East European Plain: geographical location, characteristics. The East European Plain is one of the largest plains in the world. The geographical position of the East European Plain is briefly

When I imagine in my mind a map of Russia and its European part, for some reason I imagine our territories that are directly adjacent to the western border. In fact, the European part extends right up to the borders of the Eastern Urals and includes several large federal districts. About 80% of the total population of our country lives on the European territory of Russia.

Features of the geographical location of the European part of the Russian Federation

It occupies its place almost entirely on the East European Plain. It consists of four federal districts:

• Central.
• Southern.
• Northwestern.
• Privolzhsky.

The climate of this Russian part is very heterogeneous: in the northern territories (Murmansk) in winter the temperature can reach -35 degrees Celsius, and in the southern - +6 (Krasnodar). And vice versa: in summer in the south the average temperature is +25, and in the north - +7. The northern regions of this part are washed by the waters of the Baltic and the Arctic Ocean. The developed river network contributed to the development of navigation, and the temperate climate of the middle zone of this part contributed to the good growth of forests there. Mountain systems are poorly represented: in the south it is part of the Caucasus Mountains, and in the east - the Urals. The White Sea Canal is an economic attraction, it was built in 1933 and connects the waters of Lake Onega and the White Sea.

In addition to both capitals, in this area are big cities:

• Volgograd.
• Permian.

In general, the geographical position can be assessed as favorable, due to the available access to the sea, as well as a fairly favorable climate in the center of the territory.

Main economic objects

The exit of the European part to the sea from the north and from the south, the presence of an extensive river system, involves the construction of such important economic facilities as reservoirs. The largest of them in terms of volume will be:

• Kuibyshevskoye (Samara region) - 58,000 million cubic meters m.
• Volgograd (Volgograd region) - 31,450 million cubic meters m.
• Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region) - 25,420 million cubic meters m.

All of these reservoirs, one way or another, are connected with the Volga River.

In the West - . From the east, the plain is bordered by mountains.

Large tectonic structures lie at the base of the plain - the Russian and Scythian plates. In most of the territory, their basement is deeply submerged under thick strata of sedimentary different ages lying horizontally. Therefore, flat relief prevails on the platforms. In a number of places the foundation of the platform is raised. There are large hills in these areas. Within the limits is the Dnieper Upland. The Baltic Shield corresponds to relatively elevated plains and, as well as low mountains. The raised foundation of the Voronezh anticlise serves as the core. The same rise in the basement is located at the base of the highlands of the High Trans-Volga region. A special case is the Volga Upland, where the foundation lies at great depths. Here, during the entire Mesozoic and Paleogene, there was a subsidence, the accumulation of thick strata of sedimentary rocks. Then, during the Neogene and Quaternary time, this area was uplifted. earth's crust, which led to the formation of the Volga Upland.

A number of large hills were formed as a result of repeated Quaternary glaciations, the accumulation of material - moraine loams and sands. Such are the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow, Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya, Northern Ridges hills.

Between the large hills are lowlands, in which the valleys of large rivers - the Dnieper, Don,.

Such high-water, but relatively short rivers carry their water to the north, such as the Onega, to the west - the Neva and Neman.

The upper reaches and channels of many rivers are often located close to each other, which, in flat conditions, contributes to their connection by channels. These are the channels. Moscow, Volgo-, Volgo-Don, White Sea-Baltic. Thanks to the canals, ships from Moscow can sail along rivers, lakes and into the Black, Baltic and seas. Therefore, Moscow is called the port of five seas.

In winter, all the rivers of the East European Plain freeze. In the spring, when the snow melts, floods occur in most parts. Numerous reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations have been built on the rivers to retain and use spring water. The Volga and Dnieper have turned into a cascade, used both for generating electricity and for shipping, irrigating land, and water supplying cities.

Feature The East European Plain is a vivid manifestation of the latitudinal. It is expressed more fully and more clearly than on other plains of the globe. It is no coincidence that the law of zoning, formulated by the famous Russian scientist, was primarily based on his study of this particular territory.

