True and lies about the "lost" war. Myths of shameful war. As the Soviet Union attacked Finland Goths on Ryazan
Round table dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the Soviet-Finnish War 1939-1940., Passed at the National Museum of Karelia on November 28. Karelian local historians, military reconstructors, archivists, organizers of cultural and historical tourism, journalists, museum workers and everyone who worries this topic is taken to participate in the event.
Opening the meeting, director of the National Museum, Mikhail Goldenberg, said that the poet Alexander Tvardovsky was not in vain called this war "unfamiliar." For a long time, information about it was not revealed and domestic historians practically did not study it.
At the same time, this war had a great influence on the history of Karelia: after her completion, the Karelian-Finnish SSR was formed, Petrozavodsk for 16 years became the capital of the Federal Republic, which significantly affected his architectural look. Even the appearance in our city of the University we are obliged to this war.
The Soviet-Finnish war, which in Soviet times was called the Finnish campaign, border conflict, in Finland received the name winter. Related to the fact that over the past one and a half dozen years in Russia, documents were published, serious studies were made and films about the Winter War were made, there are still many "white spots" in its history. It is not by chance that it causes great interest not only by specialists, but also ordinary people.
According to Mikhail Goldenberg, when tourists come to the museum, many first things ask: "What do you have about the Winter War?
With all due respect to this topic, we cannot make an exhibition. - says the director of the museum, - because for this you need to have a collection in the funds, and the collection is thoroughly closed in Soviet times for ideological reasons. This unfinished war remained behind the scenes.
Petrozavodsky historian Yuri Kilin stressed that now the Soviet-Finnish war is 1939-1940. It is no longer an unknown, now it is clearly possible to imagine how events developed.
Inevitable war between the USSR and Finland became from the fall of 1937, before that, it was preserved the opportunity to enter the political dialogue with the Finnish authorities, "says Yuri Kilin. - Minister of Foreign Affairs of Finland Canvas came to Moscow. By the way, it was the only trick of the Finnish Minister to the Soviet Union for the entire interwar period. But then this person, configured not to be aware, but simply realistic, was removed from affairs, because he did not love Hitler and once he gave himself careless interviewing about him. The decision to prepare the Leningrad Military District to war was made on June 22, 1938, the negotiations were deliberately delayed on both sides.
Winter war began on November 30, 1939, when Soviet troops crossed the border with Finland. The Soviet Union was calculated to complete the war in a month, Finns - for 6 months. In reality, she lasted 105 days - from November to March. During this time, our country has lost about 150 thousand people killed, Finland - 27 thousand. For this small country, such losses were significant - almost all 19-20-year-old men died.
Until the end of December, Soviet soldiers did not know that they were fighting for, - Iron Kilin continues. - Only after the meeting of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on December 22, a decision was made to completely rebuild the propaganda line. The rate was made that the Red Army protects Leningrad from the aggressor, the Kirov Railway, North-West. After that, an increase in the combat capability of troops was observed.
It is well known that Soviet troops were poorly armed and uniformed at the beginning of the war. In the forty-faded frosts fought in Budenovo, Kizzy boots and often without mittens. From here - a large amount of frostbite. In addition, a lot of soldiers from the South Republics - the Caucasus, Central Asia were called up. Many for the first time saw snow, and they had to fight on the skiing, on which they had never been standing before.
Although the Finns in this regard were in more favorable conditions - they fought on their territory and for their country, but their uniforms and weapons also left much to be desired. Answering the question of the material and technical base of the Finnish Army, Yuri Killena reported that the Finns had only rifle cartridges, the rest was missing, including uniforms.
On the video of the Parade of Finnish troops on the capture of Petrozavodsk in October 1941, soldiers are dressed almost in Onuchi. Do not find two people who would have the same shoes. In fact, the soldiers received only the belt from the state. Only KASP was 14 different species.
They affected the round table and the topic of the famous legend about Finnish snipers- "cuckoo", which were so nicknamed for the fact that they allegedly shot from trees.
No Finn climbed the tree to shoot on top of the Soviet soldiers. Such a legend appeared, because 20% of Finnish soldiers in 1939 performed a sniper standard - that is, every fifth was sniper.
An employee of the National Museum Alexei Tereshkin added that another reason for the appearance of such a myth is that artillery intelligence officers did in the "nests" trees. They were located at one and a half kilometers from the battlefield. Scouts were observed for combat actions in binoculars and coordinates were transferred. And since it was incomprehensible, from where snipers shoot, it seemed that with trees.
One of the participants of the round table shared the information read in the "Military Review" that this myth of the Winter War came up with the Finns themselves in order to confuse our warriors.
Probably, the finnov tactics brought their fruits, because according to Yuri Kilina, the Soviet soldiers captured about 6 thousand people, and Finnish - several hundred, the ratio of the number of prisoners was about one to ten. After the war, the exchange of prisoners of war, many of the Soviet soldiers who managed to return to their homeland, got into Stalin camp.
In Finland, Soviet prisoners of war were divided by national sign. Russians contained separately from representatives of other peoples. A special attitude was to all Finno-Ugrics - they were given the best paks and the opportunity to work. Jews were also highlighted - they took them to work for their plants Jacobson, Chairman of the Company of Finnish Jews. From how the prisoner appealed to the prisoner, his fate was dependent after returning to his homeland, "the historian said.
Search engines present at the meeting presented items from the exposition of the Center for Military Glory Petrozavodsk: samples of weapons and uniforms, documents and household accessories of soldiers.
Also at the round table two recently published books were presented: "Pitkyaranta - remembers!" published in the framework of the project "War - to remember and not repeat" with the support of the grant of the President of the Russian Federation, and the memorial edition "Zaenezzan in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940". These two are completely different on the plan and filling of the book combined the famous "cross chasche", shown on their covers.
Mikhail Goldenberg mentioned and about another famous book of the Karelian writer Anatoly Gordienko "The Death of Division", published in Petropress publisher in 2017. Roman-Chronicle, telling about the tragic events that took place in the vicinity of Pitkyaranta, can also be called the Monument of the Winter War.
In conclusion, the Museum Director noted that the main thing is for which such meetings are organized - do not forget the important lesson who presented the Soviet-Finnish war: big wars are born from small wars.
On November 30, 1939, winter (or Soviet-Finnish) war started. For a long time, the position of Blood Stalin was dominated, trying to capture his harmless Finland. And the Union of Finns with fascist Germany was assumed to be considered a forced measure in order to confront the Soviet "Evil Empire". But it is enough to remember some well-known facts of Finnish history to understand that not everything was so unique.
Privileges for Finns as part of the Russian Empire
Until 1809, Finland was a province of Swedes. Colonized Finnish tribes did not have an administrative or cultural autonomy for a long time. The official language on which the noblemen was spoken was Swedish. After joining the Russian Empire, the status of the Grand Duchy of Finns were given by broad autonomy with their own seimas and participation in the adoption by the emperor of laws. In addition, they were freed from the Forced Military Service, but their army had finnov.
Under the Swedes, the status of the Finns was not high, and the formed benchmark was represented by the Germans and the Swedes. Under the Russian authority, the situation has changed significantly in favor of Finnish residents. The state became Finnish. With all these lights, the Russian authorities rarely intervened in the internal affairs of the principality. The resettlement of Russian representatives in Finland was not encouraged.
In 1811, Alexander I handed over to the Great Principality of the Finnish Vyborg province, filled with Russians from the Swedes in the 18th century. It should be noted that directly Vybor possessed a serious military-strategic value in relation to St. Petersburg - at that time the Russian capital. So the position of the Finns in the Russian "Prison of Peoples" was not the most deplorable, especially against the background of the Russians themselves, walked on themselves all the contents and defense of the empire.
