The concept of the Seven Boyars refers to the Time of Troubles of the Russian state. Seeking Consent

They created a transitional government, the purpose of which was to prepare the election of a new tsar to replace the deposed Vasily Shuisky. However, the peculiarities of the Time of Troubles, against which the events unfolded, demanded immediate decisions from them.

A country in a state of severe crisis

The political and economic situation in Russia by the beginning of 1610 was very difficult. The war with the Commonwealth proceeded extremely unfavorably for her, in addition, the army of another impostor, who claimed to be the heir to the throne, False Dmitry II, approached Moscow close to Moscow. He went down in history under the nickname Tushinsky thief - at the location of his camp in the village of Tushino near Moscow.

The situation was aggravated by the consequences of the uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov, which swept across Russia shortly before, as well as the attack of the Nagai and Crimean Tatars. All this led to the extreme impoverishment of the people and the inevitable social tension in such cases. The next defeat of the tsarist troops in the battle with the Poles served as an impetus for popular unrest and the deposition of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.

Education of the Seven Boyars

Ahead was the election of a new autocrat, and in order to prepare this most important act in the life of the state, as well as to govern the country during the transition period, a provisional government was formed, which included seven of the most well-born and influential members of the Boyar Duma. Among them were the princes F. I. Mstislavsky, I. M. Vorotynsky, A. V. Trubetskoy, A. V. Golitsyn, as well as the boyars B. M. Lykov-Obolensky, I. N. Romanov and F. I. Sheremetev .

So, on the wave of Polish intervention and domestic problems, the Seven Boyars was formed. The years of government of this body of power, headed by Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky, ended with the accession to the throne of the first tsar from the House of Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich, and the end of the Time of Troubles. But this was preceded by a difficult and long period.

The limited power of the boyars

In order to understand what the Semiboyarshchina is and how wide its powers were, one should take into account the situation that had developed around Moscow by that time. It is known from documentary sources that to the west of it, in the immediate vicinity of the city outposts, there were Poles led by Hetman Zhelkovsky, and in the southeast, in Kolomenskoye, the army of False Dmitry, reinforced by the Lithuanian detachment of Sapieha, was located. Thus, for the entire time of the Seven Boyars, her power did not extend beyond the capital.

Forced collusion with the Poles

The question of what is the Seven Boyars in the history of Russia, as a rule, has never caused discussions. Usually the members of this government body were assigned the role of national traitors, and here's the thing. For them personally, the main threat was not the Poles, with whom it was possible to negotiate if desired, but the impostor detachments, which had many supporters among the Moscow common people. In the event of the victory of the Tushinsky thief, the boyars would definitely not have demolished their heads.

This prompted them to negotiate with the hetman Zhelkovsky and sign an agreement according to which Vladislav Vaza, the son of the Polish king, was to become the Russian tsar. The Lithuanians who supported the impostor, led by Sapega, also agreed to swear allegiance to the Polish prince, thus losing a real opportunity to seize power in Moscow.

Hostages of their own decisions

However, in order to have greater guarantees of personal safety, the boyars secretly opened the Kremlin gates on the night of September 21, 1610 and let the invaders into the capital. From that moment on, the whole essence of the Seven Boyars was reduced to playing the role of puppets in the hands of the Polish king, who pursued a political line pleasing to him through his protege, Moscow commandant Alexander Gonsevsky. The boyars were deprived of real power and became, in essence, hostages. It is in this miserable role of theirs that it is customary to see the answer to the question: "What is the Seven Boyars?"

Although the treaty infringed on the national interests of the Russian people and was offensive to them, it did not talk about Russia's accession to the Commonwealth, but stipulated the preservation of Orthodoxy throughout its territory. He himself was, according to the agreement, obliged to convert from the Catholic faith to Orthodoxy.

The arbitrariness that caused national indignation

After all real power passed from the hands of the transitional government to the Polish governor, he, having received the rank of boyar, began to run the country uncontrollably. At his own discretion, Vladislav took away lands and estates from those Russians who remained faithful to their patriotic duty, and gave them away to the Poles who made up his inner circle. This caused a wave of indignation in the country. It is believed that during this period, the Seven Boyars changed their attitude towards the Poles.

