February 13 what happened that day. World radio day
1706 - Northern War: Battle of Fraustadt. The Saxon-Russian army was defeated by the Swedes. The captured Russian soldiers were killed on the orders of the Swedish general K. Renschild.
1706 - A Greco-Slavic school of the Likhud brothers was opened in Veliky Novgorod, which became the second higher educational institution in Russia after the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
1720 - By the decree of Peter I, the Chief Magistrate was founded - a bureaucratic institution of the Russian Empire.
1812 - Battle of Sultan Buda between the Russian battalion of the Trinity Infantry Regiment and the Persian army under the command of Abbas Mirza.
1813 - An advanced Russian detachment (16 thousand) under the command of F.F. Winzingerode intercepted the retreating 10-thousandth Saxon corps of J. Rainier near Kalisz, the Saxons lost 3 thousand soldiers in battle.
1840 - General V.A. Perovsky gave the order to return the detachments from the steppe. The winter trip to Khiva ended in failure.
1842 - Nicholas I signed a decree on the construction of the St. Petersburg - Moscow railway.
1848 - F.I. Tyutchev has been appointed senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
1859 - The first women's gymnasium was opened in Moscow.
1864 - The first Russian zoo is opening for visitors in Moscow.
1870 - The Finlyandskaya railway station and the first section of the route from St. Petersburg to Vyborg were opened.
1901 - The Moscow Art Theater hosted the premiere of the play by A.P. Chekhov's Three Sisters.
1918 - Parts of the Latvian riflemen and sailors under the command of I.I. Vatsetis and I.P. Pavlunovsky defeated the rebellious Polish corps I.R. Dovbor-Musnitsky at Rogachev's. However, then, with the support of German troops and detachments of the Belarusian Rada, the corps launched an offensive and took Minsk on February 20, 1918.
1919 - A detachment of Polish soldiers attacked Soviet units in the area of \u200b\u200bBereza-Kartuzskaya. The battle for Bereza-Kartuzskaya is considered the first combat clash of the Soviet-Polish war.
1922 - The Cabinet of Ministers of Lithuania has decided to establish a Lithuanian University in Kaunas, the “temporary capital” of Lithuania.
1924 - The South-Eastern region was formed as part of the RSFSR, now the Stavropol Territory.
1925 - Tungus uprising: Evenk detachments reflect an attempt to break through by Soviet units to Oymyakon.
1931 - The Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR decided to make a thousand pistols of the V.F. Tokarev.
1934 - The Soviet steamer "Chelyuskin" got lost in the ice of the Arctic Ocean.
1940 - M.A. Bulgakov completed the novel The Master and Margarita (the first edition of the novel was destroyed by him on March 18, 1930).
1943 - Soviet troops liberated Novocherkassk. The first to break into the city were units of Major General A.I. Utvenko and Colonel I.F. Seregin from the compound of Major General P.G. Chanchibadze.
1943 - Soviet warrior-climbers made the legendary ascent of Elbrus, dropping Nazi standards from its peaks and hoisting the flags of the USSR.
1945 - The Budapest operation: the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, with the assistance of the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, after a month and a half siege and stubborn battles, completed the defeat of the encircled enemy grouping in Budapest and thereby completely captured the capital of Hungary.
1956 - The Soviet Antarctic station Mirny begins operation.
1963 - In Leningrad on charges of malicious parasitism, poet I.A. Brodsky.
1974 - A decision is made to expel the writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn from the USSR.
1984 - K.U. became the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Chernenko.
1988 - The first meeting is being held in Stepanakert, at which demands are put forward for the annexation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region to Armenia.
1917 Mata Hari was arrested in Paris
In Paris, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle (Celle), known as Mata Hari, a legendary courtesan, dancer and spy, was arrested. According to one of the reports of the French counterintelligence service, the German consul in The Hague in the spring of 1916 offered her a lot of money for information that she, using her connections in Paris, could get for the Germans. And although there was no direct evidence that she worked for German intelligence during the First World War, Mata Hari was shot by a French military tribunal on October 15, 1917 in a suburb of Paris. At the time of her death, she was 41 years old.
1895 The Lumiere brothers patented the first motion picture camera
Chronograph (February 13) for obtaining a moving image - a combined motion picture camera. Louis Lumière claimed to have invented cinema in one sleepless night when he was tormented by a headache. In the projector of the new device, a cam feed mechanism for apertured film was installed. And on December 28, the brothers presented their new invention to the Parisian public by staging the first public paid film show in the basement of the Grand Café on Boulevard des Capucines. The history of world cinema began with the commercial screening of the avant-garde film Arrival of the Train at La Ciotat Station.
