On November 9, 1968, the USSR conducted nuclear tests on Semipalatinsky Polygon. This is the first and one of the largest nuclear polygons of the Soviet Union. We made a selection of several other famous places where they were testing.

1. Kapustin Yar. It was created on May 13, 1946 for scientific research and testing equipment testing. A historical event for the USSR is connected with this polygon. On October 18, 1947, it was for the first time a ballistic missile was launched. This day entered the story of an unforgettable milestone in the development of the Soviet scientific and technical thought and became the starting point of domestic rocket building.

In July 1951 with Kapustina Yara, for the first time in the world, a launch of rockets with animals on board - Dzheki and Gypsy dogs was launched. In total, 48 dogs launched from the landfill into space. And the event of 1969 marked the beginning of the research of outer space in the interests of the global community. On October 14, the first artificial satellite of the Earth of the Intercosmos series was launched at the landfill.

Note that Kapustin Yar and in our time is one of the largest research and testing centers.

2. New Earth. The archipelago creates a polygon, which included three sites: black lip, Mutcinic ball, D-II Sipnz on the peninsula Dry nose. Black lip is known that on September 21, 1955, there was a submarine nuclear explosion in the USSR in the depth of 12 meters. But more than the rest are famous for the "Tsar Bomb" explosion, also known as Kuzkina Mother. This is a 50 megaton bomb. The consequences were frightening. A tangible seismic wave, resulting from an explosion, triggered the globe three times. Witnesses felt a blow and were able to describe the explosion at a distance of a thousand kilometers from his center. The nuclear explosion mushroom rose to a height of 67 kilometers, the diameter of his bunk "Hats" reached (at the upper tier) 95 kilometers. The fiery ball of the explosion reached a radius of about 4.6 kilometers.

In total, from 1955 to 1990, 135 nuclear explosions were produced at the landfill. In 1998, the landfill was transferred to the Ministry of Defense.

3. Semipalatinsky polygon. This is one of the most famous and large polygons of the USSR. He brought a lot of problems living next to him, and also polluted the significant territories of Kazakhstan and Russia. Over 40 years, 456 nuclear explosions were produced. Moreover, people continued to live in the vicinity of the landfill. The population was subjected to radiation exposure, with time the resulting disease, premature deaths, genetic diseases among the local population. Data on this, collected by Soviet scientists during the tests, is still classified.

Tests stopped in 1991. However, people inhabit the polygon so far. And this is the only one place in the world. The territory of the landfill is not protected despite the fact that it continues to store thousands of open and hidden threats to people.

4. TOTCK IY Polygon. It is located in the Orenburg region. On September 14, 1954, large-scale military exercises were conducted on it using an atomic bomb. They took part 45 thousand servicemen. This teachings attached great importance. Marshals of the USSR, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Georgy Malenkov and the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Nikita Khrushchev were attended by the bomb. Among the guests were Yugoslav and Chinese military.

The bomb was dropped from a height of 8 kilometers. The power of the explosion was twice as much as the power of the bomb of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. During the exercises, there was something that no one foresaw. The wind changed and took the radioactive cloud not in a deserted steppe, as waited, but directly to Orenburg and on, towards Krasnoyarsk. The results of the teachings were imposed by a vulture "completely secret." Therefore, dying from diseases participants in the teachings could not even tell the doctors about the reasons for illness.

One of the main, final stages of the development of nuclear weapons are polygon tests. They are carried out not only to determine the characteristics of the power and verification of the correctness of theoretical calculations on the newly created and modernized samples, but also to confirm the shelf life of the wip.

From the history of the central nuclear landfill

In 1953, a government commission was created under the chairmanship of the commander of the Belomor Military Floutilla, the counter-admiral Sergeeva N. D., which included academicians of Sadovsky M. A. and Fedorov E. K., representatives of the 6th administration of the Navy (Fomin P. F ., Puchkov A. A., Azbukin K. K., Yakovlev Yu. S.), as well as other ministries with the aim of choosing a landfill suitable for testing new types of Navy nuclear weapons in marine conditions.

