The Nanjing Treaty did not provide for. Treaty of Nanjing. Employment contract and contract agreement: application possibilities
The British are developing a new plan. In June 1841, the main forces of the expeditionary force were concentrated in Hong Kong, which the British immediately turned into a naval base. At the same time, information was received from Beijing about the refusal to recognize the agreements in Chuanbi. This forced the British to move on to resuming hostilities against China.
According to the developed plan, the main blow was to be delivered to Nanjing, the ancient capital of China. This would cut off the connection between the North and the South along the Imperial Canal, through which food went to Beijing from the south of the country.
The new commander, Sir William Parker, went north with a squadron of 36 ships, including 4 steamships and 2,700 landing troops, only on August 21, 1841.
Capture of Amoy. The first on the way of the squadron was the city of Amoy, located on an island in the bay. The city was surrounded by a stone wall nine meters high and fifteen miles long. There were located the main military warehouses with supplies for the provincial troops (gunpowder, guns, sabers, pikes and other edged weapons). The approaches to the city were reinforced with earthen fortifications, where batteries (about 500 guns) were placed. The garrison of the city consisted of 6-10 thousand soldiers.
The British, as soon as they stood on the roadstead of Amoy, the first thing they did was send an envoy demanding the surrender of the city and the removal of the garrison. There was no answer. Then, on August 26, English ships began bombarding the city, which lasted four hours. After that, having suppressed the weak resistance of coastal batteries, the British landed troops. And he was surprised to find that the city was abandoned by the garrison and the inhabitants.
Second Battle of Zhoushan. Having destroyed the fortifications of Amoi and leaving a small garrison, the squadron moved further north to the island of Zhoushan, where it arrived a month later, by September 25, 1841.
Recall that in the first campaign it ended up in the hands of the British, but under the terms of the agreement it was returned to the Chinese. Now it turned out to be heavily fortified and with a large garrison. The city of Dinghai was surrounded by a three-kilometer wall and surrounded by a canal. True, most of the fortifications did not have time to be completed and equipped with guns: out of 270 embrasures, only 80 had guns. In addition, they were practically defenseless from the rear, which made them vulnerable to flank attacks. On October 1, 1841, the operation to take possession of the island began. Having suppressed the firing points of the Chinese as a result of the bombardment, the British landed troops. The city's garrison tried to resist, especially in the defense of coastal batteries, where two English soldiers died. But after the fall of these batteries, the city surrendered almost without a fight. English losses were: two killed and 27 wounded, Chinese - more than 1 thousand people.
The British settle into winter quarters. On October 13, the British entered Ningbo, abandoned by the Chinese army, where they settled down in winter quarters. The passivity of the Chinese side allowed the British to bring the number of their forces to 15 thousand people and 80 ships of the squadron, divided into five divisions. The striking force was 6 ships and about 10 thousand landing soldiers.
The British take on new challenges. One of the two major rivers in China was the Yangtze. Its southern branch was covered in the area of the city of Usun by powerful coastal fortifications, built mainly of wood and earth. The defensive line system included a number of forts and several fortified batteries equipped with 175 guns and no less than 5,000 Chinese garrison soldiers.
On June 16, 1842, the bombardment of the Usun fortifications began. Using the firepower of the ship's cannons, the British easily managed to suppress the resistance of the active Chinese batteries and land an amphibious assault without hindrance. During the lightning assault, the sailors, having lost only two killed and 22 wounded, occupied these batteries. The ground units of the landing did not even have time to engage in battle with the enemy, since the Chinese, having lost about 200 people along with the commander, retreated in disarray.
New blow from the British. Further events moved quickly. Having established control over the mouth of the Yangtze, the British could easily launch their next attack on the important city of Zhenjiang, where the Imperial Canal crossed the Yangtze River. By July 20, 1842, the main forces of the British, without meeting resistance, stood on the roadstead of the city. As expected, Zhenjiang was surrounded by a wall, but its armament consisted of a small number of fortress guns, since most of was previously transferred to strengthen the Usun fortifications. The garrison consisted of 2,400 soldiers, of which half were Manchus. Outside the city walls, an additional 3,000 soldiers drawn from other provinces of China were stationed in camps.
