The thinner of the gunner is a real story. Who was actually a Machine Muncher & NBSP RUSSIAN MANUANTER

Makarova mistaken

Antonina Parfinova (for another version of Panfilova) was born in one of the Smolensk villages in 1920. It is believed that the surname Makarova went to her by mistake. Allegedly when she came to school, then from fear and excitement could not call his surname in response to a teacher's question. Sitted nearby classmates told the teacher that she was Makarov - in fact, the name was her father. However, the error fastened and moved to all other documents in all other documents - a Komsomol ticket, a passport, etc.

The story is rather strange, but still not fantastic - although the inaction of the parents of Antonina, who did not correct the mistake of the school teacher, and causes bewilderment. It is quite unusual when the whole big family (she had six brothers and sisters) wears one name, and one child is completely different. In the end, it creates a lot of inconvenience. Again, in the metric recorded one surname, and in all other documents the other documents.

But theoretically, this can be found an explanation. In those days, the participation of the population was very weak, the peasants of the passport were not issued, and having arrived in the city and having received a passport, a person could turn out to be called any last name, and she was recorded from his words.

The youthful biography of Antonina is not quite clear. According to one version, she came to Moscow with his parents. But in this case, they had to issue passports together and, of course, the passportists would pay attention to the mismatch of the names.

According to another version, Antonina left alone and lived at his native aunt. In this case, explain the change of surname easier. In addition, she could get married and quickly divorce. In a word, the story of the transformation of Antonina Parfinovaya \\ Panfilova in Makarov still remains a mystery.

Front

Soon the war began. Antonina at that time studied at the doctor. In some sources, it is reported that it was originally served as a busy buffet in one of the military units, and then was translated into the sanitation.

It is precisely known that it was designed in the 422th regiment of the 170th Rifle Division by the Leninsky Railing Committee of Moscow on August 13, 1941 in the rank of sergeant. In the Soviet army there were two 170 divisions: the first and second formation. The division of the first died under the great bows. The division of the second formation was created in 1942 and finished the fighting path in Eastern Prussia. Makarov served in the first.

Before the war, the division was stationed in Bashkiria, and served there mostly local conscripts. Makarova fell into it as replenishment. Division in the early days of the war accepted a powerful blow to the Germans in the area of \u200b\u200bHonor. She fell into the environment and managed to break through with big losses. At the end of July - early August, she was replenished and directed to protect the Great Luki.

The front door of the future executioner was short-lived. On August 26, the city was taken, and barely had time to arrive Makarov was surrounded. Only a few hundred her colleagues were able to break through and go to their. The rest either died or captured. Later, the 170th Infantry Division was disbanded due to the fact that he stopped his existence as a combat unit.

The Germans were not able to establish serious control over a huge mass of prisoners (only under 600 thousand people got into captivity), who lived in the pure field. Implementing the moment, Makarova ran away with the colleague Fedchuk. Before the winter, they walked around the forests, sometimes finding shelter in the villages. Fedchuk made his way home, to the Bryansk region, where his family lived. And Makarova walked with him, because it was nowhere to go, and alone to survive in the autumn forest of a 21-year-old girl hard.

In January 1942, they finally got to the village of Red Well, where Fedchuk declared her that they would break up and he returns to the family. Further Makarova was already wandering alone in the surrounding villages.

Elbow

So Makarov got to the village elbow. There she found shelter from one local resident, but not long. The woman noticed that she looked at her devices, and she seemed to like it. She did not want to put on the balance of the family of the family "Excess Roth" in the troubled wartime, so I drove Makarov, advising it to go either to partisans or to serve to the local collaborationist administration. According to another version, a suspicious girl was detained in the village of local policemen.

It is worth noting that the elbow was not a very typical occupied settlement. Unlike the rest, where the authorities fully belonged to the Germans, self-government existed on the local. However, which did not extend for a certain framework. Initially, the local system existed only in the village, but in 1942 it was spread to a whole area. So the Loc County District appeared. Local collaborators did not use complete independence, but had self-government in a much wider framework than the remaining occupied lands.

On the local, as elsewhere, there was a police. Its peculiarity was that at first the line between the police and the partisans was illusory enough. In the ranks of the local police, there were no uncommon from among the partisans, tired of their lives in the forest. The police served even the former head of the department of one of the local regiments. On post-war processes over local collaborators, former members of the party and the Komsomol members often performed as defendants. It was not the opposite. Police, eliminating the "Polyzay soldering", ran into the forest to the partisans.

At first, Makarova just served in the police. The moment of its transformation into the executioner is unknown. Most likely, she was offered such a specific work because she was non-man. The police could still justify themselves by the fact that they went to the duress service and that they just protected the order (although it was not always so), but the executioner is a completely different conversation. Few who wanted to shoot their fellow villagers. So Makarova, as a Muscovite, was offered the position of the executioner, and she agreed.

The number of victims

This period is the most mythologized by modern publicists. Makarova attributes some completely "Stakhanovsky" pace of executions. In this regard, as a "official", the figure of a one and a half thousand who shot it in the year of service by the executioner. In fact, she was shown, apparently, nevertheless.

At the trial, the Machine-Machine Trial was accused of execution of 167 people (in some sources - 168). These are those who managed to establish testimony and under the preserved documents. It is very likely that there are still few dozen people in the lists. In the Locos district, there was a judicial system and the death penalty was sentenced to the decision of the military-field courts.

After the war, a process took place over Stepan Mosin (Deputy Ober-Burgomistra Kaminsky). He argued that since in the existence of the Loc County district, military field courts sentenced about 200 people to the death penalty. At the same time, part of the executed was heated (in whom Makarov did not take part).

Mosina has every reason to understand the number of executed. But even by archival data, most of the victims in the area fall on punitive anti-Partisan shares in the villages where people were executed in place. And in a district prison, where worked by the executioner Makarov, executed the sentenced by a local court.

The figure of 1,500 shot Makarova, apparently, was taken from the "Act of the Commission to establish the facts of the Germans of German occupiers in the Brasovsky district of October 22, 1945." It says: "In the fall of 1943 in the last days of his stay in the area, the Germans were shot on the fields of cones - 1500 people."

Just on this field shot Makarov's victims. And the Locotian prison itself was located in the re-equipped building of the horseman. However, the document states that executions were held in the last days before the departure of the Germans, in September 1943. By this time Makarova was no longer there. According to one version, she fell into the hospital before the departure of the Lococcian collaborators in Belarus, on the other, went with them. But they left the elbow back in August, over a year and a half before the departure of the Germans.

