Dictatorship of Julius Caesar. Synopsis of a history lesson on the topic "Caesar's autocracy" (Grade 5) Caesar's innovations and reforms

After the Battle of Munda, Caesar became the sole ruler of the state.

He received a perpetual dictatorship, tribune power for life, and a "prefecture of morals," i.e., censorship power.

Caesar, more than any of his predecessors, violated Roman republican traditions by concentrating in his hands the most important magistracies, which made his power unlimited.

In addition, he received a number of honorary privileges and titles, among other things - the right to add the title "emperor" to his own name, which emphasized his lifelong connection with the army, the title of "father of the fatherland", which should have made his personality sacred in the eyes of citizens , the right to constantly wear the clothes of a triumphant, likening him to Jupiter, which, like his title of great pontiff, gave his power a religious coloring.

It is difficult to trace a clear, consistently pursued political line in Caesar's policy. “Caesar does not know where he is leading us,” he wrote, “we are Caesar’s slaves, and Caesar is a slave of circumstances.” But these "circumstances" favored the implementation by Caesar of his main goal - the transformation of Rome into a monarchy.

According to Suetonius, he argued: “The Republic is nothing but an empty word without content and brilliance. was a baby in politics, as soon as he voluntarily resigned from the dictatorship.

All previous experience of the struggle for the establishment of a military dictatorship suggested to Caesar a certain course of action: the concentration of power based on military force, a more rational use of the wealth of the provinces, the creation of a counterbalance to the Senate oligarchy in the form of a broad bloc of slave owners of various parts of the Roman state.

For the first time, the extensive colonization of the provinces, which Gaius had planned, was carried out for the first time: 80,000 veterans, freedmen, and the poorest citizens were settled in provincial colonies, which became a reliable stronghold of Roman power.

Caesar attracted the tops of the provincials with the generous distribution of Roman and Latin citizenship, with which he endowed both his individual supporters and the inhabitants of Sicily, Spain, Narbonne Gaul. In the provincial and Italian colonies and municipalities, he tried to ensure the dominant position of the local slave owners and his soldiers, who received various privileges.

These persons were included in the city councils, which enjoyed some independence from the governors in managing the economic life of the city. Some cities in Asia and Greece received autonomy.

Since the army remained the real force on which he relied, he not only generously rewarded the soldiers with money on the occasion of magnificent triumphs, but also systematically endowed them with land. This was all the more necessary for him, since even during the civil war, fermentation began among the soldiers, turning into open riots, demanding dismissal from the army and land.

Almost all prominent Pompeians were forgiven by him, and many of them received high appointments. Formally recognizing his power and servile to the all-powerful dictator, they did not reconcile, however, with the limitation of their role in politics and with Caesar's monarchical aspirations.

The campaign against Caesar that was being prepared, which, if successful, should have further strengthened his power, made these circles fear that sooner or later Caesar would proclaim himself king.

Caesar carried out only a series of partial measures, as a result of which debts decreased by ¼. In Rome, twice (in 48 and 47), uprisings of the plebs broke out, brutally suppressed, to which Caesar entrusted the administration of Italy. Upon his return to Italy, Caesar dissolved the colleges of the plebs restored under Clodius.

He reduced to 120 thousand people the number of citizens who received free bread. The allocation of land to the soldiers proceeded more slowly than they wished. Finally, the favors with which Caesar showered forgiven optimates did not please all those who thought that he would put an end to the senatorial oligarchy once and for all.

So, trying to unite various classes, groups and parties, but not satisfying those strata that ensured his victory, he turned out to be deprived of social support. A conspiracy was drawn up against him, in which both representatives of the old nobility and some Caesarians took part.

The conspiracy was led by optimates Cassius and Brutus, who went over to the side of Caesar during the war.

The social struggle in Rome took on an increasingly fierce character. In one of the skirmishes, Clodius was killed by Myron's supporters. The Senate appointed Pompey "consul without a college", i.e. sole ruler. Many representatives of the optimates were hostile to Caesar. A conflict was brewing between the former members of the triumvirate, which resulted in a civil war due to the seizure of power in the Roman state.

Caesar went to war against Rome, announcing in his own defense that he was acting in defense of the trampled tribunes.

Caesar's troops took Pompey by surprise. Pompey, the senators fled Rome, and Caesar occupied Rome. Caesar was supported by the natives of Cisalpine Gaul, who received the rights of Roman citizenship and the inhabitants of a number of cities in central and southern Italy.

