Tasks for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the history of Russia in the 19th century. Tasks for preparing for the exam in the history of Russia in the 19th century Our troops at Constantinople will not forget
B5
Read an excerpt from the war correspondent's notes and write the name of the 19th century war in question.
“Our camp at Constantinople will not be forgotten for a long time by the troops of the Skobelevsky detachment. From day to day they were waiting for the order - to move and occupy Constantinople. The population was preparing flowers and flags, Christians raised their heads ... On the banks of the Bosphorus, crowds of soldiers and officers stood at the pier in the bright haze of a wonderful, fabulous city ... ".
B6
Read the lines from the memoirs of V.V. Shulgin and write the name of the person in question.
“To the royal family, he turned his face as an“ elder ”, looking into which, the queen thinks that the spirit of God is resting on a holy man. And he turned to Russia a depraved face, drunk ... the face of a goblin-satyr from the Tobolsk taiga. "
Answer: _________________________ .
B7
Establish a correspondence between the titles of works and the surnames of their authors. The letters corresponding to the selected elements, write down first in the table given in the text of the assignment, and then transfer them to the form.
WORKS | |||
| 1) | "Cursed days" | A) | IN AND. Lenin |
| 2) | "April Theses" | B) | L. D. Trotsky |
| 3) | "Untimely Thoughts" | V) | I.V. Stalin |
| 4) | "Dizzy with success" | G) | A.M. bitter |
| D) | I.A. Bunin |
B8
Read an excerpt from the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "Gulag Archipelago" and write what phenomenon of the Soviet domestic policy described here.
“The first experience was very cautious: in 1937, tens of thousands of suspicious Koreans - what kind of trust ... in Khalkhin Gol, in the face of Japanese imperialism? - were quiet and fast, ... with a share of beggarly belongings were transferred from Of the Far East to Kazakhstan. And it was so quiet that no one, except the adjacent Kazakhs, found out about that resettlement ... ”.
Answer: _________________________ .
B9
Establish a correspondence between events and periods when these events occurred. The letters corresponding to the selected elements, write down first in the table given in the text of the assignment, and then transfer them to the form.
| DEVELOPMENTS | PERIODS | ||
| 1) | ATS education | A) | late 1940s |
| 2) | elimination of CMEA and ATS | B) | 1950s |
| 3) | the introduction of ATS troops into Czechoslovakia | V) | early 1990s |
| 4) | the formation of the "socialist camp", the creation of the CMEA | G) | late 1960s |
| D) | late 1990s |
B10
Read an excerpt from Yu.V. Andropov in the Central Committee of the CPSU and indicate the names of the opposition representatives in question.
“On the basis of the production and distribution of“ samizdat ”literature, a certain consolidation of like-minded people is taking place, and attempts to create a semblance of opposition are clearly traced.
Around the end of 1968 - early 1969. the opposition-minded elements formed a political core ... which, according to them, has three signs of opposition ..., has leaders, activists and relies on a significant number of sympathizers ..., sets certain goals for itself and chooses certain tactics, achieves legality ... "
Answer: _________________________ .
Do not forget to transfer everything written in the text examination work answers to answer form No. 1 (no spaces between words and letters).
Part 3
For answers to the tasks of this part (C1 - C7), use the answer form number 2. First write down the number of the task (C1, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write down the answers clearly.
Read the passage from the historical source and briefly answer questions C1-C3. The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge at the rate of history of the corresponding period.
C1
What period of the country's history do the events described in the text refer to? Indicate the chronological scope of this period. What kind of battle are we talking about?
C2
What can you say about the peculiarities of this battle from the text and based on your knowledge of history? What relation did Marshal Zhukov have to him?
C3
What was the significance of this battle? What events followed it?
C4
Indicate the main results of the reign of Prince Ivan III. Name the territories annexed to the Moscow principality in the 15th - early 16th centuries.
C5
Compare the situation of the Russian peasants freed from serfdom in the periods of 1861-1881. and after the adoption of the Regulations of 1881 - until the end of the XIX century. What are the common features and differences?
Note. Record your answer in the form of a table. In the second part of the table, differences can be given both in comparable (paired) characteristics, and those features that were inherent in only one of the compared objects. (the above table does not establish the mandatory number and composition of common signs and differences, but only shows how best to formulate the answer).
General
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Differences |
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C6
After the proclamation of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, the leaders of the bourgeois parties viewed the situation as an actual victory of the revolution. What events, phenomena testified that the revolution continued? Why did events develop in this way?
C7
Some politicians and historians assess the advancement by M. Gorbachev of the concept of “new political thinking” during perestroika in the USSR as a step taken under pressure from the West, aimed at abandoning his own national positions and state interests of the USSR. What other assessments of the political course of M.S. Do you know Gorbachev? Which rating do you think is more convincing? Give the provisions, facts that support your chosen point of view.
