1 of 8

Presentation on the topic:

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

MAXWELL James Clerk MAXWELL (Maxwell) James Clerk (Clerk) (1831-79), English physicist, creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the founders of statistical physics, organizer and first director (since 1871) of the Cavendish Laboratory. Developing the ideas of M. Faraday, he created the theory of the electromagnetic field (Maxwell's equations); introduced the concept of displacement current, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, put forward the idea of ​​the electromagnetic nature of light. Established a statistical distribution named after him. Investigated the viscosity, diffusion and thermal conductivity of gases. He showed that the rings of Saturn are composed of separate bodies. Proceedings on color vision and colorimetry (Maxwell's disk), optics (Maxwell's effect), theory of elasticity (Maxwell's theorem, Maxwell-Cremona diagram), thermodynamics, history of physics, etc.

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

Family. Years of study Maxwell was the only son of the Scottish nobleman and lawyer John Clerk, who, having inherited the estate of a relative's wife, née Maxwell, added this name to his surname. After the birth of their son, the family moved to South Scotland, to their own estate Glenlar (“Shelter in the valley”), where the boy spent his childhood. In 1841, his father sent James to a school called Edinburgh Academy. Here, at the age of 15, Maxwell wrote his first scientific article, "On the Drawing of Ovals." In 1847 he entered the University of Edinburgh, where he studied for three years, and in 1850 moved to the University of Cambridge, graduating in 1854. By this time, Maxwell was a first-class mathematician with a superbly developed intuition of a physicist.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

Creation of the Cavendish Laboratory. Teaching work After graduation, Maxwell was left in Cambridge for teaching work. In 1856 he received a professorship at Marishall College at the University of Aberdeen (Scotland). In 1860 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of London. In the same year, he moved to London, accepting an offer to take the post of head of the department of physics at King's College, London University, where he worked until 1865. Returning to Cambridge University in 1871, Maxwell organized and headed the UK's first specially equipped laboratory for physical experiments, known as Cavendish Laboratory (named after the English scientist G. Cavendish). The formation of this laboratory, which at the turn of the 19-20 centuries. turned into one of the largest centers of world science, Maxwell devoted the last years of his life. Few facts are known from Maxwell's life. Shy, modest, he strove to live in solitude; did not keep diaries. In 1858, Maxwell married, but family life, apparently, was unsuccessful, exacerbated his unsociableness, alienated him from his former friends. There is an assumption that many important materials about the life of Maxwell were lost during the fire of 1929 in his Glenlar house, 50 years after his death. He died of cancer at the age of 48. The crocodile is the emblem of the Cavendish Laboratory. The Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge. 1934

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

Scientific activity Maxwell's unusually wide scope of scientific interests covered the theory of electromagnetic phenomena, the kinetic theory of gases, optics, the theory of elasticity and much more. One of his first works was research on the physiology and physics of color vision and colorimetry, begun in 1852. In 1861, Maxwell first obtained a color image by projecting red, green, and blue transparencies onto a screen at the same time. This proved the validity of the three-component theory of vision and outlined ways to create a color photograph. In the works of 1857-59, Maxwell theoretically investigated the stability of the rings of Saturn and showed that the rings of Saturn can be stable only if they consist of particles (bodies) that are not interconnected. In 1855, Maxwell began a cycle of his main works on electrodynamics. The articles "On Faraday's lines of force" (1855-56), "On physical lines of force" (1861-62), "The dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (1869) were published. The research was completed with the publication of the two-volume monograph Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873).