Nevertheless, and proven by the court of executions with more than enough to consider it one of the most bloody killer women. The scale of the atrocities of Makarov, apparently, is exaggerated by publicists, but still terrifies. You can absolutely confidently speak at least about two hundred shown by it my own.

Disappearance

In August 1943, in connection with the onset of the Soviet Army, the position of the Local County became critical. Several thousand people from among the collaborators and their families went to Belorussia. Then Makarova disappeared.

There are versions, in different ways describing its disappearance. For one of them, she fell into a hospital with a venereal disease. And then persuaded a certain compassionate German corner of the head of her way. But it is possible that she just went along with the rest of the collaborators, and then ran away to the Germans.

She was not useful, so she was sent to a military plant to Königsberg, where she worked until the end of the war. In 1945, the city was taken by Soviet troops. Makarov, among other prisoners and hijacked on work, was inspected in check-filtration camps of the NKVD.

In many publications, there are allegations that she allegedly faked, did not have someone's nurses documents and thus returned to the service in the army. These are speculation of modern authors. In fact, she passed all checks under her name. The archive document is preserved from the database of the Ministry of Defense, in which it appears. He reads: "Antonina Makarovna Makarova, born in 1920, a non-partisan, is designed to give the rank of Sergeant by the Leninsky Railoencoma of Moscow on August 13, 1941 in the 422th regiment. He was captured on October 8, 1941. Directed to further pass the service to the Marshi Road 212 Spare rifle regiment on April 27, 1945. "

At the same time, Makarova got acquainted with the Red Armenian Ginzburg. He just distinguished himself in one of the April fighting, destroying 15 soldiers of the enemy from a mortar (for which he was awarded the medal "for courage"), and was treated from light contusion. Soon they got married.

Makarova did not need to compose complex legends. It was only enough to keep themselves about your service by the executioner. Otherwise, her biography did not cause questions. A young nurse fell in captivity in the first days at the front, was sent by the Germans to the plant, and worked out all the war. Therefore, she did not arouse any suspicion of those who were verified.

Search

At one time, a joke was popular about the elusive Joe, which no one was looking for. It is fully applied to Makarova, which is not going through the USSR for more than 30 years. And just a few hours from the place of its "glory" - after the war, they with her husband deliced \u200b\u200bin Lepele.

At first, the Soviet bodies did not know anything about Makarov at all. Later, they received testimony from the former Komentant of the Locodsk district prison, which said that some Tonya Makarov was executed in it, a former nurse from Moscow.

However, the searches were soon discontinued. According to one version, Bryansk security officers (they were investigating her business) erroneously found it dead and closed the case. On the other, they were confused due to confusion with her last name. But, apparently, if I was looking for, it is extremely careless.

Already in 1945, she "lit up" in army documents under his name. And how much in the USSR Antonin Makarov? Probably several hundred. And if the deduction of those who did not live in Moscow and did not serve as a nurse? Essentially less. Investigators in her case probably did not take into account that she could marry and change the surname, or simply lazy to check it on this line. As a result, Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg has lived calmly for more than 30 years, working in Sweden and without hiding. She was considered an exemplary Soviet citizen, her portrait even hung on a local honorable board.

As in the case of another famous punisher Vasaura, the case has helped it. Her brother is the colonel of the Soviet Army, gathered abroad. In those days, all the traveling strictly checked for trustiness, forcing the questionnaires on all relatives. And the high-ranking military was still checked. When checking, it turned out that he himself was Parfinov, and his native sister in Makarov's Maiden. How can it be? This story was interested in, it turned out that this Makarov was in captivity during the war, and her complete campaign appeared in the lists of wanted criminals.

Antonina was identified by several witnesses who lived in the village at the time when she worked as a palach. In 1978, she was arrested. Then the court took place. She did not unlocked and admitted her guilt, explaining his actions by the fact that the "war was forced." She was admitted by the sane and sentenced to the death penalty for the murder of 167 people. All appeals and pardon petitions were rejected. On August 11, 1979, the sentence was carried out.

She became the only female punisher, condemned by the Soviet court. In addition, she became the first executed female for all postowli time.

Researchers still break their heads over what caused the young girl to choose such a terrible craft. In the end, it was not the question of her survival. Judging by the information available, it was originally served in police on support positions. There is no evidence that it was forcibly forced to become a pall, threatening with death. Most likely, it was a voluntary choice.

Some believe that to take over the craft, from whom a man who went to the Germans went to the Germans, Makarov made a perishes of reason after the horror of the environment, captivity and wandering on the forests. Other, that is the case in banal greed, because the post of the executioner was paid above. Anyway, the authentic motifs of the machine gunners and remained a mystery.

On August 11, 1979, the verdict of the executioner of the "Locodsky self-government" was carried out - Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg, on the nicknamed "Muthettil Thawer", the only woman in the world - a killer of 1500 people.

During the Great Patriotic War, the territories of the Bryansk, Kursk and Oryol regions were announced by the Nazis new administrative-territorial education - the Locodsky District, with all the completeness of the authorities in local governments, which were fascist accomplices.

Makarova, being a nurse in 1941, came to the environment and after 3 months old wandering over the Bryansk forests was in the "Locodsky district".

A 20-year-old girl became a pall, every morning from the master's home-held machine gun, shooting people - partisans, sympathizing with them, members of their families (children, teenagers, women, old men!). After the execution, Tonya Makarov won the wounded and collected the women's belongings. And in the evening, revealed blood stains, smoking, went to the officer club to find another friend at night.

Makarova is the only woman-punisher shot in the USSR.

We bring to your attention the main facts of the terrible life of "Munchetchychychitsy", which are difficult to realize and cannot be forgotten.

For the first time Makarova killed after drank moonshine. She was caught on the street, torn, dirty and homeless local policemen. Heat, drank and, putting a machine gun, brought to the courtyard. A completely drunk tonya did not understand what was happening and did not resist. But when I saw 30 brands in my hand (good money), I was delighted and agreed to cooperate. Makarova was allocated to the bed on a cone and said in the morning to go to work.