The flatness of the territory, the abundance of minerals, the relatively mild climate, sufficient rainfall, the variety of natural resources favorable for various industries - all this contributed to the intensive economic development of the East European Plain. In economic terms, this is the most important part of Russia. It is home to more than 50% of the country's population and hosts two-thirds of the total number of cities and workers' settlements. On the territory of the plain there is the most dense network of highways and railways. Most of- Volga, Dnieper, Don, Dniester, Western Dvina, Kama - are regulated and transformed into a cascade of reservoirs. In vast areas, forests have been cut down and landscapes have turned into a combination of forests and fields. Many forests are now secondary forests, where coniferous and broad-leaved species have been replaced by small-leaved species - birch, aspen. On the territory of the East European Plain there is half of the entire arable land of the country, about 40% of hayfields, 12% of pastures. Of all the large parts of the East European Plain, the most developed and changed by human activities.

East European (aka Russian) has the second largest area in the world, second only to the Amazonian lowland. It is classified as a low plain. From the north, the area is washed by the Barents and White Seas, in the south - by the Azov, Caspian and Black. In the west and southwest, the plain is adjacent to the mountains of Central Europe (Carpathians, Sudetes, etc.), in the northwest - with the Scandinavian mountains, in the east - with the Urals and Mugodzhary, and in the southeast - with the Crimean mountains and Caucasus.

The length of the East European Plain from west to east is approximately 2500 km, from north to south - about 2750 km, the area is 5.5 million km². The average height is 170 m, the maximum was recorded in the Khibiny (Mount Yudychvumchorr) on the Kola Peninsula - 1191 m, the minimum height was noted on the coast of the Caspian Sea, it has a minus value of -27 m. The following countries are completely or partially located on the territory of the plain: Belarus, Kazakhstan , Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Ukraine and Estonia.

The Russian Plain almost completely coincides with the East European Platform, which explains its relief with a predominance of planes. This geographical location is characterized by very rare manifestations of volcanic activity.

A similar relief was formed due to tectonic movements and faults. Platform deposits on this plain lie almost horizontally, but in some places they exceed 20 km. Elevations in this area are quite rare and are mainly ridges (Donetsk, Timan, etc.), in these areas the folded foundation protrudes to the surface.

Hydrographic characteristics of the East European Plain

In terms of hydrography, the East European Plain can be divided into two parts. Most of the waters of the plain have access to the ocean. The western and southern rivers belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin, and the northern ones belong to the Arctic Ocean. Of the northern rivers on the Russian Plain are: Mezen, Onega, Pechora and Northern Dvina. Western and southern water flows flow into the Baltic Sea (Vistula, Western Dvina, Neva, Neman, etc.), as well as into the Black (Dnieper, Dniester and Southern Bug) and Azov (Don).

Climatic characteristics of the East European Plain

The East European Plain is dominated by a temperate continental climate. Summer average recorded temperatures range from 12 (near the Barents Sea) to 25 degrees (near the Caspian lowland). The highest average winter temperatures are observed in the west, where in winter about -

The East European Plain is one of the largest plains on the planet. It covers four million square kilometers, fully or partially affecting the territories of ten states. What is the relief and climate of the East European Plain? You will find all the details about it in our article.

Geography of the East European Plain

The relief of Europe is very diverse - there are mountains, and plains, and swampy lowlands. Its largest orographic structure in terms of area is the East European Plain. From west to east it stretches for about a thousand kilometers, and from north to south - more than 2.5 thousand kilometers.

Due to the fact that most of the plain is located on the territory of Russia, it received the name Russian. With an eye to the historical past, it is also often called the Sarmatian Plain.

It starts from the Scandinavian Mountains and the coast of the Baltic Sea and stretches to the foothills of the Ural Mountains. Its southern border of the plain runs near the Southern Carpathians and Staraya Planina, the Crimean Mountains, the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea, and the northern edge runs along the shores of the White and Barents Seas. On the territory of the East European Plain there is a significant part of Russia, Ukraine, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Belarus. It also includes Kazakhstan, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland.

Relief and geological structure

The outlines of the plain almost completely coincide with the ancient East European platform (only a small area in the south lies on the Scythian plate). Due to this, there are no significant uplifts in its relief, and the average height is only 170 meters. The highest point reaches 479 meters - this is the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland, which is located in the Cis-Urals.

The tectonic stability of the plain is also associated with the platform. It never finds itself at the epicenter of volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. All the fluctuations of the earth's crust that occur here are low-level and are only echoes of the unrest of the mountainous regions nearby.