The British command, realizing the importance of taking the city, developed an assault plan. 7 thousand paratroopers were divided into three brigades. They were led by three generals: Soltatsy, Bartney and Shedde. The assault, as planned, began early in the morning on July 21, 1842. The main landing force landed on the coast in three different places, without encountering any resistance. The Chinese troops stationed outside the city tried to attack the first brigade, but the British quickly lined up in battle formation and the Chinese, firing several volleys from matchlock guns, fled.
In the meantime, when the second brigade, led by General Bartney (1800 people) made a distracting maneuver and simulated preparations for the assault on the western gates of the city, the third (2100 people) was able to land unhindered east of the city and take the heights dominating the city without a fight. Under the cover of sniper fire, the assault and sapper units were able to reach and climb the walls without loss. Having penetrated the city, the paratroopers of the third brigade encountered the resistance of the Manchu soldiers. A stubborn three-hour street battle ensued, but by noon the city was occupied by the British. Here they suffered the most serious losses of the entire war: 205 people (37 were killed, 131 wounded and 37 died from sunstroke). The loss of the Chinese side, according to incomplete data, amounted to about 1 thousand people.
The British are approaching Nanjing. The fall of Zhenjiang led to the complete cessation of all communications along the Imperial Canal between the North and South of the country and opened the way for the British to Nanjing, where a year ago it was planned to strike.
On August 2, 1842, the main forces of their expeditionary force reached Nanjing. The British command was in no hurry with military action, hoping to start negotiations. After all, Nanking was a formidable force for the 3,000th British landing, since its garrison consisted of 15 thousand people, and the population reached one and a half million. Complicating the situation for the British was the fact that about half of the soldiers and sailors suffered from tropical diseases. Therefore, Sir G. Pottinger, the British diplomatic representative in China, was incredibly pleased with the agreement of the Chinese to start negotiations. Three weeks after they began, on August 29, 1842, the Treaty of Nanjing was signed aboard the English flagship Cornwall.
Nanjing Peace Treaty. According to the terms of the agreement, officially signed by the Beijing authorities, the Chinese government agreed to pay 21 million silver dollars within three years as compensation for damage caused to British subjects. In addition, China opened a number of cities for free trade with foreign merchants: Guangzhou, Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. Finally, the British managed to keep the island of Hong Kong.
The meaning of war. The defeat in the "Opium" war led to the official opening of China to European goods, and subsequently to the achievements of science and culture, which led to a tough clash with the traditional foundations of life. China, against its will, turned out to be included in the system of the world market and was forced to restructure itself very seriously.
between England and China for peace, friendship, commerce and indemnification; ended the Anglo-Chinese First Opium War; signed on 29. VIII aboard the English warship Cornwallis by Sir Henry Pottinger on behalf of England and Qi Ying on behalf of China. N.D. is the first unequal treaty imposed on the Chinese government by a foreign power by force of arms. He laid the foundation for the so-called. "opening" China to foreign trade, economic and political penetration. First half of the 19th century was marked by the active desire of England, and after it other powers, to use China more widely as a market for their goods. The English trade in manufactured goods, and especially its opium smuggling trade in China (opium imports increased from 2,000 cases in 1800 to 39,000 cases in 1837), grew rapidly, resulting in a catastrophic outflow of silver from China. China tried to counteract the commercial expansion of England. He continued to stubbornly refuse to establish diplomatic and treaty relations with the European powers, repeatedly confirmed the ban on the import of opium, limited foreign trade to Canton alone and allowed the sale of goods only to the Chinese monopoly merchant organization. cohong (cm.). England was not satisfied with this situation. Wishing to open all of China for its trade and to obtain stable economic and strategic bases on its territory, England set out to unleash a war. Back in 1834, Lord Napier, the chief overseer of English trade in China, stated that "the merchants of Great Britain wish to trade with all of China. They will not rest until they achieve their goal." Since the decrees on the prohibition of the opium trade did not achieve their goal, the Chinese emperor appointed a special commissioner to Canton - Lin Tse-hsu, instructing him to eliminate opium smuggling. On March 18, 1839, shortly after arriving in Canton, Lin Tse-hsu demanded that all foreign merchants hand over their cash opium and pledge that in the future this commodity would not be imported into China. Despite the refusal of the British to comply, the imperial commissioner forced them to surrender their opium (20,283 cases) and completely destroyed it. England used this incident as a pretext for war. In September 