Presentation on the topic "community, biocenosis, biogeocenosis, ecosystem". Presentation on the topic "Communities. Ecosystems" Presentation on the topic of community ecosystems

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Natural community - a set of plants, animals, microorganisms adapted to the conditions of life in a certain area, affecting each other and the environment. It carries out and maintains the circulation of substances.

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The main form of links between organisms in a natural community is food links.

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Plants are the initial, main link in any natural community, which creates a reserve of energy in it. Only plants, using solar energy, can create organic substances from the minerals and carbon dioxide in the soil or water.

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Plants are eaten by herbivorous invertebrates and vertebrates.

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Carnivores eat herbivores.

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The natural community also includes various organisms that feed on waste: dead plants or their parts (branches, leaves), as well as the corpses of dead animals or their excrement. They may be some animals - gravedigger beetles, earthworms.

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But the main role in the process of decomposition of organic matter is played by mold fungi and bacteria. It is they who bring the decomposition of organic substances to mineral substances, which can again be used by plants.

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cycling occurs in natural communities

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Biogeocenosis (from the Greek βίος - life γη - earth + κοινός - general) - a system that includes a community of living organisms and a closely related set of abiotic environmental factors within one territory, interconnected by the circulation of substances and the flow of energy (natural ecosystem). It is a sustainable self-regulating ecological system

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The concept of biogeocenosis, introduced by V. N. Sukachev (1940), has become widespread mainly in Russian literature. Abroad, especially in English-speaking countries, the term "ecosystem" is more often used in a similar sense, although the latter is more ambiguous and is also used in relation to artificial complexes of organisms and abiotic components (aquarium, spaceship) and to individual parts of the biogeocenosis (for example, decaying stump in the forest with all the organisms inhabiting it). Ecosystems can have arbitrary boundaries (from a drop of water to the biosphere as a whole), while biogeocenosis always occupy a certain territory.

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Ecosystem, or ecological system (from other Greek οἶκος - dwelling, location and σύστημα - system) - a biological system consisting of a community of living organisms (biocenosis), their habitat (biotope), a system of connections that exchanges matter and energy between them. One of the basic concepts of ecology.

Biocenosis (from the Greek βίος "life" and κοινός "general") is a historically established set of animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms that inhabit a relatively homogeneous living space (a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bland or water area), and are interconnected and their environment.

The term "biocenosis" was proposed by K. Möbius (1877), who studied the complexes of benthic animals that form oyster banks. Möbius emphasized the interconnection of all components of the biocenosis, their dependence on the same abiotic factors characteristic of a given habitat, and the role of natural selection in shaping the composition of the biocenosis.

Plants are the initial, main link in any natural community, which creates a reserve of energy in it. Only plants, using solar energy, can create organic substances from the minerals and carbon dioxide in the soil or water.

The composition of the natural community also includes various organisms that feed on waste: dead plants or their parts (branches, leaves), as well as the corpses of dead animals or their excrement. They may be some animals - gravedigger beetles, earthworms.

Biogeocenosis (from the Greek βίος life γη earth + κοινός general) is a system that includes a community of living organisms and a closely related set of abiotic environmental factors within one territory, interconnected by the circulation of substances and the flow of energy (natural ecosystem). It is a sustainable self-regulating ecological system

The concept of biogeocenosis, introduced by V. N. Sukachev (1940), has become widespread mainly in Russian literature. Abroad, especially in English-speaking countries, the term "ecosystem" is more often used in a similar sense, although the latter is more ambiguous and is also used in relation to artificial complexes of organisms and abiotic components (aquarium, spaceship) and to individual parts of the biogeocenosis (for example, decaying stump in the forest with all the organisms inhabiting it). Ecosystems can have arbitrary boundaries (from a drop of water to the biosphere as a whole), while biogeocenosis always occupy a certain territory.

Ecosystem, or ecological system (from ancient Greek οκος dwelling, location and σύστημα system) is a biological system consisting of a community of living organisms (biocenosis), their habitat (biotope), a system of connections that exchanges matter and energy between them. One of the basic concepts of ecology.

Ecosystem is a broader concept referring to any such system. Biogeocenosis, in turn, is a class of ecosystems, an ecosystem that occupies a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bland and includes the main components of the environment - soil, subsoil, vegetation cover, and the surface layer of the atmosphere. Most artificial ecosystems are not biogeocenoses. Thus, each biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem is a biogeocenosis

Consolidation of the material Solve the following problem. In a small reservoir formed after the flood of the river, the following organisms were found: ciliates-shoes, daphnia, white planarians, a large pond snail, cyclops, hydra. Explain whether this body of water can be considered an ecosystem. Give at least 3 pieces of evidence.

