Alternative energy sources wind. Wind Energy Literature Chapter XVI. Wind power plants
This section of our library collects books and articles on wind energy. If you have materials that are not presented here, send these materials for publication in our library.
“Inexhaustible energy. Book 1. Wind power generators "
Ed. National Aerospace University, Kharkov, 2003, format - .djvu.
V.S.Krivtsov, A.M. Oleinikov, A.I. Yakovlev. “Inexhaustible energy. Book 2. Wind Power "
Ed. National Aerospace University, Kharkov, 2004, format - .pdf.
Physical processes of energy conversion in wind turbines and electric generators are considered. Examples and results of aerodynamic, strength and electromagnetic calculations are given, which are compared with experimental data. The design of wind power plants and generators, their operational characteristics and control systems are described.
Ya.I. Shefter, I.V. Rozhdestvensky. "To the inventor about wind turbines and wind turbines"
Ed. Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, Moscow, 1967, format - .djvu.
The authors of the book have been analyzing proposals and solutions for the creation of wind power plants for several years. The book in a concise and accessible form provides brief information about wind energy and the principles of operation of the main systems of wind turbines, systematizes the main proposals of the inventors, tells about those wind turbine designs that were produced in the Soviet Union.
V.P. Kharitonov. "Autonomous wind power plants"
Ed. Academy of Agricultural Science, Moscow, 2006, format - .djvu.
A description is given and the characteristics of autonomous wind power plants (WPP) are given, intended for lifting and desalination of water, power supply, heat production and other purposes. The results of theoretical studies of vane-type wind turbines in variable air flow and recommendations for optimizing their aggregation with loads are presented. of various types... The experience of developing a series of generators for wind turbines and excitation systems for them is reflected. An analysis of wind conditions with recommendations for the choice of locations for wind turbines was carried out. The economic indicators of wind turbines of various standard sizes are analyzed.
B.B. Kazhinsky. "The simplest wind farm KD-2"
Ed. DOSARM, Moscow, 1949, djvu format.
This brochure describes the simplest wind turbine available for a household.
Kargiev V.M., Martirosov S.N., Murugov V.P., Pinov A.B., Sokolsky A.K., Kharitonov V.P. WIND POWER ENGINEERING. Guidelines for the Application of Wind Turbines of Small and Medium Power ".
Publishing house "Intersolarcenter", Moscow, 2001
This manual was prepared by the Russian solar energy center "Intersolarcenter" within the framework of the OPET (Organization for Promotion of Energy Technologies) project based on materials proposed by the research agency ETSU (Great Britain), an OPET partner of the "Intersolarcenter".
“Types of wind turbines. New designs and technical solutions "
The existing constructors of wind generators, as well as the proposed projects, put wind energy out of competition in terms of the originality of technical solutions in comparison with all other mini-energy complexes using renewable energy sources.
E.M. Fateev. "Wind turbines and wind turbines"
Ed. OGIZ-SELKHOZGIZ, Moscow, 1948
The book contains a lot of theoretical material about the wind, its characteristics, types of wind turbines, methods for calculating their power.
Byrladyan A.S. "Wind turbines for wind turbines"
Format.pdf.
The article deals with the problem of choosing a wind turbine for wind power plants. The way
Comparison of indicators and characteristics of wind turbines shows that for the existing modes and wind speeds on the territory of the Republic of Moldova, it is necessary to use low-speed (multi-blade) vane-class wind turbines.
Strickland, M.D., E.B. Arnett, W.P. Erickson, D.H. Johnson, G.D. Johnson, M.L., Morrison, J.A. Shaffer, W. Warren-Hicks. COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO STUDYING WIND ENERGY / WILDLIFE INTERACTIONS.
National Wind Coordinating Collaborative, 2011, at English language, format - .pdf.
This document is intended to serve as a guide for people who design and build wind turbines or study the interaction of such installations with the environment.
“Wind Energy. A Guide for small to medium sized enterprises ”.
Ed. European Comission, 2001 language, format - .pdf.