1) 1839 g 2) 1864 g 3) 1870 g 4) 1874 g
2. Read an excerpt from I.E. Repin and indicate the names of the artists referred to in the passage. “GG arrived. Myasoedov from Moscow ... with a proposal to St. Petersburg artists to join ... Partnership. When Myasoedov came with a proposal from Muscovites - Perov, Pryanishnikov, Makovsky, Savrasov and others - Kramskoy immediately became an ardent adherent of this cause. Then for ten years he led all the affairs of the Partnership in St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg many outstanding Russian artists joined the Partnership, such as Ge, Shishkin, Maksimov, Bogolyubov, and others. "
1) Impressionists 2) Avant-gardists 3) "World of Art" 4) Wanderers
3. Read an excerpt from the historian's essay and indicate the name of the state. The figure in question.
“The Minister of Finance became ... a railway worker ... Under him, a monetary reform was carried out, a wine monopoly was introduced, and a grandiose railway construction was carried out. He successfully continued the industrial modernization begun by his predecessors. He served as minister for 11 years until 1903 "
1) A.Kh. Benckendorff2) A.F. Kerensky3) M.M. Speransky4) S.Yu. Witte
4. As a result of the reform of 1861, Russia had (a)
1) serfdom has been abolished 2) the temporarily liable position of peasants has been abolished
3) landlord ownership was liquidated 4) the peasant community was destroyed
5. Alexander III reigned in
1) 1825-1855 2) 1848-1883 3) 1853-1874 4) 1881-1894
6. Read an excerpt from the war correspondent's notes and write the name of the 19th century. the war in question.
“Our camp at Constantinople will not be forgotten for a long time by the troops of the Skopel detachment. From day to day they were waiting for the order - to move and occupy Constantinople. The population was preparing flowers and flags, Christians raised their heads ... On the banks of the Bosphorus, crowds of soldiers and officers stood at the pier in the bright haze of a wonderful, fabulous city ... ".___________________________________________________
7. Read an excerpt from the historian's essay and write the name of the emperor during whose reign the indicated transformations were carried out.
“Minister of Public Education I. D. Delyanov insisted on the closure of most of the higher courses for women, and in 1887 he issued a circular prohibiting the admission of "children of coachmen, lackeys, laundresses, small shopkeepers, etc. to the gymnasium." similar people". Known as the "cook's children" circular, it has become a shameful page in the history of the Russian school. " ___________________
8. What was one of the reasons for the economic recovery in Russia in 1880-1890?
1) government orders, subsidies to industrialists 2) P.A. Stolypin agrarian reform
3) a ban on foreign investment in Russian industry; possessory peasants
9. The introduction of the institution of jurors became possible as a result of
1) Judicial reform 2) Zemstvo reform 3) Peasant reform 4) Military reform.
10. As a result of the monetary reform, S.Yu. Witte.
1) the gold ruble became the basis of the monetary system; 2) the silver ruble became the basis of the monetary system
3) paper money was withdrawn from circulation; 4) paper money circulation was restored
11. Establish a correspondence between events and the names of commanders
12. Which three of the listed changes, transformations were carried out during the Great Reforms of the 1860s-1870s?
1) cancellation of recruitment to the army 2) limitation of corvee to three days a week
3) the creation of provincial and district zemstvo institutions 4) the prohibition to sell peasants without land
5) the institution of the jury; 6) the exemption of nobles from military service
13. Arrange the following phenomena of the XIX century. chronological sequence.
A) judicial reform B) Witte's monetary reform C) Battle of Borodino D) peasant reform
14. In what year was serfdom abolished in Russia? 1) 1859 2) 1861 3) 1874 4) 1881
15. Which of the named transformations of the XIX century. was held later than all the others?
1) financial reform S.Yu. Witte 2) codification of the laws of the Russian Empire M.M. Speransky
3) establishment of ministries 4) Judicial reform of Alexander II
16. A.I. Zhelyabov, S.L. Perovskaya, V.N. Figner headed
1) "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class" 2) the organization "Narodnaya Volya"
3) Society of Petrashevists 4) Southern Society of Decembrists
17. Which countries were part of the Triple Alliance " 1) Russia 2) Germany 3) France 4) Austria-Hungary 5) Italy 6) England
History test No. 4 on the topic “Russia in the second half of the 19th century». Option 2 Student (s) 7 -___ grade _________________________ _______________________
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Chapter 32
From Adrianople Skobelev moved to Chataldja.
- If this is a stage, a day, I am ready to make up, but if after that I have to stop before reaching Byzantium, then I am ready to pervert everything. Look what a wonderful country this is! Since the time of Oleg, the Russians have been striving here ... Are we really going to stop at the goal?
