Quantitative and qualitative reduction in biology. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron - reduction in biology. Reduction in biology* is

- (from lat. reductio - return, pushing back), underdevelopment or complete disappearance of an organ (structure) normally developed in ancestors (phylogenetic. R.) or in the early stages of individual development (ontogenetic. R.). See involution, degeneration. Biological encyclopedic dictionary

REDUCTION - (from lat. reductio - return, bringing back) 1) reduction, weakening of something; reduction of complex to simpler, accessible for analysis or solution; 2) fall in exchange rates, securities and commodity prices. Economic glossary of terms

Reduction - I Reduction (from lat. reductio - return, bringing back) restoration of the previous state, reduction of complex to simpler. Great Soviet Encyclopedia

reduction - REDUCTION -i; and. [from lat. reductio - return, push back] Spec. 1. Simplification, reduction of complex to simple. R. labor. 2. Reduction, weakening of smth. R. pressure, steam. R. eyes in animals living underground. (biol. Dictionary Kuznetsova

REDUCTION - 1. (from lat. reductio - return) - withdrawal from the feud. the aristocracy of the crown lands that passed into her hands, carried out by the queens. the power of some Europeans. state-in in the 16-17 centuries. R. acquired the greatest importance and size in Sweden in the 2nd half. Soviet historical encyclopedia

reduction - Reductions, w. [Latin. reductio - abduction]. 1. Transition, bringing the complex to a simpler form (scientific). 2. Development leading to a simplification of the structure of the organism (biol.). cell reduction. Big Dictionary foreign words

reduction - reduction "reduction"; (old) "removal from office, dismissal", starting with Peter I (Smirnov 256). Through the Polish redukcja from lat. reductiō" back casting, diversion". Etymological dictionary Max Fasmer

reduction - reduction I f. Weakening, less distinct pronunciation of a vowel in an unstressed position (in linguistics). II well. The fall in the exchange rate of securities or exchange prices. III. Reduction of a complex production process to a simpler one. IV... Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

reduction - noun, number of synonyms: 7 autoreduction 1 attenuation 57 reduction 13 reduction 6 reduction 53 simplification 14 photoreduction 2 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language

reduction - orph. reduction, -and orthographic dictionary Lopatina

REDUCTION - REDUCTION - eng. reduction; German reduction. reduction. 1. Simplification, reduction of a complex arbitrary process to a simpler one, more accessible for analysis and solution. 2. Logical method. sociological dictionary

reduction - and, well. 1. spec. Transition, reduction of complex to simple. Labor reduction. || Reduction, weakening of smth. in some relation. 2. biol. Reducing the size of an organ, simplifying its structure, associated with the loss of functions, or its complete death. Small Academic Dictionary

reduction - Reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction, reduction grammar dictionary Zalizniak

REDUCTION - REDUCTION - in linguistics - the weakening of the sound of vowels in an unstressed position. Sometimes a reduction is called any transition from a more complete form of a language element (word, sentence, etc.) to a shorter one. Big encyclopedic dictionary

reduction - RED'UKTSIYA, reductions, female. (lat. reductio - abduction). 1. Transition, bringing the complex to a simpler form (scientific). 2. Development leading to a simplification of the structure of the organism (biol.). cell reduction. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

reduction - REDUCTION, and, f. (specialist.). 1. Transition, reduction of complex to simple. 2. Reduction, weakening of something. R. steam pressure. R. unstressed vowels. | adj. reduction, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

reductio- return, pushing back) - reduction, simplification of the structure or disappearance of organs due to the loss of their functions in the process of evolution.

For example, representatives of the Chloranthaceae family are distinguished by a strong reduction of flowers: petals, and sometimes sepals, they do not have, male flowers in some species have only one stamen.

Often, organs lose their inherent function in the course of individual (ontogeny) or historical (phylogenesis) development of organisms. Usually, biological reduction leads to the prosperity of the species (biological progress).

see also

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Literature

• Biological encyclopedic dictionary / chapters. ed. M. S. GILYAROV - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1986. - S. 534.
• Dictionary of foreign words. - M .: "Sirin", 1996. - S. 423.