However, this area was not always calm. The relief of the East European Plain was formed by very old tectonic processes and glaciations. In the south, they occurred much earlier, so their traces of consequences have long been smoothed out by active climatic processes and water erosion. In the north, traces of the past glaciation are most clearly visible. They are manifested by sandy lowlands, winding bays of the Kola Peninsula, which cut deep into the land, and also in the form of a large number of lakes. On the whole, modern landscapes of the plain are represented by a number of uplands and lacustrine-glacial lowlands, alternating with each other.

Minerals

The ancient platform underlying the East European Plain is represented by crystalline rocks, which are overlain by a sedimentary layer of different ages, lying in a horizontal position. In the area of ​​Ukrainian and rocks come out in the form of low rocks and rapids.

The territory of the plain is rich in various minerals. Its sedimentary cover contains deposits of limestone, chalk, slates, phosphorites, sand and clay. Oil shale deposits are located in the Baltic region, salt and gypsum are mined in the Cis-Urals, and oil and gas are mined in Perm. Large deposits of coal, anthracite and peat are concentrated in the Donbass basin. Brown and hard coal is also mined in the Dnepropetrovsk basin of Ukraine, in the region of Perm and Moscow region in Russia.

The crystalline shields of the plain are composed mainly of metamorphic and igneous rocks. They are rich in gneisses, shales, amphibolites, diabase, porphyrite, and quartzite. Raw materials for the production of ceramics and stone building materials are mined here.

One of the most "fertile" areas is the Kola Peninsula - a source of a large amount of metal ores and minerals. Within its limits, iron, lithium, titanium, nickel, platinum, beryllium, various micas, ceramic pegmatites, chrysolite, amethyst, jasper, garnet, iolite and other minerals are mined.

Climate

Geographical position The East European Plain and its low-lying relief largely determine its climate. The Ural Mountains near its outskirts do not allow air masses to pass from the east, so throughout the year it is influenced by winds from the west. They form over the Atlantic Ocean, bringing moisture and warmth in winter, and rainfall and coolness in summer.

Due to the absence of mountains in the north, winds from the south of the Arctic also easily penetrate deep into the plain. In winter, they bring cold continental air masses, low temperatures, frosts and light snow. In the summer, they bring drought and cold snaps with them.

In the cold season, temperatures are highly dependent on the incoming winds. In summer, on the contrary, the climate of the East European Plain is most powerfully influenced by solar heat, so temperatures are distributed in accordance with the geographical latitude of the area.

In general, the weather conditions in the plains are very unstable. Atlantic and Arctic air masses over it often replace each other, which is accompanied by a constant alternation of cyclones and anticyclones.

natural areas

The East European Plain is located mainly within the temperate climate zone. Only a small part of it in the far north lies in the subarctic zone. Due to the flat relief, latitudinal zonality is very clearly traced on it, which manifests itself in a smooth transition from the tundra in the north to arid deserts on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

The tundra, covered with dwarf trees and shrubs, is found only in the extreme northern territories of Finland and Russia. Below it is replaced by taiga, the zone of which expands as it approaches the Urals. Mostly coniferous trees grow here, such as larch, spruce, pine, fir, as well as grasses and berry bushes.

After the taiga, the zone of mixed and deciduous forests begins. It covers the entire Baltic, Belarus, Romania, part of Bulgaria, a vast part of Russia, the north and northeast of Ukraine. The center and south of Ukraine, Moldova, the northeast of Kazakhstan and the southern part of Russia are covered by the forest-steppe and steppe zone. The lower reaches of the Volga and the shores of the Caspian Sea cover deserts and semi-deserts.

Hydrography

The rivers of the East European Plain flow both north and south. The main watershed between them runs through Polesye, and some of them belong to the Arctic Ocean basin, and flow down to the Barents, White and Baltic Seas. Others flow south, emptying into the Caspian Sea and the seas of the Atlantic Ocean. The longest and deepest river of the plain is the Volga. Other significant watercourses are the Dnieper, Don, Dniester, Pechora, Northern and Western Dvina, Southern Bug, Neva.

There are also many swamps and lakes in the East European Plain, but they are not evenly distributed. They are very densely distributed in the northwestern part, but in the southeast they are practically absent. On the territory of the Baltic States, Finland, Polissya, Karelia and the Kola Peninsula, reservoirs of glacial and moraine type were formed. In the south, in the region of the Caspian and Azov lowlands, there are estuary lakes and salt marshes.

Despite the relatively gentle relief, there are many interesting geological formations within the East European Plain. Such, for example, are the rocks "Lamb foreheads", which are found in Karelia, on the Kola Peninsula and in the Northern Ladoga region.