1839, English warships arrived in Canton and on the 3rd XI opened fire on the Chinese junks. In response, Lin Tse-hsu announced a ban on 6. XII of all trade with the British, as well as their access to Chinese waters. On February 20, 1840, Palmerston, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of England, sent an ultimatum note to China, in which he demanded compensation for the losses caused to English merchants, guarantees of the inviolability of their person and property in China, the granting of several islands to the eternal property of Great Britain (to create trading bases) and payment contributions. In conclusion, Palmerston announced that he was sending military forces that would conduct "hostile operations" against China until British demands were met. The instruction to Captain Charles Elliot, who was sent to China, was to seek the liquidation of Cohong, the establishment of a fixed customs tariff, the opening of a number of new ports for English trade, etc. China rejected England's demands, after which, in June 1840, an English military squadron arrived in Macau. On 28. VI, the British began blockade and bombardment of Canton, and then, having extended hostilities to the north, occupied about. Zhoushan, blocked the ports of Amoy, Ningbo and captured Dagu (near Beijing). Here on 11.VIII Admiral J. Elliot (Captain Elliot's brother) issued a new ultimatum to China. 30. VIII, on behalf of the emperor, the governor-general of the Zhili province Qi Shan began negotiations with Charles Elliot in Dagu, which ended in Canton with the signing of 21. I 1841 of a preliminary peace treaty beneficial to England (see. Anglo-Chinese Treaty of 1841). The Chinese emperor did not ratify this humiliating treaty, and Qi Shan was demoted and arrested. In February 1841, hostilities resumed, but soon (in May) were again interrupted by a truce concluded as a result of the capitulation of the Cantonese authorities. However, the British government, believing that the concessions wrested from China were insufficient, replaced Charles Elliot with Henry Pottinger and, having concentrated new sea and land forces in China, resumed military operations. In 1842 the British succeeded in capturing a number of strategically and economically important points (Amoi, Ningbo, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and others). 9. The VIII English squadron arrived at Nanking, where, as a result of short negotiations, the N.D. was signed. Declaring the safety and protection of English subjects in China (Article 1), N.D. opened five ports for English trade: Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai and Canton (art. 2), in which the British received the right to establish their consulates. The Emperor of China yielded to the Queen of Great Britain, Fr. Hong Kong in perpetual possession. This island became the largest military-strategic and trading base of England in pacific ocean. China undertook to pay England the sum of 6 million dollars, as corresponding to the cost of the opium that was destroyed by Lin Tse-hsu in Canton (Article 4). British merchants were given the right to trade "with all sorts of persons with whom they wish." The monopoly company Kohong was abolished. Along with this, China was obliged to pay England 3 million dollars, allegedly "on account of the debt owed to British subjects from certain merchants of Cohong" (Article 5), as well as 12 million dollars as compensation for its military expenses (a total of 21 million dollars). China also pledged to establish a "fair regular tariff" of duties on goods imported and exported by the British, but not more than 5% of their price. After the payment of import duties by the British, Chinese merchants could import English goods into the interior of the country with the payment of an additional transit fee, which, however, was not defined in the contract (Article 10). In this regard, the British were able to interfere in the internal customs system of China under the pretext of the need to determine duties. This they repeatedly used, creating a privileged position for their goods in the Chinese market. In order to guarantee China's compliance with N.D. Art. 12 established that the British troops would be withdrawn from Nanjing and from some other points after the ratification of N. d. by the emperor and the payment of the first monetary contribution, and from the islands of Gulangsu and Zhoushan (Chusan) - only after the end of all monetary payments and the opening of ports for English trade. Having evacuated its troops from Nanjing and Gulansu at the appropriate time, England, however, delayed the evacuation of the Zhoushan Islands. These islands were cleared by England only on April 4, 1846, after the signing of a new convention by China, according to which England turned them into a sphere of her influence. Dissatisfied with the rights and benefits received under N. d., England on 8.X.1843 forced China to sign a new treaty, additional to N. d., which gave her a number of new privileges and in particular the right of extraterritoriality and the most favored nation (see. Anglo-Chinese Treaty of 1843). The British victory in the first opium war and the signing of the National Treaty paved the way for the conclusion of similar enslaving treaties with China by the United States (July 3, 1844), France (October 1844), Belgium (July 25, 1845), and others. China was made into a semi-colony by the powers in 1856-58, when they imposed on China a series of so-called. Tianjin Treaties(cm.).