An excerpt characterizing the Reduction (biology)

“I knew you would,” Pierre answered. “I will come to you for supper,” he added quietly, so as not to disturb the viscount, who continued his story. - Can?
“No, you can’t,” said Prince Andrei, laughing, shaking hands letting Pierre know that there was no need to ask.
He wanted to say something else, but at that time Prince Vasily and his daughter got up, and two young men got up to give them way.
“Excuse me, my dear viscount,” said Prince Vasily to the Frenchman, gently pulling him by the sleeve down to the chair so that he would not get up. “This unfortunate feast at the Messenger’s is depriving me of my pleasure and interrupting you. I am very sad to leave your delightful evening,” he said to Anna Pavlovna.
His daughter, Princess Helen, lightly holding the folds of her dress, went between the chairs, and the smile shone even brighter on her beautiful face. Pierre looked with almost frightened, enthusiastic eyes at this beauty when she passed him.

the process that takes place during the maturation of male and female sexual elements and boils down to the fact that the number of elements of the coloring matter (chromatin or nuclein) located in the nucleus of the germ cell is halved. It has long been noted that when the egg ripens, two small bodies appear on its surface, of which one usually divides in half. They have been called guiding vesicles (Richtungsbläschen), polar bodies, and finally are now called reduction vesicles. When this process was studied more precisely (by O. Hertwig mainly), it turned out that we are dealing with the division of an egg into 4 parts, but only the separating parts, although they are real cells, turn out to be very uneven in size. One of these parts is huge compared to the others, it often contains a lot of nutritious material - this is an egg. The other three parts are small and seem like underdeveloped eggs destined for destruction. These are, consequently, abortive eggs containing too little nutritional material to develop further. They are the reduction bubbles. Like a real egg, they contain a nucleus with a specific number of chromatin elements for each animal. If an unfertilized egg (sex cell) had 4 elements (Fig. 1 A), then before the selection of the first reduction bubble, their number doubles, why the first bubble and the egg, each receiving half of the total number, each contain 4 elements ( B, WITH And D).

Fig. Fig. 1. Scheme of allocation of reduction vesicles, according to Hertwig, in Asaris megalocephala var. bivaleus. A- sex cell with 4 chromatin elements; B, C And D- selection of the first bubble (2), E- division of the first bubble (into 2 and 3) and the beginning of the release of the second one; F- selection of the second bubble (4).

Before the release of the second bubble, this doubling does not occur, and the second bubble and the egg after its release contain only two elements each ( D, E And F), as well as the fission products of the first bubble also contain only 2 elements each. Thus, the original egg, which contained 4 nuclear elements, broke up into 4 parts, each containing 2 elements, in other words, there was a change in the number of chromatin elements. The same thing happens with the formation of gum in the male organs. Semen-forming cell (Fig. 2, A) is divided sequentially into 4 cells ( B, F), but during the secondary division - doubling of the chromatin elements does not occur and each of the 4 cells, which then give rise to the gums, contains 2 elements each.

Fig. 2. Scheme of the development of livestock in the same animal, according to Hertwig. A - p tin cell with 4 chromatin elements. B, C, D- its first division, E And F- the second division.