In Rome, Caesar took possession of the treasury and, having organized the administration of the city, left for Spain, where Pompey's army was located, where he won and returned to Rome.

Upon his return to Rome, Caesar was proclaimed dictator. By his order, all who were persecuted under Sulla were restored to civil rights.

In c. 49 BC. Caesar, having landed in the south. Illyria, Caesar captured the city of Apollonia and launched an offensive against the army of Pompey. Caesar again won the victory, and Pompey fled. The army of Caesar's opponents was dispersed. Pompey took refuge on the island of Lesbos, from where he left for the East, hoping to travel to the Parthian state and, in alliance with the Parthians, resume the fight against Caesar.

However, the news of the defeat of Pompey was ahead of the fleeing commander. The population of the Eastern Mediterranean, embittered against the governors appointed by Pompey, announced their transition to the side of the winner. So Pompey sailed to the shores of Egypt. But the Egyptian king, seeking to enlist the favor of Caesar, killed Pompey.

Having mastered the Eastern Mediterranean countries, Caesar intervened in the civil war in Egypt, where he supported Princess Cleopatra, defeating her rivals and transferring power over the country to her.

The successes of Caesar's opponents in Africa and Spain revived opposition to him among part of the nobility and equestrianism. Therefore, returning to Rome, Caesar was forced to seek reconciliation with the plebs and its leader. He announced the cancellation of the debt of the poorest tenants for one year, as well as the abolition of the demand from them for interest.

At the same time, Caesar calmed the unrest among the legionnaires by paying them all their back wages. In order to raise these funds, Caesar confiscated the landed estates of his murdered opponents, and in the first place Pompey. Caesar partially sold these lands, partially distributed them to veterans.

Having strengthened the position of supporters in Rome and Italy, Caesar moved against the army of opponents who had concentrated in the province of Africa. Caesar attacked the enemy army. Most of the cities in the province of Africa capitulated to Caesar.

After the end of the war in Africa, Caesar celebrated 4 triumphs in Rome. However, Caesar's opponents made another attempt to renew the war. In Spain, under the leadership of the sons of Pompey Gnaeus and Sextus, a new army was assembled. Caesar hastened there. The battle took place in 45 BC. near the town Munda. Caesar won.

The battle of Munda ended the civil war of 49-45. BC.

Having destroyed the armed forces of opponents, Caesar turned out to be the ruler of the entire Roman state and the slave-owning states of the Mediterranean world dependent on it. Upon his return to Rome, Caesar is declared "eternal dictator"(44 BC). Earlier, Caesar received the rights of a people's tribune, the rights of a censor. He was the high priest from 63 BC. Thus, the rights of various magistrates of the republic were concentrated in the hands of Caesar, which made his power essentially unlimited. Using his powers, Caesar replenished senate their supporters, bringing the number of senators to 900 people.

People's assemblies lost all political significance. All candidates for elective magistrates were nominated by Caesar, and the assembly only obediently voted on his instructions.

Republican system in the Roman Empire was replaced by sole rule of a military dictator, based on the legions devoted to him.

The establishment of a military dictatorship in Rome was an inevitable consequence of the development of the slave system.

What did Caesar do?

When he was proconsul in Gaul, he generously distributed the rights of Roman citizenship not only to representatives of the nobility of Cisalpine Gaul, but also to many noble Gauls from Transalpine Gaul. He pursued a similar policy in the eastern provinces of the Roman Republic. Many of the representatives of the aristocracy of Greece, Asia Minor, Syria received the rights of Roman citizenship.

Back in 59 BC. Caesar passed a law on the severe punishment of persons who used their administrative position in the provinces to extort funds from the provincial population.

In order to strengthen ties between Rome and the provinces, to facilitate trade relations and the delivery of food to the capital, work was carried out to deepen the harbor in the port of Rome - Osti.

For the first time in Rome, a gold coin was minted - the denarius, which became the single monetary unit of Rome, Italy and all provinces.

Measures were taken to streamline the collection of taxes from the provincial population. Only the collection of indirect taxes was left behind the publicans. The townspeople collected direct taxes themselves through their representatives.

The calendar has been reformed. Instead of the old system of the lunar year, from January 1, 45 AD. began to count the year according to the movement of the sun.

Having won a victory over his opponents from the nobility, Caesar no longer sought to pursue a demagogic policy. On the contrary, he began to carry out some events that corresponded to the political views of the optimates.

The number of Roman citizens was reduced (from 320 to 150 thousand), who had the right to receive free bread from the state.