Nanking Treaty of 1842
between England and China for peace, friendship, commerce and indemnification; ended the Anglo-Chinese First Opium War; signed on 29. VIII aboard the English warship Cornwallis by Sir Henry Pottinger on behalf of England and Qi Ying on behalf of China.
N.D. is the first unequal treaty imposed on the Chinese government by a foreign power by force of arms. He laid the foundation for the so-called. "opening" China to foreign trade, economic and political penetration.
First half of the 19th century was marked by the active desire of England, and after it other powers, to use China more widely as a market for their goods. The English trade in manufactured goods, and especially its opium smuggling trade in China (opium imports increased from 2,000 cases in 1800 to 39,000 cases in 1837), grew rapidly, resulting in a catastrophic outflow of silver from China. China tried to counteract the commercial expansion of England. He continued to stubbornly refuse to establish diplomatic and treaty relations with the European powers, repeatedly confirmed the ban on the import of opium, limited foreign trade to Canton alone and allowed the sale of goods only to the Chinese monopoly merchant organization. cohong(cm.). England was not satisfied with this situation. Wishing to open all of China for its trade and to obtain stable economic and strategic bases on its territory, England set out to unleash a war. Back in 1834, Lord Napier, the chief overseer of English trade in China, stated that "the merchants of Great Britain wish to trade with all of China. They will not rest until they achieve their goal."
Since the decrees on the prohibition of the opium trade did not achieve their goal, the Chinese emperor appointed a special commissioner to Canton - Lin Tse-hsu, instructing him to eliminate opium smuggling. On March 18, 1839, shortly after arriving in Canton, Lin Tse-hsu demanded that all foreign merchants hand over their cash opium and pledge that in the future this commodity would not be imported into China. Despite the refusal of the British to comply, the imperial commissioner forced them to surrender their opium (20,283 cases) and completely destroyed it.
England used this incident as a pretext for war. In September 1839, English warships arrived in Canton and on the 3rd XI opened fire on the Chinese junks. In response, Lin Tse-hsu announced a ban on 6. XII of all trade with the British, as well as their access to Chinese waters. On February 20, 1840, Palmerston, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of England, sent an ultimatum note to China, in which he demanded compensation for the losses caused to English merchants, guarantees of the inviolability of their person and property in China, the granting of several islands to the eternal property of Great Britain (to create trading bases) and payment contributions. In conclusion, Palmerston announced that he was sending military forces that would conduct "hostile operations" against China until British demands were met. The instruction to Captain Charles Elliot, who was sent to China, was to seek the liquidation of Cohong, the establishment of a fixed customs tariff, the opening of a number of new ports for English trade, etc. China rejected England's demands, after which, in June 1840, an English military squadron arrived in Macau. On 28. VI, the British began blockade and bombardment of Canton, and then, having extended hostilities to the north, occupied about. Zhoushan, blocked the ports of Amoy, Ningbo and captured Dagu (near Beijing). Here on 11.VIII Admiral J. Elliot (Captain Elliot's brother) issued a new ultimatum to China. On 30. VIII, on behalf of the emperor, the governor-general of the Zhili province, Qi Shan, began negotiations in Dagu with Charles Elliot, which ended in Canton with the signing of a preliminary peace treaty beneficial to England on 21. I, 1841 (see. Anglo-Chinese Treaty of 1841). The Chinese emperor did not ratify this humiliating treaty, and Qi Shan was demoted and arrested.