In the Time of Troubles, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, the True Patriot of his Fatherland, enjoyed special authority among the people; with the support of the boyars, he sent letters throughout Russia in which he called for the creation of a militia and armed struggle against the invaders. Despite the fact that, by order of the Polish governor, he was imprisoned in the dungeon of the Chudov Monastery, where he soon died of starvation, his messages became the impetus that resulted in the appearance of the regiments of Minin and Pozharsky under the walls of Moscow.

End of the period of the Seven Boyars

The election to the throne of the tsar that followed in 1613 was the end of the period that entered the history of Russia as the Seven Boyars. The years of the reign of seven representatives of the highest Moscow nobility are rightly considered one of the most difficult for the entire period of the Time of Troubles. Upon their completion, the country entered a new historical era.

Speaking about the origin of the term itself, one should mention the relatively late appearance of the word Seven Boyars. During the Time of Troubles and over the next two centuries, the members of this government structure were called "seven boyars". The expression used now is first encountered only in 1813 in the story of A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky.

In Russian history and earlier there were periods when, in the absence of the tsar, power was concentrated in the hands of boyar commissions. This happened mainly when the sovereign went to war or a long pilgrimage. It was then that it became a tradition to create these provisional government bodies of seven people. The Russian historian of the 17th century, official G.K. Kotoshikhin writes about this in detail in his writings.

Attempts to rethink the events of the past

It should be noted that in recent years the question of what is the Seven Boyars and what is its role in Russian history has received a slightly different coverage. If in the Soviet period the actions of this provisional authority were unambiguously regarded as a betrayal, then in the post-perestroika period, publications appeared in which collusion with the Poles is seen as the only reasonable diplomatic move aimed at saving the country from the bloody chaos that is inevitable in the event of the victory of False Dmitry II.

Today, being outside of ideological stereotypes, researchers have the opportunity to give a more objective assessment of the historical realities of the past centuries, among which the Seven Boyars occupy an important place. The years separating us from that era did not erase the negative aspects of its activities from the people's memory, but they also allowed them to be given a deeper understanding.

Moscow uprising

Seeking Consent

The Boyar Duma tried to curb the popular uprising, which legalized the rebellion and tried to prevent the union of the mob with the “thieves” who had approached the walls of Moscow. The boyars, headed by Mstislavsky, formed a provisional government called the Seven Boyars. One of the tasks of the new government was the preparation of the election of a new king. However, "military conditions" required immediate solutions. In order to avoid the struggle of the boyar clans for power, it was decided not to elect representatives of the Russian clans as king.

In fact, the power of the new government did not extend beyond Moscow: in the west of Moscow, in Khoroshov, the army of the Commonwealth, led by hetman Zholkevsky, stood up, and in the southeast, in Kolomenskoye, False Dmitry II, who had returned from near Kaluga, with whom the Lithuanian Sapieha squad. The boyars were especially afraid of False Dmitry, because he had many supporters in Moscow and was at least more popular than them. As a result, it was decided to negotiate with Zholkiewski and invite Prince Vladislav to the throne on the terms of his conversion to Orthodoxy, as had already been agreed between Sigismund and the Tushino delegation.

Vocation of the Poles

On August 17/27, 1610, the boyars signed an agreement with the hetman Zolkiewski, according to which Vladislav IV, the son of Sigismund, became the king of Russia. There was no question of unification with the Commonwealth, since the Moscow boyars retained autonomy, as well as the official status of Orthodoxy within the borders of Russia was guaranteed. An agreement with representatives of the Commonwealth made it possible to remove the "Tushino threat" for Moscow, since Sapieha agreed to swear allegiance to King Vladislav.

Fearing the Pretender, the boyars went further and on the night of September 21 let the troops of Hetman Zholkevsky into the Kremlin, after whose departure in October power passed to the commander of the garrison Alexander Gonsevsky. Boyar Mikhail Saltykov became the "right hand" of the commandant of the Kremlin. After the appearance of the interventionists in the Kremlin, the representatives of the “Seven Boyars” turned from collaborators into hostages, and after the capitulation of the garrison of the troops of the Commonwealth, many of them were “liberated” and took part in the election of a new Russian tsar.

The name "Seven Boyars"

When describing boyar commissions by modern sources of the Time of Troubles, there are turns about “seven boyars”. The word formation "Seven Boyars" occurs later, in the 19th century. The dissertation on the Seven Boyars refers to the story of A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky "Attacks, a story of 1613" (1831), where the term "seven boyars" occurs for the first time.