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

Creation of the theory of the electromagnetic field When Maxwell in 1855 began to study electrical and magnetic phenomena, many of them had already been well studied: in particular, the laws of interaction of motionless electric charges (Coulomb's law) and currents (Ampère's law) were established; it has been proved that magnetic interactions are interactions of moving electric charges. Most scientists of that time believed that the interaction is transmitted instantly, directly through the void (the theory of long-range action). A decisive turn to the theory of short-range action was made by M. Faraday in the 30s. 19th century According to Faraday's ideas, an electric charge creates an electric field in the surrounding space. The field of one charge acts on another, and vice versa. The interaction of currents is carried out by means of a magnetic field. Faraday described the distribution of electric and magnetic fields in space using lines of force, which, in his view, resemble ordinary elastic lines in a hypothetical medium - the world ether. Maxwell fully accepted Faraday's ideas about the existence of an electromagnetic field, that is, about the reality of processes in space near charges and currents . He believed that the body cannot act where it does not exist. The first thing Maxwell did was to give Faraday's ideas a rigorous mathematical form, which is so necessary in physics. It turned out that with the introduction of the concept of a field, the laws of Coulomb and Ampere began to be expressed most fully, deeply and gracefully. In the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, Maxwell saw a new property of fields: an alternating magnetic field generates in empty space an electric field with closed lines of force (the so-called vortex electric field).

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

Works on the molecular-kinetic theory of gases Maxwell's role in the development and development of the molecular-kinetic theory (the modern name is statistical mechanics) is extremely great. Maxwell was the first to make a statement about the statistical nature of the laws of nature. In 1866 he discovered the first statistical law - the law of the distribution of molecules by velocities (Maxwell distribution). In addition, he calculated the values ​​of the viscosity of gases depending on the velocities and mean free path of molecules, and derived a number of thermodynamic relations. Maxwell was a brilliant popularizer of science. He wrote a number of articles for the Encyclopædia Britannica and popular books: The Theory of Heat (1870), Matter and Motion (1873), Electricity in Elementary Presentation (1881), which were translated into Russian; gave lectures and reports on physical topics for a wide audience. Maxwell also showed great interest in the history of science. In 1879 he published the works of G. Cavendish on electricity, providing them with extensive comments.

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

"Electromagnetic oscillations" - q. Complete the task! 500 rad/s. MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS Oscillations are movements that are repeatable in time. The equation q=q(t) looks like: A. q= 0.001sin 500t B. q= 0.0001 cos500t C. q= 100sin500t. X. Examples of oscillatory systems. Determine the values ​​of the quantities presented in the table. 0.0001 cl. The stage of generalization and systematization of the material.

"Electromagnetic waves and their properties" - Absorption increases during the summer months and decreases during the winter months. In 1895, V. Roentgen discovered radiation with a wavelength. less than UV. The ionosphere is "transparent" for ultrashort waves, like glass for light. For example, the phenomenon of light polarization showed. that light waves are transverse.

"Transformer" - P1 =. 12. 5. Can a step-up transformer be made a step-down one? K is the transformation ratio. »»»»1,2,4,5. N1, N2 - the number of turns of the primary and secondary windings. P2=. 19. EMF induction. 8. "Collective mind" - help build a transformer. 6.

"Electromagnetic radiation" - For measurements, I used equipment MultiLab ver. 1.4.20. I decided to check how electromagnetic radiation affects a chicken egg. Conclusions and recommendations. In the practical part, I decided to first change the electromagnetic radiation of the Earth. Moth experiment. Egg under radiation. I decided to conduct almost the same experiment with a bloodworm.

"Physics of Electromagnetic Waves" - James Clerk Maxwell. The presence of acceleration is the main condition for the emission of EM waves. This creates an electromagnetic field. Right screw rule: EM wave speed: V. What is an electromagnetic field? Cross section. Where does it occur? . Hertz Heinrich Rudolf (February 22, 1857, Hamburg - January 1, 1894, Bonn), German physicist.

"Electromagnetic waves" - Properties: Has a huge penetrating power, has a strong biological effect. Application: Radio communication, television, radar. E. Radio waves. Ultraviolet radiation. Sources: Discharge lamps with quartz tubes. Electromagnetic waves. Questions for reinforcement. Application: In medicine, production (? -defectoscopy).

In total there are 14 presentations in the topic

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

Description of the slide:

James Clerk Maxwell was born June 13, 1831, Edinburgh, Scotland, and died November 5, 1879, Cambridge, England - British physicist, mathematician and mechanic. Scottish by birth. Member of the Royal Society of London (1861).