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Chapter XV. Fundamentals of ecology. Ecosystems Pimenov A.V. At home: § 66 Topic: “Communities. Ecosystems” Objectives: To characterize the biocenosis and ecosystem; functional groups of living organisms in biogeocenosis, show their relationship.

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Biogeocenosis, ecosystem Living organisms in nature are united in communities adapted to certain conditions of existence. Such a community of interconnected living organisms is called a biocenosis, and the totality of all abiotic factors that determine the conditions for their existence is called a biotope. Biocenosis and biotope form biogeocenosis. The term biogeocenosis was proposed in 1942 by Academician V.N. Sukachev, biogeocenosis is understood as a stable, self-regulating system formed by living organisms adapted to live together in a certain area with more or less uniform conditions of existence.

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Biogeocenosis, ecosystem At the same time, the English botanist A. Tensley proposed the term ecosystem. Under the ecosystem, he understood both a drop of water with microorganisms living in it, and an aquarium, and a natural reservoir, and the planet Earth. Many scientists put an equal sign between the concepts of biogeocenosis and ecosystem. But many do not consider these terms to be synonymous, understanding biogeocenosis as a specific, historically established natural community, and an ecosystem is a more vague, “dimensionless” concept. That is, any biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem can be considered a biogeocenosis.

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Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Energy source Energy is necessary for the existence of any biogeocenosis. The source of energy for most biogeocenoses is sunlight, the energy of which is used to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances.

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Some ecological systems exist in complete darkness (seabed where sunlight does not reach, caves). The source of energy for their existence will be the organic matter of dead or living organisms that enters this ecosystem. In addition, some ecosystems exist due to chemoautotrophic organisms that are able to form organic matter using the energy of oxidation of inorganic compounds. Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Energy source

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All living organisms of the ecosystem are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs according to the method of obtaining energy. Autotrophs are able to form organic matter using an inorganic carbon source and light energy (photoautotrophs) or the oxidation energy of inorganic substances (chemoautotrophs). Heterotrophs use the energy of oxidation of organic substances and use organic sources of carbon. Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Energy source

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community The basis of the biocenosis is autotrophic organisms - producers (formers) of organic matter. The community of plants is called phytocenosis, animals - zoocenosis. In the process of photosynthesis, the formation of organic matter occurs, due to which heterotrophs feed.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in a community Heterotrophic organisms are divided into two groups: consumers - consumers and decomposers - destroyers of organic matter. Consumers of the 1st order are herbivores, consumers of the 2nd order are carnivores, consumers of the 3rd order are predators.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community Decomposers decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide and minerals, close the cycle of biogenic elements in nature. Can hyenas, earthworms, dung beetles be classified as decomposers? Small animals that feed on inanimate organic matter - earthworms, dead-eating beetles, dung beetles are detritivorous consumers.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in a community Living organisms of a biocenosis are linked in a food chain. A simple example of a food chain: vegetation - an insect that feeds on vegetation - a predatory insect - an insectivorous bird - a bird of prey.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community But a herbivorous insect feeds on several types of plants, a predatory insect - on many types of insects, an insectivorous and predatory bird - on many types of animals. Thus, food chains form food webs, food webs.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community The more complex the food network, the more species in the ecosystem, the more stable the ecosystem.

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To summarize: Biocenosis? Living organisms in nature are united in communities adapted to certain conditions of existence. Such a community of interconnected living organisms is called a biocenosis. Biotope? The totality of all abiotic factors that determine the conditions for the existence of living organisms is called a biotope. Habitat. Biogeocenosis? A stable, self-regulating system formed by living organisms adapted to live together in a certain area with more or less homogeneous conditions of existence. Energy sources for the existence of biogeocenosis? Sunlight, energy of oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds. Autotrophs? What groups are they divided into? Organisms capable of forming organic matter using an inorganic carbon source and light energy (photoautotrophs) or the oxidation energy of inorganic substances (chemoautotrophs). Heterotrophs? Organisms that use the energy of the oxidation of organic substances and organic sources of carbon.

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To summarize: What groups are heterotrophs divided into? Consumers - consumers and decomposers - destroyers of organic matter. Who belongs to the reducers? Bacteria and fungi. Thank you for your attention!

The material was prepared and conducted by the biology teacher of the secondary school of the settlement of Zhilino Shchur Natalya Kuzminichna Fundamentals of Ecology. ecosystems

Tasks: To characterize the biocenosis and ecosystem; functional groups of living organisms in biogeocenosis, show their relationship.

Biogeocenosis, ecosystem Living organisms in nature are united in communities adapted to certain conditions of existence. Such a community of interconnected living organisms is called a biocenosis, and the totality of all abiotic factors that determine the conditions for their existence is called a biotope. Biocenosis and biotope form biogeocenosis. The term biogeocenosis was proposed in 1942 by Academician V.N. Sukachev, biogeocenosis is understood as a stable, self-regulating system formed by living organisms adapted to live together in a certain area with more or less uniform conditions of existence.