They are ledges on the surface of rocks that were smoothed during the convergence of an ancient glacier. Rocks are also called "curly". Their slopes in places where the glacier moved are polished and smooth. The opposite slopes, on the contrary, are steep and very uneven.

The Zhiguli are the only mountains on the plain that were formed as a result of tectonic processes. They are located in the southeastern part, in the region of the Volga Upland. These are young mountains that continue to grow, growing by about 1 centimeter every hundred years. Today, their maximum height reaches 381 meters.

The Zhiguli Mountains are composed of dolomites and limestones. There are also oil deposits within them. Their slopes are covered with forests and forest-steppe vegetation, among which there are also endemic species. Most of it is included in the Zhiguli Nature Reserve and is closed to the public. The site, which is not under protection, is actively visited by tourists and lovers of skiing.

Belovezhskaya Pushcha

Within the East European Plain there are many nature reserves, sanctuaries and other protected areas. One of the oldest formations is the National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha, located on the border of Poland and Belarus.

A large area of ​​relic taiga has been preserved here - a primary forest that existed in this area even in prehistoric times. It is assumed that this is what the forests of Europe looked like millions of years ago.

On the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha there are two vegetation zones, and coniferous forests are closely adjacent to mixed broad-leaved ones. The local fauna is represented by fallow deer, mouflon, reindeer, tarpan horses, bears, minks, beavers and raccoon dogs. The pride of the park is bison, which are saved here from complete extinction.

Sections: Geography

Class: 8

Lesson goals.

1. Find out the features of the nature of the plain as a factor in the formation of the most populated and developed region.

2. Develop research skills.

3. Develop a moral and aesthetic attitude towards nature.

Lesson objectives.

1. Formation of ideas and knowledge about the features of the natural region - the Russian Plain, its role in the formation of the Russian state.

2. Study of the nature and resources of the Russian Plain.

3. Deepening and expanding knowledge about the components of the NTC of the plain.

Equipment: maps of Russia - physical, climatic, vegetation of natural zones, contour maps, video film, books, mobile class, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard.

Forms of work: group work with elements of a role-playing game.

Lesson type:

for didactic purposes - the study of new material;

on teaching methods - role-playing game.

Lesson plan

1. Organization of the lesson.

2. Actualization of students' knowledge. Statement of educational tasks. Exploring a new topic.

3. The work of students in groups. Student responses. Relaxation.

4. The result of the lesson. Evaluation of student responses. Achievement of the goal.

5. Test solutions when using laptops. The practical part, the performance of tasks in contour maps.

6. Homework.

1. Stage - organizational.

Greetings. Ready for the lesson. Mark absentees in the journal.

2. Stage - actualization of students' knowledge.

Teacher. We begin to study the physical and geographical regions of Russia.

Question number 1. Name and show all these areas on physical map Russia.

Lesson topic. Russian (East European) Plain. Geographical position and features of nature.

Teacher. Guys, we have to find out what in the nature of the Russian Plain enchants a person, gives him spiritual and physical strength, affects economic activity.

To solve the problems, it is necessary to investigate the following questions.

1. Geographical position and relief of the Russian Plain.

2. Climate and inland waters.

3. Natural zones of the Russian Plain.

4. Natural resources and their use.

5. Ecological problems Russian (East European) Plain.

We begin the study of the Russian Plain with determining the geographical location of the region, since it determines the features of the NTK.

Define the term "geographic location".

Geographical position is called - the position of an object or point on the earth's surface in relation to other objects or territories.

Knowledge update

Question number 2. What underlies the division of Russia into regions or physiographic regions?

Answer. The division is based on relief and geological structure - azonal components.

Question number 3. The first NTC (physico-geographical region), which we will get acquainted with, is the Russian Plain, or as it is also called the East European Plain.

Why do you think this plain has such names?

Answer. Russian - because here is the center of Russia, Ancient Rus' was located on the plain. Most Russians in Russia live here.

Question number 4. Why Eastern European?

Answer. The plain is located in the east of Europe.

3. Stage. Group work.

Today work in groups, you receive tasks and instructions for completing tasks, for which 5 minutes are allotted.

Students are divided into groups of 4-5 people, consultants are appointed, cards with research tasks are distributed (in the course of work, the guys draw up an outline of their answer on separate sheets), receive evaluation sheets.

Evaluation paper

No. p / p	Last name, first name	Grade for answers	Grade for test	Final mark

Student research.