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Biography James Clerk Maxwell laid the foundations of modern classical electrodynamics (Maxwell's equations), introduced the concepts of displacement current and electromagnetic field into physics. One of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases (he established the distribution of gas molecules by velocities). He was one of the first to introduce statistical concepts into physics, showed the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics ("Maxwell's demon"), and obtained a number of important results in molecular physics and thermodynamics. Pioneer of quantitative color theory; author of the tricolor principle of color photography. Among Maxwell's other works - research in mechanics (photoelasticity, Maxwell's theorem in the theory of elasticity, work in the theory of motion stability, analysis of the stability of Saturn's rings), optics, mathematics. He prepared for publication the manuscript of the works of Henry Cavendish, paid much attention to the popularization of science, designed a number of scientific instruments. James Clerk Maxwell belonged to an old Scottish family of Penicui Clerks. His father, John Clerk Maxwell, was the owner of the Middleby family estate in South Scotland (Maxwell's second surname reflects this fact).

4 slide

Description of the slide:

Childhood From early childhood, he showed interest in the world around him, was surrounded by various "scientific toys" (for example, a "magic disk" - the predecessor of cinema, a model of the celestial sphere, a spinning top - "devil", etc.), learned a lot from communication with his father , was fond of poetry and made his first own poetic experiments. Only at the age of ten did he have a specially hired home teacher, but such training turned out to be ineffective, and in November 1841 Maxwell moved to his aunt Isabella, his father's sister, in Edinburgh. Here he entered a new school - the so-called Edinburgh Academy, which emphasized classical education - the study of Latin, Greek and English, Roman literature and Holy Scripture.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

Students At first, studies did not attract Maxwell, but gradually he felt a taste for it and became the best student in the class. At this time, he became interested in geometry, made polyhedrons out of cardboard. His understanding of the beauty of geometric images increased after a lecture by artist David Ramsay Hay. Thinking about this topic led Maxwell to invent a way to draw ovals. This method, dating back to the work of René Descartes, consisted of the use of trick pins, thread, and a pencil to create circles (one trick), ellipses (two tricks), and more complex oval shapes (more tricks). These results were reported by Professor James Forbes at a meeting of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and subsequently published in his Proceedings.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

Here is my great plan, which has been conceived for a long time, and which now dies, then comes back to life and gradually becomes more and more intrusive ... The main rule of this plan is to stubbornly leave nothing unexplored. Nothing should be "holy ground", sacred Unshakable Truth, positive or negative."

7 slide

Description of the slide:

After passing the exam, Maxwell decided to stay at Cambridge to prepare for a professorship. By the same time, a comic experimental study on “catrolling”, which was included in Cambridge folklore, dates back to: its goal was to determine the minimum height, falling from which, a cat stands on all fours.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

However, Maxwell's main scientific interest at this time was work on the theory of colors. It originates in the work of Isaac Newton, who adhered to the idea of ​​seven primary colors. Important information contained testimonies of patients with color blindness, or color blindness. In experiments on color mixing, largely independently repeating the experiments of Hermann Helmholtz, Maxwell used a “color top”, the disk of which was divided into sectors painted in different colors, as well as a “color box”, an optical system developed by him that allowed mixing reference colors. Similar devices had been used before, but only Maxwell began to obtain quantitative results with their help and quite accurately predict the resulting colors as a result of mixing.

9 slide

Description of the slide:

“The main philosophical value of physics is that it gives the brain something definite to rely on. If you are wrong somewhere, nature itself will immediately tell you about it.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

So, he demonstrated that mixing blue and yellow colors does not give green, as is often believed, but a pinkish tint. Maxwell's experiments showed that white cannot be obtained by mixing blue, red and yellow, as David Brewster and some other scientists believed, and the primary colors are red, green and blue.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

On May 17, 1861, at a lecture at the Royal Institution on the topic "On the theory of the three primary colors," Maxwell presented another convincing proof of the correctness of his theory - the world's first color photograph, the idea of ​​​​which he had in 1855. Together with photographer Thomas Sutton, three negatives of colored tape were obtained on glass coated with a photographic emulsion (collodion