Ethnic Policy in Finnish
The collapse of the Russian Empire provided independence to Finn. The October Revolution proclaimed the right of each nation on self-determination. In the forefront, Finland took advantage of this opportunity. At this time, the development of self-consciousness and national culture has emerged without the participation of dreaming about the revenge of the Swedish layer in Finland. It was expressed mainly in the formation of nationalist and separatist sentiment.
The apogee of these trends was the voluntary participation of Finns in the battles of the First World War against Russia near the German wing. In the future, these volunteers, the so-called "Finnish Events", took particularly active participation in the bloody ethnic cleansing among the Russian population, deployed in the territory of the former principality. On the anniversary coin released to the 100th anniversary of the Independence of the Finnish Republic, a scene was depicted by the Scene of the Peaceful Russian population Finnish punishers. This inhuman episode conducted by the nationalist Finnish troops of ethnic cleansing is safely silent by modern chroniclers.
Mass cutting "Red" began in Finland in January 1918. Russians mercilessly destroyed independently of political preferences and class affiliation. In April 1918, at least 200 civilians from Russians were killed in Tampere. But the most terrible tragedy of that period occurred in the "Russian" city of Vyborg, busy by Eger. On that day, Finnish radicals killed every counter Russian.
The witness of the terrible tragedy Katohsky told how "white" with the shouts of the "shoots of the Russians" washed into the apartments, removed unarmed tenants on the shafts and shot. According to different sources, the Finnish "liberators" deprived lives from 300 to 500 unarmed peaceful, among whom were women and children. It is still definitely unknown how many Russians fell victims of ethnic cleansing, because the atrocities of Finnish nationalists continued until 1920.
Territorial claims of Finns and "Great Finland"
Finnish elite sought to create the so-called "Great Finland". The Finns did not want to communicate with Sweden, but they expressed claims to Russian territories, in the area exceeding the Finland itself. Requirements of radicals were exorbitant, but first of all they were removed to capture Karelia. The civil war played on the arm, weakened Russia. In February 1918, Finnish General Mannerheim promised that he would not stop until East Karelia from the Bolsheviks.
Mannerheim wanted to seize Russian territories in front of the White Sea, Onega Lake, Svir River and Lake Ladoga. Also, the Great Finnish was planned to include the Kola Peninsula with the Pecheng region. Petrograd assigned the role of the "free city" by the type Danzig. On May 15, 1918, Finns declared Russia to Russia. Attempts by Finns to put Russia on the blade with the help of any of her enemy lasted until 1920, when the RSFSR signed a peace treaty with Finland.
For Finland, extensive territories remained for which they historically never had rights had. But long, the world did not follow. Already in 1921, Finland tried again to resolve the power of the Karelian question. Volunteers, not declaring wars, invaded the Soviet borders, unleashing the second Soviet-Finnish war. And only by February 1922, Karelia was completely liberated from Finnish invaders. In March, a signing of an agreement on ensuring the inviolability of a common border was signed. But the situation in the border zone still remained tense.
"Maynile incident" and a new war
According to Per Evind Svinkhowood, the Prime Minister of Finland, a Finnish friend can be every enemy of Russia. The nationalist Finnish press pledged calls to the attack on the USSR and the rejection of its territories. In this soil, Finns became friends even with Japan, taking on the internship of her officers. But the hopes for the Russian-Japanese conflict were not justified, and then a course was taken for rapprochement with Germany.
Within the framework of the Military Technical Union, the Bureau of Cellaris was created in Finland - the German Center whose task was anti-Russian explorable. By the 1939, with the support of German specialists, Finns built a network of military airfields, ready to accept aircraft to dozens of times more than in local Air Force. As a result, on the eve of the Second World War in the North-West Crimping of Russia, a hostile state was formed, ready to cooperate with a potential opponent of the country of the Councils.
Trying to protect your frontiers, the Soviet government has begun to decide. Estonia agreed peacefully, concluding an agreement on the introduction of a military contingent. With the Finns, it did not work. After a turn of unsuccessful negotiations on November 26, 1939, the so-called "Maynile incident" happened. According to the USSR, the shelling of Russian territories was produced by Finnish artillery. Finns also call it to Soviet provocation. But one way or another, the nonsense was denounced and the next war started.
During the years, Finland reiterated the desperate attempt to become a state for all Finns. But representatives of these peoples (Karelia, Veps, water)
Exactly 80 years ago, November 30, 1939, began the Soviet-Finnish war. Today it is very fashionable to accuse in this war solely then the leadership of the Soviet Union, which allegedly began "unheard of aggression against small and peaceful Finnish." But in fact, many reasons led to this war. Including very evil Finnish nationalism ...
As you know, before the Finnish Revolution, the Rights of the Grand Principality was part of the Russian Empire. The position of Finland in the Russian Empire was generally very surprising - nothing like that of world history simply does not know! As the historian said Igor Poyala:
"It was a real state in the state. Russian governors generals were in the Grand Duch of Finland extremely nominal. There were a fully autonomous legal system and their legislative assembly - the Sejm (who was going once every five years, and since 1885 - every three years, and at the same time received the right of legislative initiative), as well as separate army legislation - in the Principality of Finland did not take recruits, But the principality had his own army. Plus, a separate citizenship that the rest of the Empire, including the Russians, could not get. In general, the Russians were here very limited in property rights - real estate in the principality to buy was extremely difficult. There was still a separate religion, their own mail, customs, bank and financial system ... ".
Not only is the royal government made everything to help develop the Finnish national culture. Since 1826, the University has begun to teach Finnish in Helsingfors (Helsinki). In the same years, Finnish literature began to be published and spread, and often for the executed imperial account. And in 1918, Finland received independence from the Bolshevik government under the control of Lenin. However, the question of Finnish independence was also considering the royal regime - the first world war was prevented ... And what was the gratitude of the Finns? Truly "immeasurable"!
Bloody dreams about the Great Finland
At the very beginning of 1918, a short civil war broke out here between local communists and their white opponents. We won the whites, who simply arranged a monstrous massacre not only with their red, but also the Russian population - and without any dismissal! Particularly tragic events happened in Vyborg. From the official notes of the Soviet government of May 13, 1918, signed by the Deputy Peace of Foreign Affairs George Chicherin:
"There were mass executions in any other residents of Russian origin, there were monstrous atrocities over a peaceful Russian population, even 12-year-old children were shot. In one Saraj in Vyborg, as the witness passed, the last one had seen two hundred corpses, mostly Russian officers and students. The wife of the murdered lieutenant colonel told the witness that she saw how destroyed Russian were built into one ranks and shot from machine guns ... One of the witnesses saw the corpses of Russian in two sheds in three tiers - about 500 people. The corpses were disfigured until unrecognizable. "
However, the Russian genocide, the young Finnish state did not cost. In his political leadership, the ideas of Finnish great nationalism prevailed, according to which the Great Finnish should unite all the Finno-Ugric peoples of the North of Russia under its aegid, right up to the Northern Urals. Thus, the Finns were harvested to take into the hands of the territory of the current Karelia, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. It is noteworthy that the project "Great Finland" supported absolutely all political parties and movements of the country, even left: for example, two Social democratic policies of the country Oscar Tokcol and Warman Weino published a very serious study on this topic "Big Finland in natural boundaries". And they were not only words ...