It is forbidden to organize colleges of artisans.

In an effort to reconcile with the optimates, Caesar granted amnesty to some of his opponents, allowing them to return to Rome.

But these measures did not achieve their goal. Among the nobility, moods of hostility towards Caesar and his policies prevailed. In 44 BC Caesar was killed by the conspirators. Thus ended the brief dictatorship of Caesar.

Having become a de facto dictator, Pompeii passed a law that forbade Caesar from seeking a consulate until his soldiers were dismissed, which led to a final break between them. Pompeii, at the insistence of the optimates, began to gather troops. The people's tribunes Curion and Antony, who spoke for Caesar and were expelled from the Senate, fled to Caesar, giving him a plausible pretext to start a war supposedly in defense of the people's representatives. On January 10, 49, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, which separated Gaul from Italy, and occupied the city of Arimin. The civil war has begun.

The balance of power was vividly described in his letters to relatives and friends by Cicero. In Italy, according to Cicero's observations, on the side of Caesar were horsemen, part of the aristocracy, the plebs of Rome and Italian cities, and most importantly, an army incomparably stronger than that of Pompey, whose soldiers had numerous connections in the cities of Italy. The peasantry and the middle strata of the townspeople were ready to take the side of anyone who would give them peace and ensure the inviolability of their property. However, they rather leaned on the side of Caesar, because they wanted the destruction of the power of the oligarchy and the rich. The plebs and all those who at one time followed Catiline and Clodius expected that Caesar would destroy the debt obligations. The soldiers expected rich booty and land allotments. Pompey was supported only by the ruling Senate nobility and the large landowners of Italy.

Recruitment for Pompey's army was slow; recruits fled. Pompey was not able to resist the rapidly advancing Caesar in Italy. Then he went to Epirus and Macedonia to gather strength to continue the fight. Having mastered Italy, Caesar endeared himself to landowners and wealthy citizens by not only not proclaiming proscriptions, which some feared, but openly condemning the terrorist regime of Sulla and choosing "mercy" as his slogan. About Pompey, on the contrary, they said that he was going to blockade Italy with a fleet recruited in the East, and then give it to the troops of the "barbarian" kings for plunder.

Having gained a foothold in Italy, Caesar began a war with Pompey over the provinces, the population of which became a more or less active participant in this struggle. Pompeii pinned his main hopes on the kings and tribal nobility dependent on Rome. Eastern rulers and the Thracian king sent him auxiliary troops and a fleet. At the very beginning of the war, Pompeii also entered into an alliance with the Numidian king Yuba, granting him the title of "friend and ally" of the Roman people. The tribal nobility of Dalmatia and Illyricum, who cruelly exploited the peasants and were in constant hostility with the seaside trading cities, actively supported Pompey and the Pompeians. Tsompei also had numerous supporters among the aristocracy of the Celtiberians, whom he managed to win over to his side during the war with Sertorius. The Pompeians were also supported by the wealthy landowners of the large privileged cities of the provinces.

In the provinces, on the side of Caesar, the Gallic nobility actively helped him with people and food. He was also supported by the trading cities of Illyricum and Dalmatia and the numerous cities of Spain and Africa that were just beginning to develop, as well as all those who in the cities that had long existed were hostile to the local oligarchy and belonged to democratic "parties". Caesar also had supporters in the eastern provinces, which Pompey considered his main stronghold. The struggle between the Pompeians and the Caesarians in the provincial towns seems to have been very sharp. The Pompeians used cruel repressions against Caesar's supporters - from confiscation of property up to the death penalty. This struggle militarily weakened the supporters of Pompey, since the soldiers of the legions and auxiliary units, often recruited on the spot, dissatisfied with the actions of the Pompeians in their hometowns, went over to the side of Caesar in masses.

Before following Pompey to the East, Caesar secured his rear in the West and cleared Spain of the Pompeians, where they had 7 legions concentrated. Caesar managed to win over to his side those tribes and cities in which the party was strong, hostile to the local aristocracy. After the victory at Ilerda, which secured his power in Spain, Caesar canceled the indemnities imposed by the Pompeians and returned the lands confiscated by them from opponents of the aristocratic party; to the inhabitants of the city of Gades, he granted Roman citizenship, and to the city of Tarracon, apparently, the rights of a colony.