Number of elected boyars

Boyar commissions were formed earlier in the absence of the tsar. As a rule, the composition of these groups was limited to 7 persons or slightly differed quantitatively. Kotoshikhin writes about this:

“And when you go on a campaign to the war, or pray in a monastery, or for a walk in far and near places, your royal court and Moscow for protection, he orders one man to a boyar, and with him to his comrades, two people who are roundabout, and two people to a duma nobleman , and a thoughtful deacon.

The state of Russia at the time of the election of the transitional government

The circumstances are such that Russia was simultaneously:

• 1) in a state of war with the Commonwealth (since 1604),
• 2) covered by the uprising of False Dmitry II (since 1607)

In addition, Russia almost simultaneously suffered:

• 3) an uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov (in 1606-1607)
• 4) Nogai attack (in 1607-1608)
• 5) attack of the Krymchaks (in 1608)

Reasons for the formation of a transitional government

A successive chain of events led to the emergence of the period of "Seven Boyars"

• February 1610 - part of the Tushino opposition near Smolensk began negotiations with the Polish king Sigismund about inviting Prince Vladislav to the Russian kingdom with the restriction of his rights in favor of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.
• May 1610 - The twenty-three-year-old influential Russian military leader Skopin-Shuisky dies after a feast in Moscow, which leads to an increase in anti-Shui sentiment.
• June 1610 - part of the troops of the Russian tsar is defeated by the Poles near the village of Klushino, and the governor of the other part of the army, Valuev, agrees to support the candidacy of Prince Vladislav.

Thus, the road to Moscow was open to the Poles. On the other hand, False Dmitry II quickly moved from Kaluga to Moscow.

The mood in the Boyar Duma, Moscow society and in the provinces

A small group led by Patriarch Hermogenes supported Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The patriarch himself tried to protect Shuisky even on the day of the overthrow of the latter.

The Golitsyn party hoped to overthrow Shuisky and proclaim Vasily Golitsyn tsar. At the same time, the Golitsyns were supported by the governor Lyapunov.

Tushino boyar Dmitry Trubetskoy secretly negotiated in Moscow in the interests of False Dmitry.

The Romanov clan, initially oriented towards the Golitsyns, hoped to place Mikhail Romanov on the throne.

Prince Mstislavsky, who headed the Duma, did not have a clear position, but tended to recognize the Polish prince as the Russian tsar.

Since mid-July 1610, several thousand troops of the impostor settled in Kolomenskoye. Almost simultaneously, on July 17, Shuisky was overthrown, on July 19 he was forcibly tonsured a monk, and on July 20, letters were sent to provincial cities announcing this event. On July 24, the crown hetman Zholkievsky was 7 versts from Moscow from the Khoroshevsky meadows. In this regard, it was already necessary to choose between False Dmitry II and Prince Vladislav.

The historian Solovyov assesses the current situation as follows:

“If the impostor could have adherents in the lower strata of the Moscow population, then the boyars and all the best people could not agree to accept a thief who would bring his Tushino and Kaluga boyars, devious and noblemen of the Duma to the Duma, who would give the estate of rich people to be plundered by his Cossacks and urban spies, their old allies. Therefore, for the boyars and the best people, for protective people who had something to protect, the only salvation from the thief and his Cossacks was Vladislav, that is, Hetman Zolkiewski with his army. Zakhar Lyapunov, seduced by the thief's enormous promises, was the head of the False Dimitrieva party; The head of Vladislav’s side was the first boyar, Prince Mstislavsky, who announced that he himself did not want to be king, but he also did not want to see one of his boyar brothers as king, and that he should elect a sovereign from the royal family.

Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor

The Boyar Duma could not choose a tsar without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but the situation required a quick decision. Therefore, immediately after the overthrow of the tsar, those representatives of the zemstvos who were available were convened outside the Serpukhov Gates of Moscow. Events are described in different ways. From Kostomarov:

“Zakhar Lyapunov with Saltykov and Khomutov ascended the high Lobnoye Mesto and began to invite the boyars, the patriarch, the spiritual, the nobles, the children of the boyars and the entire Orthodox people to a nationwide meeting outside the Serpukhov Gates. People poured out of Serpukhov Gates from everywhere. The boyars gathered there. The patriarch has also arrived"

In the Moscow chronicler, the actions are more brutal:

“All of Moscow and entered the city (that is, the Kremlin) and the boyars took and patriarch Hermogenes by force and led them across the Moscow River to the Serpukhov Gates.”