The process is exactly the same, but here all 4 cells each give rise to a sexual element, while in the female 3 of them are abortive and die. The live gum ready for fertilization and the egg ready for fertilization thus contain half as many chromatin elements as the original reproductive cell. The sex cell, like any other cell that is part of the body of an animal, contains the same number of elements, and, moreover, a certain number of elements for each species. In fact, all the cells of the body of an animal originate by successive division of a fertilized egg, with each division doubling the number of chromatin elements. If this number was 4, then it will also be 4 in all subsequent cells, because 8 elements fall on two cells. If there had not been a preliminary R. of elements that combine during fertilization, then the egg and gum would have combined, but would not have merged, the elements of their nuclei. If both of them had 4 (as in the above example) chromatin elements, then during fertilization the number of elements would increase to 8 and germ cells of the new generation would also have 8 elements. With the fusion of the germ cells of this generation during fertilization, the number of nuclear elements would reach 16, in the next generation 32, and so on, it would increase to infinity. With R., if the gum and the egg separately contain half as many chromatin elements, then during fertilization, when the elements of both are combined, the number will only reach the norm, as well as all the cells of the body of the generation that comes out of this egg will be contain a normal number of chromatin elements. During the virgin development of eggs, the first vesicle is completely released, and the second is also isolated, but, as A. Brauer showed, instead of standing out, its elements lie next to the egg nucleus and relate to it in exactly the same way as the elements of the gum in a fertilized egg, i.e., the chromatin elements of the second vesicle are attached to the elements of the egg, and as a result, the number of chromatin elements in the egg, although it is not fertilized, still reaches the norm. It is interesting to note that during the conjugation of ciliates - a process considered as a prototype of fertilization, also not all of the chromatin of the nucleus (micronucleus) is active, but only l / 4 of it, 3 / 4 are discarded. According to Weisman, during R., elements that are qualitatively different from the elements remaining in the egg can be removed, and since the properties of cells, according to his hypothesis, are determined by the properties of chromatin elements, their shuffling during R. can cause the predominance of certain elements and respond with changes in the organization of the offspring. Among such changes are Weisman's manifestation of atavistic properties, i.e., signs of distant ancestors. It should be noted that recently doubts have arisen about the possibility of such a qualitative R. As for the numerical R., some observers argue that it is not an exclusive property of germ cells, but can also take place in the cells of the body. If a decrease in the mass of chromatin occurs during the release of vesicles, then, as accurate measurements show, it can increase again. Thus, many consider the question of the significance of the process described by us to be open, and the phenomenon of R. itself is not fully proven. Wed O. Gertvich, "Cage and tissues" (translated by Kholodkovsky); Erlanger, "Spermatogenetische Fragen" ("Zool. Centralblatt", No. 8, 1897).

IN. Shimkevich.

• - see similarity ...
• - a fundamental property of living organisms, expressed in their ability, overcoming or using external influences to realize their needs, it is advisable to respond to environmental factors ...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - see Stigmas...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - the property of blood serum to deprive some bacteria of mobility and at the same time crowd them into lumps of various sizes. This property is supposed to depend on the presence of special substances in the blood - agglutinins ...

  encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron

• - a process that takes place during the maturation of male and female sexual elements and boils down to the fact that the number of coloring matter elements in the nucleus of the germ cell is halved. It's been a long time...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - Aborigines in biology, the same as autochthons ...
• - the external similarity of organisms of different systematic groups, as well as organs or their parts, originating from different initial rudiments and having an unequal structure ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Asymmetry in biology, the absence or violation of the regular arrangement of similar parts of the body relative to a certain point, axis or plane ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Species, the main structural unit in the system of living organisms, the qualitative stage of their evolution...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - A gradient in biology, a regular quantitative change in morphological or functional, including biochemical, properties along one of the axes of the body of an organism at any stage of its development ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Degradation in biology, simplification of the structure and function of animals or plants under the influence of changed conditions of existence ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Divergence in biology, divergence of signs of organisms in the course of evolution ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Dissimilation in biology, the opposite side of assimilation of metabolism, which consists in the destruction organic compounds with the transformation of proteins, nucleic acids, fats, carbohydrates into simple substances ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Inversion in biology, a change in the structure of a chromosome caused by a 180° turn of one of its internal sections. Such a chromosomal rearrangement is the result of two simultaneous breaks in one chromosome ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Type in biology, 1) the highest taxonomic category in the taxonomy of animals, uniting related classes ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"Reduction, in biology" in books