Meanwhile, Pompeii had amassed a sizable fleet and a strong army of 9 legions and auxiliaries sent to him from the eastern provinces and vassal kingdoms. But his rear was fragile. The population suffered from unbearable indemnities. The optimates around Pompey seized the opportunity to raise usurious interest. Wealthy cities, including Pergamum, were given to soldiers for plunder. All this strengthened the Caesarian party. When Caesar landed in Epirus, the Greeks and Roman citizens of many cities of Epirus, Macedonia, Aetolia, Thessaly sent ambassadors to him and let his garrisons in. In the first battle near the city of Dyrrhachia, Caesar was defeated, but Pompeii failed to take advantage of him. The desertion of Greek and Eastern soldiers from his army increased rapidly. In the decisive battle of the Thessalian city of Pharsalus (48), the auxiliary cavalry, in which Pompey most hoped, fled first, and this flight sealed his defeat. After the battle of Pharsalus, not only most of Pompey's troops, but also many optimates, including Cicero, went over to Caesar's side, despairing of further struggle and reassured by the fact that Caesar did not announce proscriptions.

Pompeii sailed to Egypt, but was killed by the courtiers of the infant Egyptian king Ptolemy XII, who feared the approaching Caesar. In Egypt, Caesar, after a dangerous and difficult war with the supporters of Ptolemy, approved his sister Cleopatra on the throne. From there he went to Asia Minor, where he easily defeated the son of Mithridates Pharnak, who, taking advantage of the civil war, made an attempt to regain his father's possessions. About this victory, Caesar sent a well-known report to the Senate, consisting of three words: "I came, I saw, I conquered." In the Asian provinces, Caesar reduced taxes by one-third and left his henchmen in the vassal kingdoms.

Africa remained the last stronghold of the Pompeians, where they entered into an alliance with the Numidian king Yuba and enjoyed the support of large landowners and the wealthiest citizens. However, even here their position was precarious. The peasants driven into their army fled. When Caesar, having finished his affairs in Asia Minor, arrived in Africa, many cities began to go over to his side, and the Getuli who entered into relations with him rebelled against Yuba, whose dependence they were burdened with. Pompeian soldiers deserted, and the military leaders had to mobilize slaves. In the battle of the city of Taps (46), the Pompeians were finally defeated; Yuba committed suicide, Numidia was turned into a Roman province. On the representatives of the city leaders who supported the Pompeians, Caesar imposed a large indemnity.

The civil war, which lasted four years, was completed by the suppression of an uprising raised in Spain by the sons of Pompey - Gnaeus and Sextus and supported by part of the local population, who suffered from the control of Cassius Longinus, Caesar's legate, no less than from the former governors. The Pompeians were defeated by Caesar at Munda (45). Gnaeus Pompeii died, and Sextus temporarily stopped the fight, gradually gathering the dissatisfied and accepting runaway slaves into his detachments.

Roman state under Caesar. Caesar's policy

After the Battle of Munda, Caesar became the sole ruler of the state. He received a perpetual dictatorship, tribune power for life, and a "prefecture of morals," i.e., censorship power. Caesar, more than any of his predecessors, violated Roman republican traditions by concentrating in his hands the most important magistracies, which made his power unlimited. In addition, he received a number of honorary privileges and titles, among other things - the right to add the title "emperor" to his own name, which emphasized his lifelong connection with the army, the title of "father of the fatherland", which should have made his personality sacred in the eyes of citizens , the right to constantly wear the clothes of a triumphant, likening him to Jupiter, which, like his title of great pontiff, gave his power a religious coloring.

It is difficult to trace a clear, consistently pursued political line in Caesar's policy. “Caesar does not know where he is leading us,” wrote Cicero, “we are Caesar’s slaves, and Caesar is a slave of circumstances.” But these "circumstances" favored the implementation by Caesar of his main goal - the transformation of Rome into a monarchy. According to Suetonius, Caesar stated: “The Republic is nothing but an empty word without content and brilliance. Sulla was a baby in politics, since he voluntarily resigned from the dictatorship.

Acting in this direction, Caesar established the collection of direct taxes directly by the state, retaining the payoff only for indirect taxes. He issued a harsh new law against the abuses of the governors and their assistants. For the first time, the widespread colonization of the provinces, which was planned by Gaius Gracchus, was carried out for the first time: 80 thousand veterans, freedmen and the poorest citizens were settled in provincial colonies, which became a reliable stronghold of Roman power. Caesar attracted the tops of the provincials with the generous distribution of Roman and Latin citizenship, with which he endowed both his individual supporters and the inhabitants of Sicily, Spain, Narbonne Gaul. In the provincial and Italian colonies and municipalities, he tried to ensure the dominant position of local slave owners and his soldiers, who received various privileges. These persons were included in the city councils, which enjoyed some independence from the governors in managing the economic life of the city. Some cities in Asia and Greece received autonomy.