Indeed, we passed a wonderful country. It was still January, and already cloudless blue skies reverent silence breathed on the still unawakened land.
The gardens and groves were leafless, but from time to time a delicate aroma of some early flowers flashed through the air ... Cities and villages amazed us with their artistic variegation. Thin minarets were slenderly drawn in the transparent air, the arches of mosques curved beautifully over the cool entrances, behind which thickened a mysterious darkness, barely illuminated by the small lamps of Turkish mosques. The flat roofs seemed like steps of some monstrous staircase that ran in all directions. The wind carried towards us warm waves of another, not our air, gentle, caressing. At night, a nervous, sad, shuddering song of the Muslim south was heard from somewhere, and from under the low veils, sometimes women threw at us either full of hatred or sparkling with curiosity ... Green turbans and mullahs' robes, red jackets of Albanians, colorful capes of youth - all this merged into some kind of bright, beautiful kaleidoscope ... In the evenings, when the hubbub of the multilingual crowd subsided, the melancholic murmur of fountains could be heard from afar ... Crystal streams, running out of troughs made in marble planks covered with gold ligature, fell into the same marble ponds. In one place, along the way, Skobelev was sent a bouquet of flowers that had not been collected, he didn’t know how ... Their time had not yet come, and there were no such flowers in the vicinity.
- Where does it come from?
- Gratitude ... From Turkish women ...
- From what Turkish women? - he was amazed.
- From the women of Kazanlak, Eski-Zagra and Adrianople ... For the fact that their honor was not violated, for the fact that the inviolability of harems was sacredly observed by your troops.
"It is absolutely in vain, the Russians do not fight with women! .."
Skobelev, far from indifferent to the delights of nature, admired these places in his own way.
- What positions! He exclaimed. “This is where Turkey would have to defend its integrity. The first line of defense is the Danube, the second is the Balkans, the third is the small Balkans and the fourth is here ... If they had been so organized, the war would not have ended for a long time ...
Along the way, he led stubborn arguments with others on completely abstract issues, galloped into the quarry and was angry at the possibility that we would not move further than Chatalji.
Having just arrived in Chataldja and having received the order not to move further, at night, with one orderly, he went secretly to the no-man's land. He made a reconnaissance of the gadem-kioi positions and the entire area, so do not succeed in a truce, find the Turks troops to place them here - Skobelev already had an idea of how to recapture these positions, how to attack them ... At the same time when deeply believing in the needlessness of further military operations, everyone calmed down, Colonel Grodekov, together with the general, removed the plans for this line and studied all its details ...
After Adrianople, I could only admire Constantinople ... I didn't want to look at the rest. All the time, a wonderful picture of Edirne rose in my memory, only as I saw him at the last minute, when the just-rising sun bathed the marble mosques of this Muslim Moscow with a pink glow ... towers of Eski-Gray and the ruins of a Roman fortress ... It pulled back again ...
Chataldja is three versts from the railway station. The whole detachment was located all around, in the city itself, the houses immediately overflowed with a mass of officers, headquarters, chanceries ... Within a few days, enterprising Greeks and Levantines opened countless cafes here, a little later - restaurants were painted in almost every street, and a little later from Constantinople came here international locusts - girls of easy reading, German, French, Italian, Armenian, Greek ... The troops, having suffered from the involuntary fasting in Bulgaria and the Balkans, began to take their souls away. The money was spent generously, wine flowed everywhere, from the general to the warrant officer - everyone was having fun ... When suddenly, like a thunderbolt struck over the detachment, the news of the armistice spread.
- Can't we take Constantinople! .. - Skobelev was agitated.
He was told about the possibility of a coalition ... He repeated his own.
- Happiness serves the brave ... We cannot retreat. This is a matter of our people's honor ... We cannot lower our banner; we can sign the most magnanimous peace (although I don’t understand generosity), but we can sign it in Byzantium! .. Not otherwise. This satisfaction must be given to the troops. It is necessary to occupy Gallipoli, and not a single English ship will break into the Bosphorus ... Now or never ... He who owns is right! .. Europe will not rise. It will all go to grumbling and diplomatic threats.
- What if?
- And if ... Or rather, that she only grabs herself a piece of the bear's ear ...
“This is impossible ... I don’t believe, I don’t want to believe this ... Are we, triumphants, the old ladies of diplomacy and public women of the stock exchange going to prescribe conditions ... It cannot, it should not be ... Otherwise, it’s almost ashamed to be Russian ...
Be sure that the faint-hearted and the yielding always lose ...
This concession is abrupt. If you start to run away, you will not stop until you are below ... And we will give in now, after a brilliant campaign, after so many donations ... To fullness! .. "
The triumph of the truce was not a triumph here! They did not rejoice at peace, rest, safety ... They would have preferred new massacres here, only for the matter to be finished with honor for Russia.