Hardly suppressing his Bolsheviks, as the Supreme Commander of the Finnish Army, General Gustav Mannergeim pronounced Klyatwa Might, which said that "not to put the sword into the sheath", before the Bolsheviks did not drive both from Finland and from Russian East Karelia. After that, the gang of Finnish nationalists began regular invasions to Soviet territory in order to push the Finnish border at least to the White Sea. The Soviet Republic, which at that time he led the hard struggle with his White Guards and foreign interventories, with great difficulty chopped these attacks, which were not literally stopped for several years.
The last one happened at the end of 1921, when the next detachment of Finnish regular troops invaded our territory and seized the city of Ukhta, where the puppet independent Karelian state was proclaimed, which immediately appealed to the Finnish government asking for the entry into Finland. However, by that time, the civil war in Russia was over, and regular parts of the Red Army released their strength to guid order in the border zone. In February 1922, our troops defeated Finns with several powerful blows by throwing them abroad. Only after that, Finland agreed to sign a full-fledged peace treaty with the Soviet Union.
Very cold world
However, the Finns did not calm down on this - the dreams of Great Finland still did not give them peace. This time the rate was made to a big war with Russian from one of the great powers, to which Finland could fill in order to take part in the share of Russian lands. This policy was determined by the words said by the first Finnish Prime Minister with Evinda Svinkhowood: "Any enemy of Russia should always be a friend of Finland."
As Igor Poyalov writes, adhering to this simple rule, the Finnish leadership was ready to join the Anti-Russian Union with anyone - for example, with Japan, which all the 30s literally balanced on the verge of a full-scale war with our country. From the Soviet diplomatic correspondence, July 1934: "... Finnish Foreign Minister Haxel Probed the Soil regarding the prospects for our military collision with Japan. At the same time, in confidential conversations, Haxel did not hide that Finland focuses on our defeat in this war. "
By the way, these signals and foreign diplomats confirmed. Thus, the Polish envoy in Helsinki Franz Harwat reported to Warsaw that Finnish's policy is characterized by "aggressiveness against Russia ... in the position of Finland to the USSR dominates the issue of accession to the Finland of Karelia." And the Latvian Ambassador wrote to his authorities that "Karelian question was deeply rooted in the heads of Finnish activists. These circles are eagerly awaiting the conflict of Russia with any great power, earlier with Poland, and now with Germany or Japan to implement their program. " American military attache in the USSR Colonel Feymonville reported in September 1937 to Washington: "The most pressing military problem of the Soviet Union is to prepare for the reflection of the simultaneous attack of Japan in East and Germany together with Finland in the West."
So, those who are not surprising, those who were in 1935 by the People's Commissar of the Soviet Union, Maxim Litvinov directly expressed the Finnish ambassador in Moscow: "In no country, the press does not lead such a systematically hostile campaign to us as in Finland. None in any neighboring country does not contain such open propaganda for the attack on the USSR and the rejection of its territory, as in Finland, "...
The tension and the Soviet-Finnish border did not fall. Finns provided their territory for transfers to the USSR of the White Guard terrorists. One day, in June 1927, such a group of saboteurs, accompanied by the Finnish conductor crossed the border, penetrated Leningrad, where he threw the meeting of the Communists by grenades, killing and wounded 26 people. After that, the terrorists returned to Finland ... They killed our Finns themselves. Over the years, they have repeatedly fired at our territory from all types of weapons. One of these incidents happened on October 7, 1936 at the Karelian Isthmus, where the Soviet border guards Spirin was shot by Finnish soldiers in the emphasis ...
What they wanted, then got
Thus, Finland did not hide their hostility towards our country. This problem was even more aggravated by the end of the 1930s, when the world stood before the real threat of the beginning of the Second World War. For the Soviet leadership, it was obvious that Finland could hardly be neutral and of course try to join anyone who would fight with Russia. Meanwhile, the Finnish border at that time passed literally in the suburbs of Leningrad, the second capital of our country. And from the Finnish coast of the Baltic Sea, it was very convenient to block the actions of the Soviet Navy, located in Kronstadt.
Meanwhile, the Finns themselves did not hide the name of their probable ally in the upcoming war. Because he has sharply expanded relations with Nazi Germany - and in all directions, but especially in the military sphere. The German combat ships actually received second registration in Finnish ports, and in August 1937 a large squadron of German submarines solemnly accepted. And in the very Finnish capital Helsinki, the Germans at the very beginning of 1939 launched the so-called "Bureau of the Cellaris", the spy office, which led total espionage against our Baltic Fleet and the troops of the Leningrad Military District ... In general, with all these uncomplicated threats it was necessary do.
And since 1938, intensive negotiations of our country and Finland began to exchange territories. The main proposals from the Soviet Union were: transferring the border from Leningrad to the Karelian Isthmus of 90 kilometers, the transfer of our country a number of strategic islands in the Baltic Sea and the long-term rental of the Finnish Peninsula Hanko, "Laving" the entrance and access to the Gulf of Finnish Gulf for our fleet. In exchange, Moscow offered the Finns more extensive lands in East Karelia ...
It must be said that Finns had sensible politicians who understood the concern of the Soviet Union with their security and who wanted to leave Finland neutral in the upcoming big war. And they really tried to find a reasonable compromise with Moscow. However, in the end, the top of the Helsinki won a more influential party of war, which flatly refused to "yield to the Bolsheviks."
The official reason for the war was the so-called Maynile incident, when on November 26, 1939, near the village of Micainile, Soviet troops were unexpectedly fired from the Finnish territory with artillery fire. A total of seven gun shots were produced, as a result of which three ordinary and one junior commander was killed, nine people were injured. Today, Finnish historians, and some of our liberals are trying to prove that this was supposedly purely Soviet provocation, but no serious evidence could lead. And if we consider that such shelling on the part of the Finns were before, then everything becomes in place.
The shelling was clearly led by local Russophobes from the military among the familiar manner to shift our country in the border. That's just not taken into account that this time the Soviet Union was more determined than before. And on November 30, the war, which the supporters of the Great Finland were so dreamed of, really began. Only to fight the Finnam had no mighty allies, so their defeat in 1940 became quite natural ...
On the eve of the Victory Day on the shelves of Petrozavodsk bookstores, the Book of Finnish authors appeared - Eloiza Engle and Lauri Pianen "Soviet-Finnish War. Breakthrough Mennerheim Lines 1939-1940". Interest in this bloody war will not fade for decades on both sides of the border. But, apparently, the authors of the book do not set themselves tasks to objectively understand the causes of the military conflict. Moral responsibility for the winter war they try to shift to the Soviet side.
But how was it really? To understand this difficult issue, we decided to compare the facts set forth in the book of Finnish authors, with historical materials in the interesting book of the famous publicist Yuri Mukhin "Crusade in the east." Victims "World War II.1941-1945", published in the series "War and We".
It is known that before World War II, Leningrad from the military point was extremely vulnerable. Finnish authors about this mention quite deeply as an insignificant fact. "In the light of the security reasons of the Soviet Union, they write," the border passed too close to Leningrad. So, in any case, the Russians claimed. " This short phrase with reference to the opinion of the Russians, with which the authors are clearly not going to reckon, and restricted their analysis of the most complicated political realities that have developed on the eve of the war. The reluctance of the authors, in the reasons for the beginning of the military conflict between the two neighboring states, explains the fact that from many open archival materials about the Soviet-Finnish War, only Khrushchev's memoirs are cited in the book. However, in them, the Optic Secretary General is far from objective, it gives a lot of political events preconceived and false assessments to, standing in mistakes of others, whitewash themselves. "We needed only to shry, and Finns would obey," Khrushchev writes. "If this had not happened, there would be enough one shot that the Finns raised their hands and surrender. In any case, we thought that we thought." And the authors of the book immediately draw conclusions: "Russians did not expect to meet the resistance of the Finns."