In this case, researchers are faced with a case of law. During the absence of the head of state, political will and enforcement of the law are necessary, but forceful pressure on one (or several) representatives of power can be regarded as an illegal act, and therefore the decision of the Zemsky Sobor in this case can be recognized as undeniably legitimate. No less important is the question, was the meeting of people convened through the tocsin really a cathedral? According to the researcher V. N. Latkin, who used the materials of the Stolyarovsky chronograph, which lists the ranks present at the Council of 1610, the minimum composition of the Zemsky Sobor was assembled.

“And the Boyars, Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, and all the Boyars, and the Okolnichie, and the Duma people, and the Stolniki, and the Solicitors, and the Nobles, and the guests, and the best trading people gathered outside the city ...”

S. F. Platonov explains the presence in Moscow of zemstvo officials from the provinces by the fact that they were in the capital on duty.

Composition

1. Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky - the year of birth is unknown, but he began his service in 1575. By the time being described, he headed the Boyar Duma. During the interregnum, his influence increased, he led the negotiations with the Poles. Politics was not active, focused on a specific moment. Died without issue in .
2. Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky - the year of birth is unknown, but in 1573 he was already a governor in Murom. By the moment described, he had survived exile, failures and victories in the war, was a politician with experience. Subsequently, he claimed the throne, but lost in the political struggle to the Romanovs, went as an ambassador to the future tsar to call for the kingdom. He died in 1627.
3. Prince Andrey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy - year of birth unknown, but in military service since 1573. military and administrative activities. By the moment described, he participated in the war with Stefan Batory, Krymchaks, Livonians, Swedes, Cherkasy, voivodship in several cities, participated in diplomatic missions. Granted by the boyars in honor of the wedding of Boris Godunov on September 3, 1598. He did not shy away from localism. He died without issue in 1611.
4. Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn (d. March 19 (31)).
5. Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolensky (- June 2).
6. Boyar Ivan Nikitich Romanov (d. October 23).
7. Boyarin Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev (d.).

Notes

Links

• Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times
• Troubled times in Russia. Deposition of Shuisky. Seven Boyars

Seven Boyars

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See what "Seven Boyars" is in other dictionaries:

Seven Boyars- seven-boyars ... Spelling Dictionary

Seven Boyars- (inosk.) Discord, disarray (a hint of discord and disarray during the Seven Boyars of 1610-1611). Wed I don't really admire these partnerships! ... Now there will be discord and cleverness. One word Seven Boyars... P. Boborykin. Wretched. 8. Wed… … Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

SEMIBOYARSHINA- SEMI-BOYARSCHINA, seven-boyars, pl. no, female (outdated). Disorder, anarchy, the absence of a single, strong government. “Now there will be strife and cleverness. One word, seven-boyars.” Boborykin (original designation of the period 1610 1611 in Russia, when, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

SEMIBOYARSHINA- the boyar government (7 people) in Russia in 1610, nominally until 1612. Transferred actual power to the Polish interventionists; liquidated by the Second Militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in October 1612 ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SEMIBOYARSHINA- the seventh boyars, during the Time of Troubles, the government formed in Moscow after the overthrow in July 1610 of Tsar Vasily Shuisky. It consisted of members of the Boyar Duma: princes F. I. Mstislavsky, I. M. Vorotynsky, A. V. Trubetskoy, A. V. Go ... Russian history

Seven Boyars- noun, number of synonyms: 1 government (10) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

The era of "Time of Troubles" included a kind of republican period. From 1610 to 1613, in fact (part of the time and officially) there was no tsar in Russia, and a group of 7 members of the Boyar Duma tried to send power. The first attempt at collegial government was unsuccessful - the boyars actually behaved like traitors.

Troubled interregnum

The absence of a monarch on the throne is one of the consequences of the Time of Troubles. In 1610 he was overthrown. He was almost officially listed as the “boyar tsar”, and under him the self-will of the noblest families flourished. But the current situation did not suit anyone - among the boyars there were winners and those eager for revenge, the country was ravaged by external wars (with the Commonwealth, Tatars and Sweden) and shook by uprisings (the largest was the war led by Bolotnikov).

There were enough candidates for the throne. The "Tush thief" - False Dmitry II - presented his claims. Shuisky, who was deposed and forcibly tonsured a monk, also had supporters. The King of Poland, Sigismund III, wanted to see “his man” on the throne of Moscow and could back up his desire with real force - the army of Hetman Zolkiewski was at that time the most powerful army on Russian soil.