Group #1

Problematic question: How does the geographical location determine the features of the nature of the Russian Plain?

1. Seas washing the territory of the Russian Plain.

2. Which ocean basin do they belong to.

3. Which of the oceans has greatest influence on the features of the nature of the plain?

4. The length of the plain from north to south along 40 degrees E. (1 degree = 111 km.).

Conclusion. The plain occupies the western part of Russia. The area is about 3 million square kilometers. The influence on the features of nature is exerted by the Arctic and Atlantic Ocean s.

The Russian Plain occupies almost the entire western, European, part of Russia. It stretches from the coasts of the Barents and White Seas - in the north to the Azov and Caspian Seas - in the south; from western borders country to the Ural Mountains. The length of the territories from north to south exceeds 2500 km, the area of ​​​​the plain within Russia is about 3 million km2.

The influence of the seas of the Atlantic and the least severe seas of the Arctic Oceans on the features of its nature is connected with the geographical position of the plain. The Russian Plain has the most complete set of natural zones (from tundra to temperate deserts). In most of its territory, natural conditions are quite favorable for the life and economic activities of the population.

Group #2

Problematic question: How was the modern relief of the plain formed?

1. Comparing the physical and tectonic maps, draw a conclusion:

How does the tectonic structure affect the relief of the plain? What is an ancient platform?

2. What territories have the highest and lowest absolute heights?

3. The relief of the plain is varied. Why? What external processes formed the relief of the plain?

Conclusion. The Russian plain is located on the ancient platform - Russian. The highest height is the Khibiny mountains 1191 m, the lowest is the Caspian lowland - 28 m. The relief is diverse, the glacier in the north had a strong influence, in the south flowing waters.

The Russian Plain is located on an ancient Precambrian platform. This is due to the main feature of its relief - flatness. The folded basement of the Russian Plain lies at different depths and comes to the surface in Russia only on the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (Baltic Shield). In the rest of the territory, the foundation is covered by a sedimentary cover of different thicknesses.

The cover smooths out the irregularities of the foundation, but still, as on an x-ray, they “shine through” through the thickness of sedimentary rocks and predetermine the placement of the largest uplands and lowlands. highest height have the Khibiny mountains on the Kola Peninsula, they are on the shield, the smallest - the Caspian lowland - 28 m, i.e. 28 m below sea level.

The Central Russian Upland and the Timan Ridge are confined to basement uplifts. The Caspian and Pechora lowlands correspond to depressions.

The relief of the plain is quite diverse. In most of the territory it is rugged and picturesque. In the northern part, against the general background of a low plain, small hills and ridges are scattered. Here, through the Valdai Upland and the Northern Uvals, there is a watershed between rivers carrying their waters to the north and northwest (Western and Northern Dvina, Pechora) and flowing to the south (Dnepr, Don and Volga with their fairly numerous tributaries).

The northern part of the Russian Plain was formed by ancient glaciers. The Kola Peninsula and Karelia are located where the destructive activity of the glacier was intensive. Here, solid bedrocks with traces of glacial processing often come to the surface. To the south, where the accumulation of material brought by the glacier proceeded, formed of course - moraine ridges and hilly - moraine relief. Moraine hills alternate with depressions occupied by lakes or marshes.

Along the southern margin of the glaciation, glacial meltwater deposited a mass of sandy material. Flat or slightly concave sandy plains arose here. Currently, they are crossed by slightly incised river valleys.

To the south, large uplands and lowlands alternate. The Central Russian, Volga Uplands and the Common Syrt are separated by lowlands along which the Don and Volga flow. Erosion relief is common here. The hills are especially densely and deeply dissected by ravines and gullies.

The extreme south of the Russian Plain, flooded by seas in the Neogene and Quaternary, is distinguished by weak dissection and a slightly wavy, almost flat surface. The Russian Plain is located in the temperate climate zone. Only its extreme north is in the subarctic zone.

Relaxation. The guys are looking at slides with landscapes of nature, and with musical accompaniment.

Group #3

Problematic question: Why did a temperate continental climate form on the Russian Plain?

1. Name the climate-forming factors that determine the climate of the plain.

2. How does the Atlantic Ocean affect the climate of the plain?

3. What kind of weather do cyclones bring?

4. According to the climate map: determine the average temperatures in January and July, the annual rainfall in Petrozavodsk, Moscow, Voronezh, Volgograd.