In the book, Yuri Mukhina, about the vulnerability of Leningrad on the eve of the Second World War, it is said in more detail. And this story story is especially valuable in what is based on many archival documents. So, Y.Mukhin writes that the taking of Leningrad for a strong enemy fleet was not a big problem even without aviation. "For the main calibers of artillery of the enemy battleships, Kronstadt is not a great hindrance, and when the Leningrad ports are captured by the Leningrad region to the area in the area, from which the enemy army can easily strike in the heart of Russia. Therefore, the kings of the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe defense of St. Petersburg were the prevention of the opponent's fleet. To the St. Petersburg approaches. For this, the Finnish bay and all the approaches to him in the first world war braveled with mine harnesses. But mines can be removed. Therefore, the main task of the Baltic Fleet was to prevent the breakthrough of mine barrage - his ships were to drown the enemy's ships when trying to remove mines.
But after all, in the USSR, after the revolution, there was nothing left of this, "the author clarifies. - South Beach was almost all from Estonia, and Leningrad from the field gun could be fired from the Finnish border. Sea mines, of course, could be put; But not protected from the shore, they would be instantly removed. The situation and Leningrad, and the USSR in their defenselessness was tragic.
And Hitler in "Main Campf" did not hide that the III Reich will be built in the territories of the USSR. Therefore, when on March 12, 1938, Germany joined Austria, for the USSR it was the first call. And in April 1938, the Finnish government secretly received the first Soviet proposals. The USSR asked Finland to ensure that it will resist the Germans in case of their attack on Finland, for which the Soviet Union offered his troops, fleet and weapons. Finns refused.
The USSR was looking for options. By the fall, he no longer suggested a direct contract, did not offer the troops, but only asked the contract for the protection of the shores of Finland Baltflot, if Finland is attacked by the Germans, the Finns refused again and did not even try to continue negotiations. Meanwhile, England and France have already betrayed Czechoslovakia and the USSR in Munich. The USSR ally - France - refused to defend Czechoslovakia, the second ally - Czechoslovakia itself - passed the Sudechka region without a single shot. It became clear that for the West all military union agreements are no more than a piece of paper. To protect Leningrad, something more real was required, i had to count only on your own forces.
In October 1938, the USSR offered Finns assistance in building a military base at the Finnish Island of Gogland in Finnish Bay and Law, if Finland cannot cope with the defense of this island, to defend him together. Finns refused.
The Soviet Union asked Finland for 30 years, four small islands in Finnish Gulf. Finns refused. Then the USSR asked them to exchange them to its territory. At this stage, the negotiations learned the former brave (Order of St. George) General of the Russian army, and by that time the commander-in-chief of the Finnish army Marshal Mannerheim. He immediately proposed to the Finnish government to exchange not only the requested islands, but also the territory of the Karelian Isthmus, which the Soviet side did not even remember at that time. This suggests how clear from the military point of view was the requests of the Soviet Union and how stupid was the subsequent statements that the USSR, allegedly, wanted to "capture Finland."
Finnish Marshal Mannerheim, all the second worldwasted on the side of the "Axis countries", namely, their accomplices judged Nuremberg International Military Tribunal. Mannerheim escaped the court, but he did not become less than his fault. In addition, as no look, but Mannerheim in 1939-1944. Lost two wars, which is also not the best recommendation for Marshal. Therefore, in his memoirs, Mannerheim is worst as it can, in order to cover these two points and present the events of those times in a favorable Light for Finns. From this point of view, it would be profitable for him to forget something in history and say that in 1939 the war between Finland and the USSR began because the USSR wanted to capture and enslave the Finns. But we will give the mannerheim due - in this case he did not want to appear fool and about the distinguished conflict writes: " On March 5, 1939, the People's Commissar of Litvinov Foreign Affairs through the Ambassador of Finland in Moscow, Yurie Koskinena proposed to begin new negotiations. This time, the Soviet Union demanded for rent for 30 years of the Island of the Finnish Bay Goblasa, Lavansaari, Skar and Both Islands of Tyutyrsaari. The purpose of the Soviet Union was not the construction of fortifications on these islands, but the use of them as observation points on the way to Leningrad. The adoption of these proposals would mean the improvement of relations between our countries and the economic cooperation favorable for us.
In response, which was transferred to March 8, the Finnish government stated that he could not talk to the transmission to another state of the islands, since they are an inseparable part of the territory, the inviolability of which the Soviet Union himself recognized and approved in the Tartu peace treaty when these islands were declared a neutral territory. The People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, as he felt, expected such an answer and directly offered to transfer Finland as compensation part of the territory of East Karelia, lying north of Lake Ladoga. This proposal was rejected on March 13. This Litvinov noticed that he did not consider the answer final.
For further negotiations, the Soviet government was sent to Helsinki its ambassador to Rome Stein, who had previously held a diplomatic position at the USSR Embassy in Finland, and he contacted Erkko's foreign minister on March 11. Guided by the previous motifs, Stein argued that the safety of Leningrad in the event of an attack on him from the Gulf of Finland, depends on the transfer of these islands to the use of the Soviet Union, and believed that the best decision would be a leased agreement. Such a solution would be a guarantee of preserving Finnish neutrality. The Soviet government is also ready to exchange the islands on the territory of 183 square kilometers, located near our eastern border. The written commitment of Finland to overdue to any violation of its neutrality was considered nothing meaning if his practical events would be accompanied. The Finnish government continued to stand on his negative position.
I believed that we should have to agree with the Russians in one way or another, even thus we will improve relations with our powerful neighbor. I talked with the Minister of Foreign Affairs Erkko about the sentence of the matte, but I could not persuade him. I also visited the President and Prime Minister of the Cayman to personally express his point of view. I noticed that the islands do not have values \u200b\u200bfor Finland ...
My point of view did not meet. I was answered, in particular, that the government, which would have decided to offer something similar, would immediately be forced to resign, and that no politician would be ready to oppose public opinion. I replied to this that if a person really does not turn out to be in the name of such a life for the state, the business risked its popularity in the people, then I propose myself at the disposal of the government, for it is confident that people will understand my honest intentions. I went even further, noticing that Finland it would be advantageous to make a proposal to the discharge from Leningrad the line of the border and get for it good compensation. Already when Vyborg-Skayali in 1811 he joined Finland again, many adhered to the opinions that the border is too close to St. Petersburg. So thought, in particular, the Minister is the Secretary of State Rebinder, and, as I often heard at home, my grandfather of my grandfather State Counselor S.E.mannerheim stood at the same point of view.
I seriously warned that the Shatte Ambassador did not leave to Moscow with empty hands. However, it happened. On April 6, he left Helsinki without solving the task assigned to him. Parliament was not informed about the goal of the visit of the matte. You can only regret the short-sighted concealment of this fact. "
Russian kings, "clarifies the author of the book," there was nothing to be afraid that the border of the principality takes place in 20 versts from the capital. They were not afraid of this border and in the USSR until the Finns were considered neutral and not involved in any aggressive ideas against the USSR. But as soon as the Finns refused the USSR in his absolutely legitimate requests to protect Leningrad, no question could not arise, why do they do it? Why, hiding from the people and parliament, seek to weaken the USSR in his future conflict with Germany? After all, whoever won in the approaching war of the USSR and Germany, if Finland remains neutral, it will not have any benefit from it. Consequently, in the future war, Finland was not going to remain neutral and, which logically spacked out of the behavior of the Finnish government: weakening the defense of Leningrad, Finland planned to attack the USSR at a convenient moment. Now, naturally, the question of the Finnish border in the suburbs of Leningrad could not not rise.