Reasons for unexpected republicanism

Naturally, there was no question of any establishment of a republic. Provisional governments from the boyars were created in Russia before. They had to rule during the absence of the king (for example, if he was at war) or appoint the election of the monarch through the convening of the Zemsky Sobor.

Theoretically, the Seven Boyars of 1610-1613 was created for holding elections. In fact, its representatives almost openly declared that their goal was to prevent any of the rival clans from advancing. It was for this reason that the head of the Seven Boyars, Prince Mstislavsky, immediately declared that he saw only a non-Russian monarch on the throne.

Unfinished betrayal

In addition to Prince F.I. Mstislavsky, Princes A.V. Golitsyn (he died before the end of the boyar rule), A.V. .Romanov and B.M. Lykov-Obolensky. There were many contradictions between them, but they agreed in the desire to preserve the maximum privileges for the boyars under the new tsar.

Based on this, they signed an agreement with Zholkiewski in August 1610. In addition to the Polish applicant, there was also a Swedish one - Prince Carl Philip, but a Pole was chosen. The "Tushinsky thief" fell away - he was supported by the Moscow common people, who for the boyars were a worse enemy than foreign invaders.

It should be noted that in 1610 the agreement with the Poles did not cause popular protest. Muscovites, without resistance, even willingly, swore allegiance to "Tsar Vladislav" (the son of Sigismund III, the future Polish King Vladislav IV). Any monarch seemed to be the preferred alternative to "distemper". It was written in the agreement that the Duma would retain its autonomy, Vladislav would convert to Orthodoxy and marry a Russian, and the siege of Smolensk would be immediately lifted.

In fact, it turned out differently. Sigismund III, a fanatical Catholic with imperial manners, saw things differently. He was categorically against the preservation of the positions of Orthodoxy, and generally preferred to sit on the Russian throne himself, joining the country to the speech of the Commonwealth. In September 1610, fearing unrest, the Seven Boyars let Polish soldiers into the capital. Commandant Alexander Gonsevsky (an outstanding military leader, but a dangerous enemy for Russia) became a good promoter of the ideas of his king.

bad result

As a result, the concession to the Poles did not give the boyars anything. Their power was doubtful even in Moscow. Until 1613, Smolensk was lost, the Swedes occupied Novgorod, the Tushino people continued their "distemper", the Poles ravaged the country. Even its official appointment - the convening of the Zemsky Sobor - the Seven Boyars fulfilled under pressure. Documents indicate that the people almost forced the boyars to do this by force, and the "ringleader" was not a representative of the secular authorities, but Patriarch Hermogenes.

• Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky.
• Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky.
• Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Trubetskoy.
• Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn.
• Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolensky.
• Boyar Ivan Nikitich Romanov.
• Boyarin Fedor Ivanovich Sheremetev. material from the site

The main task of the Seven Boyars was to convene the Zemsky Sobor to elect a new tsar. However, in the conditions when the Poles of Hetman Zholkevsky were advancing on Moscow from the west, and False Dmitry II with his Cossacks approached from the south, the boyars decided not to wait for the decision of the Zemsky Sobor and act independently. They informed King Sigismund that they recognized his son Vladislav as Tsar of Moscow. The boyars believed that after this the king would immediately stop the intervention and help the Moscow government put an end to the Tushinsky Thief. Indeed, Zholkevsky, together with the Moscow governors, soon threw the impostor away from Moscow. False Dmitry II returned to Kaluga, where he was killed by his entourage in December 1610.

However, King Sigismund did not even think about withdrawing his troops from Russia. He continued the siege of Smolensk, firmly deciding to attach this city to his possessions. At the same time, he was in no hurry to let his 15-year-old son go to Moscow. The boyars, Muscovites and part of the nobles swore an oath to the prince on the condition that he accept Orthodoxy. However, Vladislav refused to do so. The king did not agree that Vladislav should be baptized according to the Orthodox rite, as the boyars demanded. In essence, he himself wanted to become the Russian tsar.

Hermogenes

Accustomed during the years of the Time of Troubles to actively respond to all the events of political life, the Moscow townspeople openly expressed dissatisfaction with the plans of the Seven Boyars. The idea that a non-believer would be on the Russian throne revolted the clergy. Patriarch Hermogenes, an unbending zealot of Orthodoxy, became the spokesman for these sentiments. Fearing an uprising of the city mob, the boyars in the autumn of 1610 went on a direct betrayal and placed Polish detachments in the Kremlin and other parts of the capital.