Strengthening his power, Caesar replenished the Senate with his supporters from military commanders and natives of Italian cities and even provinces, bringing the number of senators to 900. He also increased the number of magistracies that he gave to his proteges. Since the army remained the real force on which Caesar relied, he not only generously rewarded the soldiers with money on the occasion of magnificent triumphs, but also systematically endowed them with land. This was all the more necessary for him because even during the civil war, fermentation began among the soldiers, turning into open riots, demanding dismissal from the army and land.

However, Caesar's policy of creating a strong military monarchy was not consistent. He deprived the senate of real political power, but by refusing proscriptions, he did not undermine the economic power of the senate, which consisted mainly of the largest landowners. Almost all prominent Pompeians were forgiven by him, and many of them received high appointments. Formally recognizing his power and servile to the all-powerful dictator, they did not reconcile, however, with the limitation of their role in politics and with Caesar's monarchical aspirations. The campaign against the Parthians that Caesar was preparing, which, if successful, should have further strengthened his power, made these circles fear that sooner or later Caesar would proclaim himself king.

At the same time, a split began among the Caesarians. Caesar, who for many years acted as the leader of the populares and with their help paved his way to power, began to infringe on the interests of the plebs. The hopes of the plebeians for the addition of all debts did not materialize. Caesar carried out only a series of partial measures, as a result of which debts decreased by 1/4. Twice in Rome (in 48 and 47) revolts of the plebs broke out, brutally suppressed by Antony, to whom Caesar entrusted the administration of Italy. Upon his return to Italy, Caesar dissolved the colleges of the plebs restored under Clodius. He reduced to 120 thousand people the number of citizens who received free bread. The allocation of land to the soldiers proceeded more slowly than they wished. Finally, the favors with which Caesar showered forgiven optimates did not please all those who thought that he would put an end to the senatorial oligarchy once and for all. So, trying to unite various classes, groups and parties, but not satisfying those layers that ensured his victory, Caesar was deprived of social support. A conspiracy was drawn up against him, in which both representatives of the old nobility and some Caesarians took part. The conspiracy was led by optimates Cassius and Brutus, who went over to the side of Caesar during the war. On March 15, 44, Caesar was killed by conspirators at a meeting of the Senate.

Gaius Julius Caesar is an ancient Roman emperor, a statesman and politician, a talented writer and an outstanding commander. Caesar's political activity made a complete revolution in the cultural and political life of Europe and left a significant mark on the lives of many generations of Europeans.

Gaius Julius Caesar was a representative of an ancient respected family. He was very intelligent, educated, and had an excellent command of oratory. Caesar was respected by both the patricians and the poorest classes of the Republic.

Caesar's Unlimited Power

Having seized the supreme power, Caesar unlimitedly used it. All his orders were perceived as legal acts. The newly elected statesmen, upon assuming their office, solemnly took an oath that they would respect and love Caesar.

Feeling the uttermost unlimitedness of his power, he changed the composition of the Senate at his own discretion. Caesar boldly changed the social structure of Rome: by significantly reducing subsidies to the poorest population of Rome, he was thus able to stop the flow of the lower classes to the capital.

To perpetuate his person, Julius Caesar began large-scale construction in Rome. He built a new building for the meetings of the Senate, giving it his name, in the central square of Rome he created the shrine of Venus, which was considered the patroness of the Julian family. Caesar also planned to build a second capital in the East, because the emperor wanted to expand the borders of his possessions beyond the Danube, eliminating the Scythian and Germanic tribes.

Caesar's innovations and reforms

But since the existing honors were not enough for the dictator, he changes the calendar without a doubt.

Since Caesar was interested in astronomy, he decided to introduce in his state the Egyptian twelve-month calendar, which, after its introduction in the Roman Republic, became known as the Julian. The month of July is also named after Caesar.

The ubiquitous dictator was able to intervene in the rules of the road: it was he who founded the two-way street traffic, which is still used in all countries.

In honor of Caesar, the inhabitants of Rome arranged sacrifices and various competitions. When sacrificing, Caesar always appeared before people in the garb of the supreme god Jupiter. Caesar achieved that the people began to deify him. And although, during his reign, Rome still remained a republic, in the minds of society, Caesar had long had the status of a monarch.