12 slide

Description of the slide:

The negatives were taken through green, red and blue filters (solutions of salts of various metals). Illuminating then the negatives through the same filters, it was possible to obtain a color image. As it was shown almost a hundred years later by employees of the Kodak company, who recreated the conditions of Maxwell's experiment, the available photographic materials did not allow demonstrating a color photograph and, in particular, obtaining red and green images. By a happy coincidence, the image obtained by Maxwell was formed as a result of mixing completely different colors - waves in the blue range and near ultraviolet. Nevertheless, Maxwell's experiment contained the correct principle for obtaining color photography, which was used many years later, when light-sensitive dyes were discovered.

13 slide

Description of the slide:

14 slide

Description of the slide:

However, much more Maxwell's attention at that time was attracted by the study of the nature of Saturn's rings, proposed in 1855 by the University of Cambridge for the Adams Prize (the work had to be completed in two years). Having carried out a mathematical analysis of various variants of the structure of the rings, Maxwell was convinced that they could not be either solid or liquid (in the latter case, the ring would quickly collapse, disintegrating into drops). He came to the conclusion that such a structure can only be stable if it consists of a swarm of unrelated meteorites. The stability of the rings is ensured by their attraction to Saturn and the mutual motion of the planet and meteorites. Using Fourier analysis, Maxwell studied the propagation of waves in such a ring and showed that under certain conditions, meteorites do not collide with each other. For the case of two rings, he determined at what ratios of their radii the state of instability sets in. Maxwell received the Adams Prize for this work back in 1857, but continued to work on this topic, which resulted in the publication in 1859 of the treatise On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings. This work was immediately recognized in scientific circles. The Astronomer Royal George Airy declared it to be the most brilliant application of mathematics to physics he had ever seen and was "the first work on the theory of collective processes carried out at the present level".

1 out of 10

Presentation on the topic: Maxwell James Clerk

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

Biography Born in the family of a Scottish nobleman from a noble family of Clerks (Clerks). He studied first at the Edinburgh Academy, the University of Edinburgh (1847-1850), then at the University of Cambridge (1850-1854) (Peterhouse and Trinity College). In 1855 he became a member of the council of Trinity College. From 1856-1860 he was professor of natural philosophy at Marishall College, Aberdeen University. In 1858 he married Catherine Mary Dewar, daughter of Daniel Dewar, head of Marischal College. From 1860 he headed the department of physics and astronomy at King's College, University of London. In 1865, due to a serious illness (smallpox), Maxwell resigned from the chair and settled in his family estate Glenlar near Edinburgh. He continued to study science, wrote several essays on physics and mathematics. In 1871 at the University of Cambridge he headed the chair of experimental physics. He organized a research laboratory, which opened on June 16, 1874 and was named Cavendish - in honor of G. Cavendish.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

Scientific activities Maxwell completed his first scientific work while still at school, inventing a simple way to draw oval figures. This work was presented at a meeting of the Royal Society and even published in its Proceedings. As a member of the Council of Trinity College, he experimented on color theory, acting as a successor to Jung's theory and Helmholtz's theory of the three primary colors. In experiments on mixing colors, Maxwell used a special top, the disk of which was divided into sectors, painted in different colors. When the spinning top rotated quickly, the colors merged: if the disk was painted over in the way the colors of the spectrum are located, it seemed white; if one half of it was painted red and the other half yellow, it appeared orange; mixing blue and yellow gave the impression of green. In 1860, Maxwell was awarded the Rumfoord Medal for his work on color perception and optics.

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

In 1857, the University of Cambridge announced a competition for the best work on the stability of Saturn's rings. These formations were discovered by Galileo at the beginning of the 17th century and represented an amazing mystery of nature: the planet seemed to be surrounded by three continuous concentric rings, consisting of a substance of an unknown nature. Laplace proved that they cannot be solid. Having carried out a mathematical analysis, Maxwell was convinced that they could not be liquid either, and came to the conclusion that such a structure could be stable only if it consisted of a swarm of unrelated meteorites. The stability of the rings is ensured by their attraction to Saturn and the mutual motion of the planet and meteorites. For this work, Maxwell received the J. Adams Prize.