In March 1939, Germany fully occupied Czechoslovakia, and in these conditions of the Soviet Union formulated final proposals of Finland: to rent a plot of land at Cape Hanko (at the entrance to the Finnish Bay) and exchange with the benefit of the Finnish territory of the Karelian Isthmus (before defensive "Mannerheim" line) for significantly larger territory of the USSR. Moreover, it was Cape Hanko remained the main request. And it can be seen in the negotiations.
When Finns seem to have agreed to move the border on the Karelian Isthmus not on the asked 20-70 km., But only 10 and exchange this territory to the Soviet, in response they received: "The proposal is not acceptable, but is subject to re-examination."
Was it acceptable for Finland an agreement with the USSR on the transfer of the boundary? Responding to this question, the author of the book "Crusade in the East." The victims "World War II.1941-1945", reminds that the Bolsheviks arrive in Russia, Finland has never been a sovereign state, i.e. never had its territory. Finnish tribes settled the territory of Sweden, the territory of Russia. The territory that was in 1939 in Finland, is a product of the contract of post-revolutionary Finns with Lenin. (And the Bolsheviks at that time were not to the future security of Russia, they "liberated" all the peoples of Russia to reduce the number of their enemies in the counter-revolution camp. Even Ukraine "released", recognizing the law actually rebellious on its territory.) And what the contract Coordinated, the contract can be changed. It was impossible to change its territory at the request of Sweden or Germany - she did not negotiate with them and was not located on their former territories. But to conclude a new, mutually beneficial agreement with Russia, the Finnish government was obliged, since there was nothing illegal. After all, Naeda Mannerheim offered himself as a responsible for the exchange of territories - nothing but glory would not be brought, since the territory of Finland at the suggestion of the USSR increased.
This is confirmed by the fact that the Finnish government thoroughly hid the essence of the requests of the USSR not only from the Finnish people, whom it was allegedly afraid of this issue, but also from the legislature. And this suggests that the arguments of the Finnish government were so fetched that they could not be discussed not only in the press, but also in parliamentary commissions. The requirements of the USSR were intelligent and fair. Interestingly, the USSR first and did not stutter about the transfer of the Karelian Isthmus to him, although the absurdity of such a close passage of the boundary was visible.
It is characteristic that even even with Germany negotiating Molotov, "the author notes," Stalin proclaimed with the Finnish delegation. What he just did not offer! We will not talk about the economic side, about the amounts of compensation, about prices in mutual trade. When the Finns stated that they could not tolerate a foreign base on its territory, he suggested digging the cape Hanko Channel across the Cape and to make a base of the island, offered to buy a piece of land on Cape and make it the territory of Soviet, and having received a refusal and interrupting negotiations seemingly fully In a few days, he returned to them again and offered Finns to buy a few small uninhabited islands at Cape Hanko, about which the Finnish delegation, not very strong in geography, did not even hear.
In the magazine "Rodina" in December 1995, a map of the last territorial proposals of the USSR Finland was given. According to the irrevocable little, asking for the territory of Finns and in the virtualities of the Soviet territory offered in return, it is already clear how important this Cape Hanko was for the USSR.
When you read the description of the then negotiations, it becomes indisputable that the Finns would never obviously ever go to any requests of the USSR. That is, if, say, the USSR agreed to the offer of Finns on the movement of the border 10 km and only, the next step, the Finns would take back and this is their consent. When the parties want to negotiate, they are looking for options and benefits. Let's say, the USSR offered to pay for the resettlement of the Finns from the Karelian Isthmus. But the Finnish side did not interest how much he would pay. The Finns seemed to agree to exchange, but they were not interested, where they will give the USSR to the land, as far as this territory will be beneficial to them - they were not traded. Finns had their own plans.
What did Finland strove, not going on any new treaties from the USSR? To military conflict? From the operational plans of the Finnish army, which remained in the military archive of Finland, it follows that "it was assumed immediately after the USSR attacks to switch to the offensive and occupy a number of territories, primarily in Soviet Karelia ...".
Moreover, the Finnish government looks no more stupid than Hitler. In 1941, Hitler cheerfully attack the USSR, and already on April 12, 1942 he issued an idiotic tirade to explain the failure of Blitzkrieg: "The whole war with Finland in 1940 is equal like the entry of Russians to Poland with outdated tanks and weapons and wearing The form of soldiers is nothing more than a grandiose disinformation campaign, since Russia has had arms, which did it along with Germany and Japan, the world power. "
In Hitler, it turns out that Stalin specially pretended to be weak, so as not to frighten the Hitler before attacking the USSR. That is, in 1941 and Hitler, his desire to see the USSR weakly issued for reality.
But how could Finland with their 3.5 million people have plans to seize the territory of the USSR with its 170 million?! And the point is that the author writes that Finland's plans were built on the fact that it will help her in the war from the USSR, and these plans were justified and real.
On January 29, 1939, at a meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers, Chamberlain said that the allies will openly enter the fighting against Russia. However, in assessing the maturity of the Scandinavian countries, the British expressed concern, as if the participation of the English-French troops on the side of Finland did not scoop Scandinavians from the fight against the USSR, then Norway and Sweden again "crawl into the shell of neutrality policy."
On February 5, the English prime minister went to Paris, together with the French to discuss on the Supreme Military Council a specific plan for joint intervention in Northern Europe. At Council, Chamberlain put forward a plan for landing the expedition building in Norway and Sweden, which, in his opinion, would expand the Finnish-Soviet military conflict and at the same time blocked the supply of Swedish ore to Germany. However, the first task was the main one. "The prevention of the defeat of Finland by Russia of this spring is extremely important, - emphasized in the ruling of the Military Cabinet of England, - and this can only be done by significant forces of well-trained troops sent from Norway and Sweden or through these countries." Daladier joined the opinion of Chamberlain. It was decided in addition to French contingents to send to the Scandinavian theater and in Finland 5, 44 and 45 English infantry divisions, formed specifically for parcel to France.
The decision to send to Sweden, Norway and Finland of significant contingents of regular expeditionary troops meant a new stage in the escalation of anti-Soviet plans of Western allies. Now the question is not so much about the help of Finland, how much about the deployment of an open war against the Soviet Union. At this time, the idea of \u200b\u200borganizing an occurrence against the USSR "Giant Ticks" was carried out in the French ruling circles: a blow from the north (including the occupation of Leningrad) and a blow from the south.
I must say, the British are able to keep secrets about their subseasing role in World War II. But to hold the secret on the nurse of Finland on the USSR failed. The archives of Britain were available, and the Soviet historian of the Anglo-French bustle describes as follows: "On January 24, 1940, the head of the Imperial General Staff of England, General E. Ayronside, presented the Military Cabinet Memorandum" The Main Strategy of War "." In my opinion, "Ironside emphasized, - we We can provide effective assistance to Finland only if they attack Russia as far as possible from more destinations and, which is especially important, I will strike in Baku - the area of \u200b\u200boil production in order to cause the most serious state crisis in Russia. "Ironside, expressing the opinion of certain circles of English Governments and commands, gave themselves the report that such actions will inevitably lead the Western allies to the war from the USSR, but in the current situation considered it completely justified.