The demarcation line and the no-man's land, representing a completely deserted and deserted area, pulled Skobelev towards them ... The villages at a distance of these fifteen miles were cleared. Not a single sentry, not a single soldier in redoubts and forts, not a single old woman in the villages. Only the wild hungry dogs hid in the abandoned houses. Meanwhile, the Turks could be proud of the fortifications of this strip. Even the Adrianople were inferior to them ...
Skobelev was delighted with them ...
- I wish this builder came to us ... This is a genius of engineering.
I heard that Skobelev met him later in Constantinople. It turned out to be a natural Turk, Akhmet Pasha, fat, swollen, apparently motionless ... A semi-literate Turk who did not know a single foreign language ...
The Turks were ahead of even European military art in this respect. In the last two centuries, they have fought only defensive wars. It was time to learn ... Skobelev got along well with the Turkish Totleben ... He even showed him the fortifications of Constantinople and the plans that were still in the project.
- How did you manage it?
- And I got him drunk! He, like all Turks, is not entirely indifferent to champagne.
The chief of the forts of this strip, which had the position of Sanjak-Tepe, was sketched by Skobelev himself ...
- You know, you can't unlock anything with this key.
- Why?
- But because it is difficult to get to it, you need to take five large forts. And if we take Sanjak-Tepe, it turns out that this key does not belong to the lock at all, because it has the same keys ...
It soon became clear that the order to stop on the way to Constantinople and not go further had been received from St. Petersburg ... It did not come at all from the headquarters of the army in the field. Then it was explained by the changed political conditions.
- It is a pity that the sovereign is not here with the troops! .. - said Skobelev.
- Does not matter. Diplomacy would work the same way.
- No ... Here environment would balance the influence of diplomats ... They don't care, diplomats ... They have their own science, their own mysteries ... And ours, moreover, have no fatherland at all ... The main thing for them is that they are considered not Russian barbarians, but educated Europeans. And for this they are ready for anything ... You do not know them - I grew up with them. All these gentlemen are my good friends ... For them, Russia is zero. There is no more egoistic environment like this ... It is understandable - foreign upbringing, eternal life abroad.
- Why, you too were brought up abroad.
- At Girardet, yes! .. But do you know what my upbringing was like? Did not hear?
- At first my teacher was German, unfair, rude, mean ... Positively mean. I hated him as much as one can hate him ... Since then, the Germans were not to my liking. Then somehow he hit me, a thirteen-year-old boy, in front of a girl who I liked terribly ... He hit me for no reason on my part. I don’t remember what I did ... I clung to him and stiffened. Do you know what this scoundrel taught me? The fact that Germany is everything for Russia. That everything in Russia was done by the Germans, that in the future Russia should either serve Germany or perish. There was no whole world - there was only Germany ... And I hated her, I hated her from the bottom of my heart! ..
- This has been developing for you for a long time.
- Yes! .. And then my father drove away the German, who was assigned to me to discipline me, and who only hardened me ... I was sent to Girardet ... to Paris. Here's the opposite! I still love Girardet, more than my family. This one, on the contrary, taught me to love my homeland, instilled that there is nothing higher in the world, said that no matter how humiliated it was, one should proudly bear his name ... He was a man in the full sense of the final word ... In full! After gross curses and beatings, I met gentleness, attentiveness, delicacy. If something was forbidden to me, it was not out of the way, not because the teacher wanted me so, but they immediately explained why it was impossible. I saw the light with him ... I am deeply grateful to this person. He made me study. He instilled a love for science, for knowledge ... Here in St. Petersburg or in Paris, I will introduce you to him ...
Alas, we had to meet this noble educator of the brilliant leader under different conditions! Over the head of the dead, over the already motionless face of Mikhail Dmitrievich, I saw an old man crying.
- Who is this? - I ask.
- Girardet! - answered me ...
And he outlived him ... He, a sick old man - this young man full of life and strength! ..
Chapter 33
Our camp at Constantinople will not be forgotten for a long time by the troops of the Skobelevsky detachment. From day to day they gave the order - to move and occupy Constantinople. The Turks were already clearing their barracks there for the troops ... The population was preparing flowers and flags, the Christians raised their heads, they were decorating the palace for the Sultan on the Asian beret of the Bosphorus ...