After the Commission's report to the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Menstimen Engineering of the USSR and the detailed justification of measures for preparing for testing for testing in maritime conditions, a closed resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 31, 1954 was held number 1559-699 on the equipment on the new land "Object-700", subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the USSR (6th Navy Management). The Commission has chosen on the New Earth archipelago. It was decided: to conduct underwater nuclear tests in the black lip, create the main base of the landfill in the lip of the Belushye, and the airfield in the village of Rogachevo. To ensure construction and installation work on this facility, construction control "Specstroy-700" was created. "Object-700" and Specstroy initially headed Colonel Barkovsky E.

September 17, 1954 it is customary to consider the birthday of the landfill. It includes: experimental and engineering parts, energy and water supply services, a fighter aviation regiment, a division of ships and special purpose ships, a transport aviation detachment, a rescue service division, a communication unit, parts of the rear support and other units.

By September 1, 1955, the "Object-700" was ready for the first underwater nuclear test. The black ships of a target brigade of the experimental ships of various classes came to their move to her lip.

On September 21, 1955, at 10.00 on the North Polygon, the first underwater nuclear test in the USSR (at a depth of 12 meters) was produced. The State Commission in his report recorded the conclusion that not only underwater explosions in the autumn period can be carried out on the Object-700, but also testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere of practical without capacity limit and for the entire time of the year.

By the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 5, 1958, the "Object" 700 was transformed into the State Central Polygon - 6 (6HSP) of the USSR Ministry of Defense for Testing Nuclear Chambers.

The most "bright" test, which caused the whole world to feel all the power of the Soviet Union occurred on the new Earth on October 14, 1961. Almost 43 years ago, the Soviet Union tested the "king of bomb" with a capacity of 58 megatons (58 million tons of trotyl).

"Tsar Bomb" exploded at an altitude of 3,700 meters above the Earth. The explosive wave tried around the planet three times. One observer said that "wooden houses were destroyed in the zone with a radius of a hundred kilometers from the site of the explosion and the roofs with stone buildings were destroyed."

The outbreak could be observed at a distance of 1000 km., Although the explosion place (almost the entire archipelago) was shrouded with a dense cloud. The skies rose a mushroom-shaped cloud with a height of 70 km.

The USSR showed the world, which is the owner of the most powerful nuclear weapons. And it was demonstrated in the Arctic.

A lot of various tests of nuclear weapons was carried out on the new land nuclear landfill. The presence of this remote, deserted region allowed our country to keep up in the race of nuclear weapons; It made it possible to carry out all types of tests and explosions without prejudice and danger to the health of citizens of the country.

In 1980, the USSR on the XXXY session of the UN General Assembly proposed as an integral part of some urgent measures to reduce military danger - to declare a one-year moratorium on carrying out all tests of nuclear weapons. Western powers and China did not respond to this offer.

In 1982, the USSR presented for consideration by the XXXII session of the UN General Assembly "The main provisions of the Treaty on the full and universal ban on nuclear weapons." The supervising majority of votes, the General Assembly took note of them, called on the Disarmament Committee urgently proceed to practical negotiations in order to develop a contract. However, the West and this time blocked the work of the disarmament committee.

On August 6, 1985, the USSR unilaterally introduced a moratorium on all types of nuclear explosions. Almost a 19-month term of this moratorium extended four times and remained until 26.02.87, reaching 569 days. During this, the US moratorium produced 26 underground nuclear explosions in 1987. The US State Department confirmed the intentions to conduct explosions in Nevada, "while US security depends on nuclear weapons."

On October 26, 1991, the Order of the 67-RP of the President of Russia B. Yeltsin was declared the second - the Russian - moratorium. This happened against the background of a fairly active activity of the polygons of other nuclear powers.

On February 27, 1992, the President of the Russian Federation was signed by Decree - 194 "On the Polygon on New Earth", which he was defined as the Central Polygon of the Russian Federation (CPU RF).

Currently, the CPU of the Russian Federation is functioning in full compliance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 05, 1993 No. 11008, which is prescribed:

Extend the term of the moratorium on nuclear tests of the Russian Federation declared by the President of the President of the Russian Federation of October 26, 1991 No. 167-RP and the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 19, 1992 number 1267, until such a moratorium declared by other states with nuclear weapons will be de-jurade or deceitly respected by them.

To entrust the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation to hold consultations with representatives of other states with nuclear weapons in order to start multilateral negotiations on the development of a comprehensive prohibition of nuclear tests.

