Cancellation fees for education in the USSR. Paid education in the USSR. The formation of the Soviet education system
One of the favorite Mantra Levakov: "There was free education in the USSR!"
Like, if the Bolsheviks were not honored by the king, then the "dark, unhappy, poor, backward Russia" would remain "with 4 classes of the church-parish school" ...
However, before the revolution, 86% of young people from 12 to 16 years could have been able to write and read, and after the revolution and civilian literacy fell. The country of the Bolsheviks dropped back, and then they could not create universities of such a level, as before the revolution ...
When, in the presence of Anna Akhmatova, they said that Valentin Kataev "after all the intellectual," she chuckled and said that he was just lucky - he managed to learn in the pre-revolutionary gymnasium, where they gave a much higher education than in Council. It was very interesting to read and evidence of the historians of Chernov, Pavlenko, as was actually the case with Soviet education.
Meanwhile, I once read excerpts from the dissertation, where the author on the archival material proved that the praised libez was "lime", in fact, even by 1940 there was enough illiterate.
Today is May 10th. And it is useful to remember that only May 10, 1956 in the USSR canceled training fees in high school grades. Three years after, after Stalin got down, in which training in schools was paid.
It should be noted that Era is universal, and it is free of free in Soviet history that is quite late - at the end of the 50th - the first half of the 60s. But in the 1930s (and later), for example, the main mass of students in the USSR has received its own for nothing.
In the 1930s, more than three-quarters of the country's population lived in rural areas. Since 1931, the so-called has been introduced in the USSR. " cultzhilsbor."- so-called" Tax on education and culture ". Each peasant yard was obliged to pay for about 20 rubles every year - 80 rubles. For the beggar of the Stalinist village, it was very big money. In addition, for the education of their children, the peasants paid the so-called. "Self-definition" - that is, the collective farmers discarded the repair and construction of schools and roads to them. From his pocket, the peasants also paid textbooks, notebooks and written accessories, not to mention clothes for children. The generous Soviet state all the costs of popular education shifted directly On the shoulders of the people himself.
Therefore, all the merits of literacy growth in the same village should still be entrusted to the half-starving Stalinist collective farmers who managed to keep rural schools and feed the beggar of rural teachers (which chronically detained the salary). In 1931, four-class education was obligatory in the USSR, since 1937, an obligatory for all fifth grade was introduced on the village, and since 1939, the seventh class was made mandatory.
Due to this, the literacy of the rural population aged from 9 to 49 years has increased from 51% in 1926 (by the way, a fairly considerable figure, given two wars and ruins before) to 84% in 1939. The share of competent men, respectively, increased from 67% to 92%, women - from 35% to 77%.
(Sh. Fitzpatrick. Stalinist peasants: Social history of Soviet Russia in the 30s. Village. M., 2001. P. 251-260)
However, as already mentioned, these figures "eliminating illiteracy" cannot be considered so significant, then grabbed.
Since 1940, the Soviet government has consciously sought restrictions on the number of people with an average, secondary-seat and higher education.
Moreover, in spite of the usual, it was not administrative measures, but economic: from now on, a fee was established for study. The country urgently needed people from the machine. On this score there are official decisions.
"№27 of October 26, 1940
Resolution No. 638. (p. 236-2374 237-238).
pp. 236-237
"On the establishment of a depreciation of high schools and in higher educational institutions of the USSR and the change in the procedure for appointments of scholarships."
Given the increased level of material well-being of workers and significant expenses of the Soviet state for the construction, equipment and maintenance of a continuously increasing network of secondary and higher educational institutions, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR recognizes it necessary to entrust part of the expenditures on secondary schools and higher educational institutions of the USSR on the workers themselves and in Communications decides:
1. From September 1, 1940 in 8, 9, and 10 classes of secondary schools and higher educational institutions fee for training.
2. Set for students of 8-10 medium school classes the following training fees:
a) in the schools of Moscow and Leningrad, as well as the metropolitan cities of the Union republics - 200 rubles per year;
b) in all other cities, as well as villages - 150 rubles per year.
Note. The specified training fee in 8-10 grades of secondary schools to extend to students of technical schools, pedagogical schools, agricultural and other specialized medium-sized institutions.