In February 1841 hostilities resumed, but soon (in May) were again interrupted by a truce concluded as a result of the capitulation of the Cantonese authorities. However, the British government, believing that the concessions wrested from China were insufficient, replaced Charles Elliot with Henry Pottinger and, having concentrated new sea and land forces in China, resumed military operations. In 1842 the British succeeded in capturing a number of strategically and economically important points (Amoi, Ningbo, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and others). 9. The VIII English squadron arrived at Nanjing, where, as a result of short negotiations, the N.D. was signed.
Declaring the safety and protection of English subjects in China (Art. 1), N. D. opened five ports for English trade: Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai and Canton (Art. 2), in which the British received the right to establish their consulates . The Emperor of China yielded to the Queen of Great Britain, Fr. Hong Kong in perpetual possession. This island became the largest military-strategic and commercial base of England in the Pacific. China undertook to pay England the sum of 6 million dollars, as corresponding to the cost of the opium that was destroyed by Lin Tse-hsu in Canton (Article 4). British merchants were given the right to trade "with all sorts of persons with whom they wish." The monopoly company Kohong was abolished. Along with this, China was obliged to pay England 3 million dollars, allegedly "on account of the debt owed to British subjects from certain Cohong merchants" (Article 5), as well as 12 million dollars as compensation for its military expenses (a total of 21 million dollars). China also pledged to establish a "fair regular tariff" of duties on goods imported and exported by the British, but not more than 5% of their price. After the British paid import duties, Chinese merchants could import English goods into the interior of the country with the payment of an additional transit fee, which, however, was not defined in the contract (Article 10). In this regard, the British were able to interfere in the internal customs system of China under the pretext of the need to determine duties. This they repeatedly used, creating a privileged position for their goods in the Chinese market.
In order to guarantee China's compliance with N.D. Art. 12 established that the British troops would be withdrawn from Nanjing and from some other points after the ratification of N. d. by the emperor and the payment of the first monetary contribution, and from the islands of Gulangsu and Zhoushan (Chusan) - only after the end of all monetary payments and the opening of ports for English trade. Having evacuated its troops from Nanjing and Gulansu at the appropriate time, England, however, delayed the evacuation of the Zhoushan Islands. These islands were cleared by England only on April 4, 1846, after the signing of a new convention by China, according to which England turned them into a sphere of her influence.
Dissatisfied with the rights and benefits received under N. d., England on 8.X.1843 forced China to sign a new treaty, additional to N. d., which gave her a number of new privileges and in particular the right of extraterritoriality and the most favored nation (see. Anglo-Chinese Treaty of 1843).
The British victory in the first opium war and the signing of the National Treaty opened the way for the conclusion of similar enslaving treaties with China by the United States (July 3, 1844), France (October 1844), Belgium (July 25, 1845), and others. China was made into a semi-colony by the powers in 1856-58, when they imposed on China a series of so-called. Tianjin Treaties(cm.).
Diplomatic Dictionary. - M.: State publishing house of political literature. A. Ya. Vyshinsky, S. A. Lozovsky. 1948 .
See what the "Nanking Treaty of 1842" is in other dictionaries:
Between China and Great Britain after the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840 1842. Opened 5 Chinese ports for British trade, sanctioned the capture by Great Britain of Fr. Xianggang (Hong Kong), etc. * * * NANJING AGREEMENT OF 1842 NANJING AGREEMENT OF 1842,… … encyclopedic Dictionary
The first unequal treaty imposed on China by Great Britain as a result of China's defeat in the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840 42 (See Anglo-Chinese War of 1840 1842). It was signed on August 29 on board the English ship Cornwallis. According to N. d ...