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

Clausius One of Maxwell's first works was his kinetic theory of gases. In 1859, the scientist made a presentation at a meeting of the British Association, in which he cited the distribution of molecules by velocities (Maxwellian distribution). Maxwell developed the ideas of his predecessor in the development of the kinetic theory of gases R. Clausius, who introduced the concept of "mean mean free path". Maxwell proceeded from the idea of ​​a gas as an ensemble of perfectly elastic balls moving randomly in a closed space. Balls (molecules) can be divided into groups according to their velocities, while in the stationary state the number of molecules in each group remains constant, although they can leave the groups and enter them. From such a consideration it followed that "particles are distributed according to velocities according to the same law according to which observation errors are distributed in the theory of the least squares method, that is, in accordance with Gaussian statistics." As part of his theory, Maxwell explained Avogadro's law, diffusion, heat conduction, internal friction (transfer theory). In 1867 he showed the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

Heinrich Hertz The theory of the electromagnetic field and, in particular, the conclusion from it about the existence of electromagnetic waves during the life of Maxwell remained purely theoretical provisions that did not have any experimental confirmation, and were often perceived by contemporaries as a "mind game". In 1887 German physicist Heinrich Hertz set up an experiment that fully confirmed Maxwell's theoretical conclusions. The last years of his life, Maxwell was engaged in preparing for printing and publishing the manuscript heritage of Cavendish. Two large volumes appeared in October 1879.

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

Other Achievements and Inventions He invented a top, the surface of which, painted in different colors, formed the most unexpected combinations during rotation. When mixing red and yellow, an orange color was obtained, blue and yellow - green, when mixing all the colors of the spectrum, a white color was obtained - an action opposite to the action of a prism - the “Maxwell disk”. He described a thermodynamic paradox that haunted physicists for many years - "Maxwell's demon". He introduced the "Maxwell distribution" and "Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics" into the kinetic theory. "Maxwell's Number" In addition, Maxwell created many small masterpieces in a wide variety of areas - from the implementation of the world's first color photography to the development of a method for radically removing grease stains from clothes.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

Literature Maxwell J.K. Theory of heat. SPb., 1888. Maxwell J.K. Speeches and articles. Moscow–Leningrad: 1940. Maxwell JK Selected Works on the Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. M.: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. Maxwell JK Articles and speeches. Moscow: Nauka, 1968. Maxwell JK Treatise on electricity and magnetism. In 2 volumes. M.: Nauka, 1989. Volume 1. Volume 2. Kartsev V.P. Maxwell. (from the series "The Life of Remarkable People") M.: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1974.

slide 2

Plan

• Biography
• Scientific activity

slide 3

Brief information

• Date of birth: June 13, 1831
• Birthplace: Edinburgh, Scotland
• Date of death: November 5, 1879
• place of death: Cambridge, England
• Scientific field: physics

slide 4

Biography

• Born in the family of a Scottish nobleman from a noble family of Clerks (Clerks). He studied first at the Edinburgh Academy, the University of Edinburgh (1847-1850), then at the University of Cambridge (1850-1854) (Peterhouse and Trinity College). In 1855 he became a member of the council of Trinity College. From 1856-1860 he was professor of natural philosophy at Marishall College, Aberdeen University. In 1858 he married Catherine Mary Dewar, daughter of Daniel Dewar, head of Marischal College. From 1860 he headed the department of physics and astronomy at King's College, University of London. In 1865, due to a serious illness (smallpox), Maxwell resigned from the chair and settled in his family estate Glenlar near Edinburgh. He continued to study science, wrote several essays on physics and mathematics. In 1871 at the University of Cambridge he headed the chair of experimental physics. He organized a research laboratory, which opened on June 16, 1874 and was named Cavendish - in honor of G. Cavendish.