Russian civilization

The Institute of Radiation Security and Ecology of Kazakhstan, which is based in Kurchatov (the East Kazakhstan region, the former center of the closed Semipalatinsky nuclear landfill) stated that Kazakhstan's scientists are not aware of the accidents at facilities with nuclear infrastructure, which were supposedly occurred in Kazakhstan at the end of September.

"We have two reactors: one in Alma-Ata, two in Kurchatov. If something was, we would all know about this," said Yuri Strelchuk, head of the Branch of the Institute of Radiation Security and Ecology in Kurchatov .

On November 9, the Institute of Nuclear and Radiation Security of France (IRSN) said that he also recorded a radioactive cloud over Europe. Experts of the Institute stated that this may indicate an accident with a radiation leakage on a nuclear facility in Russia or Kazakhstan at the end of September. Previously radioactive cloud over Europe. They also pointed out as a likely source of leakage of the south of the Urals, where the radioactive substance of Ruthenium-106 was released.

The departments of the branch of the Institute of Radiation Security and Ecology of Kazakhstan Asan Aydarthanov believes that leakage occurred not in the territory of his country.

"We have no such object, as a result of the accident on which rutheniums would be in the air. Yes, we have research reactors, but if it were an accident on a nuclear fuel cycle object, then [in the atmosphere] would be Not only ruthenies. Most likely, this suggests that there was an accident at an enterprise, which is engaged in the manufacture of radioisotopes, in medical and research purposes. In Kazakhstan, this is the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Almaty, they make radiopharmaceuticals. But there were no accidents I didn't hear about the accident, "said Asan Aydarthanov.

The director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, Kenzhin, said that in the West of Kazakhstan, the Institute has an object next to the city of Aksai in the West Kazakhstan region.

"This is an underground polygon, there are gallery at the depth of one and a half kilometers and a kilometer. These are the former Polygons of the USSR, where there were underground nuclear explosions in the 1980s. Everything is canned there, that is, there are no works related to the release of [Radiation], there is no Already dozens of years. And there is absolutely no radioactivity of radioactivity, "said Yerghase Kenzhin.

"This [emission] does not apply to Kazakhstan 100%," he believes. "But between France and our region there is a powerful European part of Russia, where dozens are concentrated, hundreds of enterprises that can potentially do it."

Scientists IRSN talk about the leakage of Ruthenium-106, which is mainly used in medicine. An accident on a nuclear reactor Experts of the French Institute exclude.

Russian authorities earlier stated that there were no accidents at Russian nuclear power plants in September. The State Corporation Rosatom, with reference to the data "Roshydromet" in October, reported that in the territory of Russia, including in the Southern Urals, Ruthenium-106 "was not found".

However, the Kommersant with reference to the vice-governor of the Chelyabinsk region Oleg Klimov reported that the ruthenium isotope was still found in the air in this region, and the Vice-Governor was going to hold a meeting on this topic with the participation of specialists from the state corporation on atomic energy " Rosatom "and the production association" Lighthouse ". There is no information on the results of this meeting in open sources.

Check if there are no nuclear power plants, a plant or the establishment of atomic topics, the radioactive waste storage or nuclear missiles.

Nuclear power plants

Currently, there are 10 nuclear power plants in Russia and two more are built (the Baltic NPP in the Kaliningrad region and the floating NPP "Academician Lomonosov" on Chukotka). You can read more about them on the official website of the Rosenergoatom.

At the same time, nuclear power plants in the space of the former USSR cannot be considered numerous. As of 2017, 191 NPPs are operated in the world, including 60 in the USA, 58 in the European Union and Switzerland and 21 in China and India. In the immediate vicinity of the Russian Far East, 16 Japanese and 6 South Korean NPP are operating. The entire list of existing, under construction and closed nuclear power plants, indicating their exact location and technical characteristics, can be found in Wikipedia.

Factories and NII atomic topics

Radiation-hazardous objects (ROO), in addition to nuclear power plants, enterprises and scientific organizations of the nuclear industry and ship repair plants specializing in the atomic fleet are.

Official information on ROO in the regions of Russia - on the Roshydromet website, as well as in the annual "Radiation situation in Russia and neighboring states" on the site of NPO Typhoon.