At about the same time, I made an assessment of the situation and the French General Headquarters. On January 31, General M.Gamelen, expressing the point of view of the General Staff of France, stated with confidence that in 1940 Germany will not attack Western countries, and offered the English government plan to landing the expeditionary corps in Petsamo, so that in conjunction with Finland, to deploy active fighting against Soviet Union. According to the French command, the Scandinavian countries still "not ripe" for independent actions on the side of Finland.
And British historian Len Daton tells why the British did not manage to keep their plans for the attacks on the USSR following Finland: "The French air army allocated five squadrons of Martin Meriland bombers who had to fly from the bases in the northeastern part of Syria and strike a blow According to Batumi and Grozny. Code names for designating goals: Berlioz, Cesear Frank and Debussy. The Royal Air Force was to use four squadrons of Bristol Blentheim bombers and a squadron of the doped single-engine "Vickers Wellsley", based on the airfield Mosul in Iraq.
To prepare for the night raid, there was an aerial photography of goals. On March 30, 1940, the civilian "Lokhid 14 Super-Electra" with the identification signs of passenger aviation took off from the Royal Air Force Airfield in Iraq. The crew was dressed in civilian clothes and chalk with them fake documents. These were the pilots of the 224th squadron of the Royal Air Force, in service with which the Lokhid Hudson aircraft stood, the military version of "Electra". The British were easily photographed Baku, but when April 5, the intelligence officers headed to fall out oil moorings in the Batumi area, Soviet anti-aircraft people were ready to meet. "Electra" returned, having only three-quarters of potential purposes on the negatives. All the pictures were shipped to the General Staff of Forces in the Middle East in Cairo to form flight cards with the designation of goals.
On February 13, the Committee of the Headquarters of England gave an indication of its representatives in the Allied Military Committee to prepare the Directive, on the basis of which the planning authorities of the headquarters would be able to prepare the Plan of Action of the Anglo-French troops in the Northern Finland "Petsamskaya Operation", which provided a landing for more than 100 thousand Anglo-French Forces in Norway and Sweden.
When considering this plan on February 15, the head of the Imperial Staff General Ironside emphasized that the troops that would act in Northern Finland should have a line of communications. If they fall into Petsamo, they will be forced to turn either to the east, capturing Murmansk and the Murmansk railway, or to the west, opening the way through Narvik.
As a result of the discussion, it was decided to assist Finland, having landed the landing in Petsamo or its surroundings in order to cut the Murmansk Railway, and subsequently capture Murmansk to turn it into the base for the operation.
In the first section of the plan, where political factors set out, which may affect the course of the operation, it was said that the landing in the area of \u200b\u200bPetsamo will inevitably lead the allies to the armed forces to direct and immediately a collision with the Russian armed forces, and therefore should proceed from that provision that war With Russia will become a natural result, since the invasion of the Russian territory will be the necessary part of the upcoming operation.
The author of the book notes that the aggressiveness of Finland in those years was obvious. After all, if the USSR, starting the war, decided to seize Finland, the remaining Scandinavian countries became in line. They would have to stick, they would have to immediately join the war. But ... When the USSR began to exclude from the league of the nation, then from 52 states entering the League, 12 of their representatives to the conference were not sent at all, and 11 did not vote for the exception. And among these 11 - Sweden, Norway and Denmark. That is, Finland for these countries did not seem an innocent girl, and the USSR did not look the aggressor.
Finnish authors are custody when they write about that "the result of aggression was the exclusion of the USSR from the League of Nations and the secret smiles of Nazis about the failure of the Russians in the north." And again in the Finnish book to reinforce the shaky arguments, Khrushchev memoirs are used: "The Germans, with undisguised joy watched, how we tolerate defeat from Finns. Here the Red Army finally showed himself in the case. In all likelihood, this campaign has changed the whole drawing of the second World War, if not in itself - world history. "
Cutting constantly Khrushchev, Finnish authors for some reason forget about Mannerheim, who wrote: "However, it immediately discovered that Finland could not expect active assistance from the Scandinavian countries. If such countries like Uruguay, Argentina and Colombia, on the assembly of the League of Nations We strongly stood on our side, then Sweden, Norway and Denmark stated that they would not take part in any sanctions against the Soviet Union. Moreover, Scandinavia countries abstained from voting on the exclusion of the aggressor from the League of Nations! "
Yuri Muhin notes that Finns overwhelmed with optimism, because they had strong potential allies behind his back. Plans of the war with a neighbor in relation to the USSR were extremely offensive at Finland. (Refused these plans Finland only a week after the start of the war, when it really tried to step). According to these plans to strengthen the "Mannerheim Line" reflected a blow from the south, and the Finnish army occurred throughout the front to the East to Karelia. The border of the new Finland was to be moved away and passing around Neva - the South Coast of Ladoga - the eastern coast of Onega Lakes - the White Sea and to the Arctic Ocean (with the inclusion of the Kola Peninsula) "That's it!
At the same time, the area of \u200b\u200bFinland increased by half, and the land border from the USSR was reduced more than twice. The border would be completely in deep rivers and sequid lakes. It must be said that the goal of the war, set in front of the Finns, if it were achievable, is no doubt about their rationality.
Even if there were no Finnish documents on this, about these offensive plans could be guessed. Look once again on the card, the Finns strengthened the "Mannerheim Line" Little piece (about 100 km.) The borders from the USSR on the Karelian Isthmus - precisely in the place where their permanent border should be held in the plans. And a thousand kilometers of the rest of the border? Her Finns why not strengthened? After all, if the USSR wanted to capture Finland, the Red Army would have passed there from the East, from Karelia. "Mannerheim's line" is simply meaningless if Finland really was going to defend themselves, and not to come.
But, in turn, with the offensive plans of Finland, the construction of defensive lines on the border with Karelia became meaningless - why spend money, if Karelia goes to Finland and the fortifications need to be built, or rather - to complete, on the new border! On the border, which was able to conquer in 1939
Yes, from the point of view of the Finnish state, the transfer plan for the border to the favorable line and an increase in the Finnish territory was twice the way. But I repeat, - notes by the author of the book, - he was based on self-deception: the criminal actions of the Fifth Column in the USSR, expressed in the treacherous behavior of Marshal Blucher in battles with the Japanese on Lake Hassan, were adopted as in general the inability of the Red Army to fight. Reported by the Soviet press of victories under Chalchin-Golov probably did not believe, but believed political intelligence, claimed that 75% of Soviet citizens hate Soviet power. In this case, the Finnish government relied in its decisions to explicitly erroneous data.
In the autumn of 1939, the USSR concluded a treaty on assistance with the Baltic countries. Their status has not changed. They remained bourgeois and independent, but the Soviet military bases were posted on their territory. The South Store of the Finnish Bay has become more or less protected. There was a problem of the northern shore of the bay. Stalin invited the Finnish delegation to negotiate, intending to lead them personally. Invitation made Molotov on October 5th. Finns have immediately grave with arms immediately and stood on the war path. On October 6, Finnish troops began to advance at the original frontiers. On October 10, the evacuation of residents from border cities began, October 11, when the Finnish delegation arrived in Moscow, reservoir mobilization was announced. Until November 13, more than a month, Stalin tried to break the Finns to provide the USSR base to Hanko. Useless. If not to consider that during this time the Finnish side demonstratively evacuated the population from the border areas, from Helsinki and brought the number of army to 500 thousand people.
"As the troops of the cover and the field army we were able to transfer to the front in excellent condition. We got enough time - 4-6 weeks - for combat training of troops, dating them with terrain, to continue the construction of field fortifications, preparing destructive work, And also to install mines and organizations of minefields, "Mannerheim is rejoiced in his memoirs.