Then Patriarch Hermogenes released the Russian subjects from the oath to Vladislav. He did not sign the charter transferring the Russian throne to a Catholic Pole. It was a courageous act. The Patriarch thus urged the people to stand up for the defense of the Orthodox faith against the Catholic Poles. Hermogenes died in prison (according to rumors, the boyars starved him to death).

The reign of the Seven Boyars fell on the most dangerous period of the Time of Troubles. It is impossible to make the right choice out of two wrong ones: either the Russian throne will be occupied by the Poles in the person of Prince Vladislav, or the impostor False Dmitry II. Relying on some factors, the boyars let the Poles into the country. On this, in fact, the rule of the Seven Boyars was interrupted, the boyars became hostages of the Polish interventionists.

But in connection with the imminent death of False Dmitry II, circumstances changed. To restore the independence of the country, it remains only to expel the enemy from Moscow. The first step towards the liberation struggle was taken by Patriarch Hermogenes. It was followed by the First People's Militia of 1611, and the decisive liberation second

1570 - Establishment of the Jesuit Collegium in Vilna, later transformed into a university.

1710 - The surrender of the Riga garrison to Russian troops under the command of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetyev during the Great Northern War.

1783 - Approved coat of arms of the city of Perm.

1907 - Russian-Japanese agreement in St. Petersburg. The agreement contained articles on respect for the territorial integrity of the parties, the independence and integrity of China, on the division of Manchuria into Russian (north) and Japanese (south) spheres of influence, on the recognition of Korea as a sphere of special interests of Japan, Outer Mongolia - Russia.

1911 - Russia's first rally of military trucks between St. Petersburg and Moscow.

1917 - A peaceful demonstration of workers and soldiers was shot in Petrograd.

1917 - In the Plekhanov newspaper "Unity" Russian journalist G.A. Aleksinsky published information that Lenin and the Bolsheviks were financed by the German government.

1917 - Commander of the Baltic Fleet, Admiral D.N. Verderevsky refused to obey the order of the Provisional Government to send ships against the Kronstadt sailors.

1918 - At night, in the basement of the Ipatiev House, in Yekaterinburg, the family of the last Emperor of All-Russian Nicholas II was shot.

1918 - The Siberian Republic was proclaimed.

1918 - The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution "On the erection of monuments to great people in Moscow."

1919 - End of the Polish-Ukrainian war.

1923 - The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR created the Council of Labor and Defense, headed by V.I. Lenin.

1929 - The USSR severed diplomatic relations with China because of the conflict over the CER.

1933 - After the completion of the construction of the Dneproges and the liquidation of the Dnieper rapids, the first steamer was launched along the route Kyiv - Kherson.

1939 - Soviet revolutionary and diplomat F.F. Raskolnikov was outlawed in absentia in the USSR.

1942 - The first stage of the Battle of Stalingrad (defensive) began.

1944 - 57,000 German prisoners of war were held in Moscow.

1944 - Troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front surrounded about 40 thousand German soldiers in Poland.

1945 - The Potsdam Conference of the Allied Heads of State began.

1958 - The Council of Ministers of Ukraine has decided to reduce eight of the forty monasteries in the country.

1962 - At 6 hours 50 minutes, the nuclear submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" reached the North Pole of the Earth. After returning, the boat was met at the pier by N.S. Khrushchev and Defense Minister R.Ya. Malinovsky. As soon as the crew went ashore, the rewarding began immediately.

1972 - Landing Tu-134 on the Ikshinsky reservoir.

1975 - The Soyuz (USSR) and Apollo (USA) spacecraft docked.

1986 - During the teleconference between Leningrad and Boston, the phrase "We don't have sex ..."

1993 - Government troops captured the headquarters of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan.

1995 - The European Union has signed a trade agreement with Russia.

1998 - The remains, recognized as the remains of the family of Nicholas II, the last Russian emperor, are buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

2002 - The Timiryazevsky Intermunicipal Court of Moscow issued a decision to terminate the activities of the Russkiye Vedomosti newspaper for inciting ethnic hatred.

2012 - As a result of the erosion of the natural embankment, Maashey Lake ceased to exist.

2014 - The crash of a Boeing 777 (Amsterdam - Kuala Lumpur) on the territory of Ukraine, which led to the death of 295 people.