Radioactive waste

Radioactive waste low and medium activity are formed in industry, as well as in scientific and medical organizations throughout the country.

In Russia, the subsidiaries of Rosatom - Rosrao and Radon (in the Central Region) are engaged in their collection, transportation, recycling and storage.

In addition, Rosrao is engaged in the disposal of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel from the nuclear submarines and Navy ships, as well as the environmental rehabilitation of polluted territories and radiation-hazardous facilities (such as the former uranium processing plant in Kirovo-Chepetsk).

Information on their work in each region can be found in environmental reports published on Rosatom sites, Rosrao branches, and Radon enterprises.

Military atomic objects

Among military atomic objects are most environmentally dangerous, apparently atomic submarines.

Atomic submarines (submarines) are called so because they work on atomic energy, at the expense of the boat engines are driven. Some of the APL are also carriers of rockets with nuclear warheads. However, well-known from open sources, large accidents on the APL were associated with the operation of reactors or other reasons (collision, fire, etc.), and not with nuclear warheads.

Atomic energy installations are also available on some Navy surfaced ships, such as the Peter Great nuclear cruiser. They also create a certain environmental risk.

Information on the Base Places of Apple and Atomic Ships The Navy is shown on the map according to open sources.

The second type of military nuclear facilities - RVSN units, which are in service with ballistic nuclear missiles. Cases of radiation accidents associated with nuclear ammunition in open sources were not detected. The current location of the RVSH connections is shown on the map according to the Ministry of Defense.

There are no points for storing a nuclear ammunition (warheads of missiles and airbabes), which can also be an ecological threat.

Nuclear explosions

In 1949-1990, an extensive program from 715 nuclear explosions in military and industrial purposes was implemented in the USSR.

Tests of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere

From 1949 to 1962 The USSR produced 214 tests in the atmosphere, including 32 terrestrial (with the greatest environmental pollution), 177 air, 1 high (at an altitude of more than 7 km) and 4 space.

In 1963, the USSR and the United States signed an agreement on the ban on nuclear testing in air, water and space.

Semipalatinsky Polygon (Kazakhstan) - The testing place of the first Soviet nuclear bomb in 1949 and the first Soviet prototype of thermonuclear bomb with a capacity of 1.6 MT in 1957 (he was also the largest test for the history of the landfill). In total, 116 atmospheric tests were produced here, including 30 terrestrial and 86 air.

Polygon on a new earth - place of an unprecedented series of heavy duty explosions in 1958 and 1961-1962. In total, 85 charges were tested, including the most powerful in world history - the "tsar-bomb" with a capacity of 50 MT (1961). For comparison, the power of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima did not exceed 20 CT. In addition, in the bay, the black Novoemel polygon has been studied affecting the factors of a nuclear explosion to fleet objects. For this in 1955-1962. 1 terrestrial, 2 surface and 3 underwater tests were produced.

Rocket testing polygon "Kapustin Yar" In the Astrakhan region - the operating polygon of the Russian army. In 1957-1962 It produced 5 air, 1 high-altitude and 4 cosmic tests in rocket performance. The maximum power of air explosions was 40 CT, high-altitude and cosmic - 300 CT. From here, in 1956, a rocket with a nuclear charge of 0.3 CT was launched, which fell and burst into the Karakums in the area of \u200b\u200bAralsk.

On the Totsky Polygon In 1954, military exercises were held, during which a 40 CT atomic bomb was reset. After the explosion, the military units had to "take" objects subjected to bombardment.

In addition to the USSR in Eurasia, nuclear tests in the atmosphere produced only China. To do this, the Lobnor Polygon was used in the north-west of the country, about the longitude of Novosibirsk. A total of 1964-1980. China produced 22 terrestrial and air tests, including thermonuclear explosions with a capacity of up to 4 mt.

Underground nuclear explosions

The USSR carried out underground nuclear explosions from 1961 to 1990. Initially, they were aimed at the development of nuclear weapons in connection with the prohibition of testing in the atmosphere. Since 1967, the creation of nuclear explosive technologies for industrial purposes began.

In total of 496 underground explosions, 340 were produced at the Semipalatinsky landfill and 39 on the new land. Tests on new land in 1964-1975 They differed in high power, including a record (about 4 Mt) underground explosion in 1973. After 1976, the power did not exceed 150 kD. The last nuclear explosion at the Semipalatinsky landfill was produced in 1989, on a new land - in 1990.