Biogeocenosis, ecosystem At the same time, the English botanist A. Tensley proposed the term ecosystem. Under the ecosystem, he understood both a drop of water with microorganisms living in it, and an aquarium, and a natural reservoir, and the planet Earth. Many scientists put an equal sign between the concepts of biogeocenosis and ecosystem. But many do not consider these terms to be synonymous, understanding biogeocenosis as a specific, historically established natural community, and an ecosystem is a more vague, “dimensionless” concept. That is, any biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem can be considered a biogeocenosis.

Characteristics of biogeocenosis. Energy source Energy is necessary for the existence of any biogeocenosis. The source of energy for most biogeocenoses is sunlight, the energy of which is used to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances.

Some ecological systems exist in complete darkness (seabed where sunlight does not reach, caves). The source of energy for their existence will be the organic matter of dead or living organisms entering this ecosystem. In addition, some ecosystems exist due to chemoautotrophic organisms that are able to form organic matter using the energy of oxidation of inorganic compounds. Characteristics of biogeocenosis. Energy source

All living organisms of the ecosystem are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs according to the method of obtaining energy. Autotrophs are able to form organic matter using an inorganic carbon source and light energy (photoautotrophs) or the oxidation energy of inorganic substances (chemoautotrophs). Heterotrophs use the energy of organic matter oxidation and use organic carbon sources. Characteristics of biogeocenosis. Energy source

Functional groups of organisms in the community The basis of the biocenosis is autotrophic organisms - producers (formers) of organic matter. The community of plants is called phytocenosis, animals - zoocenosis. In the process of photosynthesis, organic matter is formed, due to which heterotrophs feed.

Functional groups of organisms in a community Heterotrophic organisms are divided into two groups: consumers - consumers and decomposers - destroyers of organic matter. Consumers of the 1st order are herbivores, consumers of the 2nd order are carnivores, consumers of the 3rd order are predators.

Functional groups of organisms in the community Decomposers decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide and minerals, close the cycle of biogenic elements in nature. Small animals that feed on inanimate organic matter - earthworms, dead-eating beetles, dung beetles are detritivorous consumers.

Functional groups of organisms in a community Living organisms of a biocenosis are connected in a food chain. A simple example of a food chain: vegetation - an insect that feeds on vegetation - a predatory insect - an insectivorous bird - a bird of prey.

Functional groups of organisms in the community But a herbivorous insect feeds on several types of plants, a predatory insect - on many types of insects, an insectivorous and predatory bird - on many types of animals. Thus, food chains form food webs, food webs.

Functional groups of organisms in a community The more complex the food web, the more species in an ecosystem, the more stable the ecosystem. Name the consumers of the 1st and 2nd order in this ecosystem.

Functional groups of organisms in the community Who are decomposers in this ecosystem?

Characteristics of forest biogeocenosis Energy source? Biocenosis characteristic: Producers? Consumers of the 1st order? Consumers of the 2nd order? 3rd order consumers? Reducers? Food chains? Stability of biogeocenosis?

Characteristics of freshwater biogeocenosis Energy source? Biocenosis characteristic: Producers? Consumers of the 1st order? Consumers of the 2nd order? 3rd order consumers? Reducers? Food chains? Stability of biogeocenosis?

Repetition Define biogeocenosis. What is a biocenosis? What is a biotope? What organisms are producers? Who are the producers in this ecosystem? Name the consumers of the 1st order in this ecosystem. What organisms can be classified as consumers of the 2nd order? What organisms are decomposers? What reducers are shown in the figure? How many tiers do plants of this biogeocenosis have? What is the relation to light in plants of different tiers?

Repetition List the main producers of a freshwater reservoir. Name the consumers of the first and second order of the reservoir. What organisms are considered water reducers? Make a food chain in this reservoir, consisting of 5 links.

Biocenosis? Living organisms in nature are united in communities adapted to certain conditions of existence. Such a community of interconnected living organisms is called a biocenosis. Biotope? The totality of all abiotic factors that determine the conditions for the existence of living organisms is called a biotope. Habitat. Biogeocenosis? A stable, self-regulating system formed by living organisms adapted to live together in a certain area with more or less homogeneous conditions of existence. Energy sources for the existence of biogeocenosis? Sunlight, energy of oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds. Autotrophs? What groups are they divided into? Organisms capable of forming organic matter using an inorganic carbon source and light energy (photoautotrophs) or the oxidation energy of inorganic substances (chemoautotrophs). Heterotrophs? Organisms that use the energy of the oxidation of organic substances and organic sources of carbon.