Even large countries, such as the USSR, for their mobilization are removed no more than 15 days. And Finland, as we see, not only completely dismissed, but also a month and a half was in a simple.
Mukhin draws attention to the "trifling" episode preceding the war. Four days before the start of the war between the USSR and Finland, November 26, 1939, the Finns fired on the territory of the USSR from the artillery guns, and in the Soviet garrison, the village of Mininil was killed 3 and wounded 6 redarmeys. Today, naturally, the Russian and Finnish historians "established", that either these shots were not at all, or the Soviet Union himself fireding his troops to get a reason for the war.
What should I do? War is so war. And on November 30, the Leningrad Military District began to tighten the challenge Finland. It was not without difficulty. The time was winter, the terrain is very heavy, the defense is prepared, the Red Army is a little trained. But the main thing, the Finns are not Poles. They fought cruelly and stubbornly. It goes without saying, Marshal Mannerheim asked the Finnish government to give way to the USSR and not bring the case to the war, but when it began, led the troops skillfully and decisively. Only by March 1940, when Finnish infantry lost 3/4 of its composition, the Finns requested the world. Well, the world is so peace. Hanko began to create a military base, instead of the territory of Mannerheim, the Karelian Isthmus took all the experiencies with the city of Viipuri (now Vyborg). The border almost all over the whole moved deep into Finland. Stalin of the dead Soviet soldiers were not going to forgive Finnam.
"Finns were excellent soldiers. Soon we realized that we were not on the teeth." Within 105 days of 1939-1940, one of the most difficult military campaigns of the early period of World War II was conducted, "Khrushchev's memoirs quoted with his book of Eloise Engle and Lauri Pianen and further inform:" In World War, this campaign was relatively small, and Nevertheless, 2 million soldiers took part in various estimates from the Finnish and Soviet side. The Soviet Union lost about 1000 aircraft and 2300 tanks. Only in 1970, in his memoirs, Khrushchev published the loss of Russians - 1 million people.
"The whole" world community, "," says Yuri Muhin on this occasion, - I am sure that the USSR wanted to win Finland, and he did not succeed. This idea is not the fact that without discussion, but without real evidence. Meanwhile, it is enough to look at Finland's card and to try to plan the war on her seizure. I am sure that even the fool would not be captured to capture her through Karelian stakes, since it was in this place that Finns were in three bands of strengthening "Mannerheim's line". But one thousand kilometers of the rest of the other border with The USSR did not have anything in the Finnov. In addition, by winter, this area was passable. Surely any, even the amateur, will plan the entrance of the troops to Finland through unprotected areas of the border and its dismemberment on the part, deprivation of communication with Sweden and access to the coast of the combat bay . If you choose the seizure of Finland, it is impossible to act differently.
And really the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. proceeded so. This is what is reported to this book in the book "Crusade to the East." The victims "World War II.1941-1945".
"At the Finnish border - 9 small divisions were put up against Finnish Sea (900 km in a straight line) against the Finnish troops, i.e. one Soviet division accounted for 100 km of the front, and this is such a front that division and defend Maybe therefore, it is completely not surprising that parts of these divisions fell during the war of the Finns in the environment. But on the Karelian Isthmus against the "Mannerheim Line", along with lakes in 140 km, acted (from the south to the north) 28, 10, 34, 50 , 19, 23, 15 and 3rd rifle buildings, 10th tank corps, as well as separate tank brigades and parts of the RGC, i.e. not less than 30 divisions. From how the Soviet command placed troops, it is quite obvious that It is not going to conquer Finland and occupied, the goal of war was the deprivation of Finns "Mannerheim's line" - a defensive belt, which Finns considered impregnable. Without these fortifications, even Finns should have become clear that with hostile attitude to the USSR would not save her .
It must be said that the first time the Finn was not understood from the first time, and in 1941 Finland again began the war from the USSR and the ally he picked up for this time worthy - Hitler. In 1941, I remind you, we asked her to make it. Useless. The Great Finland from the Baltic to the White Sea did not give the Finns to live quietly, and the new border on the system of the White-Town Baltic Channel fascinated them as the bunch of rabbit.
In fact, the Finns in this case personify the Russian saying "Bitomes Night". They can even be constructed for exceptional perseverance - after all, they tried to swallow Karelia on the last breath, so to speak, to spend the tongues on the belt. "Finland gradually was forced to mobilize his prepared reserves up to people at the age of 45, which did not happen in any of the countries, even in Germany," is recognized by Mannerheim.
In 1943, the USSR again offered Finland peace. In response, Prime Minister of Finland concluded a personal pact with Hitler about that he would not come out of the war to the complete victory of Germany. In 1944, our troops went deep into Finland, without great problems hacking a rebuilt "Mannerheim Line". The case smelled fried. Premier with his personal commitment to the Führera resigned, Baron Karl Mannerheim was appointed in his place. He concluded a truce.
It is also neat and Finnish history falsifiers. The authors of the Finnish book write: "The Russians had enough time to develop their plans, the choice of time and place to attack, and they significantly exceeded the number of their neighbor. But, as Khrushchev wrote," ... Even in such the highest conditions only with the great We were able to win the work and cost of huge losses. Victory such a price was actually a moral defeat. "
Of the total number of 1.5 million people sent to Finland, the losses of the USSR were killed (according to Khrushchev) amounted to 1 million people. Russians lost about 1000 aircraft, 2,200 tanks and armored vehicles, as well as a huge number of different military assets, including equipment, ammunition, horses, passenger and trucks. "
Finnish losses, although incommensurable smaller, were crushing for the 4 million people. There is something similar in 1940 in the United States with their population of more than 130 million, the loss of Americans in just 105 days would be 2.6 million people killed and wounded. "
The fact that the USSR war lost because he had a combat losses several times higher than that of the Finnish army, "the mystery of the wretched man," Yuri Mukhin is parried, - but it's somehow necessary to confirm. In 1996, it was proved that in the war of 1939-1940. Soviet killed and missing was 70 thousand people, and another 176 thousand wounded and frostbed. No, another author asserted - A.M.NOSov, I better think: killed and missing was 90 thousand, and the wounded - 200 thousand and by 1995 the historian P.Apttear counted exactly exactly - only killed and missing It turned out to be 131,76,76 people. And he did not consider the wounded, it seems, hundreds of thousands. As a result of Kommersant-Power of March 30, 1999, it already boldly calculates the losses of the USSR in that war in Halmillion, i.e. The account is already on millions! That's right, what to regret them, Stalinsky Sovkov?
But what about Finnish losses? The Finnish historian T.Whikhavainen them "calculated accurately" - 23 thousand. In connection with which P.Aptecar is happily calculating and even highlights in bold: "It turns out that even if you proceed from the fact that the irrevocable losses of the Red Army amounted to 130 thousand people, then For each killed Finnish soldier and officer there are five killed and frozen our compatriots. "
Finnish historian I. Khakala writes that Mannerheim, by March 1940, just no troops left. And where did they go? And the historian of Hakal gives such a phrase: "According to experts, the infantry lost about 3/4 of its composition (in mid-March already 64,000 people). Since the infantry at that time consisted of 150,000 people, then its losses were already 40 percent." .
No, gentlemen, in Soviet schools did not consider this: 40% is not ¾, - notes the author of the book. - And the infantry at Finland was not 150 thousand fleets were small, aviation and tank troops were almost no (even today the Airborne Forces and the Navy and Navy, together with border guards - 5.2 thousand people), 700 stem artillery - a maximum of 30 thousand people. No matter how cool, but besides infantry, troops were no more than 100 thousand. Consequently, 400 thousand infantry falls on the infantry and infantry losses in 3/4 mean losses of 300 thousand people from which 80 thousand should be killed.