Reduction to toilet humor

From the book The granary of compassion author Smirnov Alexey Konstantinovich

Reduction to toilet humor Let's return to persistent medicine. For some reason, there is less and less humor in it. The other day I learn about one humor - but that's how you look at it. In short, in my hospital, which I left as a woman who did not cry much, fear came. Did not come

6. PHENOMENOLOGICAL REDUCTION IN DECARTS

From the book Ethics of Transformed Eros author Vysheslavtsev Boris Petrovich

4. Reduction and construction

From the book Ways to Create Worlds author author unknown

4. Reduction and construction Debates about the criteria for constructive definitions have often focused on whether the agreement between definiens and definiendum is intensional or only extensional. The demand for absolute synonymy was based on the belief that

2. Reduction and experience

From the book Studies in the Phenomenology of Consciousness author Molchanov Viktor Igorevich

2. Reduction and experience There is no term "phenomenological reduction" in LI, but does this mean that the procedure, which Husserl would call in this way in his 1907 lectures and later in Ideas I, is absent here? In other words, does the LI have a premise or argument that

2. indication reduction

From the book Voice and Phenomenon author Derrida Jacques

2. The Reduction of Indication The theme which serves as proof of this devotion to metaphysics, and to which we shall now return, is the theme of the superficial connection of indication and expression. In one chapter, Husserl devotes eleven paragraphs to the expression and only three to "the essence

5.8. State vector reduction R

From the book Shadows of the Mind [In Search of the Science of Consciousness] author Penrose Roger

The reduction and "dying" of the political

From the book What it means to be a student: Works 1995-2002 author Markov Alexey Rostislavovich

Reduction and "dying" of the political The gradual disappearance of student politics in the narrow sense of the word obviously requires a more detailed study. Within the period under review, this process was not completed: in 1924, according to the testimony of the head

Reduction (biol.)

TSB

Reduction (in logic)

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (RE) of the author TSB

Reduction (in science and technology) by the author RuBoard team

Reduction in the directive parallel for Often the value of some variable is accumulated in the loop, before the loop this variable is initialized, and at each iteration some value is added to it or multiplied by some value. This variable must be declared

reductio- return, pushing back) - reduction, simplification of the structure or disappearance of organs due to the loss of their functions in the process of evolution.

For example, representatives of the Chloranthaceae family are distinguished by a strong reduction of flowers: they lack petals, and sometimes sepals, and male flowers in some species have only one stamen.

Often, organs lose their inherent function in the course of individual (ontogeny) or historical (phylogenesis) development of organisms. Usually, biological reduction leads to the prosperity of the species (biological progress).

Literature

• Dictionary of foreign words. - M .: "Sirin", 1996. - S. 423.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• Dneprovskaya (mine)
• North by northwest

See what "Reduction (biology)" is in other dictionaries:

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REDUCTION, IN BIOLOGY*

The process that takes place during the maturation of male and female sexual elements and boils down to the fact that the number of elements of the coloring matter (chromatin or nuclein) located in the nucleus of the germ cell is halved. It has long been noted that when the egg ripens, two small bodies appear on its surface, of which one usually divides in half. They have been called guide vesicles (Richtungsbl a schen), polar bodies, and, finally, are now called reduction vesicles. When this process was studied more precisely (by O. Hertwig mainly), it turned out that we are dealing with the division of an egg into 4 parts, but only the separating parts, although they are real cells? turn out to be very uneven. Is one of these parts huge compared to the others, does it often contain a lot of nourishing material? it's an egg. The other three parts are small and seem like underdeveloped eggs destined for destruction. These are, consequently, abortive eggs containing too little nutritional material to develop further. What do they represent? reducing vesicles. Like a real egg, they contain a nucleus with a specific number of chromatin elements for each animal. If an unfertilized egg (sex cell) had 4 elements (Fig. 1a), then before the release of the first reduction vesicle, their number doubles, why the first vesicle and the egg, each receiving half of the total number, contain 4 elements each (B, C and D ).