Tonya to "work" I used to get used to: "I did not know those whom I shoot. They did not know me. Therefore, I was not ashamed before them. It happened, shoot, come closer, and someone else twitching. Then she shot himself in his head so that the person would not suffer. Sometimes several prisoners on the chest were suspended a piece of plywood with the inscription "Partizan". Some sang something before death. After executions, I cleaned a machine gun in a guard room or in the courtyard. The cartridges were in sufficiency ... "; "It seemed to me that the war will write everything. I just performed my work for which I paid. I had to shoot not only partisans, but also members of their families, women, teenagers. I tried not to remember this ... ".

At night Makarova He loved to resemble the former stable, conveyed by policemen to prison - there after brutal interrogations were overcome by the sentenced to the execution and the girl silently peered into the face of the people whom she was in the morning to deprive life (of course, nothing personal!).

Retribution immediately After the war, Makarov quickly escaped - at the moment when the Soviet troops came, a venereal disease was revealed and the Germans ordered to send to his distant rear to be treated (as a valuable frame?). When the Red Army entered the elbow from "Munchetchich's Tonglets", only a huge fraternal grave with a number of 1500 people remained (setting passport data was able to have 200 dead - the death of these people and went on the basis of abuse of punisher Antonina Makarova, born in 1921, allegedly residents of Moscow - More about the executioner was not known anything).

Thirty with too much Years KGB employees were looking for a killer. All Antonins of Makarov born in the Soviet Union were tested in 1921 (there were 250 people). But the "Martherometer's Tong Machine" disappeared. "

In 1976. Moscow official by the name of Parfenov issued documents for travel abroad. Filling out a questionnaire, he listed the passport details of his brothers and sisters - 5 people. All were American and only alone - Antonina Makarovna Makarova, since 1945, Ginzburg (on her husband), living in Belarus, in the city of Lepel.

Sister Parfenova - Antonina Ginzburg became interested and the year was observed for her, fearing in vain to specify ... Warm veteran! Receiving all due to benefits, regularly speaking at the invitation in schools and labor collectives, an exemplary wife and mother of two children! I had to carry the witnesses in the leprenel for a secret identification (including some of the tongue colleagues-policemen serving punishment and lovers).

When Makarov Gunzburg They were arrested, she told how fled from the German hospital, realizing that the end of the end - the fascists go, married Frontovik, straightened the veteran documents and disappeared in a small, provincial leprenel. Sleeping thinner is good, nothing tormented: "What a nonsense, that then tormenting the remorse of conscience. What those who kill come at night in nightmares. I still have not dreamed of not one. "

Shot The 55-year-old Makarov-Ginzburg early in the morning, rejected all the petitions about pardon. What has become a complete surprise (!), She repeatedly complained of the prison wrappers: "I disgraced me at old age years, now after the sentence you will have to leave the lepel, otherwise every fool will push me a finger. I think that I will give three years to give. What is more? Then it is necessary to somehow anew life to arrange. And how many salary are in the detention center, girls? Maybe I get a job to you - the work is familiar ... "!

Forty years ago, a death sentence was brought out of a woman, widely known as a man-carfish thinner. The number of its victims, according to various sources, is from 168 to 2 thousand people, which allows some authors to attribute it to the number of the most bloody killer women in the history of mankind.

In the media, it is often possible to encounter and try to justify the killer, declaring it with a mentally ill-treatment person or an unfortunate victim. However, experts who worked with the documents in the case of thinners do not see grounds for such statements.

Thanks to the media and cinema Antonina Ginzburg (Makarov) became one of the most famous palable-collaborators operating in the times of the Great Patriotic War in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. However, her life is so shrouded in all sorts of myths, which to understand who was actually a Machine-Maker's thinner, is quite difficult.

Experts believe that the history of her life can help answer the question why at a time when most Soviet citizens defended their homeland, there were people who are ready for a small salary and grocery pieces to kill their compatriots. In the history of life, the route-machine guns and the motives of her crimes RT helped to understand historians Dmitry Zhukov and Ivan Kovtun, the authors of the Burgomaster and Palach book.

Principal biography distortion

"In newspaper articles and documentaries, for some reason, a lot of machine gunners is incorrect, even in those based on real documents. On the emergence of certain ideas about the history of life, the slopes influenced the series "Palace". It is clear that this is a feature film and no complaints about its creators about the accuracy of the description of the events can be, but it should be understood that it cannot be perceived as a historical source. In addition to some moments of the common canvas, it has nothing to do with reality. Part of the events in it is distorted, the other is at all one hundred percent fiction, "

Spoken in an interview with RT Dmitry Zhukov.

The disputes also cause the date and place of the birth of Antonina Makarova. According to the most common version, it was born on March 1, 1920 in the village of Small Volokovka Smolensk province. In other sources, 1922 or 1923 are indicated, and Moscow is called Moscow. A person with the same name and initials, as well as the father Antonina Makarova, appears in the "All Moscow" reference book for 1917, but disappears from it in 1923. Therefore, the parents of the future-malel-leaders could really be the capital inhabitants, for some reasons who left Moscow and moved to the province. However, the most fundamental distortion of the biography of the future collaboration was not the date and place of her birth, but the names.

"The surname of Parents Antonina - Panfilov. But it was in the early 1920s. Metrics were not clear how, and Antonine's birth certificates were not written. Upon admission to school, it is most likely, named after Father - Makara - recorded as Makarov. On the same surname then issued a passport and a Komsomol ticket.

The paradoxical situation was formed: parents, brothers and sisters - Panfilov, and Antonina - Makarova. After the war, this sharply complicates the life of state security agencies, which will look for the "Lokot Palace", "

Spoken in an interview with RT Ivan Kovtun.

In the mid-1930s, Antonina moved to Moscow, where Mary Yershova lived at his aunt. After graduation, she worked for some time on the leather, and then on a knitted factory. However, this work, the girl, apparently, did not like, and, referring to the problems with his eyesight, she was transferred to the post of waitress in the Table Plant named after Ilyich. Even before the start of the war, Antonina Makarov visited the courses of the Red Cross, so in August 1941 it was sent to a military registration and enlistment office on the Komsomol journey. The first place of her service temporarily became a buffet of one of the military units.

Many years later, Antonina, hoping to soften his fate, it would declare that in this period she allegedly did not give her oath and did not assign a military rank. However, this is a lie: according to the documents of the Ministry of Defense, in August 1941, Antonina Makarova was called for military service and has become a sergeant in the fall. It was translated from the buffet to the post of Sannaster in the 422nd Rifle Regiment of the 170th Division of the 24th Army of the Backup Front.