The purpose of this publication is to help understand the factors influencing the decision to use wind power and to stimulate the creation of small and medium-sized wind turbine installations by individuals and small and medium-sized enterprises.
Other diplomas in Physics
t, that the use of wind turbines is beneficial even in those cases when wind turbines operate around the clock. The main task of using wind turbines in rural areas (Nekrasovka village) is fuel economy for energy generation.
Whether it is profitable or not profitable can be determined quite simply by answering the question: "How many years can the book value of a wind turbine (for example, AVE-250) pay off from the cost of the saved fuel?" The standard payback period of the station is 6.7 years. For a year in the village. Nekrasovka consumed 129180 kW * h. 1 kW of energy for enterprises is currently 2.85 rubles. From this, you can find the payback period:
Tkup = P / Pch, Pch = P - W,
where: P is the profit of the enterprise without deducting the costs of purchasing a wind farm, Pch is the net profit of the enterprise, Z is the costs invested in the purchase of a wind farm (700 thousand rubles)
P = 6.7 * 129 180 * 2.85 = 2466692 rubles
PC = 2466692 - 900000 = 1566692 rubles
Total = 2466692/1566692 = 1.6 years
We see that the payback period for investments in the power plant is less than the norm, which is 6.7 years, therefore, the purchase of this wind farm is effective. At the same time, a wind farm has a significant advantage over a CHP plant, due to the fact that capital costs are practically not "deadened", since the wind turbine begins to generate electricity in 1 - 3 weeks after its delivery to the installation site.
Conclusion
In this course project, I examined the design of a windy installation for with. Nekrasovka, in order to supply the village with the necessary energy.
I carried out the calculations:
selection of the required generator
cable selection
calculation of the payback period
blade calculation
selected wind characteristics
In conclusion, I can say that the construction of a wind farm in this area is advisable. Due to the fact that we live in the north of Sakhalin, constant winds prevail here (and wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and during its transformation there are no harmful emissions into environment), and in the considered Okha region, apart from the CHPP, there are no alternative sources of electricity supply, then my project is appropriate for this site.
Bibliography
1. PP without hands. The use of renewable energy sources in Russia // Information Bulletin "Renewable Energy". M .: Intersolartsentr, 1997. №1.
E. M. Fateev.
1. Development of wind use2. Application of wind turbines in agriculture
PART ONE WIND MOTORS
Chapter I. Brief information from aerodynamics
3. Air and its properties 4. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation
5 The concept of vortex motion
6. Viscosity
7. The law of similarity. Similarity criteria
8. Boundary layer and turbulence
Chapter II. Basic concepts of experimental aerodynamics
9. Coordinate axes and aerodynamic coefficients10. Determination of aerodynamic coefficients. Polar Lilienthal
11. Inductive resistance of the wing
12. N.E. Zhukovsky's theorem on the lift of a wing
13. Transition from one wingspan to another
Chapter III. Wind turbine systems
14. Classification of wind turbines according to the principle of their operation15. Advantages and disadvantages of various wind turbine systems
Chapter IV. The ideal wind turbine theory
16. The classical theory of the ideal wind turbine17. The theory of the ideal wind turbine prof. G. X. Sabinina
Chapter V. The theory of a real wind turbine prof. G. X. Sabinina
18. The work of the elementary blades of the wind wheel. First constraint equation19. Second constraint equation
20. Torque and power of the entire windmill
21. Losses of wind turbines
22. Aerodynamic calculation of the wind wheel
23. Calculation of the characteristics of the wind turbine
24. Profiles "Espero" and their construction
Chapter VI. Experimental characteristics of wind turbines
25. Method of obtaining experimental characteristics26. Aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines
27. Experimental verification of the theory of wind turbines
Chapter VII. Experimental check of wind turbines
28. Tower equipment for testing wind turbines29. Compliance - characteristics of the wind turbine and its models
Chapter VIII. Installing wind turbines to the wind
30. Setting with the tail31. Installing vindroses
32. Setting the location of the wind turbine behind the tower