At night, patrols marched through the narrow streets of Istanbul with their hoods lowered, because the Ottoman government itself wanted to keep the people from the Russians who might be coming in or because of their unrest. Even our enemies thought it was a wild idea to stop at the gates of the capital and not occupy it, although for a while ... On the shores of the Bosphorus, crowds of soldiers and officers stood at the pier in the bright haze of a wonderful, fabulous city sparkling ahead under a cloudless sky full of silence and bliss. At our very feet, with a poetic noise, the blue waves of the Sea of Marmara crashed. The white lighthouse proudly rose from its foamy mass ... Further, in the azure expanse, the Princes' islands, full of unprecedented luxury, shone, far, far beyond Marmara, the Asian coast with its snowy peaks was faintly imagined. It could be. to think that these are silver clouds, if they were not so motionless ... And directly to the north stretched Byzantium with its countless mosques and palaces. That Byzantium, about which so painfully, as if suffocating in its boundless expanse, Russia, seeking an outlet to the southern sea, dreamed for so many centuries, that Byzantium, to which, right or wrong, but constantly strived the best people of the Slavic world. We could distinguish the white marble walls of its stalls, and the thin minarets of its countless jamiyas, and the stately domes of Sofia, Iseddin, Omar, Murad, Bayazid, around which a cobweb carved from stone hung with light laces ... Tens of thousands of roofs and towers crept onto its hills and got lost in dark spots of cypress groves, in the green clouds of the gardens ... This Rome of the European East, this Rome of the Slavs, for which so many tears and blood were shed, so much that it seemed to merge together - they would flood it to the very the tops of Muslim temples, to the very tower of Seraxeriat and Galata ... At night, enthusiastic glances turned there, myriads of fires lit up on this shore, as if some legendary monster lay there by the quiet, caressing waves of the Bosphorus, guarding it with its countless fiery eyes ... We are constantly went to Constantinople. The military, of course, wore civilian clothes, imagining something so absurd that at the sight of each other they began to laugh uncontrollably ... I already lived in the Grande Hotel de Luxemburg [Hotel Luxembourg] ... Once in the morning I was still in bed, as someone knocked on me.
- Come in!
I saw Skobelev in civilian dress.
- This is how Russian generals should appear in the conquered city ... I, you know, still do not believe ... It seems to me that even our diplomacy will finally come to its senses ... I am waiting for orders to enter Constantinople from day to day ...
“They say our troops are not ready.
“I don’t know whose it is ours. I have forty thousand under arms. In three hours I can be here ... Shame, shame! ..
Oddly enough, I can testify that I am in St. George (near Byzantium) saw Skobelev burst into tears, talking about Constantinople, that we are fruitlessly wasting time and the results of the whole war without occupying it. - Now it is no longer possible to borrow, after the world ... - What a world it is! .. Did we have the right to expect such a thing ...
You will see that at the cost of our blood we will give everything to the enemies of Russia and get nothing ourselves ... Finally, what are they ashamed of? I directly suggested to the Grand Duke: arbitrarily take Constantinople with my detachment, and the next day let me be put on trial and shot, if only they would not surrender him ... I wanted to do this without warning, but who knows what kinds and assumptions there are. Maybe it will come true anyway! ..
Indeed, when even the Turks erected masses of new fortifications around Constantinople, Skobelev several times made exemplary attacks and maneuvers, occupied these fortifications, showing the full ability to capture them without great losses. Once in this way, he burst in and took the key of the enemy positions, from which the askers looked at him, who did nothing. Sometimes Skobelev then felt more vividly than others all the absurdity of our generosity or cowardice, call it what you want, more vividly because he understood best of all that real power at all kinds of congresses can only give us the possession of Constantinople.
- I would call a congress here and myself would preside over it. And around three hundred thousand bayonets, just in case ... Then you could talk! - And if Europe went against us? - There are moments in history when it is impossible, even criminal, to be prudent, that is, too careful. Our honor does not allow us to back down. We need to wait a few more centuries for the circumstances to turn out as profitable as they are now ... Do you think the Bulldogs will go to war with us ... Never. They will only rip off the curriculum in the form of a shred of Syria ... Yes, finally, now there is no time to talk. We are here - this is ours ... And we must defend this ours to the last drop of our blood ...
- You do not think that now Constantinople will become a Russian city.
“I’m not a diplomat… I don’t know why he shouldn’t be a free city with a Russian garrison… As for a coalition, it’s not so easy to form it as you think. First, there is no one for the time being and it is not profitable to fight with us ... Of course, if we become faint-hearted, we will reach the coalition. In the meantime, I do not see its need ... Imagine what Europe would say if, in view of its demands, which are offensive to our national honor, the sovereign would turn to his people ...
- That is, as?
- And so ... I would have called my people, and said: I have brought the Russian business to the end, now all of Europe is up in arms against us. I put the matter in your hands ... Whatever explosion of patriotism would follow, whatever unprecedented forces would appear ... And wouldn't the sentimental maidens of European diplomacy retreat from our popular will, from our nationwide defense of theirs against any assassination attempts ...