Lokotskaya Palace

During the Vyazemskoy operation, Sergeant Makarova was captured, where he met the soldier for the name Fedchuk (according to the same way, his name was Sergey, according to others, Nikolai). There was a personal relationship between them, and together they escaped from the camp for prisoners of war, heading to the village of Red Well of the Basovsky District. "In the TV series" Palace "shows the scene of the rape of Antonina by a soldier, together with which she was in the German rear. There was really nothing like that. Her relations with Fedchuk, apparently, was completely mutual character, another thing that, on the parish to his native village, he threw it and returned to his family, "said Dmitry Zhukov.

In the Red Welcome, Makarov lived for some time in an elderly woman named Nyura. The village was next to the village elbow, where the administrative center of the Collaborationist Lococcian Republic was located and a large garrison of the Motherland was stationed. He was created with the support of Germans Hitler's accomplice Bronislav Kaminsky. Subsequently, the so-called Russian Liberation People's Army (Ron) was formed on the basis of the garrison.

Someone introduced Antonina with the deputy chief of the local police Gregory Ivanov-Ivanin. That in December 1941 took Makarov to his service and made his mistress. She received a salary in the amount of 30 brands per month, free food and room. Antonina took part in several punitive operations. In the course of one of them, Antonina was inadvertently almost shot the head of the police - the relative of his lover, after which she was transferred to the service in prison.

Makarova fell into the number of guards, of which a shot team was formed, which was carried out by the sentences made by the occupying authorities. Antonine issued a machine gun and a gun. She began to take part in the shootings of the Soviet partisans and civilians and soon received the nicknamed-gunner's nickname.

"In a number of sources, you can find a statement that Makarova allegedly liked the killing process that she received sadistic pleasure from this. In fact, nothing does not indicate. Maniac in the generally accepted understanding she was not. First, she had a completely prosperous family - none of her brothers and sisters was noticed in unseemless actions. Secondly, the "work" of the executioner did not like her. She treated her negative sensations in alcohol and left the elbow at the first time, "

Stressed Ivan Kovtun.

At the same time, according to Dmitry Zhukov, its activities in 1941-1943 itself was a unique phenomenon.

"The uniqueness was already the fact that a woman was a palach. Performed executions turned into a terrible theatrical representation. They came to watch the leaders of the Locodsky self-government, were invited by German and Hungarian generals and officers, "

Noted the historian.

From his position, the Machine-Machine's Tongue tried to extract the maximum benefit.

There is evidence that she took the things of people killed by her, in particular clothes. After parting with Ivanov-Ivanin, Antonina saw a lot and entered the disorderly connections for money both with police houses and with German officers.

In 1943, she fell ill with syphilis and was aimed at treating one of the rear hospitals. But during the liberation of the elbow of the Red Army in September 1943, Makarova was not there.

There were even rumors that the Germans did not send a thinner for treatment, but killed. It is impossible to exclude that Makarov herself tried to go away to the rear, as he felt that the situation was changing.

Having cured, Antonina met the German efreitor, the military unit of which went to the West, and asked him to him as servants and mistresses. In fact, she was deserted from the rows of collaborators. In the future, according to some sources, the Efreitor died, according to other data, he simply could not cover his fellow traveler for a long time: Makarov drove into a common column with other refugees and sent to Eastern Prussia. There she fell on forced work on a military plant, becoming one of the millions of Soviet Ostarabiters (the definition adopted in the Third Reich to designate people exported from Eastern Europe to use as a free or low-paid labor force).

In 1945, Makarov liberated Soviet soldiers. Due to the huge number of former prisoners of war filtering at this time, sufficiently superficially was carried out. Antonina called its real data by Soviet law enforcement agencies, while taking the fact of work on the Germans, and the filtering was safely passed.

Search and retribution

Makarova was restored to the service and got into the 1st Moscow Division. In the summer of 1945, due to the health problems, Antonin was in the hospital.

Here she was demobilized and remained to work as a civilian nanitarian. In August, Makarova got acquainted with a mortar who was at the treatment of a minister, Guard, ordinary Viktor Ginzburg. He passed the whole war, and in the spring of 1945 committed a feat, destroying about 15 enemy soldiers in one battle and having received a heavy contusion. Antonina and Victor began to live together, and in 1947, after the birth of the first child, married.

Replacing several residences, Chut Ginzburg moved to the Motherland of Victor - to Belarus. Antonina tried to organize the movement of the family to Poland, but she did not come out. In 1961, she settled to work on the Lepel Promcomblent, who soon allocated her apartment. In Lepele, Makarov was considered a respected veteran of war - she participated in meetings with schoolchildren, her photos were exhibited on the Honor Board.

"After the war, Antonine, as a participant in the war, was awarded several medals, and it is formally fair, since in the Red Army she really served. Even at the court, her awards were not deprived - perhaps just forgot about it. "

Told Dmitry Zhukov.

Back in the war years, Antonina Makarov began to look for state security bodies. However, the wanted list was in the metric records in which it appeared as Panfilov. Therefore, the search turned out to be unsuccessful. Antonina was careful - even on holidays did not delay in the company in order not to say anything superfluous. Only in 1976, her brother, who became a colonel by this time, pointed out in the questionnaire that he had a sister who was called Makarov's surname and visited Germans.

KGB employees are interested in this fact. The test began, to the lepel began to briefly bring people who knew the Machine gunner. She was identified, and in the summer of 1978, Antonina Ginzburg was arrested.

Employees of the KGB managed to collect so much evidence by this time that the Honored workers of the Lepel Promcomble did not have another choice, in addition, to admit that it was indeed the famous "Locod's Palace". At the departure to the elbow, she clarified some details and accurately indicated the place of executions. True, he recognized personal participation in only 114 murders.

"The number of victims is one of the most famous myths associated with its activities. In the press she is credited with about 2 thousand victims. But this is a mistake. About 2 thousand Soviet patriots were killed by collaborators on the territory of the village elbow in 1941-1943, but, in addition to the thinners, there were other executioners. Evaluating all the facts, the court found the personal participation of Antonina Ginzburg in committing 168 murders. Her victims, of course, could be much larger, but not 2 thousand in the expulsion of the Machine-Machinery, its former accomplices accepted the active participation. After the war in the USSR, the death penalty was canceled for some time, and some traitors instead of execution were sentenced to a long time, from 10 to 25 years old, detention. But in 1978 they were already free, "

Ivan Kovtun told Ivan.