The first unequal treaty imposed on China by England as a result of the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840 42 (the so-called First Opium War). Provided opening for English. trade 5 Chinese. ports (Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou), establishing ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
1842 between China and Great Britain after the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840 42. Opened 5 Chinese ports for English trade; Xianggang (Hong Kong), etc ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
A room in the Nanjing Jinghai Temple (remake), representing the view of the place of negotiations Nanjing Treaty, concluded on August 29, 1842 between China (... Wikipedia
Treaty of Nanjing and "Additional Protocol"- On August 29, 1842, the Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanjing was signed, which essentially meant the capitulation of the Chinese rulers to the British. In accordance with the agreement, the Qing government opened five ports for English trade ... ... The World History. Encyclopedia
The first unequal treaty imposed by the US on China. Signed on July 3 in the village of Wanxia near Macau. According to V. D., the United States received in China the same privileges that England achieved under the Nanking Treaty of 1842 (See Nanking ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Anglo-Chinese War 1840 ‒ 1842, so-called. the first "opium" war, the aggressive war of England against China, the purpose of which was to turn China into a country dependent on England. The reason for the robbery attack in June 1840 by England on China in the area ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Between Russia and China, on the opening of the northern Dzungaria for Russian trade, was signed on 25. VII in the city of Ghulja by E. P. Kovalevsky on the part of Russia, and Yi Shan and Bu Yan Tai on the part of China. The rise of political and economic ties Russia with ... ... Diplomatic Dictionary
T. n. the first "opium" war, the aggressive war of England against China, the purpose of which was to turn China into a country dependent on England. The reason for the robbery attack in June 1840 by England on China in the Guangzhou region was the destruction of ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and His Majesty the Emperor of China, desiring to put an end to the misunderstandings and resulting hostilities that have taken place between the two countries, have decided to conclude a treaty to this end and have appointed their Plenipotentiaries: Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland - Sir Henry Pottinger, baronet, major general in the service of the East India Company and so on. etc.;
And His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China - High Commissioners Qi Ying, member of the Imperial Court, guardian of the heir to the throne and general of the Canton garrison; And Lib of the Imperial family, who is graciously allowed to wear the first-rank insignia and peacock feather, former minister and governor general, etc., and now lieutenant general, commander-in-chief of the troops in Zhapu; who, having communicated to each other their respective powers, and found them in good and due form, have agreed and concluded the following Articles:
May there henceforth be peace and friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and His Majesty the Emperor of China and between their respective subjects, who shall enjoy the full security and protection of their person and property in the dominions of each
His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees that British subjects, with their families and businesses, will be allowed to stay for their commercial purposes without disturbance or embarrassment in the cities of Canton, Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai; and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and so on. appoint superintendents or consular officers residing in each of the aforementioned cities to act as intermediaries between the Chinese authorities and the said merchants, and to see to it that the just dues and other taxes of the Chinese government, as hereinafter referred to, are duly paid subjects of Her British Majesty.
Article III
In view of the obvious necessity and desirability of British subjects having some port in which they can put for repair and repair, if necessary, their ships and maintain arsenals for this, His Majesty the Emperor of China yields to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and so on. Hong Kong Island to the Eternal E of British Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, a possession so as to be governed by those laws and regulations such as Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc. deems it necessary to install.
The Emperor of China agrees to pay the sum of 6 million dollars, in addition to the corresponding value of the opium which was dispensed at Canton in March 1839. as a ransom for the life of Her Majesty's superintendent and subjects, imprisoned and threatened with death by Chinese dignitaries.
Since the Chinese government forced the British merchants who traded in Canton to deal exclusively with certain Chinese merchants, called hong (or cohong) 40 merchants, who received licenses for this from the Chinese authorities, the Emperor of China agrees to abolish this procedure for the future in all ports, where British merchants may reside, to permit them to trade with whomever they please, and to His Emperor." The Majesty further agrees to pay the British Government the sum of $3 million in debt to British subjects by certain specified hong (or cohong) merchants who have become insolvent or who owe large sums of money to Her Britannic Majesty's subjects.
Since Her British Majesty's Government was forced to send an expedition to demand and obtain satisfaction for the violent unjust actions of Chinese dignitaries against the ranks and subjects of Her British Majesty, the Emperor of China agrees to pay the sum of 12 million dollars in compensation for the expenses incurred, and Her Plenipotentiary Majesty of Britannia voluntarily agrees in Her Majesty's name to deduct from the above sum of $12 million any sums that may have been received by Her Majesty's combined forces in ransom for the cities of China, effective August 1st, 1841.
Article VII
It has been agreed that the total amount of $21 million referred to in the three previous Articles will be paid in next order A: 6 million immediately;
6 million in 1843, namely: 3 million no later than June 30 and 3 million no later than December 31;
5 million in 1844, namely: 2 and a half million no later than June 30 and 2 half million no later than December 31;
4 million in 1945, namely: 2 million no later than June 30 and 2 million no later than December 31; it is further stipulated that interest at the rate of 5% per annum shall be paid by the Government of China on any portion of the above amounts not paid at the due date.