Chapter IX. Regulation of the speed and power of wind turbines
33. Regulation by removing the propeller from the wind34. Regulation by reducing the surface of the wings
35. Regulation by turning the blade or part of it near the swing axis
36. Air brake regulation
Chapter X. Wind turbine designs
37. Multi-blade wind turbines38. High-speed (low-bladed) wind turbines
39. Weights of wind turbines
Chapter XI. Strength calculation of wind turbines
40. Wind loads on the wings and their strength calculation41. Wind load on the tail and side adjustment shovel
42. Calculation of the wind turbine head
43. Gyroscopic moment of the propeller
44. Wind turbine towers
PART TWO WIND POWER PLANTS
Chapter XII. Wind as a source of energy
45. The concept of the origin of the wind 46. The main values characterizing the wind from the energy side
47. Wind Energy
48. Accumulation of wind energy
Chapter XIII. Characteristics of wind power units
49. Performance characteristics of wind turbines and piston pumps50. Operation of wind turbines with centrifugal pumps
51. Work of wind turbines with millstones and agricultural machines
Chapter XIV. Wind pump installation
52. Wind pump installations for water supply53. Water-folding tanks and water towers at wind pump installations
54. Typical designs of wind pump installations
55. Experience in the operation of wind pump installations for water supply in agriculture
56. Wind sprinklers
Chapter XV. Windmills
57. Types of windmills58. Technical specifications windmills
59. Increasing the capacity of old windmills
60. Windmills of a new type
61. Operational characteristics of windmills
Chapter XVI. Wind power plants
62. Types of generators for work with wind turbines and voltage regulators63. Wind turbines
64. Wind power plants of small capacity
65. Parallel operation of wind power plants in a common network with large thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants
66. Experimental check of WPP operation in parallel to the network
67. Powerful power plants for parallel network operation.
68. Brief information about foreign wind power plants.
Chapter XVII. Brief information on the installation and repair of wind turbines and their care
69. Installation of low-power wind turbines from 1 to 15 liters. With70. On the care of wind turbines and their repair
71. Safety during installation and maintenance of wind turbines CONTENTS
Introduction 3
I Wind
1 Origin of wind 4
2 Wind speed and how to measure it 5
3 Effect of obstacles on wind speed and direction 9
4 Wind frequency 10
5 Wind energy 10
II Wind turbines
6 Wind turbine systems 13
7 Principle of operation of vane-type wind turbines 15
8 Wind setting and wind turbine regulation 20
9 How to determine the size of the wings for a given power 21
10 How to make wings for a wind turbine 29
III How to make your own wind turbine
11 Designs of existing wind turbines 34
12 How to make the simplest 100 W wind turbine without the help of a factory 44
IV Electrical equipment of wind turbines and their care
13 Electrical equipment 50
14 Brief information on the operation and maintenance of wind turbines 54
15 Maintenance of switchgear 61
16 Wind Turbine Performance 62
Low-power wind power plants are of great interest for areas that are not yet electrified enough or are far from industrial centers.
Wind turbines of low power up to 100 W are so simple that they can be easily manufactured on their own. The operation of such units is also simple and does not require fuel costs. The cost of a kilowatt hour of wind power units in areas with an average annual wind speed of more than 5 m-sec turns out to be lower than the tariff of local power plants.
It must be said that the wind regime of the region is the main condition that determines the economic feasibility of operating wind power plants. Therefore, before proceeding to consider the designs of wind power plants and the method of their manufacture, it is necessary to get acquainted with the main characteristics of wind as a source of energy. In addition, in order to understand the peculiarities of a wind turbine that converts wind energy into mechanical work, it is also necessary to get acquainted with at least the elementary foundations of wind turbine aerodynamics. This will help to correctly build the wings of the wind turbine, which are the main part of the wind turbine.
1. WIND
1. The origin of the wind. Wind is the movement of the air surrounding the globe. We have become so accustomed to this phenomenon that we do not even have a question: how and why does the wind arise? However, for a clearer understanding of this force of nature, one should also know the reasons that give rise to it.
