in the next round.

He, as always, DOES, unsmiling, like a serious, frowning bird.

It was a pine-tree bough, with brick and cranberry-colored feathers, with a beak crossed like two crooked BONE knives.

To somehow COMPLETE the lack of movement and fresh air, Lisa went for a walk to the pond.

By that time, the Institute HAS BEEN reorganized and reduced.

6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, eliminating unnecessary word ... Write this word down.

When you commit an act for which you may be ashamed later, you need to remember that someday you will get the effect of a reverse boomerang.

7. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

favorite of the PROFESSOR

MOST DECISIVE

in TWO meters

on their territory

Plucked apple

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

8. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

B) violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms

C) violation in the construction of sentences by an inconsistent application

D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

1) The paths of the garden, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched regularly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet.

2) All day the pony rode the kids in the zoo.

3) MB Barclay de Tolly was one of the military leaders awarded the Order of St. George for his participation in the war against the French.

4) "Lady in Blue" (portrait of the artist EM Martynova) as a pure and delicate flower, which was brought from some unknown bright gardens.

5) Lightning sparkles brightly and illuminated everything around.

6) Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox".

7) Upon arrival in the city, we visited the Pskov Kremlin.

8) The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed to intercept the galloping horse.

9) The publication of Gogol's poem "Ganz Küchelgarten" while still in the gymnasium was greeted by criticism of Petersburg with ridicule, after which Gogol burned all the books with this poem, taking them away from booksellers.

9. Indicate the answer options in which the unstressed vowel of the root, checked by stress, is missing in all words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) r .. luxurious,ec..logy; uh..betting;

2) k..reairist; supporting ... to .. tanned;

3) pr..stizh;child ... to become,et..label;

4) zag .. mature; k..ftan; zam..reti (in horror);

5) clutter .. wait; sympathetic; those..retical.

10. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) not .. restrained, not .. local, prepackaged

2) under..tap, pr..image, with..to observe

3) pr..to be able, impassive, pr..ambula

4) super..grass, disinfection..infection, to..play

5) di..harmony, skull..strip, not..burnable

11. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) Abkhazian ... Belarusian ...

2) head..vate, reconnaissance..vish;

3) roof..chka, ethnographer..sky,

4) service ... out, aluminum ... out;

5) camel..nok, zucchini..k

12. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.

1) taken out, covered ... you, sown

2) splash..you, breathing..shy, early..nny

3) move..my, jump out..you see..who

4) pen..shaya (sea), (shelves) p..t, acceleration..t

5) you hate ... you, (clouds) gon ... mye, outstripped ...

13. Determine the sentence in which NOT with the highlighted word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write this word out.

The potatoes in the gardens are still (NOT) DIGGED.

Small tragedies of an individual remain (NOT) NOTED by anyone.

The teacher (NOT) ONCE told the children about the need to submit the essays on time.

This house is (NOT) BIG but very cozy.

This pianist, completely (NOT) CLAIMING for worldwide fame, but with healthy ambitions, won over the journalist.

14) Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

I (THAT) HOUR went to the Tatarinovs in such a way that I (WOULD) not find Nikolai Antonovich.

LIKE (SAME), like other representatives of the Moscow world, Famusov values ​​ranks and wealth, (FOR) THIS he is looking for a suitable party for his daughter.

It was a LITTLE (SO) big cat, but, (B) OTHERWISE, very peaceful.

The lecturer revealed the meaning of the SAME (SAME) concept, which (IN) CONSEQUENCES analyzed at the seminar.

(B) FOLLOWing Savelyeva they asked me too, to the SAME (SAME) task we both need

moose is not easy.

15) Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one letter H is written?

Into the (1) glory of the title (2) the singer neja (3) oh, negada (4) about declared her

participation in the festival and was invited (5) to the jury.

16) Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) A penetrating love for native places and snow-covered expanses beckons to itself gives rise to thoughts about the bitterness of loss and anxiety for the future.

2) In the corner, the tuner played the same note a hundred times and scattered with beaded arpeggios.

3) In the Meshchera region, the sources of rivers and springs and groves and oak groves have become reserved.

4) The air is light and clean and the river is frozen.

5) Not that thoughts, or memories, or dreams wandered in his head.

17)

The sea hummed menacingly (1) standing out from all the noises of this disturbing (2) and sleepy night. Huge, lost in space (3) it lay deep below (4) far

whitening through the twilight (5) with manes of foam running to the ground (6). (I. B.)

18) Arrange any missing punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Sometimes a thought will come that (1) seems (2) correct, but you are afraid to believe it. However, then you see that the thought, which (3) may be (4) and strange, is in fact the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.

19) Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Cold autumn shadows (1) roamed the forest (2) trees (3) in which (4) froze in anticipation of winter.

20) Arrange all punctuation marks:specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Such fatigue set in (1) that (2) even if there had not been an order (3) to take a rest (4) people would not have been able to take a step further.