Conclusion. The climate is temperate continental, continentality increases towards the southeast. The Atlantic has the greatest influence.

The climate of the Russian Plain is temperate continental. Continentality increases to the east and especially to the southeast. The nature of the relief ensures the free penetration of Atlantic air masses to the eastern outskirts of the plain, and the Arctic ones far to the south. During transitional periods, the advance of the Arctic air causes a sharp drop in temperature and frosts, and in summer - droughts.

The Russian Plain receives the greatest amount of precipitation compared to other large plains of our country. It is influenced by the western transport of air masses and cyclones moving from the Atlantic. This influence is especially strong in the northern and middle parts of the Russian Plain. Precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones. Humidification here is excessive and sufficient, so there are many rivers, lakes and swamps. In the strip maximum number the sources of the largest rivers of the Russian Plain are located: the Volga, the Northern Dvina. The northwest of the plain is one of the country's lake regions. Along with large lakes - Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmen - there are many small ones located in depressions between moraine hills.

In the southern part of the plain, where cyclones rarely pass, there is less precipitation than can evaporate. Humidification is insufficient. In summer, there are often droughts and dry winds. The increase in the dryness of the climate goes to the southeast.

Group #4

Problematic question: How would you explain the words of A.I. Voeikov: “Rivers are a product of the climate”?

1. Find and name major rivers plains, which ocean basins do they belong to?

2. Why do rivers flow in different directions?

3. Climate influences rivers. What is it expressed in?

4. There are many large lakes on the territory of the Russian Plain. Most of them are located in the northwest of the plain. Why?

Conclusion. The rivers have a spring flood, the food is mixed.

Most of the lakes are located in the northwest of the plain. The basins are glacier-tectonic and dammed, i.e. the influence of an ancient glacier.

All rivers of the Russian Plain are fed mainly by snow and spring floods. But the rivers of the northern part of the plain, in terms of the amount of runoff and its distribution over the seasons of the year, differ significantly from the rivers of the southern part. The northern rivers are full of water. Rain and groundwater play a significant role in their nutrition, therefore the runoff is more evenly distributed throughout the year than that of the southern rivers.

In the southern part of the plain, where moisture is insufficient, the rivers are shallow. The share of rain and groundwater in their diet is sharply reduced, so the vast majority of runoff falls on a short period of spring floods.

The longest and most abundant river of the Russian Plain and all of Europe is the Volga.

The Volga is one of the main treasures and decorations of the Russian Plain. Starting from a small swamp on the Valdai Hills, the river carries its waters to the Caspian Sea. It absorbed the waters of hundreds of rivers and rivulets flowing from the Ural Mountains and born on the plain. The main sources of nutrition for the Volga are snow (60%) and ground (30%) waters. In winter the river freezes over.

Crossing several natural zones on its way, it reflects large cities, majestic forests, high slopes of the right banks, and coastal sands of the Caspian deserts in the water surface.

Now the Volga has turned into a grandiose staircase with mirrored steps of reservoirs that regulate its flow. The water falling from the dams provides electricity to the cities and villages of the Russian Plain. The river is connected by canals to five seas. The Volga is a river - a toiler, an artery of life, the mother of Russian rivers, sung by our people.

Of the lakes of the Russian Plain, the largest is Lake Ladoga. Its area is 18100 km2. The lake stretches from north to south for 219 km with a maximum width of 124 km. The average depth is 51 m. The lake reaches its greatest depths (203 m) in its northern part. The northern shore of Lake Ladoga is rocky, indented by narrow long bays. The rest of the banks are low and gentle. There are many islands on the lake (about 650), most of which are located near the northern shore.

The lake freezes completely only by mid-February. The ice thickness reaches 0.7–1 m. The lake opens in April, but ice floes float on its water surface for a long time. Only in the second half of May the lake is completely free of ice.

On Lake Ladoga, fog hinders navigation. Strong long storms often occur when the waves reach a height of 3 meters. According to the terms of navigation, Ladoga is equated with the seas. The lake is connected through the Neva with the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea; across the Svir River, Lake Onega and the White Sea - Baltic Canal - with the White and Barents Seas; through the Volga-Baltic Canal - with the Volga and the Caspian. In recent years, there has been a strong pollution of the water of Lake Ladoga by industrial in its basin. The problem of maintaining the cleanliness of the lake is acute, since St. Petersburg receives water from Ladoga. In 1988, a special resolution was adopted to protect Lake Ladoga.