In early November 1978, court sessions began in the case of the Women-Palach.

Signed Dmitry Zhukov.

Antonina Makarova - Slim Mother Maker

The fate of Antonina Makarova, who shot half thousands of civilians in the years of war during the war, was the basis of the series "Palach". More about the Woman's Woman, whom everyone called the "thin-powered machine gunner", in 2006 told the program "The investigation was ..." with Leonid Kanevsky. ... The front of Antonin went voluntarily at a young age, got to the "Vyazemsky boiler", where the miracle was saved and wandered for a long time in the forest, while in Bryansk, he was captive in the Germans in the so-called Loc Cathedral Republic, in which they were engaged in the extermination of Soviet partisans, prisoners, Communists and simply disagreeable people's fascists.

The Germans were not shot like a lot of other prisoners, but made their servants. Over time, Makarov, who had courses, nurses and machine gunners, were commissioned to shoot prisoners of war. She did not refuse. On the monstrous acts of "Munter-gunners" the Soviet investigators learned immediately after the liberation of those places from the enemy. In the fraternal graves found the remains of about one and a half thousand people. They interrogated witnesses, checked, clarified, but the attack could not be attacked for the trail for more than 30 years.

According to the memoirs of the investigator Peter Golovachev, the case was transmitted "by inheritance" new generations of employees. Each time the next military criminal was caught, tried to find new information about Makarova. However, the surname also learned not immediately. In the 1950s, one of the war criminals at the interrogation said that the machine gunner was the former Nurse of Makarov, who came from the environment. They checked all the women of the USSR by name Antonina Makarov, who approached the effect of the investigation. There were about 250 people. Did not find.

The case of a female punisher helped the trail. In 1976, her relative was going to go abroad. In one of the questionnaire, he pointed out that he had a sister Antonina Ginzburg, in Major - Makarov. Chekists were in no hurry to blame a woman in grave atrocities. In the city where she lived, secretly brought witnesses, even the former police-lover.

And only after all confirmed that this is the "Mother-Maker", arrested. At the same time, it turned out that Antonina at the very end of the war managed to get a military ID, from which he had that she was "her", she worked as a nurse. The document allowed me to enter the Soviet hospital on the territory of Germany, where in early 1945 soldiers fell in love with a true hero of war. The guy made a tone offer, she answered agree.

The death of the little man gunners

Strangling, the young after the end of the war went to the Belarusian city of Lepel, home her husband. So the female executioner Antonina Makarova disappeared, and Honored Veteran Antonina Ginzburg occupied her place. She led the usual life of the Soviet man - she worked as seamstress, and her portrait hung on the day of honor, brought up two daughters, even met with schoolchildren, talking about his heroic military past.

The arrest took away calmly: asked to smoke from one of the KGB staff, and on the way to local government solved the crossword. In conclusion, as the investigator Leonid Savodkin recalled, she sincerely did not understand, for which she was arrested - the war was to survive. She believed that for years, the punishment could not be too strict, even believed that he would receive a suspended period. I regretted that because of the shame, you need to move again. However, many, knowing about the post-war exemplary biography of Antonina Ginzburg, believed that the court would show condesception. Mistaken. The involvement of Makarov for the murder of 168 people from those whose personalities managed to establish was documented. More than 1,300 and remained unknown by its victims.

Antonina Makarova - Ginzburg shows the investigators a place of executions of Soviet citizens. July 1978 village elbow

The sentence was taken out on November 20, 1978. Several pasts about the pardon were rejected. Shooted Makarov on August 11, 1979. The case is in the archive of the FSB, and on the part of the documents there is still a vulture "completely secret."

Most recently, we read with you and discussed who I was interested in this topic and who was not yet tired of the topic of the Great Patriotic War I can offer such a continuation of the discussion ...

She was arrested in the summer of 1978 in the Belarusian town of Lepel. A completely ordinary woman in a sandy spot with an accident in his hands went down the street when the car was stopped near, inconspicuous men in civilian clothes jumped out of it: "You need to urgently drive with us!" Obtained it, not allowing the opportunity to escape.

"You guess why you were brought here?" - asked the investigator of the Bryansk KGB, when it was led to the first interrogation. "Some kind of error," the woman grinned in response.

"You are not Antonina Makarovna Ginzburg. You are Antonina Makarova, more known as the Muscovite Language or the Machine Maker. You are punisher, worked on the Germans, produced mass executions. About your atrocities in the village elbow, that under Bryansk, there are still legends. We were looking for you more than thirty years - now it's time to answer for what you have done. No limitations for your crimes do not have. "

"So it's not for nothing that the last year was anxious for the heart, as if I felt that I would appear," the woman said. - How long ago it was. As if not with me at all. Almost all life has already passed. Well, write down ... "

Young tonya was not a monster from birth. On the contrary, since childhood, he dreamed of being brave and brave, as the faithful companion Chapayev - Anka-Martherometer. True, when I came to the first class and the teacher asked her last name, suddenly the Orobla. And I had to squeeze instead: "Yes Makarova she." In the sense that Makara's daughter on the name of Panfilov. The teacher also recorded a new journal, leaking inaccuracy and further documents. This confusion was subsequently a terrible-powder-gunner so long to leave the search. After all, they were looking for her, known from the words of surviving victims, like a Muscovite, a nurse, for related links of all Makarov Soviet Union, and not Panfilov.

Having finished school, Antonina was filed to Moscow, where he found it on June 22, 1941. The girl, like thousands of peers, asked to the front by a volunteer-sannistant to endure the battlefield. Who knew that she was waiting for her not romantic-cinema shootouts with a cowardly running away at the first volley enemy, and bloody excessive battles with the superior forces of the Germans. Newspapers and reproductors After all, they assured in the other, completely in the other ... And here - the blood and dirt of the terrible Vyazemsky "boiler", in which literally in a few days of the war folded the heads more than a million redarmeys and half a million were captured. It turned out to be among the semi-winning, dying from the cold and hunger, abandoned on the confusion of the Wehrmacht of half a million. As she got out of the environment, which tested at the same time - it was known only to her and God.

However, she was still the choice. True and inconsishes, navigating the night in the villages, in which they had already faithful to the new regime of the police, and in others, on the contrary, the partisans were secretly grouped secretly, mostly surripens from the Red Army, she got to the Brasovsky district of the then Oryol region. Tonya chose not a dense forest, where those who like those who had saved fighters created the partisan detachments, and became the stronghold of the National Socialist ideology and the "new order" of the village elbow.