1873 Fedor Chaliapin is born
In Kazan, a son, Fedor, was born into the family of the peasant Ivan Chaliapin. He was given to people early. Once in a church choir, he was forever addicted to singing. Chaliapin's debut as an opera soloist took place by pure chance. He, the choirist of the troupe of the church choir director, had to replace the sick artist and sing one of the parts in Stanislav Moniuszko's (1819–1872) opera Pebbles. Fyodor Chaliapin was then 17 years old.
1858 British explorers discover Lake Tanganyika in Central Africa
The British explorers of Africa Sir Richard Burton (1821-1890) and John Speke (1827-1864), during an expedition trying to find the sources of the Nile, discovered a large Lake Tanganyika in the eastern part of Central Africa (length - 660 kilometers, maximum width and depth, respectively - 72 kilometers and 1,436 meters), the second deepest freshwater body of water in the world after Lake Baikal. The travelers got to him literally barely alive: in addition to malaria, they were tormented by an unknown eye disease. The first of the Europeans to see Lake Burton. "I took a few more steps," he wrote later, "and in front of me in all its splendor lay the lake, and I was filled with admiration and delight." Burton believed that Tanganyika is the source of the Nile, but his colleague Speke, on another expedition, at the end of 1861, found that this was not the case: the Nile flows from another lake, twice as large - it was named after Queen Victoria.
1842 Nicholas I signed a decree on the construction of the St. Petersburg - Moscow railway
Nicholas I signed a decree on the construction of the St. Petersburg - Moscow railway. Five years earlier, the Tsarskoye Selo railway had already been launched in Russia, but nevertheless, the idea of \u200b\u200bconnecting the two capitals with a cast iron caused heated debates. The ministers concluded that "this ... it is impossible and useless to build" both because of the high cost, and because of the unevenness of the landscape. But the king insisted. The 650 kilometers of rails are perfectly straight, except for two small ledges. According to legend, Nikolai drew the future road on the map using a ruler, but the pencil bumped into his finger and made a bend. The designers dutifully reproduced it ... In 1851, the first train set off from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In 1855, after the death of the emperor, the path was named Nikolayevsky, and from 1923 - Oktyabrsky.
1800 Bank of France established
The Bank of France (Banque de France) was founded - initially a joint stock company with a fixed capital of 30 million francs. For almost a century and a half, BF exerted an extremely strong influence on the country's domestic and foreign policy. The bank's affairs were in charge of 200 of the largest shareholders, in connection with which the idea of \u200b\u200b"two hundred families" owning France was established. In 1946, the Bank of France was nationalized and became the central state bank, and its shareholders received very decent compensation.
1668 The widow of Philip IV of Spain, Maria Anna of Habsburg, signed a peace treaty in Lisbon and thus officially recognized the independence of Portugal
Two and a half years after the death of Philip IV of Spain, his widow Maria Anna of Habsburg, regent under the 6-year-old King Charles II, signed a peace treaty in Lisbon with the mediation of England and thus officially recognized the independence of Portugal. By 1581, due to the extreme incompetence of its authorities, from a powerful power, which it was at the beginning of the 16th century, it turned into an easy prey for Philip II and lost its independence for almost 60 years. In 1640, however, as a result of a popular uprising, she managed to escape from the Spanish embrace. Madrid's desperate attempts to restore the status quo in the summer of 1665 failed. Spanish hegemony on the continent was successfully replaced by French, which became especially obvious to everyone when in 1700 Louis XIV was proclaimed "King of Castile, Leon and Aragon."
World radio day
In 1946, on February 13, the world heard the call signs of UN Radio for the first time. In 2011, UNESCO decided to establish a "World Radio Day" and in honor of the first broadcast, "UN Radio" chose 13 February as the celebration date. According to the plans of UNESCO, the holiday will help to strengthen cooperation between large broadcasting companies and between single amateurs.
The first time World Radio Day was celebrated on 13 February last year, all broadcasting companies of the countries of UNESCO took part in it. Radio fans also celebrate World Radio Amateur Day, and in Russia there is also Radio Day. Now Russian communications workers will celebrate as many as three holidays dedicated to this very popular form of information transmission.