Thanks to their ability to competently subjugate the masses, the situation developed in such a way that the Roman population itself was the first to begin to call Caesar emperor and their God. In response, Caesar only modestly and embarrassedly uttered the famous phrase: "My name is not the king, but Caesar."

Despite the unlimited love for one's own person, the complete usurpation of all branches of power and the establishment of a dictatorial regime, history cannot call Caesar a cruel person. His brilliant mind, sufficient flexibility in diplomatic matters, fighting qualities, could make Caesar a real state leader.

Thanks to his reforms, the economic situation of citizens improved significantly, and Rome became a truly Great Power. All subsequent rulers, including Caesar's successor Augustus Octavius, looked only a pale shadow against the background of Caesar's bright personality. The fall of the Roman Republic and its formation as the Great Roman Empire is connected with the reign of Caesar.

History lesson summary

Theme: Caesar's autocracy (1 hour)

Grade: 5 "a"

Lesson type: combined

The purpose of the lesson:form an idea of the personality of Julius Caesar and the period of his autocracy.

Lesson objectives:

teaching - givecharacteristics of the development of the late Roman Republic,causes and prerequisites for the fall of the republic in Rome,to study the concepts of veteran, dictator;

developing - to promote the development of cognitive interest and mental activity of students, develop the skill of independent work of students with sources of information (educational literature), develop the ability to reason, draw conclusions;

educating - the development of personal qualities: courage, determination and the desire to achieve the goal; the formation of students' positive motivation to study history through the use of technical teaching aids.

Equipment:Vigasin A.A. General history. Ancient world history. Grade 5: textbook. for general education organizations / A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya; ed. A.A. Iskenderov. - 2nd ed. - M. : Education, 2013. - 303 p., PC, projector, illustrative and video materials,notebook, chalk, board, handout

Entries

Lesson plan:

Rise of Caesar;

Caesar's seizure of power;

Death of Caesar.

60 BC

49 BC

44 BC

Triumvirate

Veteran

Dictator

D / s

§ 52;

Date, subject: "The autocracy of Caesar"

Lesson plan:

Rise of Caesar;

Caesar's seizure of power;

Death of Caesar.

60 BC - Crassus, Pompey and Caesar entered into a triumvirate - an alliance of three commanders

49 BC Caesar seized power in Rome

44 BC - conspiracy and assassination of Caesar

Veteran - an old soldier who has completed his service

A dictator is a ruler who has unlimited power and is not obliged to report to anyone for his actions.

D / s

§ 52;

task from the heading "Think"

During the classes

Hello guys

Sit down please

The students get up.

The students sit down.

Checking those present

Who is absent from class today?

The headman answers who is absent.

Checking readiness for the lesson

Make sure you have everything you need for the lesson on your desk.

Students check

Actualization of students' knowledge, 6 min.

Let's review the material we learned in the last lesson. Last time we talked about the slave uprising.

What were the reasons for the uprising?

Who stood at the head of the uprising?

What do we know about Spartacus?

What victories did the rebels manage to win?

At home, you had to describe the drawing “The Battle of Spartacus” according to the options. Who wants to come forward with their description? Please go to the blackboard.

Let's remember in what year the republic was established in Rome?

What was the territory of the Roman state?

Who held the supreme power in Rome?

Guess what was the situation in the Roman state after the suppression of the uprising of Spartacus?

Answer: the desire to gain freedom, to return to their homeland, to divide the property of the rich ...

Answer: Spartacus

Answer: he was a Thracian, was taken prisoner and made a gladiator.

Answer: at the foot of Vesuvius, in the valley of the river. By.

Answer: the rebels fell into a trap and were defeated.

The student describes the drawing.

Answer: in 509 BC.

Answer: the territory of Rome was huge, including Italy, Spain, part of Gaul, North Africa, Greece, Asia Minor.

Answer: Senate.

Answer: the country was restless

Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson, motivating the learning activities of students, 5 min.

Imagine such a situation. Archaeologists have discovered a strange message under the ruins of ancient Roman buildings. It turned out to be encrypted. Using the hint given to you, try to read this encrypted message (materials are distributed).

So, what phrase was encrypted in the document?

What language do you think it was written in?

This phrase means "I came, I saw, I conquered." The person who uttered this phrase himself ciphered the texts with pleasure.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with one of the most interesting personalities of Ancient Rome, which has attracted everyone's attention for many centuries. Books are written about this man, films are made. It is to him that the phrases “the die is cast”, “And you, Brutus” and the clarified by us “came, saw, conquered” belong to him. And this person...