Today, in the literature, you can find the facts promulgated by historians about this collaborationist structure of traitors formed in the village in November 1941, - after elbowed together with neighboring settlements (now the elbow is included in the Bryansk region) was occupied by the Wehrmacht. The initiators of such a "self-government" with the status, which Himmler determined as "experimental", were the former Soviet citizens: 46-year-old Konstantin Voskoboinik and 42-year-old Bronislav Kaminsky (on the topic "Lotorous self-government" I will try to make a separate post)

... This is the "Loc Country republic", where there were enough cartridges and bread, guns and oils, and promised at the end of 1941 who made his final selection of Makarov's thinner. She was received personally the Kaminsky. The conversation was short, almost like in Taras Bouvube. "Do you believe? Crighten. Okay. How do you feel about the Communists? " I hate, "the believer Komsomolka firmly answered firmly. "You can shoot?" "Can". "The hand does not get drogle?" "Not". "Go to the platoon". A day later she swore "Führera" and received a weapon - a machine gun. Everything!

They say before the first shooting Antonina Makarova gave a glass of vodka. For courage. After that, it became a ritual. True, with some change - in all the subsequent times she drank her soldering after the execution. Apparently, I was afraid of a drunk head in the sight of my victims.

And there were no less than 27 people with each shot - exactly so much was suitable in the stall stable served as a prison chamber.

"All those sentenced to death were the same for me. Only their number changed. Usually I was ordered to shoot a group of 27 people - so much partisans accounted for a camera. I shot about 500 meters from prison for some pit. Arrested put the chain face to the pit. Some of the men rolled my machine gun into place of execution. According to the command of the authorities, I kneel and shot in people until everything fell out of everything ... "from the Interrogation Protocol Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg in June 1978.

Probably, it will sound cynical and even blasphemous, but the children's dream of a thinning turned out: she, almost like Chapaevskaya Ank, became a machine gunner. And even her machine gun was issued - the Soviet "Maxim". Often, for greater convenience, it is thoroughly aimed in people lying.

"I did not know those whom I shoot. They did not know me. Therefore, I was not ashamed before them. It happened, shoot, you will come closer, and someone still twitch. Then she shot himself in his head so that the person would not suffer. Sometimes several prisoners on the chest were suspended a piece of plywood with the inscription "Partizan". Some sang something before death. After executions, I cleaned a machine gun in a guard room or in the courtyard. The cartridges were in sufficiency ... "from the interrogation protocol Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg in June 1978.

Symbolic coincidence: the fee appointed for her service was equal to 30 stamps. In all the senses of Judeine award, which struck even the species of the KGB Leonid Savodikin's investigator, who led the interrogation of the arrested "Executive Fiction". So Makarova officially called the Ron documents. "Not all Russian policemen wanted to wade, they preferred to execute the execution of partisans and their family members. Makarova was given a bed in a room at the local cone, where you could spend the night and store a machine gun. " This is from the investigative case.

There it was once and found the former apartment hostess from the village of Red Well, who had a chance to sleep his way in the life of Antonina, - she somehow came to the full elbow for salt, hardly at the prison of the "republic". A frightened woman asked behind the intercession of his recent postman, who led her to her camork. In a close room, stood up to the brilliance of a stuffed machine gun. On the floor - trough for washing. And near the chair with a neat slide, a wigged clothing was made - with numerous holes from the bullets. Having noticed the gost's thinking on them, the tonya explained: "If I like things for those who have killed, I take it away from the dead, what a good disappear: once the teacher shot, so I liked her blouse, pink, silk, but it hurts everything in blood stained , I was afraid that I did not wash it - I had to leave it in the grave. Sorry. "

Hearing such speeches, Guest, forgetting about salt, I backed up to the doors, on the move of the misery of God and calling the thinner to fall. It brought Makarov out. "Well, since you are so brave, what did you ask for help, when you were in prison? She screamed. - That would have died in the heroic! So when the skin must be saved, then the Druzhba is suitable? "
The day after day, the man-gunner continued to regularly go to the executions. Perform the sentences of the Kaminsky. How to work.

"It seemed to me that the war will write everything. I just performed my work for which I paid. I had to shoot not only partisans, but also members of their families, women, teenagers. I tried not to remember this. Although I remember the circumstances of one execution - before executing the guy sentenced to death, shouted to me: "I will no longer see, farewell, sister! .." from the interrogation protocol Antonina Makarova-Ginsburg in June 1978.

She tried not to memorize those who killed. Well, all those who miraculously survived after a meeting with her, for the rest of their lives remembered Antonina Makarov. Being already an 80-year-old-seen old woman, a resident of Ellaba Elena Bridge told reporters as police grabbed her for painting the partisan leaflets. And they threw into the stable near the punisher with her machine gun. "There was no electricity, the light is only the one from the window, almost completely laid by brick. And only one clearance - if you stand on the windowsill, you can look and see the world of God. "

Terrible memories crammed forever into memory and another local resident - Lydia Buznikova: "Ston stood. People stuffed in a stall so that it was impossible not to lie, even sit down ... "

When Soviet troops were included in the elbow, Antonina Makarova and the next washed. The victims were shot in the pits and could not say anything. The surviving locals remembered only her heavy glance, no less terrible than the "Maxim" sight, and scarce information about the arrival: about 21 years old from the genus, an alleged Muscovite, a dark-haired, with a sullen fold on his forehead. The same data was given and held by other cases the arrested accomplices of Germans. There was no more detailed information about the mysterious thinner.