Article VIII
The Emperor of China agrees to unconditionally release all subjects of Her Britannic Majesty (both European and Indian) who may be currently imprisoned in any part of the Chinese Empire.
The Emperor of China agrees to publish and promulgate, under the signature and seal of His Imperial Majesty, a complete and general amnesty and release from criminal liability of all subjects of Her Majesty or who have entered the service of Her British Majesty, and His Imperial Majesty further undertakes to release all Chinese subjects who at present moment may be imprisoned on the same grounds.
His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to establish in all ports which, under Article II of this treaty, be open to British merchants, a fair and regular rate of export and import duties and other charges, which rate shall be declared and officially published to the public. And moreover, the Emperor agrees that, once the British subjects have paid, at any of the said ports, the prescribed duties and dues, in accordance with the tariff subsequently to be fixed, the subject goods may be delivered by Chinese merchants to any province or city within the Chinese Empire, with the payment of an additional amounts as a transit fee, which should not exceed a percentage of the tariff fees on such goods.
An agreement was reached that the highest official of Her British Majesty in China will correspond with the highest Chinese officials, both in the capital and in the provinces under the heading "Message", subordinate British officials and Chinese high officials in the provinces - under the heading "Statement" with on the part of the former, and the "Declaration" on the part of the latter, and the subordinates of both countries on a completely equal footing. Merchants and others who are not in official positions and are therefore not included in the foregoing, will use the heading "Presentation" on all papers addressed to or intended for the attention of the respective Governments.
Article XII
Upon obtaining the consent of the Emperor of China to this Treaty, and upon the payment of the first monetary installment, Her Britannic Majesty's armed forces shall withdraw from Nanjing and the Grand Canal, and shall no longer impede or interrupt China's trade. The military post at Zhenhai will also be evacuated, but the Gulangxu Islands and Chushan Island will continue to be held by Her Majesty's forces until the cash payments and arrangements to open ports to British merchants are completed.
Article XIII
Ratification of this Treaty by Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc. and His Majesty the Emperor of China shall be exchanged as soon as the great distance which separates England and China will permit, but in the meantime copies thereof shall be exchanged, signed and sealed by Plenipotentiaries on behalf of their respective Sovereigns, and its provisions and arrangements shall come into force.
Done at Nanjing and affixed with the signatures and seals of the Plenipotentiaries aboard Her Britannic Majesty's ship the Cornwallis, on the twenty-second day of August, 1842, which corresponds to the 24th day of the 7th month of the 22nd year of Daoguang.
MP. Henry Pottinger
Plenipotentiary of Her Majesty
Chinese signatures (3)
Chinese seal
Treaties, Conventions, Ets., between China
and Foreign States. Vol. 1. Shanghai, 1917, p. 351-354
Supplementary Treaty signed on 8 October 1843 by Their Excellencies Sir Henry Pottinger and Qi Ying, representing respectively the sovereign states of Great Britain and China
The Government of the Sovereign States of Great Britain and China, guided by the provisions of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and His Majesty the Emperor of China, concluded at Nanjing and signed on board the British royal ship Cornwallis on August 29, 1842 (which in Chinese chronology corresponds to the 24th day of the 7th month of the 22nd year of the reign of Daoguang), ratified with the seals and signatures of the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China in Hong Kong on June 26, 1843 (according to Chinese reckoning on the 29th day of the 5th month of the 23rd year of the Daoguang reign).
Noting the opening of five ports (Canton, Fuzhou, Amoi, Ningbo and Shanghai) provided for in this Treaty (among other points) as ports of call and places of settlement for British merchants, and noting the need thereby created for the establishment of a favorable course in these ports and regular customs duties on exports and imports, as well as other types of duties, subjected to a detailed discussion and analysis of new circumstances and came to a joint agreement, which was decided to be fixed in the form of an Additional Agreement of 17 articles, which should be considered binding and having the same force, as if they were part of the original Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship.