So, the topic of our lesson is "Caesar's autocracy". Write down today's date and the topic of the lesson in your notebook.

Plan for today's lesson:

Rise of Caesar;

Caesar's seizure of power;

Death of Caesar.

Students try to decipher the message.

Answer: "venividivici»

Answer: in Latin

Answer: Caesar.

Students write down the date and topic of the lesson.

The students write down the lesson plan.

Primary assimilation of new knowledge, 18 min.

So, the growth of the territory of the Roman Republic, the huge influx of slaves and the increasingly frequent uprisings made rich Romans think about replacing the republican form of government. The consuls, who were replaced annually, could hardly cope with the administration of the state. The rich bribed voters, fed and watered them, entertained them with gladiatorial games and theatrical performances. Meanwhile, they often did not know how to govern the state. A year later, these people became governors of the provinces, got into the Senate, where they sat for life. This kind of management has become obsolete.

Increasingly, the command of the troops was entrusted to experienced military leaders. Successful wars of conquest strengthened the power of generals. They raised their own troops. Legionnaires were subordinate only to the commander, since they received payment directly from him. Therefore, many slave owners began to think about how to deprive the senate of power and transfer it into the hands of an experienced commander in charge of a strong army. Such candidates were the generals Crassus and Pompey, who played a major role in suppressing the uprising led by Spartacus. In the same years, another person began to enjoy great influence in Rome - Caesar.

1 item plan - Rise of Caesar.

We will now take a closer look at these candidates.

The first nominationMark Licinius Crassus (illustration shown). He was a general and politician, one of the richest people of his time. Crassus was not destined to become the sole ruler of Rome. Wanting to increase his military glory, he organized a campaign in Mesopotamia against the Parthian kingdom (map). The greedy Crassus counted on countless prey, but suffered a severe defeat. The fighting qualities of the Roman infantry were useless in the battle with the heavily armed Parthian horsemen. After the Romans were defeated, the Parthians lured Crassus into a trap and killed him.

There was not a person in Rome who did not know aboutGnee Pompey nicknamed the Great (Magnus) (an illustration is shown). Pompey suppressed the movement of the Spanish tribes against Roman domination. In 71 BC he took part in the defeat of the uprising of Spartacus. Later, Pompey defeated the pirate fleets, destroyed their fortresses and put an end to robbery in the Mediterranean for a long time. In the east, Pompey annexed Syria and other lands to the possessions of Rome, he contributed huge amounts of money from military booty to the treasury. Pompey celebrated three triumphs.

Caesar came from a noble family (an illustration is shown). He was a brilliantly gifted man, educated in the best schools in Rome and Greece. Caesar wanted to be first everywhere, but he had neither wealth nor troops to fight for power. Meanwhile, his youth is long gone. Caesar complained to his friends: "At my age, Alexander the Great already ruled so many peoples, and I still have not done anything remarkable!"

Who, in your opinion, had more chances in the struggle for power? Justify your point of view.

Indeed, Pompey had the most chances. Yet Caesar won. How this happened, let's try to determine.

Caesar was a very cunning politician. Caesar despised the Roman poor, but used them to establish his power in Rome. Caesar even made debts to please the poor: he distributed free bread to the poor, spent his money on theatrical performances and holidays for the poor, distributed land. These measures made him popular among the people.

The three commanders hated each other, but decided to join forces for a while to come to power. Crassus had money, Pompey had the glory of a great commander, Caesar had a cunning mind and the support of the common people. Let's write it down: In 60 B.C. Crassus, Pompey and Caesar entered into a triumvirate - an alliance of three generals.

Caesar became consul in 59, and after that he received the administration of the province of Gaul. Why did Caesar become famous as the governor of Gaul? Tells us about it...

Questions for students.

What parts was the province of Gaul divided into?

What part of Gaul was able to subdue Caesar?

What did the wars in Gaul bring to Caesar?

Where else did Caesar go?

So Caesar conquered new territories for Rome. As a commander, Caesar was distinguished by decisiveness and at the same time caution. Caesar knew how to set up the soldiers with a short and well-constructed speech, he personally knew his centurions and the best soldiers and enjoyed unusual popularity and authority among them.