4. Stage. Summary of the lesson. Evaluation of student responses.

Conclusion on the topic studied

The East European (Russian) Plain has exceptionally diverse natural conditions and resources. This is due to the geological history of development and geographical location. From these places the Russian land began, for a long time the plain was inhabited and mastered by people. It is no coincidence that the capital of the country, Moscow, is located on the Russian plain, the most developed economic region is Central Russia with the highest population density.

The nature of the Russian Plain enchants with its beauty. It gives a person spiritual and physical strength, calms, restores health. The unique charm of Russian nature is sung by A.S. Pushkin,

M.Yu. Lermontov, reflected in the painting by I.I. Levitan, I.I. Shishkin, V.D. Polenov. People passed down the skills of arts and crafts from generation to generation, using natural resources and the very spirit of Russian culture.

5. Stage. The practical part of the lesson. To consolidate and assimilate the educational material, the guys perform a test on laptops (exercises with the eyes), at the command of the teacher, press the “result” key.

Summing up, drawing up evaluation sheets.

The practical part in the workbooks p. 49 (task No. 2).

Grading in diaries.

6. Stage. Homework: paragraph 27, workbook p. 49 (task number 1).

Introspection of a geography lesson

The lesson was held in a class with good learning opportunities, a class of developmental learning.

Students have the skills of analytical mental activity.

Lesson type - combined, with elements of a role-playing game. Based on the topic and type of lesson, the characteristics of the student team, the following objectives of the lesson were determined:

To identify the features of the nature of the plain as a factor in the formation of the most populated and developed region;

Improve the ability to work with atlas maps, the text of the textbook, a computer, draw up logical reference diagrams;

To ensure the development of abilities for evaluative actions, to express judgments;

Develop research skills;

Develop the ability to work in a team, develop mutual assistance;

Develop a moral and aesthetic attitude to nature.

To achieve these goals, various methods learning:

1. According to the sources of transmission and perception of information:

- verbal- formulation of targets, explanation of methods of activity;

- visual- maps, interactive whiteboard, multimedia projector, mobile class;

- practical- work with atlas maps, textbook, workbook, using laptops.

2. By the nature of cognitive activity:

- reproductive- the student worked with the terms;

- research- identify features, establish cause and effect;

- compared explained and analyzed problematic issues.

The lesson uses the following forms of organization learning activities:

1. Individual - each student worked with the text of the textbook, maps of the atlas, performed control tasks.

2. Paired - discussions, mutual control.

3. Group - creative work.

When developing the lesson, I followed principles:

1. The principle of motivation is the creation of enthusiasm, interest in knowledge.

2. The principle of a conscious learning process.

3. The principle of collectivism.

used tricks mental thought activity:

1. Reception of comparison - favorable and unfavorable conditions.

2. Reception of analysis and synthesis - determination of the features of the distribution of natural resources.

3. Reception of generalization in the formulation of conclusions and summing up.

Lesson stages

Stage 1 - organizational.

The task of the stage is to provide a favorable psychological environment for learning activities.

Stage 2 - updating the basic knowledge.

At this stage, the teacher ensures the reproduction of the knowledge and skills on the basis of which the new content will be built. Implementation of target settings, the formation of skills to determine the goal, plan their educational activities.

Stage 3 - the study of new material, work in groups.

The tasks of the stage are to ensure the perception, comprehension of the concepts acquired by students, the creation of conditions for the development of knowledge by students in the form of activity.

1. Creation of problem situations.

2. Using the research method of teaching to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

3. Improvement of skills in text analysis, charting.

4. Work with the text of the textbook in order to develop scientific thinking.

5. Creative task aimed at consolidating the ability to analyze maps of the atlas, as well as the development of mental cogitative activity. development of logic.

Stage 4 - the result of the lesson, the consolidation of new knowledge and methods of activity.

The task of the stage is to provide an increase in the level of comprehension of the studied material. Improving evaluation activities.

Stage 5 - the practical part, the logical conclusion of the lesson.

Stage 6 - information about homework.

The form of the lesson made it possible to combine traditional and non-traditional forms of work: a combined lesson with elements of a role-playing game. The psychological mode was supported by the teacher's benevolent attitude towards the students. The feasibility of tasks for each student, the atmosphere of business cooperation. The high density, the pace of the lesson, the combination of different types of work made it possible to realize the entire volume of the proposed material, to solve the tasks set.