"The search case Antonina Makarova Our employees were thirty years old, passing him to each other inherited," KGB Peter Golovachev's veteran is no longer afraid of revealing the maps of long-time in front of journalists and willingly recall the details similar to the legend. - Periodically, it fell into the archive, then, when we caught and interrogated the next traitor of the homeland, it came up again to the surface. Couldn't the thinner disappear without a trace?! For the post-war years, the KGB officers secretly and gently checked all women of the Soviet Union, who called this name, patronymic and surname and approaching the age, - such Things of Makarov found about 250 people in the USSR. But - it is useless. Real Machine-Maker Like in the Water Round ... "
"You do not scold thinn," says Golovachev. - You know, I'm even sorry for me. This is all the war, damn, to blame, she broke her ... She did not have a choice - she could stay by a person and herself would be herself among the shocked. But I chose to live, becoming a pall. But she was in the 41st year of 20 years. "

But just take and forget about it it was impossible. "Too terrible were her crimes," says Golovachev. - It just did not fit in my head, how many lives she took. Several people managed to escape, they passed the main witnesses in the case. And so, when we interrogated them, they said that the fan was still coming to them in dreams. Young, with a machine gun, looks intently - and does not take eyes. They were convinced that a girlfriend was alive, and asked to find it to stop these nightmares. We understood that she could get married long ago and change the passport, so thoroughly studied the life path of all its possible relatives on the surname Makarov ... "

And she, as it turned out, was just lucky. Although what is, by and large, luck? ..

No, she did not move at the end of 1943 from the elbow to the lepel together with the "Russian SS Russian Brigade", headed by the Kaminsky. Even earlier, she managed to pick up a venereal disease. After all, it was not one glass of vodka shouted after gradering weekdays. Sorogradus doping was not enough. And therefore, in silk outfits with traces from the bullets, she walked "after work" to dancing, where he danced to fall with changing how glasses in a kaleidoscope, cavaliers - polysya and officers-marauders from Ron.

Strange, and maybe it is natural, but the Germans decided to care their cathedral and sent the undisguised by the undecast of a slope for a cure in the rear hospital. So it turned out to be in 1945 near Königsberg.

... Already delivered under the convoy to Bryansk after his arrest in Lepele Antonina Makarova-Ginsburg told the leading business to the investigators, as she managed to escape the Soviet troops from the German hospital and straighten the documents for which she decided to start a new life. This is a separate story from the life of a cunning and a dodgy feast.

In an absolutely new case, she appeared in April 1945 in the Soviet hospital in Königsberg before the wounded Sergeant Viktor Ginzburg. Angelic vision, a young nurse in a snow-white coat appeared in the ward - and the Frontovik rejoicing recovery fell in love with her at first glance. A few days later they painted, tonya took the surname of her husband. Initially, the newlyweds lived in the Kaliningrad region, and then moved to the lepel, closer to the homeland of her husband, because Viktor Semenovich was from Polotsk, where his family died from the hands of punishers.

In a quiet leprenel, where almost everyone knows each other and greet at meetings, Chut Ginzburg and lived safely until the end of the seventies. This exemplary Soviet family: both veterans of the Great Patriotic War, beautiful workers, grow two daughters. Benefits, orders, ordinar plates on the chest on holidays ... Portrait of Antonina Makarovna, as the old-timers of the lepel remembered, decorated with a local hopping board. But what is there to speak - the photos of the veterans were even in the local museum. This is later when everything explained, one of the pictures - female - had to hastily withdraw from the museum funds and sent to write off the wording unusual for museumors.

Including punisher in many ways contributed by chance

The Moscow resident by the name of Panfilov in 1976 had to be urgently gathered in foreign voyage. Being a person disciplined, he filled out a premium questionnaire for all then the rules, without missing in the listing not one of the relatives. It was here that the mysterious detail was floating: all sisters of him - Panfilov, and one for some reason Makarov. How, sorry for the pun, Makar did it happen? A citizen of Panfilov called to OVIR for additional explanations in which interested people were present in civilian clothes. Panfilov told Antonine's living in Belarus.

How much was the case, will tell the document provided by Natalia Makarova, the reference of the Press Group of UGB in the Vitebsk region. So, "certificate of activities on the search for" Sadistki ".
"In December 1976, Ginzburg V.S. Routed in Moscow to the brother of his wife Colonel of the Soviet Army Panfilov. It was alarmed that the brother was not the same name with his wife Ginzburg. The collected data served as the basis for the institution in February 1977 to Ginzburg (Makarov) A.M. Cases check "Sadistka". When checking Panfilov, it was found that Ginzburg A.M., as her brother pointed out in his autobiography, in the period of the war was captured by the Germans. The audit also showed that it has a great similarity with previously looking for UKS in the Bryansk region of Makarov Antonina Makarovna, 1920-1922, a native of the Moscow region, the former nurse of the Soviet Army, announced to the All-Union wanted list. Her search was stopped by UKBB in the Bryansk region due to the small amount of data necessary for active search activities and death (allegedly shot by the Germans among other women, patients with venereal disease). A group of sick women was indeed shot, but Ginzburg (A. Makarov. - Avt.) The Germans took with them to the Kaliningrad region, where she remained after the flight of the invaders. "

As you can see from the reference, from time to time your hands descended even the most tireless operatives leading the search for the elusive thinner. True, he was immediately renewed, it was worth only to open up new facts in the history of 33 years, which allows us to talk about the continuity of the search.

And the strange facts in the case of Makarova in 1976 have already begun to be poured both from the horns of abundance. Contextually, on the aggregate, so to speak, strange.

Taking into account all the investigators that have arisen in the case, the investigators decided to spend the "encrypted conversation" with it in the Railoint. Together with Makarova, there were also several women who participants in the Great Patriotic War were also invited. The conversation was about participating in hostilities allegedly for future premiums. The front-line was readily remembered. Makarova-Ginzburg, with this conversation, was clearly confused: it could not remember neither the battalion commander, no colleagues, although in her military ticket it was stated that in the 422nd sanitary battalion she was rooted from 1941 to 1944 inclusive.

Next in the help recorded:
"Checking for the metering of the Military Museum in Leningrad showed that Ginzburg (Makarova) A.M. In the 422th sanitary battalion did not serve. However, an incomplete retirement, which includes the service in the ranks of the Soviet Army during the war, she received, continuing to work as a senior controller of the sewing workshop of the Lepelsky Woodworking Association. "
Similar "forgetfulness" is no longer like the oddity, but rather, on a real evidence.
But any guessed requires confirmation. Now the investigators had or obtain such confirmations, or, on the contrary, refute their own version. For this, it was necessary to show its object of interest in lively witnesses of crime-gunners. To arrange what is called, a full-time bet - though, in a fairly delicate form.
In the leprenel began to briefly bring those who could identify the woman's executioner from the elbow. It is clear, it was necessary to do it very carefully - so as not to put an impact in the event of a negative result of the reputation respected in the city "Frontovichki and excellent workers". That is, to know that the process of identification is going on, only one side could be - identifying. The suspect did not have anything to guess.