Fig. Fig. 1. Scheme of isolation of reduction vesicles, according to Hertwig, in Asaris megalocepha la var. bivaleus. A? sex cell with 4 chromatin elements; B, C and D? release of the first bubble (2), E ? division of the first bubble (by 2 and 3) and the beginning of the release of the second; F? release of the second bubble (4).

Before the release of the second bubble, such a doubling does not occur, and the second bubble and the egg after its release contain only two elements each (D, E and F), as well as the fission products of the first bubble also contain only 2 elements each. Thus, the original egg, which contained 4 nuclear elements, broke up into 4 parts, each containing 2 elements, in other words, there was a change in the number of chromatin elements. The same thing happens with the formation of gum in the male organs. The seed-producing cell (Fig. 2, A) divides sequentially into 4 cells (B, F), but during secondary division? doubling of chromatin elements does not occur, and each of the 4 cells, which then give rise to gummies, contains 2 elements.

Fig. 2. Scheme of the development of livestock in the same animal, according to Hertwig. A? sex cell with 4 chromatin elements. B, C, D? the first division of her, E and F ? second division.

The process is exactly the same, but here all 4 cells each give rise to a sexual element, while in the female 3 of them are abortive and die. The live gum ready for fertilization and the egg ready for fertilization thus contain half as many chromatin elements as the original reproductive cell. The sex cell, like any other cell that is part of the body of an animal, contains the same number of elements, and, moreover, a certain number of elements for each species. In fact, all the cells of the body of an animal originate by successive division of a fertilized egg, with each division doubling the number of chromatin elements. If this number was 4, then it will also be 4 in all subsequent cells, because 8 elements fall on two cells. If there had not been a preliminary R. of elements that combine during fertilization, then the egg and gum would have combined, but would not have merged, the elements of their nuclei. If both of them had 4 (as in the above example) chromatin elements, then during fertilization the number of elements would increase to 8 and germ cells of the new generation would also have 8 elements. With the fusion of germ cells of this generation during fertilization, the number of nuclear elements would reach 16, in the next generation 32, etc.? would increase to infinity. With R., if the gum and the egg separately contain half as many chromatin elements, then during fertilization, when the elements of both are combined, the number will only reach the norm, as well as all the cells of the body of the generation that comes out of this egg will be contain a normal number of chromatin elements. During the virgin development of eggs, the first vesicle is completely released, and the second is also isolated, but, as A. Brauer showed, instead of standing out, its elements lie next to the egg nucleus and relate to it in exactly the same way as the elements of the gum in a fertilized egg, i.e., the chromatin elements of the second vesicle are attached to the elements of the egg, and as a result, the number of chromatin elements in the egg, although it is not fertilized, still reaches the norm. It is interesting to note that during the conjugation of ciliates? process, considered as a prototype of fertilization, also not all of the chromatin of the nucleus (micronucleus) is active, but only l / 4 of it, 3 / 4 are discarded. According to Weisman, during R., elements that are qualitatively different from the elements remaining in the egg can be removed, and since the properties of cells, according to his hypothesis, are determined by the properties of chromatin elements, their shuffling during R. can cause the predominance of certain elements and respond with changes in the organization of the offspring. Among such changes are Weisman's manifestation of atavistic properties, i.e., signs of distant ancestors. It should be noted that recently doubts have arisen about the possibility of such a qualitative R. As for the numerical R., some observers argue that it is not an exclusive property of germ cells, but can also take place in the cells of the body. If a decrease in the mass of chromatin occurs during the release of vesicles, then, as accurate measurements show, it can increase again. Thus, many consider the question of the significance of the process described by us to be open, and the phenomenon of R. itself is not fully proven. Wed O. Gertvich, "Cage and tissues" (translated by Kholodkovsky); Erlanger, "Spermatogenetische Fragen" ("Zool. Centralblatt", ¦ 8, 1897).

V. Shimkevich.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012