If we open a little the door of a warm room located next to a cold room, then now our feet will feel cold, while at the level of the face this sensation will not be. This is due to the fact that warm air, being lighter than cold air, tends to occupy the upper part of the room, and cold air - the lower one. Air from a cold room rushes into a warm room and, as a heavier one, spreads downward, displacing warm air from it, which, in turn, under the influence of a cold one, is forced out of a warm room through the upper part open door... This can be easily verified by bringing a lighted candle to the crack of the slightly open door: first at the bottom, then in the middle, and finally at the top. At the bottom, the flame of a candle will tilt into the warm room, in the middle it will stand vertically, and at the top it will be directed towards the cold room. The deflection of the candle flame indicates the direction of air movement between rooms with different temperatures.
A similar phenomenon occurs with the air of the earth's atmosphere. The sun does not heat the earth in the same way everywhere. At the equator, the sun's rays fall on the earth vertically and heat its surface most strongly, closer to the poles the sun's rays fall obliquely and heat less, and at the poles the sun heats the earth very weakly. According to the heating of the earth's surface, the air located above it heats up. Thus, the air on the surface of the earth has different temperatures, and therefore, different pressures and weights. Atmospheric air rushes from cold spaces to warm ones, that is, from the poles to the equator, displaces heated air, which is directed to the upper layers of the atmosphere. At an altitude of several kilometers, the heated air, divided into two streams, is directed to the poles. As it approaches, it cools down and sinks closer to the surface of the earth. At the poles, it cools completely and heads back towards the equator. This phenomenon occurs constantly, creating a circulation of the atmosphere above the earth's surface.
Constant movement air from the south and north to the equator is called the trade wind. Due to the rotation of the earth from west to east, the trade wind moves to the equator from the north - in the northeast direction, and from the south - in the southeast.
In the northern and southern parts of the world, local winds with a variable direction are observed. These winds are caused by the fact that, as the distance from the tropics to the poles, the alternation of the seasons - winter, spring, summer and autumn, as well as the presence of seas, mountains, etc., make the temperature of the atmospheric air extremely unstable, and therefore the direction and speed movement of air streams.
2. Wind speed and how to measure it. The main quantity that characterizes the strength of the wind is its speed. The magnitude of the wind speed is determined by the distance in meters traveled by it - for 1 sec. For example, if in 20 sec.
the wind passed a distance of 160 m, then its speed v for a given period of time was equal to:
The wind speed is characterized by great variability: it changes not only over a long time, but also over short periods of time (within an hour, a minute, and even a second) by a large amount. FIG. 1 is a curve showing the change in wind speed for 6 minutes. From this curve it can be concluded that the wind moves at a pulsating speed.
Wind speeds observed over short periods of time - from a few seconds to 5 minutes, are called instantaneous
FIG. 3. Anemometer of the Metrpribor plant.
venous or real. The wind speeds obtained as arithmetic mean of instantaneous speeds are called average wind speeds. If we add up the measured wind speeds during the day and divide by the number of measurements, we get the average daily wind speed.
If we add up the average daily wind speeds for the entire month and divide this amount by the number of days of the month, we get the average monthly wind speed. Adding the average monthly speeds and dividing the sum by twelve months, we get the average annual wind speed.
Wind speeds are measured using instruments called anemometers.
The simplest anemometer, which makes it possible to determine the instantaneous velocities of the zetra, and is called the simplest weather vane-anemometer, is shown in Fig. 2, It consists of a metal board swinging about a horizontal axis a, fixed on a vertical post b. On the side of the board, on the same axis a, sector b is fixed, with eight pins. On the b post below the sector, a weather vane d is fixed, which all the time sets the board with a plane to the wind. Under the action of the latter, the board deflects and passes by the pins, each of which indicates a certain wind speed. Stand b with a weather vane d rotates eo to the bushing d, in which 4 long rods are fixed in the horizontal plane, indicating the main cardinal points: north, south, east and west, and between them 4 short ones, pointing to the north-east, north-west, south -east and southwest. Thus, using a weather vane-anemometer, you can simultaneously determine the speed and direction of the wind.