21) Find sentences in whichcolon is put in accordance with the same punctuation rule. Write down the numbers of these sentences

1) Wide fields spread out behind our village. 2) We headed along a narrow path straight to a distant birch grove: every year you can pick up full baskets of delicious mushrooms here. 3) The main thing is to be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from poisonous ones. 4) The day turned out to be without rain, and all the trees are illuminated by the bright rays of the warm sun. 5) The forest is quiet and no birds singing can be heard, they are preparing to travel south. 6) Walking through the forest, you can see that bright russula hats are visible from under the brown and yellow leaves, but we will pass by. 7) The guys and I decided in advance to collect only the most delicious mushrooms: fragrant white, red boletus, cute boletus, chanterelles and mushrooms. 8) They can be cooked in different ways: fry, salt for the winter.

Read the text and complete assignments 22–27.

(1) The Germans were expelled from Uman, and on the streets of the city there were cars, armored personnel carriers and tanks that they had abandoned in flight. (2) The city still smelled of burning, that animal stifling smell that the running masses of people leave behind, and the stench of rotting food: in the trucks were barrels of cucumbers and cabbage.

(3) On one of the streets, through the broken window of the lower floor, I saw heaps of books piled on the floor. (4) The sight of books always worries me, and I went into the room, in which I immediately identified the library from the shelves. (5) There seemed to be no one in the room, just looking closely, I saw the mournful figures of two middle-aged women sorting through books in the next room. (6) Some of the books were already on the shelves. (7) I approached the women, and we met: one turned out to be the teacher of the Russian language Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya, the other - the librarian of the district library Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich, and the books that were lying on the floor were dragged from the underground, where they survived the entire occupation. (8) I picked up one of the books - it was a textbook of economic geography, but after turning over a few pages, I turned to the title of the book in bewilderment: it did not correspond to the content.

(9) - We have a lot of work ahead of us, - said one of the women, - the fact is that by order of the Gebitskommissar Oppa, we had to destroy all the books according to the attached list - and she took out of the box a whole bundle of sheets of paper with tight lines of typewriting: this is there was a list of books to be destroyed. - (10) We pasted the title pages from old textbooks and various other books, and we managed to save almost everything that was to be destroyed, - the woman added with satisfaction, - so do not be surprised if the volume of Pushkin's works, for example, is called an embroidery guide ...

(11) This was indeed the case: two courageous women saved an entire district library by pasting different titles into books to be destroyed or putting them into other bindings. (12) And now they were sorting out their wealth, restoring what, by order of the appointed director of the library Kramm, they had to tear to shreds.

(13) In Uman, in the building of the regional library, I became convinced of the immortality of the book.

(According to V.G. Lidin)

22. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter answer numbers .

1) The narrator managed to find the necessary book, in this he was helped by Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich.

2) The narrator picked up a textbook on economic geography, but flipping through it, he found that the title of the textbook did not correspond to the content.

3) Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich saved the whole district library.

4) The Germans had not yet been expelled from Uman, and their cars, armored personnel carriers and tanks stood close to the streets of the city.

5) Gebitskommissar Oppa ordered the destruction of all books on the attached list.

23. Which of the following statements are true? Enter answer numbers .

1) Sentences 7-8 contain a narrative.

2) Sentences 1-2 contain a description.

3) Proposals 9-10 provide reasoning.

4) Proposition 13 is the output of the entire text.

5) Sentences 11-12 contain a description.

24) From sentences 5-8, write out a word with a meaning "Occupation by the armed forces of the state of territory that does not belong to it"

25) Among sentences 9-13, find the one (s) that (s) are connected (s) with the previous one using a union and a personal pronoun. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).

26) Read the excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks.

“Recalling the war years, the author uses pictorial and expressive means - tropes: (A) _______ (“ animal stuffy smell "In sentence 2," sorrowful figures "In sentence 5), (B) _______ (" where they survived the entire occupation »In sentence 7). The author tries to recreate as fully as possible the images of women that remained in his memory, and for this purpose he uses the syntactic means - (C) ________ (sentence 7) and (D) _______ (for example, in sentences 1, 2, 12) ”.

List of terms:

1) parceling

2) metaphors

3) rows of homogeneous members of the sentence

4) ellipsis

5) lexical repetition

6) dialogue

7) epithets

8) comparison

27. Write an essay based on the text you read. Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in the commentary two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them. Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Express your attitude to the author's position on the problem of the original text (agreement or disagreement) and justify it. The length of the essay is at least 150 words. A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such a work is rated 0 points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting

KEYS:

Besides

lived

Diploma winners

Reverse

Gnawed

95628

135

Small

Immediately to

134

124

235

124

Occupation

7243

Problems: Author's position:

1. The role of books in human life 1) Books are immortal.

2. The problem of conservation 2) As long as there are people who know how to value and want

3. The problem of love for books 3) A book is a source of knowledge, spiritual value

people.