Saying that he was not a diplomat, Skobelev was very modest. In Constantinople, he so managed to get along with Layard that, no one knows what ways, but he knew all the ins and outs of English calculations, hopes and intrigues. Layard - this enemy is our predominantly, doted on Skobelev, the English colony of Constantinople almost carried him in their arms ... He was the idol even of women belonging to this colony. They were all for him ...
- I must say frankly that I hate Russians! One of them greeted him when Skobelev was being introduced to her.
- And I see only a beauty in a beauty ... And bowing before her, I don't think what nation she belongs to ... - Skobelev answered her.
At breakfasts at Skyler's, at dinners at Leyard's, Skobelev got acquainted with the British and brought out one thing:
- They themselves are afraid, they themselves are not ready for war at all ... They, like gamblers, will be decisive, but only until the decisive moment ... When it comes, they will not do anything ...
On this day, when he visited me in Constantinople, he was especially excited.
“There is only one thing left for us,” he said. - Either go into the category of minor powers and lose all our significance, or go to any lengths ... Sometimes defeat is not so pernicious, so terrible as the consciousness of our humiliation, our powerlessness ... You know, if we now give up, if we shamefully play the role of a vassal before Europe, this essentially victorious war will inflict a much stronger blow on us than Sevastopol ... Sevastopol woke us up ... 1878 will make us fall asleep ...
- ... Bad, bad. Under Plevna I felt better than now ... It's stuffy, let's go outside ... Let's go have breakfast at McGahan's.
I got dressed, we went out ...
No sooner had we taken a few steps along the Grande rue de Pera [Pera Avenue], when we met with something quite unusual in dress. A red fez on his head, a torn Russian officer's coat, and a Turkish officer's coat on top. Skobelev even forgot that he is at the moment a peaceful civilian.
- Who are you? ..
- Prisoner ... Russian.
- Aren't you ashamed to dress like that ... Aren't you ashamed ... If you go out, you would not put on an enemy uniform ... Shame! .. And these are Russians ... - he turned to me when we approached the Hotel d "Angletter [Hotel" Angleterre "] where McGahan stood.
“… And you know,” he turned to me a little later, “maybe he, the poor man, simply had nothing to wear… I am terribly repenting of my outburst… How do you get into the soul of a prisoner… He was in distress here, go… Why am I him cut off?
- ... I'm terribly ashamed! - he spoke again, already at McGahan's. “Do, for my sake, what I ask of you,” he turned to me.
- What do you want?
- How much money we all have ... I have twenty gold, this is not enough. However, I'll borrow from McGahan ...
I took the same amount or more from that one, I don't remember ...
- Go to the Seraskeriat, where our prisoners are, there are three or four officers and a few soldiers, and tell them this ... - And he handed me forty or fifty half-imperials. - The main thing is to express regret to them from me ... Tell them I'm sorry ... You can do it ... I would do it, but I can't show myself in the Seraskeriat.
I mounted the first horse I came across, which replace cabs in the streets of Constantinople, and rode to the Turkish part of the city - Istanbul. I barely made it to the Seraskeriat. For some reason, masses of troops gathered there ... In Seraskeriat he turned to the officials. Those at first did not even turn their ears, but when they learned that I was Russian, they instantly changed their address.
- You need permission from Reuf Pasha to see the prisoners.
- Where is Reuf?
- I went to San Stefano to see your commander-in-chief.
- Who is in charge of the prisoners?
- Major such and such ...
- Take me to him.
The fat major, immobile and phlegmatic, did not even hear, it seems that I am telling him. I repeated it again, the same story.
- Does he speak French? - I turn to the guide.
- Is there anyone here who knows this language?
- There is even a good Russian.
They called this. Turned out of our Crimean Tatars... Now an officer.
He presented my demand to the major.
- The major says that it is impossible.
- Tell him that I will not leave here until I see the prisoners. I will stay here day and night.
And in support of my words, I tried to take a more comfortable position on the sofa. Mir-alai (major) stirred a little, began to suck his pipe and looked at me in bewilderment.
- Can you give him some pawn? The Crimean Tatar asked me.
“I won’t give that either!” - showed him the tip of the nail.
They started talking to each other ... Several minutes passed.
- Well, he agrees to let you go to the prisoners, but on the condition that I will escort you and two more ...
- It's all the same to me.
Two Circassians of the Sultan's guard took me to the casemate, where our prisoners were.
In the corridor they showed me one door ... They themselves did not follow me.
I found two officers there, one of them exactly the one whom Skobelev had cut short.
It was, it seems, a Cossack cornet. I gave Skobelev's order and money ... I returned ...
- Well, what? .. - Skobelev rushed to me impatiently.
- Nothing ... I gave the money ...
- He is offended ... Have you apologized from me? ..
- And he, is he?