The values of the wind speeds corresponding to each pin of the sector in are given in table. one.
3. Influence of obstacles on wind speed and direction.
The wind blowing past houses, trees, hills and other obstacles turns from a rectilinear motion into a chaotic one. Air jets directly flowing around the edges of obstacles are twisted into vortex rings and carried away in the direction of the air flow. In place of the blown ones, new vortex rings appear, which are carried away again, and so on. It is clear that where vortices are formed, the wind loses its speed and direction.
The vortex movement of the wind, appearing on the edges of the obstacle, gradually fades away behind it and completely stops at a distance of approximately fifteen times the height of the obstacle. In general, vortices are formed due to the friction of moving air against the surface of the earth, buildings, trees, etc.
Therefore, near the surface, the wind speed is less than at altitude.
This must be borne in mind when choosing a place for installing the Electric motor. The wind wheel of the engine should be carried above obstacles where the wind flow is not disturbed by anything. In general, the wind wheel should be carried as high as possible, since with an increase in height, the wind speed increases, and at the same time the power of the wind turbine increases, For example, when the height of the position of the wind wheel is doubled, its power will increase by about one and a half times. However, when choosing a height, it is necessary to take into account the convenience of servicing the wind turbine during operation. The minimum tower height for the wind turbine should be chosen so that the lower end of the wind turbine wing is 1.5 - 2 m higher than the nearest obstacle, as shown in Fig. 4.
4. Repeatability of the wind. Observations show that the wind speed changes all the time, and it is difficult to guess how many hours the wind blows at a given speed during a day or a month. However, we need to know the frequency of the wind, that is, how many hours the wind was at a speed of 3, 4, 5 m / s, etc. during a certain period of time. This will make it possible to determine with what power a wind turbine can work and how many horsepower-hours it will produce in a month or a year. Back in 1895, M.M. Pomortsev established the regularity of recurrence depending on the average annual wind speeds. Based on this pattern, table was compiled. 3 recurrences of different wind speeds depending on the average annual speeds. For example, in areas with an average annual wind speed of 4 m / s the wind was O (calm) 307 hours This number represents the sum of hours of short-term calm and calm, generally observed at different times of the year; a weak wind at a speed of 3 m / s blew 1 445 hours; the wind at a speed of 8 m / s blew for 315 hours. etc.
KOHETS FRAGMEHTA BOOKS
"Wind turbines and wind turbines", E. M. Fateev, OGIZ, Moscow, 1947
Desktop textbook of wind energy at one time. The book is not new, but it contains quite a lot useful information... The development of wind energy, calculations of wind generators, formulas and examples - all this is relevant now.
You can download the book "Wind turbines and wind turbines" E. M. Fateev on this link .
Introduction
§ 1. Development of wind use ... 3
§ 2. Application of wind turbines in agriculture ... 5
Part one
WIND MOTORS
Chapter 1. Summary of Aerodynamics ... 12
§ 3. Air and its properties ... 12
§ 4. The equation of continuity. Bernoulli Equation ... 15
§ 5. The concept of vortex motion ... 26
§ 6. Viscosity ... 38
§ 7. The law of similarity. Similarity criteria ... 40
§ 8. Boundary layer and turbulence ... 45
Chapter 2. Basic concepts of experimental aerodynamics ... 51
§ 9. Coordinate axes and aerodynamic coefficients ... 51
§ 10. Determination of aerodynamic coefficients. Polar Lilienthal ... 54
§ 11. Wing inductive resistance ... 59
§ 12. N.E. Zhukovsky's theorem on the lifting force of a wing ... 62
§ 13. Transition from one wingspan to another ... 70
Chapter 3. Wind turbine systems ... 79
§ 14. Classification of wind turbines according to the principle of their operation ... 79
§ 15. Advantages and disadvantages of different wind turbine systems ... 90