Polygon "Azgir" In Kazakhstan (near the Russian town of Orenburg) was used to work out industrial technologies. With the help of nuclear explosions, cavities in the layers of the stone salt were created here, and during repeated explosions, radioactive isotopes were developed in them. A total of 17 explosions with a capacity of up to 100 CT were produced.

Outside the polygons in 1965-1988. 100 underground nuclear explosions for industrial purposes were performed, including 80 in Russia, 15 in Kazakhstan, 2 in Uzbekistan and Ukraine and 1 in Turkmenistan. Their goal was deep seismiamonding for searching for minerals, the creation of underground cavities for the storage of natural gas and industrial waste, intensification of oil and gas production, the movement of large ground arrays for the construction of channels and dams, extinguishing gas fountains.

Other countries. China produced 23 underground nuclear explosions at the Lobnor Polygon in 1969-1996, India - 6 explosions in 1974 and 1998, Pakistan - 6 explosions in 1998, DPRK - 5 explosions in 2006-2016.

The United States, the United Kingdom and France made all their tests outside of Eurasia.

Literature

Many data on nuclear explosions in the USSR are open.

Official information on the capacity, goals and geography of each explosion was published in 2000 in the book of the team of the authors of Minatom Russia "Nuclear Testing of the USSR". The history and description of the Semipalatinsky and Novoemel polygons, the first tests of nuclear and thermonuclear bombs, the test of the "tsar bomb", a nuclear explosion on the Totsk Polygon and other data.

A detailed description of the landfill on the new land and the test programs on it can be found in the article "Review of Soviet Nuclear Tests on New Earth in 1955-1990", and their environmental consequences - in the book "

List of atomic objects compiled in 1998 by the magazine "Results", on the site Kulichki.com.

Presumable location of various objects on interactive maps

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Nuclear polygons

Outloigned, strictly guarded territory intended to perform a complex of work on the preparation and conduct of tests of nuclear charges, incl. And for military purposes (see nuclear ammunition). As a rule, at the nuclear powered polygons there are enterprises for mining work, shutters of gallery and wells, underground tests are undergoing underground tests, and research and development units are working, which prepare tests, perform measurements and observations, control the state of nuclear charges and clogging complexes. Polygons have powerful energy facilities and complex control systems. On the territory of the polygons there are military units responsible for the protection of objects and participating in the tests.

Five nuclear powers - USA, RF, UK, France and the PRC - from 1945 to 1996 mainly conducted tests of nuclear charges on five polygons of the world: Nevadi (USA and the United Kingdom, using the American Polygon under contract), Novomel and Semipalatinsky (USSR), landfill Pacific Experimental Center on Coral Atollah in Polynesia (France) and Lobnorsky (PRC). However, nuclear powers were conducted underwater, surface, underground, terrestrial and atmospheric tests of nuclear charges in more than 20 parts of the globe outside Ya.P.

Only after the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty on the prohibition of tests of nuclear weapons in three environments (in space, under water and in the atmosphere) in 1963, nuclear explosions were localized on five above-mentioned polygons (excluding one underground explosion, which conducted India on May 17, 1974 on its territory) (See also: International agreements on the limitation and prohibition of nuclear tests).

Nevada polygon (USA) is located in Nevada 100 km north of Las Vegas. The first test here was held on January 27, 1951.

Most of the tests aimed at studying the combat properties of nuclear charges were carried out in vertical mines in a depth of 180-1500 m and a diameter of 1 - 3.6 m. After the detonation of the nuclear device on the surface, gigantic crater funnels were formed. According to published data, in places of testing of the Nevada polygon there are several hundred such crater, the diameter of which is 60 - 600 m, the depth of up to 60 m.

Tests associated with the study of weapons effects, as a rule, were carried out in horizontal gallery. The total number of US nuclear tests, including 24 US-British explosions, amounted to 1054 (on foreign data), and most of them were conducted on this polygon. There were also military exercises with nuclear weapons. As a result of atmospheric explosions carried out to 1963, the territory of neighboring states (especially the state of Utah, located with a leeward side) underwent significant radioactive pollution.