Terendez
On February 13, Armenia celebrates the national holiday Terendez. Initially, the celebration was called Derendez and was a pagan ritual of fire worshipers. With the adoption of Christianity by Armenia, not only the name but also the meaning of the holiday changed. Now this is not a simple worship of the spirits of fire with a request to help grow a bountiful harvest, but a merry holiday for newlyweds.
The main character is the bonfire lit on the evening of February 13th. Newlyweds or lovers jump over the fire, holding hands. It is believed that a family will be strong if young people can jump without unclenching their hands. Childless women jump after the couples, hoping that the fire will help them become pregnant. At the end of the ritual, all the participants, holding hands, lead a round dance around the fire. On this special day, February 13, the ritual bonfire gives happiness and prosperity to those whom it touches. The ash remaining after the fire is collected and scattered across the fields, because initially it is a holiday-prayer for a good harvest.
Where there is no way to light a fire, candles are lit. The newlyweds are walking on the evening of February 13 with candles in their hands. Terendez is a very beautiful holiday, reminiscent of the Maslenitsa, Ivan Kupala's Day and Valentine's Day at the same time.
End of the carnival in Germany
It is believed that the first carnival was held in Munich in 1295. This holiday takes place in all Catholic regions of Germany and precedes Lent. These days, the center of science, culture and politics, Munich, turns into an arena for jokes, fun, entertainment.
The festival lasts one week and begins with a visit to the temple. Then women dress up in carnival costumes and have fun alone, without men. The next day, carnival costumes are worn on children who even wear them to school. After all, men wear costumes too.
The main event of the holiday is a magnificent carnival procession. For several hours in a row, in any weather, clowns, kings, princesses, barons, musicians, dancers go and walk along the streets of the city. The procession ends on the largest square with a concert for all the participants in the carnival. The celebration ends on February 13 with a service in the church, after which comes the turn of "Ash Wednesday".
Ash Wednesday
February 13 - the beginning of Lent for Catholics. This day is called Ash Wednesday and symbolizes repentance and sorrow. Consecrated ash is applied to the forehead of believers in the form of a cross. Throughout Great Lent, a strict fast and a righteous lifestyle are observed.
February 13 in the national calendar
Nikita the fireman (February 13, new style)
On this day, February 13, the memory of St. Nikita is celebrated. He was born in Kiev and, taking monastic tonsure at an early age, became a recluse. Nikita was subjected to a devilish temptation and could not resist him. After the exorcism of demons from the monk, Nikita began to lead a righteous life and surpassed others in virtues. Nikita the firefighter is considered a guardian from the scorching sun, lightning and fire. This saint, with his prayers, could put out the fire and prevent drought.
Folk omens on February 13 are associated with fire: if the flame in the oven turns red, then wait for the onset of cold weather, and if it is white - thaw. It was believed that on February 13, a goblin could ride a horse on the roof of a house. In this case, the house may collapse, and "bad winds" will approach the porch. The peasants on Nikita were especially closely watching the dwelling.
Historical events on February 13
After the wedding to the kingdom, 16-year-old Ivan began to choose a wife. More than one and a half thousand brides were selected by noble dignitaries for the show. The tsar chose Anastasia, the daughter of a poor widow. For the young sovereign, it was not the nobility of the family that was important, but the personal qualities of the bride. The wedding took place on February 13 and the marriage lasted 13 years. After the death of his wife, Ivan the Terrible began the first campaign against the boyars, believing that they had poisoned his wife. It is not known exactly, but it is believed that the king had seven wives: four - legal, "married" and three - illegal from the point of view of the church.
The central Russian state institution, the Chief Magistrate, was founded by Peter I on 13 February. The new body was subordinate to the tsar and the Senate, and Prince Trubetskoy became its first leader. Under the authority of the magistrate were handicraft, trade and other rights of citizens. The main magistrate functioned until 1727 and was temporarily replaced by the Town Hall. The magistrate Catherine II was finally liquidated in 1782.
Thanks to Nicholas I, a railway was built connecting the two capitals. Perfectly straight, it was laid for nine years, and only in 1851 the first train hit the road. In memory of Nicholas I after his death, the railway was called Nikolaevskaya.
February 13, 1895 the Lumière brothers filed a patent for a new invention: the world's first movie camera, and in December the French saw a miracle: the world's first film. It happened on Boulevard des Capucines.