Chapter 4. The theory of the ideal wind turbine ... 93
§ 16. The classical theory of an ideal wind turbine ... 94
§ 17. The theory of the ideal wind turbine prof. G. Kh.Sabinina ... 98
Chapter 5. The theory of a real wind turbine prof. G. Kh. Sabinina
§ 18. Work of elementary wind wheel blades. First constraint equation ... 111
§ 19. The second equation of connection ... 117
§ 20. Torque and power of the entire wind turbine ... 119
§ 21. Losses of wind turbines ... 122
§ 22. Aerodynamic calculation of the propeller ... 126
§ 23. Calculation of the characteristics of the propeller ... 133
§ 24. "Espero" profiles and their construction ... 139
Chapter 6. Experimental characteristics of wind turbines ... 143
§ 25. The method of obtaining experimental characteristics ... 143
§ 26. Aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines ... 156
§ 27. Experimental verification of the theory of wind turbines ... 163
Chapter 7. Experimental check of wind turbines ... 170
§ 28. Tower equipment for testing wind turbines ... 170
§ 29. Compliance with the characteristics of the wind turbine and its models ... 175
Chapter 8. Installing Wind Turbines ... 181
§ 30. Setting with the tail ... 182
§ 31. Installing vindroses ... 195
§ 32. Setting the location of the wind turbine behind the tower ... 197
Chapter 9. Regulation of the speed and power of wind turbines ... 199
§ 33. Regulation by removing the propeller from the wind ... 201
§ 34. Regulation by reducing the surface of the wings ... 212
§ 35. Regulation by turning the blade or part of it near the swing axis ... 214
§ 36. Air brake regulation ... 224
Chapter 10. Wind turbine designs ... 226
§ 37. Multi-blade wind turbines ... 227
§ 38. High-speed (low-bladed) wind turbines ... 233
Section 39. Weights of wind turbines ... 255
Chapter 11. Calculation of wind turbines for strength ... 261
Section 40. Wind loads on the wings and their strength calculation ... 261
§ 41. Wind load on the tail and side adjustment shovel ... 281
§ 42. Calculation of the wind turbine head ... 282
Section 43. Gyroscopic moment of the wind wheel ... 284
Section 44. Wind turbine towers ... 288
PART TWO
WIND POWER PLANTS
Chapter 12. Wind as a source of energy ... 305
§ 45. The concept of the origin of the wind ... 305
§ 46. The main quantities characterizing the wind from the energy side ... 308
Section 47. Wind energy ... 332
§ 48. Accumulation of wind energy ... 335
Chapter 13. Characteristics of wind power units ... 344
§ 49. Performance characteristics of wind turbines and piston pumps ... 345
§ 50. Operation of wind turbines with centrifugal pumps ... 365
§ 51. Operation of wind turbines with millstones and agricultural machines ... 389
Chapter 14. Wind pump installations ... 408
§ 52. Wind pump installations for water supply ... 408
§ 53. Water-folding tanks and water towers for wind pump installations ... 416
§ 54. Typical designs of wind pump installations ... 423
Section 55. Experience in the operation of wind pump installations for water supply in agriculture ... 430
§ 56. Wind sprinklers ... 437
Chapter 15. Windmills ... 445
§ 57. Types of windmills ... 445
§ 58. Technical characteristics of windmills ... 447
Section 59. Increasing the capacity of old windmills ... 451
§ 60. Windmills of a new type ... 456
§ 61. Operational characteristics of windmills ... 474
Chapter 16. Wind power plants ... 480
§ 62. Types of generators for work with wind turbines and voltage regulators ... 482
§ 63. Wind turbines ... 488
§ 64. Wind power plants of small capacity ... 492
§ 65. Parallel operation of wind power plants in a common network with large thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants ... 495
§ 66. Experimental check of WPP operation in parallel to the network ... 499
§ 67. Powerful power plants for parallel operation in the network ... 508
§ 68. Brief information about foreign wind farms ... 517
Chapter 17. Brief information on installation, repair and maintenance of wind turbines ... 525
§ 69. Installation of low-power wind turbines from 1 to 15 liters. with ... .525
§ 70. On the care of wind turbines and their repair ... 532
§ 71. Safety during installation and maintenance of wind turbines ... 535
Bibliography ... 539