Once the five port cities (Canton, Fuzhou, Amoy, Ningbo and Shanghai) become open ports, English merchants will only be allowed to trade in these five ports. Nor will English merchants be allowed to visit other ports, nor will Chinese citizens be allowed to trade with them in other ports or places. If, in contravention of this agreement, and in circumvention of a Proclamation issued for the same purpose by the British Commissioner, should nevertheless call at any other ports or places, then Chinese government officials will have the right to seize and confiscate both ships and cargoes, and if the Chinese are found to be trading illegally with English merchants in any other ports or places, they will be punished by the Chinese Government to the extent permitted by the Law.
It is agreed that English and other [foreign] merchants who reside in or frequent the five named ports should not, under any pretext, enter for the purpose of transportation in the areas of the country nearest to these ports located outside the zones named local authorities in their interaction with the British consul.
Article VII
The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship provides for British subjects and their families the right to reside in the cities of Canton, Fuzhou, Amoy, Ningbo and Shanghai without any restrictions or infringement on their freedom of action.
Article VIII
The Emperor of China graciously grants to all foreign states whose subjects or nationals have hitherto traded in Canton the right of residence for the purpose of trading in four other port cities: Fuzhou, Amoi, Ningbo and Shanghai, on the same terms as proposed by the British; further stipulates that if in the future the Emperor, for whatever reason, deigns to grant additional privileges and exemptions from taxes to any of the subjects or citizens of such foreign countries, then the same privileges and exemptions should be extended to British subjects; however, it is understood that such requests or demands will not be made unless absolutely necessary.
If the natives of China who have committed crimes or offenses against their own Government attempt to flee to Hong Kong or take refuge on English warships or merchant ships, then these persons, if found by English officials, must immediately be handed over to Chinese officials for consideration and punishment. ; or in the event that before the discovery of such persons by British officials at the officials.
Article XII
Once a fair and regular Tariff of customs and other charges has been established, it is hoped that the system of smuggling of goods which up to that time has been carried on between English and Chinese merchants - in many cases with the connivance and collusion of Chinese customs officials - will completely stop existence, in connection with which a categorical Proclamation to all English merchants has already been issued by the British Commissioners on this subject, and instructions have been given to various consuls to strictly observe the conduct of all persons of British citizenship trading in the zone under their jurisdiction. Of every case of smuggling of which the consul becomes aware, he is obliged to immediately inform the Chinese authorities, who must seize and confiscate all goods, regardless of their nature and value, that may be the subject of smuggling, and, if they find it necessary, prohibit the ship, with which the contraband goods have been brought ashore, to trade thereafter, and to escort that vessel out as soon as her accounts are settled and paid. At the same time, Chinese government officials must decide what action they should take against Chinese merchants and customs officials who become involved in smuggling.
Article XIII
All persons, whether native Chinese or foreigners, who wish to transport goods from one of the above five ports to Hong Kong for sale or consumption will be fully entitled to do so upon payment of duties on those goods and receipt from Chinese Customs. documents certifying the payment of duties, and permission to pass to one of the named ports. If the native people of China wish to visit Hong Kong to purchase goods, they will have full right to do so and, in case they need a Chinese vessel to take their purchases, they must obtain documents certifying the payment of duties from the customs office of the port and permission to leave port from where the ship can sail to Hong Kong. It further stipulates that in all these cases, all travel documents must be returned to Chinese government officials immediately after the completion of the trip for which they were issued.
This Supplementary Treaty, adhering to the original Treaty of Peace, contains 16 articles and one Supplementary Article relating to small craft, is now complete and, together with the accompanying documents, forms four pamphlets, officially signed and sealed by Their Majesties by the British Commissioner and the Chinese Imperial Commissioner , each of whom has given to the other two copies so that their terms may take effect immediately. Supplementary Contract of Paramount Importance.
Signed and sealed on October 8, 1843, which, according to the Chinese calendar, corresponds to the 15th day of the 8th month of the 23rd year of the reign of Daoguang.
(Signed) Henry Pottinger
Plenipotentiary of Her Majesty the Queen of England
(Signed) Qi Ying
Imperial Commissioner
Treaties, Conventions, Ets., between China and
foreign states. Vol. 1. Shanghai, 1917, p. 390-399