I reassured Skobelev.
- Still, this is an unforgivable trick, whatever you say ... Write to me in the form of a note in what form you found the prisoners ... It's a shame that until now we have not called them out ... Although I do not approve ...
- What is it?
- How can you surrender as a prisoner, to an officer ...
- And what to do?
- What they did on Shipka. The revolver has six rounds, five for the enemy, the sixth for itself ...
- Or maybe he wants to live ...
- Here the principle is important ... That life ... You must always be ready for death ... The life of one is zero ...
A few days later, Skobelev had to play a rather comic role.
He came to Constantinople, stayed with me.
- Let's go to Concordia in the evening, French women are singing there ...
- Well ... Why draw general attention to yourself! We set off ... One of these international girls stuck to Mikhail Dmitrievich ... He began to supply her with semi-imperials, which she immediately played at roulette.
“Do you know… It’s very nice to know that no one here knows you… To be in the position of le bon bourgeois [Prosperous bourgeois]… I am resting in this respect here… Positively, there is some good in the unknown…
In a conversation with a French woman, he kept using the phrase: we are civilians ...
Finally tired ... We go down the stairs ... Suddenly an international girl catches up with us from above.
- I have a request for you! .. - she begins.
- Which?..
- Allow me to come to you with our troupe and give several concerts ...
- This is where to me? Who do you take me for?
- O, mon general ... We all know you ... You are General Skobelev, Ak-Pasha.
“We seem to have played a scene from The Songbirds,” Skobelev turned to me. - So much for the beauty of incognito! ..
However, it took little time for idleness, as always. From morning to night, he and his officers reconnoitred the positions around Constantinople, circled around his troops, made maneuvers, exemplary attacks, organized several regiments disheveled in campaigns and, after a very short time, brought them back to a brilliant state. Then, when everything around was sick with typhus and fevers, one Skobelev's detachment did not give anything to the hospitals ... As soon as the disease appeared somewhere, Skobelev would immediately appear there, raise the doctors and put the entire medical staff on their feet. The locations of his soldiers have always been a model in the order that reigned in them. Everything was provided. The people who had completely recovered were ready again for further exploits.
- We must not calm down, gentlemen ... There will be time to rest later ... And now look around vigilantly!
By the way, at the same time I heard one very apt phrase.
- What is Skobelev doing? .. - I ask some soldier.
- And yon, like a cat in a mousetrap circuit, at this very Constantinople walks ... Either he will touch it with his paw, then he will rub it like that ...
- I am very afraid of one thing ... - said one of the most influential generals in the army.
- Yes, as if Skobelev did not arrange a benefit for us.
- What is it?
- Yes, one fine morning we will wake up and learn that Skobelev climbed into Constantinople at night with his entire detachment.
In relation to this, even the riot of Constantinople brought him a certain benefit. Then I saw his crocs and notes, where all the streets that had to go to Istanbul were marked, points for various military operations were outlined ... In short, walking around Constantinople, ostensibly for his own pleasure, he studied it so that start a battle on its streets - Skobelev would have been able to take advantage of their every gyrus, their every nook and cranny ...
- He will not miss anything! - talked about him after ...
And really - did not miss anything. He was so fond of knowing what was going on around him, being always on the lookout for all kinds of events, knowing who he was dealing with, that in less than two weeks he had already studied all of Constantinople to the ground. All his parties, Muslim circles, a dull protest of the Circassians who settled there, the rallying force of the ulema, the imperceptible growth and layering of new principles in the population of this eastern city, officials of the Sublime Port, the military of the Seraskeriat every time. It seemed that he was going to be a Turkish minister - his information was so precise and detailed. The editorial offices of Bassiret and Vakit, French, English and Italian newspapers published there, Greek writers living in Byzantium, merchants - I all already knew Skobelev, their views, with all their dreams, programs ...
- Why do you need it? - they asked him.
- Such a habit ... I love to be at home everywhere ... I hate gaps and omissions ...
I have already said above that being with him for an officer meant learning. Nowhere was the justice of this so confirmed as in Constantinople. Officers and young people were usually allowed to go there for two or three days - to hang out in the open and then return to work ... The trouble was if such a vacationer, returning, did not bring any useful information with him.
- You, darling, shouldn't be let go ... You won't be able to take advantage of anything ...
- He's amazing! - said one Greek about Skobelev, it seems Varvartsi ...
- Why is this?
- I was with him yesterday ... By chance we were talking about the purely economic interests of the city, it turned out that he knew them, understood them ... we want to build ... I even asked him if he had lived before in Constantinople ...
One of the Istanbul ulema, who was in Georgia, expressed the same.
- Ak Pasha could be a good Muslim.
- From what?
- He knows the Koran.
And not only knew, but also quoted him often ...