After the death of Crassus in Parthia in 53 BC. the triumvirate fell apart. Pompey not only envied Caesar's glory, but also feared his excessive gain. Pompey, in his rivalry with Caesar, led the supporters of republican rule. The Senate, fearing Caesar, refused to extend his powers in Gaul. Caesar was ordered to disband his troops and return unarmed to Rome. In case of refusal, he was declared an "enemy of the fatherland." This was in 49 BC. Having learned about the decision of the Senate, Caesar approached the Rubicon River (show on the map), which separated the province of Gaul from Italy. There he stopped in deep thought and finally said: "Alea iacta est", which means "the die is cast." This phrase is still used in speech today in the sense of "the choice is made", "to make a difficult decision." At the command of Caesar, the army crossed the Rubicon and moved to Rome. Thus began the civil war of Caesar against the Roman Senate, led by Pompey the Great.

Now read paragraphs 2-5 of paragraph 4 and write out new concepts in your notebook, then we will discuss what we have read.

What happened to Gnaeus Pompey?

What was the name of the old soldiers who completed their service?

What did Caesar do for them?

What title of life was given to Caesar by the senate?

What was the unlimited power of Caesar?

In society, especially in republican circles, discontent was brewing, there were rumors about Caesar's desire for royal power. All this prompted the dissatisfied to organize a conspiracy against the dictator. Now we will watch a video clip about the fate of Caesar from the series "Empire" (a video clip is shown).

So who led the conspiracy?

What happened to Caesar?

Where was the sentence carried out?

What did Caesar say before he died? To whom were these words addressed?

So, March 15, 44 BC. the life of the great commander ended

The students are listening.

Students listen to the teacher and look at the illustrations.

Students make guesses.

The students are writing.

A student with an individual task talks about the conquest of Gaul by Caesar and other wars, about the origin of the phrase "I came, I saw, I conquered."

Answer: Pre-Alpine and Trans-Alpine.

Answer: Transalpine Gaul.

Answer: the glory of a talented commander, piles of gold and a devoted army.

Answer: Britain.

The students are listening.

Students write down: 49 B.C. Caesar seized power in Rome.

Students write down concepts.

Answer: Pompey was defeated and soon died.

Answer: Veterans.

Answer: endowed with land.

Answer: dictator.

Answer: in the People's Assembly, those whom Caesar considered worthy and devoted to himself were elected to the posts of consuls or people's tribunes. Images of Caesar were minted on coins, he sat on a golden chair.

The students watch the video.

Answer: the closest associates Gaius Cassius and Mark Brutus.

Answer: they stabbed him with daggers

Answer: in the Senate building.

Answer: "And you, my child." The words are addressed to Brutus.

Primary check of understanding of new knowledge, 2 min.

Checking students' assimilation of new material (frontal survey):

Who were the contenders for power in Rome?

Who won the civil war?

What phrase did Caesar say when he decided to seize power?

When did Caesar seize power in Rome?

How did the power of Caesar after the victory over his opponents differ from the power of the consuls?

How did Caesar's reign end?

Answer: Crassus, Pompey and Caesar.

Answer:Julius Caesar.

Answer: the die is cast

Answer:in 49 BC.

Answer: Caesar's power became unlimited, Caesar was not obliged to report on his actions.

Answer: Caesar was killed in a conspiracy in 44 BC.

Primary fixing, 3 min.

It is known that Julius Caesar, before the election of officials, sent short notes to the constituencies with the following content: “Caesar to such and such a constituency. I bring to your attention such and such that this person of your choice receives such and such a position. What can be said on the basis of this fact about the state order under Caesar?

Before you is a chronological chain from which events "fell out". Let's try to restore these events in the correct sequence (a chain is shown on the board)

Conquest of Gaul

Creation of the triumvirate

Campaign to Rome

Defeat of Pompey's army

Options: Caesar had a very great influence and power, he himself proposed candidates for positions.

Answer:

Creation of the triumvirate

Conquest of Gaul

Campaign to Rome

Defeat of Pompey's army

Conspiracy of senators against Caesar

Information about homework, briefing on its implementation, 2 min.

Please take your diaries.

Write down your homework: § 52; task from the heading "Think"

The students take their diaries.

Students write assignments in a diary.

Reflection, 3 min.

So, what questions did we consider today?

Write down the conclusions from the lesson: Caesar became the sole ruler, but those dissatisfied with his power organized a conspiracy. Julius Caesar was killed. The last years of the Roman Republic are connected with the reign of Caesar.

And now we will evaluate your work in the lesson (grades are given).

The lesson is over. Goodbye.

Answer: today we have considered the following questions: 1. The rise of Caesar; 2. Caesar's seizure of power; 3. The death of Caesar.

Students write their findings in their notebooks.

Students listen to their grades.

The students get up, pack their things and leave the classroom.