But this is a calculation, and how to confirm it if all the archives of the "Democrats", and what they want with them, then do? It remains to wait. And waiting justifies itself. Apparently, also to the anniversary of the Soviet-Finnish war, the historian V.P. Galitsky in 1999 produces a small book "Finnish prisoners of war in the NKVD camps." He tells how to them, poor there. Well, along the way, rushing in our and Finnish archives, he, without thinking, leads the losses of the parties not only in the prisoners, but also common, and not only our bloated, but also, apparently, genuine Finnish. They are as follows: the total losses of the USSR - 285 thousand people. Finland - 250 thousand killed and missing: the USSR - 90 thousand people, in Finland - 95 thousand people.
"Under the conditions of the peace treaty, the Finnish authors are regretted - to Russia, the second largest city of Finland Viipuri (now Vyborg); the largest port in the North Arctic Ocean Petsamo; the strategically important area of \u200b\u200bthe Hanko peninsula; the largest Lake Peninsula and the whole Karelian Ladoga - Living place 12 percent of the population of Finland.
Finland refused to benefit the Soviet Union from its territory with a total area of \u200b\u200b22 thousand square kilometers. In addition to viipuri, she lost such important ports like Uura, Koivisto, the northern part of the Lake Ladoga and an important Symepan canal. The evacuation of the population and the removal of property was given two weeks; Most of the property had to leave or destroy. A huge loss for the country's economy was the loss of the forest industry of Karelia with its excellent sawmill, woodworking and plywood enterprises. Finland also lost part of the enterprises of the chemical, textile and steel industry. 10 percent of the enterprises of these industries were in the Voices Voices River valley. Almost 100 power plants went to the victorious Soviet Union. "
"I don't know how there with the West, but the debt of Finland of the USSR," said Yuri Muhin in conclusion, "Mannerheim really paid to the coin - Stalin followed this. So suck, how to celebrate Finland's victory over the USSR? What is Moscow Limit Tupaya, but it can guess, which will be fattened by export deliveries to the West of Nickel from those mines that they were legitimately produced in this "lost" war ".
Prepared Olga Andreeva
This public organization of local history and historians made a significant contribution to the study of Finno-Ugric themes, the history of Russia in the twentieth century. One of the active leaders of the Moscow branch of the Society for the study of Komi Territory (MO OIKK) was Professor Vasily Ilyich Lykin, subsequently became the famous Finnish scientist. It was unlikely that Lykkin knew about it, but, as it became today it is known, existed in finnoglery and other - rather strange approaches to the study of the subject ...
According to the Fuhrera Directive
December 1941. In a huge territory from Leningrad to the Crimea there are fierce battles of our troops with fascists. The fate of Moscow is solved. The Germans are 30 kilometers from the Kremlin. The German Nazi Army "Center" Command Feldmarshal Fedor's background side (unusual for the offacarious German military name Russian name with Greek roots) ...
In December 1941, the background side is obtained by a very strange Hitler directive. The Führer categorically prohibits him any shelling and airbobes in the five-minute zone along the Oki River, ranging from Ryazan and towards Murom. Moreover, from the BOK background, this directive requires a reliable cover with a special search and archaeological group, which will be abandoned in the forests of the Ryazan region. The group is directed by Anecherb organization, the purpose of the search is not disclosed.
Graphic symbol of the Anecherbe division
Goths on Ryazan?
What could the Nazis on the Ryazan Earth? Most likely, Anenerbe (the German Society for the Study of the Ancient German History and Heritage of the ancestors), methodically plored the cultural values \u200b\u200bof the occupied countries and subjected these values \u200b\u200bfrom the point of view of Nazi racial theory and accepted by the Nazis of German-Scandinavian mythology, was abandoned by a special archaeological group. To study the Kurgan chain of the Kurgan, which is drawn along the Oka from Ryazan and to Murom himself. Precedents of such research were there during the occupation of the Leningrad region. Also known for the purposeful activities of Anecherbe in the three regions of the USSR - in Crimea, on the Kola Peninsula and Ryazanchin. And the thing is that in the territory of the modern Ryazan region, the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group live on the territory of the modern Ryazan region ... Perhaps the special group "Anecherbe" was going to look for traces and random relations of the descendants of the Aryans, Germans, with local Dlavyan tribes in Ryazanchina?
Was the military union?
In any case, the excavations of the Russian archaeologists around 2005 at the site of the town of Old Ryazan, which is 60-70 kilometers from modern Ryazan, established the tribes once living there (they called their researchers), which treated the Volga-Finnish branch Finno-Ugric peoples - this is evidenced by their material culture. In the process of ethnogenesis, they could capture part of the Ugric tribes, the ancestors of modern Hungarians. Ryazano-opts were not aborigines. They came here shortly before the start of our era. From the point of view of archeology, their arrival is traced very well. And just as well characterizes new-section.
Local tribes of the so-called city culture (they are considered the ancestors of the Morder - also the Volga-Finnish people) in this zone of the Oka were, as it turned out, barbarices were exterminated. Collective burials, and easier to say pits with chopped remains, accompany almost every city fortification. At the places of settlements, the layer of ash - they were burned, and no one else lived there. Aggressive aliens took control of the huge territory of the floors - almost from the modern borders of the Moscow region to Kasimov ...
... Scientists suggest that the Ryazan-Owls came to OKU from the East. But throughout his almost millennial history, they were closely connected with the south, with German tribes are ready. At the beginning of the first 1 millennia, Goths were naked on the Don, from where they later went to Western Europe. In the national costume of Ryazan-Region a lot of Gothic elements. Their weapon is largely copied by the German, and the crowns of the generic prince repeat the samples of the crown of the early Gothic kings. It is even expressed by the assumption about the military union of Ryazan-Region and is ready - that they were like a northern phalanx of the Military Gothic Empire, held half of Eastern Europe in fear ...
Disappeared in Ryazan forests
... Ryazano-Region is clearly traced by the military elite in which from IV-V centuries. AD Women began to enter. Part of women buried with weapons and horse udis, without leaving the place for a dual understanding of their occupations. These representatives of beautiful sex fought on a par with men, which, according to archaeologists, was caused by a complex military-political situation. However, by the end of the VII century. There are no such burials - life has changed, and Ryazan-round women returned to previous classes.
Completed the description of the "Nazi approach" in search of cultural goths on Ryazanchin, it should be noted that the fate of all involved in this case in December 1941 turned out to be tragic: a special group "Anenchian", abandoned in the midst of winter in the rear of the enemy, disappeared in Ryazan forests. Fedor's background side, in the last days of the war, the new authorities in the last days of the war, died during the airline.
However, we also know other - the light is an approach to the study of Finno-Ugoria as one of the main ethnic pillars of the Russian super ethnic. Perhaps the last significant representative of this approach, we can call our countryman - an outstanding Soviet Komi poet, translator, Lingoist, Finno-Thought, Dr. Philological Sciences, Academician of the Finnish Academy of Sciences (1969), Winner of the State Prize of the Committee ASSR. Kuratov, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR and Komi ASSR Vasily Ilyich Lykina. The long life of this devotee of science was filled with a considerable amount of deprivation and victories. It is also remarkably that during your professional maturity in 1949 - 1959. Vasily Ilyich held a professorship in the Ryazan Pedagogical Institute.