slide 5

Scientific activity

• Maxwell completed his first scientific work while still at school, having come up with a simple way to draw oval shapes. This work was presented at a meeting of the Royal Society and even published in its Proceedings. As a member of the Council of Trinity College, he experimented on color theory, acting as a successor to Jung's theory and Helmholtz's theory of the three primary colors. In experiments on mixing colors, Maxwell used a special top, the disk of which was divided into sectors, painted in different colors. When the spinning top rotated quickly, the colors merged: if the disk was painted over in the way the colors of the spectrum are located, it seemed white; if one half of it was painted red and the other half yellow, it appeared orange; mixing blue and yellow gave the impression of green. In 1860, Maxwell was awarded the Rumfoord Medal for his work on color perception and optics.

slide 6

• In 1857, the University of Cambridge announced a competition for the best work on the stability of Saturn's rings. These formations were discovered by Galileo at the beginning of the 17th century and represented an amazing mystery of nature: the planet seemed to be surrounded by three continuous concentric rings, consisting of a substance of an unknown nature. Laplace proved that they cannot be solid. Having carried out a mathematical analysis, Maxwell was convinced that they could not be liquid either, and came to the conclusion that such a structure could be stable only if it consisted of a swarm of unrelated meteorites. The stability of the rings is ensured by their attraction to Saturn and the mutual motion of the planet and meteorites. For this work, Maxwell received the J. Adams Prize.

Slide 7

Clausius

• One of Maxwell's first works was his kinetic theory of gases. In 1859, the scientist made a presentation at a meeting of the British Association, in which he cited the distribution of molecules by velocities (Maxwellian distribution). Maxwell developed the ideas of his predecessor in the development of the kinetic theory of gases R. Clausius, who introduced the concept of "mean mean free path". Maxwell proceeded from the idea of ​​a gas as an ensemble of perfectly elastic balls moving randomly in a closed space. Balls (molecules) can be divided into groups according to their velocities, while in the stationary state the number of molecules in each group remains constant, although they can leave the groups and enter them. From such a consideration it followed that "particles are distributed according to velocities according to the same law according to which observation errors are distributed in the theory of the least squares method, that is, in accordance with Gaussian statistics." As part of his theory, Maxwell explained Avogadro's law, diffusion, heat conduction, internal friction (transfer theory). In 1867 he showed the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics

Slide 8

Heinrich Hertz

• The theory of the electromagnetic field and, in particular, the conclusion from it about the existence of electromagnetic waves during the life of Maxwell remained purely theoretical provisions that did not have any experimental confirmation, and were often perceived by contemporaries as a "mind game". In 1887 German physicist Heinrich Hertz set up an experiment that fully confirmed Maxwell's theoretical conclusions. The last years of his life, Maxwell was engaged in preparing for printing and publishing the manuscript heritage of Cavendish. Two large volumes appeared in October 1879.

Slide 9

Other achievements and inventions

• He invented a top, the surface of which, painted in different colors, formed the most unexpected combinations during rotation. When mixing red and yellow, an orange color was obtained, blue and yellow - green, when mixing all the colors of the spectrum, a white color was obtained - an action opposite to the action of a prism - the “Maxwell disk”.
• He described a thermodynamic paradox that haunted physicists for many years - "Maxwell's demon".
• He introduced the "Maxwell distribution" and "Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics" into the kinetic theory.
• "Maxwell number"
• In addition, Maxwell created many small masterpieces in a wide variety of fields - from the implementation of the world's first color photograph to the development of a method for radically removing grease stains from clothes.

Slide 10

Literature

• Maxwell J.K. Theory of heat. SPb., 1888.
• Maxwell J.K. Speeches and Articles. M.–L.: 1940.
• Maxwell JK Selected works on the theory of the electromagnetic field. M.: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954.
• Maxwell J.K. Articles and speeches. Moscow: Nauka, 1968.
• Maxwell J.K. Treatise on electricity and magnetism. In 2 volumes. Moscow: Nauka, 1989. Volume 1. Volume 2.
• Kartsev V.P. Maxwell. (from the series "The Life of Remarkable People") M.: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1974.

View all slides