Further work in the case, if we spend the dry language, the same "certificates about the search for the" Sadistki "search events were carried out in contact with UKS in the Bryansk region. On August 24, 1977, Ginzburg (Makarova) was re-identified from the Bryansk region Pelagey Komarova and Olga Panina. The first thinner removed the corner in the village of 1941 in the village of 1941 (remember, the story of the campaign in the elbow for salt?), And the second in early 1943 was thrown by the Germans to the Locos prison. Both women unconditionally admitted to Antonine Ginzburg Tongy-gunner.

"We were terribly afraid to hit the reputation of the respected women, front-line, beautiful mother and wife, - recalls Golovachev. "Therefore, in Belarusian lepel, our employees secretly went secretly, the whole year was observed for Antonina Ginzburg, they brought there on one surviving witnesses, the former punisher, one of her lovers, for identification. Only when everything was said to one and the same thing - it is she, a man-gunner thinner, we learned her on the noticeable fold on the forehead, - doubts disappeared. "

On June 2, 1978, Ginzburg (Makarov) once again identified a woman who came from the Leningrad region, the former cohabitant of the head of the Loc Crest Prison. After that, a respected Citizen of Lepel Antonina Makarovna and was stopped on the street in polite people in civilian clothes, which she seemed to realize that the tightened game was finished, only a quiet voice asked for a cigarette. Do I need to clarify that it was a military criminal arrest? At the subsequent brief interrogation, she confessed to the fact that there is a man-gunner thinner. On the same day, UKGB employees in the Bryansk region were taken away by Makarov-Ginzburg to Bryansk.

During the investigative experiment, she was taken to the elbow. The Bryan investigators remember well, as those who learned the inhabitants shared and spoiled. And she walked and remembered everything. Quietly, as you remember about everyday affairs.

Husband Antonina, Viktor Ginzburg, a veteran of war and labor, after her unexpected arrest promised to complain to the UN. "We did not admit to him what the one with which he lived happily a whole life was accused. They were afraid that the man simply will not survive, "said investigators.

When the old man was told the truth, he went overnight. And no more complaints wrote.

"The arrested husband from the SIZO did not give any lines. And two daughters who gave birth after the war, by the way, also did not write anything and did not ask for a date, "says the investigator Leonid Savoskin. - When with our accused managed to find a contact, she began to tell about everything. About how he was saved, fled from the German hospital and hitting our surroundings, polished foreign veteran documents for which he began to live. She did not hide anything, but it was the most terrible. It was created that she sincerely misunderstands: for which she was planted, what did she commit such a terrible? She seemed to be in the head of a block of some kind of war to be so crazy, probably not to get away. She remembered everything, each shot, but did not regret anything. She seemed to me a very brutal woman. I do not know what she was in youth. And that forced her to commit these crimes. Desire to survive? Minute permanent? Horrors of war? In any case, it does not justify it. She ruined not only other people, but also their own family. She just destroyed them with his exposure. Mental examination showed that Antonina Makarovna Makarova is sane. "

Investigators were very afraid of some excesses from the accused: previously there were cases when former policemen, healthy men, remembering the past crimes, ended with them right in the chamber. Aged pinking attacks did not suffer. "It's impossible to constantly be afraid," she said. - The first ten years I waited for a knock on the door, and then calmed down. There are no such sins to torment the whole life. "

"I disgraced me at old age," she complained in the evenings, sitting in the chamber, his jaensmen. "Now after the sentence will have to leave the leprenel, otherwise every fool will poking me in my finger. I think that I will give three years to give. What is more? Then it is necessary to somehow anew life to arrange. And how many salary are in the detention center, girls? Maybe I get a job to you - the work is familiar ... "

Her involvement in shooting 168 people was officially proven during the investigation.

Antonina Makarova was brought by a death sentence. The trial was an absolute surprise even for people who led the investigation, not to mention the defendant itself. All petitions of the 55-year-old Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg on pardon in Moscow were rejected .. Execution was performed on August 11, 1979

In the elbow, the Chekists led her old and well-known by it - to the pit, where she crossed the sentences of the Kaminsky and his gang. The Bryanis investigators remember well, as those who learned her inhabitants shakeped aside and spoiled after. And she walked and remembered everything. Quietly, as you remember about everyday affairs. They say, even surprised by human hatred - after all, in her opinion, the war should have written off. And dating, they say, also not asked with relatives. Or to pass the news to them.

And in Lepele, there was a conversation about the aggravated all event: it could not remain unnoticed. Especially since in Bryansk, where in December 1978, the court took place over Antonina Makarov, they were found from Lepelitsa familiar - they sent the Bryansk Worker's local newspaper with a large publication under the heading "on the steps of betrayal." Room went to hand among the locals. And on May 31, 1979, he gave a great article about the process and the newspaper "Pravda" - under the heading "Fall". It was told about the betrayal of Antonina Makarova, born in 1920, the natives of the city of Moscow (according to other data, the village of Small Volkovka of the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk region), who worked until the senior controller of the sewing workshop of the Lepel Woodworking Association.

They say she wrote an appeal of pardon in the CPSU Central Committee, because the coming 1979 should be the year of the woman. But the judges rejected the petitions. The sentence was pursued.

This, perhaps, did not know the latest domestic history. Neither the Union, nor Belarusian. The case Antonina Makarova turned out to be loud. You can say even unique. For the first time in the post-war years, a female executioner was shot by the court, whose involvement in the shooting of 168 people was officially proven during the investigation.

However, if approaching the question with a clearly on legal, that is, the opinion that with a purely legal point of view it did not have the right to sentence to the death penalty. There are two reasons. The first - from the date of the commission of the crime and before the arrest passed more than 15 years, and the Criminal Code did not contain the norms of crimes for which the statute of limitations was not applied. The face that committed a crime, punished execution, could be attracted to criminal liability and after the expiration of 15 years, but in this case the death penalty was replaced by imprisonment. The second - in the USSR in 1947, the death penalty was canceled, the truth was restored after three years. As you know, laws, mitigating punishment, have reverse force aggravating - no. Thus, once a convict was not brought to justice to the abolition of the death penalty in the USSR, the law on cancellation on it was fully applied. The law on recovery could be applied only to persons committed to the crime after its entry into force. http://www.sb.by/post/49635/

Let's remember this operation as, as well as about, well, and who is interested in The original article is on the site Inforos Link to an article with which this copy is made -