Skobelev at this time already showed remarkable character traits. One of the military, who has the unenviable ability to climb without soap down the throat, met with him in Constantinople. The general liked him very much, because this circumstance did not prevent him from being a brave man and a witty interlocutor. While having breakfast at the Hotel d "Angletter, he, as if by accident, began to pass on all kinds of gossip to Skobelev ...
- You know, General, you would have stopped your knights!
- What kind of knights are they?
- Officers close to you.
- How should I stop them?
- First of all, they have a carouse here ...
- And you and I, Colonel, what are we doing now? ..
- What a comparison! ..
- So we can, because we have money for champagne, but they can't, because they only have enough for cognac?
- Well, there is also a sin behind them ...
“They are not at all as loyal to you as you think.
- Well, you are in vain ... I know them all well!
- Yes, sir, would you like, one of them told about you ...
And the most unceremonious washing of dirty linen began ...
- And now I will tell you the name of this man ...
But Skobelev at that moment grabbed him by the hand:
- Please, not a single word more and for God's sake - without surnames ... I love my knights too much, too much obliged to them, too. Throughout the campaign they, at my command, went to their death ... I do not want to know who said this, because I do not want to be unjust. Involuntarily, such injustice can break through someday in relation to a person who is guilty only of the fact that, under the influence of a glass of wine, he opened up to a person who did not deserve such frankness. - And Skobelev, in a tone of voice, deliberately emphasized this phrase: - Yes, sir ... not deserving!
When breakfast was over and the colonel took his leave, Skobelev called the man.
- Did you notice the face of this gentleman?
- Exactly so, sir.
- Remember that for him I am never at home!
Occupying a rather high post, he more than once came across people who tried to win in his opinion and move forward, humiliating their comrades ...
“I listen to them against my will, you can't shut up your ears,” Skobelev said, “but in my mind, in the column against their surname, I put the certification“ scoundrel and fool ”. A scoundrel because he slanders about others and, most importantly, about his comrades, a fool - because he conveys this to me, as if I myself do not have eyes in my forehead, as if I do not know how to distinguish a decent person from a scoundrel ...
One of his subordinates was in dire need at the time; Skobelev wanted to help him and did not know how. Finally, he summons that one and says: "Money has been sent to you from Russia ... Here they are" - and moves a handful of gold ... He, of course, grabbed it, without even asking from whom. Some time passes, he comes back to Skobelev.
- What do you want?
- I came to find out if they sent me more money from Russia.
- They sent it ... I forgot to give it to you ... Here they are ...
Then this dandy thanked Skobelev in his own way, robbing him ...
The next time he entrusted the management of his household to an officer. That two weeks dashed off his account of five or six thousand.
- It's impossible ... Would you like to check it? - they asked him.
- By no means. The guilt is first of all mine - because I appointed him myself ... Pay, and not a word about it. Of course, do not give him any money orders from now on. This time. If it were public or foreign money - Another thing ... A little later I will find that my division does not suit him, and he himself will get out of it.
He parted with his own people generally reluctantly and for a long time did not forgive those who left him himself ...
- I love MM, he is a brave man, useful, only I will not take him to me.
- From what?
- He left me ... It was not done in a comradely manner ...
Skobelev could not even hear about those who changed their uniform for a policeman.
6. Read an excerpt from the war correspondent's notes and write the name of the 19th century. the war in question. “Our camp at Constantinople will not be forgotten for a long time by the troops of the Skopel detachment. From day to day they were waiting for the order - to move and occupy Constantinople. The population was preparing flowers and flags, Christians raised their heads ... On the shores of the Bosphorus, crowds of soldiers and officers stood at the pier in the bright haze of a wonderful, fabulous city ... ". 7. Read a passage from the historian's essay and write the name of the emperor during whose reign the indicated transformations were carried out. “Minister of Public Education I. D. Delyanov insisted on the closure of most of the higher courses for women, and in 1887 he issued a circular prohibiting the admission of "children of coachmen, lackeys, laundresses, small shopkeepers and the like to the gymnasium." Known as the "cook's children" circular, it has become a shameful page in the history of the Russian school. " 8. What was one of the reasons for the economic recovery in Russia in 1880-1890? 1) government orders, subsidies to industrialists 2) P.A. Stolypin agrarian reform 3) a ban on foreign investment in Russian industry 4) the introduction of the labor of attributed, possessory peasants 9. The introduction of the institution of jurors became possible as a result of 1) Judicial reform 2) Zemskaya reform 3) Peasant reform 4) Military reform. 10. As a result of the monetary reform, S.Yu. Witte 1) the gold ruble became the basis of the monetary system 2) the silver ruble became the basis of the monetary system 3) paper money was withdrawn from circulation 4) the circulation of paper money was restored