The polygon on the new land (USSR, the Russian Federation) was created on July 31, 1955 by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers on the New Earth archipelago. By the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on March 5, 1956, the status of the State Central Polygon No. 6 of the USSR Ministry of Defense was enshrined. July 2, 1974 Decree of the Presidium of the CCCP Supreme Council already as the State Central Research Polygon of the USSR Ministry of Defense was awarded the Order of Lenin.

The polygon covers an area of \u200b\u200b90.2 thousand square k.km, of which 55 thousand sq. Km accounts for land. At the same time, the indigenous population of the archipelago was resettled to the continent. Starting from 1955, atmospheric, terrestrial, underwater and underground tests were carried out here. A total of 132 (87 atmospheric, 3 underwater, 42 underground) tests were carried out. According to experts, the total energy release of tests on the new land amounted to 94 percent of the capacity of all nuclear explosions carried out in our country. Here, thermonuclear weapons were worked out - a hydrogen bomb, almost all tests of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere were carried out.

The last nuclear test on the Novoemel polygon was produced on October 24, 1990. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 27, 1992, the State Central Polygon of the USSR Ministry of Defense was renamed to the Central Polygon of the Russian Federation.

Currently, as part of a non-prohibited agreement on a comprehensive prohibition of nuclear testing activities, non-nuclear explosive experiments are conducted in order to maintain the reliability and security of the nuclear arsenal.

Chiefs of Polygon: Colonel Barkovsky E.N. (08/09/1954 - 11/21/1954), Hero of the Soviet Union Captain of the 1st Rank Starikov V.G. (11/21/1954 - 09/01/1955), Captain 1st Rank Osovo N.A. (09/01/1955 - 09.02.1956), Counter-Admirals Lutsky N.L. (03/09/1956 - 07.07.1958), PAXOM I.I. (07/07/1958 - 05/16/1959), Major General Kudryavtsev G.G. (05/16/1959 - 06/01/1963), Vice-Admiral Zbritsky E.P. (06/01/1963 - 13.03.1969), Counter-Admiral Stshenko V.K. (03/13/1969 - 09/01/1970), Minenko N.G. (09/01/1970 - 25.12.1974), Vice Admirals Kostritsky S.P. (25.12.1974 - 02.03.1982), Chirov V.K. (03/02/1982 - 10/19/1985), Counter-Admiral Gorozhin E.P. (10/19/1985 - 12/06/1989), Vice Admirals Gorez V.A. (06.12.1989 - 10.12.1993), Yarygin V.S. (10.12.1993 - 16.01.1997), Counter-Admiral Shevchenko V.V. (01/16/1997 - 06/16/1999), Majo-General Astapov S.D. (06/16/1999 - 14.02.2002) and Sokolov Yu.I. (from 04/04/2002).

Semipalatinsky landfill (USSR, now Republic of Kazakhstan). Educated in the territory of the Semipalatinskaya, Karaganda and Pavlodar regions of the USSR by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on November 14, 1946. Construction of Semipalatinsky Ya.P. It began in August 1947. On May 12, 1970 received the name of the 2nd State Central Research Test Polygon of the USSR Ministry of Defense. July 2, 1974 Polygon number 2 was awarded the Order of Lenin. On March 28, 1990, he was renamed to the 2nd State Central Test Polygon.

At the Semipalatinsky landfill, the plutonium bomb was first tested: a plutonium bomb - in August 1949, a Uranium bomb - in October 1951, the first hydrogen warhead - in August 1953, the first thermonuclear bomb with a capacity of about 1.5 MT of Trinitrotoluola - in October 1955.

Not counting the peaceful explosions, the USSR produced almost 90 percent of its underground explosions for military purposes. The testing of the first samples of atomic and hydrogen weapons were testing, the start of the first ballistic missile with a nuclear charge was carried out, there were tests for strength to the effects of the nuclear explosion of rocket equipment and mine starting plants. Only from 1961 to 1989, 348 nuclear explosions were held at the Semipalatinsk landfill, of which 5 is a program of working out the use of nuclear explosive technologies for industrial purposes. The last test at the landfill was held on October 19, 1989. The Semipalatinsky polygon was closed by decree of the President of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev dated August 29, 1991. In 1993-1995 A joint Kazakhstan-American project to destroy the infrastructure of the polygon, which ended on July 29, 2000 was developed. Over the years, 181 galleries were closed and 13 wells were eliminated.