In August 1933, the Chelyuskin left the port in Murmansk to check the transport ship's patency of the Northern Sea Route. The expedition was headed by Otto Schmidt. On February 13, 1934, being captured by ice, the steamer sank, but the crew escaped on a drifting ice floe. Soviet pilots, having made more than a dozen flights, were able to evacuate all Chelyuskinites. The last to leave the camp were Otto Schmidt and Vladimir Voronin, the ship's captain. The rescue pilots received a high award: the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Born on February 13
The first book of Krylov's fables was published in 1809 and immediately became famous. From Krylov's fables, a lot of winged expressions have come into our everyday language, which have become proverbs.
Fyodor Chaliapin is known throughout the world as a great opera singer, performer of Russian romances and folk songs. His multifaceted talent practically knew no boundaries: talented sculptural works, painting, graphics, literature. Chaliapin can be safely called a propagandist of Russian art.
Evgeny Vakhtangov (February 13, 1883 - May 29, 1922), Russian actor, theater founder, great director
Evgeny Vakhtangov's "People's" theater is considered a new direction in theatrical art. His last work was "Princess Turandot", before the premiere of which Vakhtangov did not live to see just a couple of weeks. The staff of the Vakhtangov Theater carefully preserves the traditions of its founder and teacher, and "Princess Turandot" has become the hallmark of the theater.
World Radio Day.
Commemorative date of the United Nations established by the resolution of the General Conference of UNESCO on October 19, 2011. The date was not chosen by chance: on this day in 1946, the United Nations Organization created the UN Radio.
62 years ago (1956), the first Soviet Antarctic station Mirny was inaugurated.
In 1955, the USSR Council of Ministers issued a decree on the organization of the Complex Antarctic Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was entrusted with the tasks of organizing a base on the Antarctic coast and choosing a site for inland research stations.
In November 1955, the flagship of the expedition, the diesel-electric ship "Ob", left Kaliningrad. The polar explorer, Hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Somov was appointed the head of the expedition.
In early January 1956, the ship reached the shores of Antarctica, and the search began for a suitable place to organize a base. On January 14, the site was found, and five days later, the construction of the station began on the coast of the Davis Sea.
On February 13, 1956, the grand opening of the first Soviet Antarctic station Mirny took place. It got its name in honor of one of the sailing sloops who took part in the first Russian Antarctic expedition that discovered the sixth continent.
Today Mirny is the main base for Russian Antarctic research. The station consists of two villages located at a distance of 800 meters from each other.
Mirny works all year round. Various scientific studies are carried out here, and the station staff are also monitoring the ice situation to determine the possibility of movement in this zone of research ships.
75 years ago (1943), during the Great Patriotic War, Soviet troops liberated Novocherkassk.
The city was captured by Nazi troops in July 1942. The occupation of Novocherkassk lasted over 200 days.
During the Rostov offensive operation of the Southern Front, which took place from January 1 to February 18, 1943, the soldiers of the 2nd Guards Army liberated Novocherkassk.
100 years ago (1918), the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR issued a decree "On labor exchanges."
The first labor exchange, the famous Morozovskaya Labor Exchange, was organized in Moscow by the Khitrovsky Trusteeship for the Poor in 1901. Subsequently, 6 more permanent exchanges and several of their temporary branches were created.
The first law on labor exchanges, adopted in August 1917, provided for the opening of such establishments in cities with a population of at least 50 thousand people. The exchanges were supposed to register the demand and supply of labor, as well as provide intermediary services for hiring, keep statistics and systematize information about the labor market.
On February 13, 1918, the Soviet government issued a decree “On labor exchanges”. They were established in cities with a population of at least 20 thousand people, and were run by trade unions. The document also provided for the creation of the All-Russian center of labor exchanges.
154 years ago (1864) the Moscow Zoo was opened.
Its creation was initiated by biologists of the Imperial Russian Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants. The treasury allocated 10 thousand rubles in gold for the development of the zoo, and the land around the Presnenskie ponds, where the old territory of the park is now located, was donated for free use. Construction, acquisition of animals and their maintenance were carried out at the expense of donations and gifts. For example, Tsar Alexander II presented an Indian elephant to the zoo, and Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich Romanov gave a rhinoceros.
Initially, the zoo contained about 300 specimens of domestic and wild animals and birds, and its territory was only 10 hectares.