Chiefs of the Polygon: Lieutenant General Rozhanovich P.M. (09/04/1947 - 08/31/1948), Major General Kolesnikov S.G. (09/12/1948 - 14.11.1950), Phenko A.V. (14.11.1950 - 11.02.1957), Guenev I.N. (11.02.1957 - 28.02.1965), Lieutenant-General Vinogradov N.N. (02.28.1965 - 13.10.1970), Smirnov A.I. (13.10.1970 - 03/18/1976), Majo-General Cantiev MK (03/18/1976 - 06.01.1978), Cuge (03/07/1978 - 07/01/1981), Lieutenant-General Ilyenko A.D. (07/01/1981 - 05.11.1991), Major General Konovalenko Yu.V. (05.11.1991 - 04/03/1994).

Pacific Experimental Center of France in Polynesia - Main Ya.P. For France after stopping the tests of nuclear weapons in Algerian Sahara. This polygon includes two main atoll - Mururo and Fangataufa, as well as the Coral Island Hao, turned into a base for 2 thousand mining workers and technicians who mount nuclear explosive devices before the explosion. In record time, barracks, warehouses and workshops near the airfield with a runway were built in 3.5 thousand m.

The first nuclear test at the landfill took place on July 2, 1966. Until 1991, 175 explosions were produced here, which gradually turned the islands with richest flora and fauna to radioactively dangerous, so that even fishery and seafood began to import here from Japan and other Pacific countries. In 1966-1974 41 explosion in the atmosphere was carried out, and in 1975-1995. - 140 underground explosions; Which, together with 17 explosions in Algerian Sahara, brought France to third place (after the United States and the USSR) by the number of tests.

The Lobnor Polygon (PRC), called another Xinjiang polygon, is located in the province of the same name in the north of the PRC near Lobnor Lake. This landfill is approximately 1 thousand km from the Borders of the PRC with Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

The first terrestrial explosion of 20-50 CT trinitrotoluola was produced October 16, 1964. Ground, atmospheric and high-altitude nuclear tests (1-3 per year) continued until 1980. A total of 23 explosions were produced: 6 terrestrial and 17 atmospheric with total energy release 22 MT trinitrotoluola . According to the observations of the USSR radiometric network, a series of atmospheric explosions at the Lobnor polygon in 1967, 1968, 1973 and 1976. With a capacity of 2-3 MT and explosions up to 1 MT in 1970 and 1974 led to serious pollution of the natural environment in the Soviet Union. The reason for this was the falling of radioactive products of explosions in the troposphere and the surface layer of air with the subsequent loss of radioactive precipitation over the territory of the USSR. This was also facilitated by the location of the landfill: it is located at an altitude of about 800 m above sea level between Tien Shan mountain range (height of vertices 1.5-2.8 km) and Altyntag mountain chain (height of vertices 4-7 km), and in both Cases of ridges have a latitudinal orientation. The Altyntag Ridge plays the role of a reflective wall, forming the direction of air mass transfer in the area.

After 1980, 20 underground explosions were produced at the Lobnor polygon. The last one was implemented in August 1995, despite the official participation of the PRC delegation in the Geneva talks on the complete termination of nuclear tests.

Radioactive fission products formed in the boundary layer of the atmosphere at the Lobnor polygon can hold over the territory of the PRC for a long time. However, it should be borne in mind that with underground explosions, the likelihood of radioactive inert gases and tritium to the Far East of Russia is large. Modeling data show that in 90% of cases, air masses are submitted to this region.

Consolidated data on the number of nuclear explosions made by nuclear powers.

Note: The United States produced 1056 nuclear explosions, if you consider 24 tests in conjunction with the Great Britain and the bombardment of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

According to the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, the average energy release of all 715 of the USSR explosions (including for peaceful purposes) is equal to 261.965 MT TNT, and all US explosions are 218.86 MT TNT. The capacity of atmospheric nuclear explosions conducted by all nuclear powers, according to experts, was 438 MT trinitrotoluola, including 141 (USA), 257 (USSR), 8 (United Kingdom), 10 (France), 22 (PRC) of MT trinitrotoluola.