Today the Moscow Zoo is one of the largest scientific and educational institutions in Moscow and a favorite vacation spot for Muscovites and guests of the capital. About 4 million people visit it annually. The Moscow Zoo has the largest zoological collection in Russia (over 1,000 animal species). The area of \u200b\u200bthis one of the oldest European zoological gardens is currently over 20 hectares.
176 years ago (1842) Nicholas I issued a decree on the construction of a railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Construction work began in June 1843, simultaneously from two sides - from St. Petersburg and from Moscow. The authors of the railway project and the leaders of its construction were Russian engineers Pavel Melnikov and Nikolai Kraft.
To overcome water barriers, engineers and builders had to build 8 large and about 200 medium and small bridges. 34 stations were built, and in both capitals there were large stations designed by the architect Konstantin Ton.
The construction of this road, which became the first Russian state-owned railway, took almost 10 years. It laid the foundation for the creation of a national railway network in the country. The length of the road was 645 kilometers.
On November 13, 1851, the railway was officially opened. The first train, which was carrying 192 passengers, left St. Petersburg at 11:15 am, and the next day at 9:00 am it arrived in Moscow, having spent 21 hours and 45 minutes on the way.
Since 1855 this railway was called Nikolayevskaya, and in 1923 it was renamed Oktyabrskaya.
- Quite a busy day with holidays.
World radio day
- an international holiday
This young holiday, World Radio Day, began to be celebrated only in 2012 on the basis of a decision by UNESCO in 2011.
The date for this holiday, February 13, was chosen on the occasion of the first airing in 1946 by UN Radio.
This holiday was created to strengthen cooperation between those who are somehow related to radio. This holiday is celebrated all over the world by various broadcasters and single amateurs.
Many countries of the world are actively participating in World Radio Day, organized by UNESCO. Various events are organized by the broadcasting companies in honor of this holiday.
In addition to World Radio Day, another holiday is celebrated in the world - World Radio Amateur Day, which falls on April 18. It was on this day in Paris in 1925 that the International Union of Radio Amateurs was created, which became the initiator of this holiday.
Radio Day is another holiday celebrated on May 7 in Russia and in some countries of the world. Radio Day is celebrated on May 7 in our country because on this day in 1895 the famous Russian physicist Alexander Popov conducted the first radio communication session in Russia.
Holiday according to the national calendar
Nikita the fireman
On this day, Christians honor the memory of Bishop Nikita, who was born in Kiev and at an early age went into seclusion, where he took monastic vows and was famous as a saint.
Once Nikita could not resist the temptation of the devil, which made him refuse to read the Gospel. But after the demons were driven out of the monk, he surpassed many monks in virtue, because for a long time he indulged in abstinence and obedience.
Nikita was popularly called the guardian from lightning, fire, and too hot the sun. Our ancestors believed that this saint could even prevent drought with his prayers, and not just put out the fire.
Among the people, many signs were associated with fire on this day.
It was believed that if firewood smoked in the stove or they did not light up well, then a thaw would soon come. But a strong craving in the hearth - for frosty days. The peasants also looked at the flame to determine the weather. If the fire was red, then severe cold will come soon, and if it was white, then warm.
On this day, it was also supposed to protect the hut from the devil.
People on Nikita were especially afraid that the evil spirits on the roof would saddle the skate, shake the house and thin winds approach the porch, so on this day the peasants watched the dwelling very closely.
Birthday 13 February at Afanasy, Victor, Ivan, Ilya, Nikita
Unusual Holidays
- A day of bright ups
- A day of trying to write your own poem
- A day without negativity and stupid thoughts
- Forgetful Husband Day
- Day of frankness
February 13th in history
1974 - The writer A.I.Solzhenitsyn was arrested and expelled from the country.
1975 - In the north of Crete, the establishment of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus is proclaimed.
1984 - After the death of Yu. V. Andropov, 72-year-old Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was elected the new general secretary.
1988 - the first meeting is held in Stepanakert, at which demands are put forward for the annexation of NKAO to Armenia.
1988 - The XV Winter Olympic Games opened in Calgary (Canada).
1991 - US aircraft strike at an alleged Iraqi command post in Baghdad. It turned out that it was an ordinary bomb shelter with women, children and old people. More than 400 people died.
1993 - The formation of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the successor to the CPSU, is announced.
2004 - In Doha (Qatar), as a result of an assassination attempt (according to some information, organized by the Russian special services), the former I. about. President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Zelimkhan Abdulmuslimovich Yandarbiev.
Review prepared by Galina Galkina