1. Install the following fees for training in higher educational institutions of the USSR:
a) in higher educational institutions located in the cities of Moscow and Leningrad and the capitals of the Union republics - 400 rubles per year;
b) in higher educational institutions located in other cities - 300 rubles per year ...
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of SSR V. Molotov
Managing Cases of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR M. Hills
Moscow Kremlin. October 2, 1940 №1860. "
(Source: "Meeting of Decisions and Organization of the Government of the SSR Union").
What did this money mean? How long has the welfare of citizens? Formally, with an average salary of 400-500 rubles per month 150 and even 500 rubles per year did not look catastrophically. But let's look at the statistics.
"The average annual nominal wages of workers and employees in 1940 amounted to 4054 rubles. Taking into account the earnings of members of the artist of fishing cooperation - 3960 rubles. In addition, in 1947, monetary reform was carried out (the ruble denomination was 10: 1).The dynamics of the average monthly salary of workers and employees in denominated rubles was:
1940Г.-33.0
1945-43,4
1950Г.-63.9
1955 - 71.5
1960.-80,1
The dynamics of the average annual wage was respectively (rub.):
1940Г.-396.0
1945.-520.8.
1950Г.-766.8.
1955 - 858.0.
1960.-961,2
There are no accurate data on cash income on the village for post-war fifteen years. It is known that in 1951 - 1960. The real incomes of peasants (including the natural payment, reducing retail prices, tax cuts, etc.), according to one working in comparable prices, increased by 1.5 times, and by 1960 increased by 2, 4 times compared Since 1940, cash incomes per collective farm year amounted to 1940. 1107 rubles per year. (Sources: "History of the Socialist Economy of the USSR", "The history of pricing in the USSR (1937-1963)", "Labor in the USSR" is a statistical compilation, "Statistics" 1968).
In general, state retail prices in 1940 were 6-7 times higher than in 1928, and the average nominal wages of workers and employees increased 5-6 times during this period, reaching 300-350 rubles in 1940 ... ( Gordon L. A., Klopov E. V. What was it? P. 98-99)
In addition, compulsory bond loans in the amount of 20-25% salary should be taken into account. Those. The real salary was taking into account seizures in the form of loans not 350 rubles, and 280 rubles / month or 3400 per year.
In this way:
- Education of one child in 8.9.10 classes accounted for 4% of the annual salary of one parent.
- Training at the university accounted for 9% of the annual salary of one parent (for the year of study).
But it should be noted that with the village we paid Working, not money. And the earnings annual - issued by the money - the whole family was often the amount less than 1,000 rubles. And here, learning a child in graduation classes or universities was worth the family of a peasant with a substantial part of the money income.
And during Stalin, the peasants had no passports or pensions.
Resolution of the decision to introduce education in the USSR:
the number of graduates of secondary schools (8-10 classes), secondary special educational institutions and universities fell twice
The poor Soviet citizens simply did not have money to pay for children or their own education.
By the way, paid education contradicted Article 121 of the USSR Constitution of 1936.
What did the Soviet government made in this situation? CPSU Central Committee held consultations with the governments of the Union republics and decided cancel the National Trade Fee For students of 8-10 grades of secondary schools, technical schools and higher educational institutions. In 1943, the USSR SNK adopted Resolution No. 213, which released from training fees:
- in the Kazakh SSR - kazakhs, Uygura, Uzbeks, Tatars (Resolution of the USSR SCC dated January 5, 1943 No. 5);Only in 1956, three years after, after the "effective manager", the best friend of children and physical scientists was bent, a fee for training in schools was canceled.
-On Uzbek SSR - uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Local Jews (Resolution of the USSR SCC dated February 27, 1943 No. 212);
-In the Turkmen SSR - turkmen, Uzbeks, Kazakhs (Resolution of the USSR SCC dated March 19, 1943 No. 302);
-The Kabardian ASSR is liberated from the training fee kabardians and BalkariansStudying at the Pedagogical Institute (Decree of the USSR SCC dated May 15, 1943 No. 528).
Official publication read:
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the cancellation of training fees in high schools in secondary schools in secondary special and higher educational institutions of the USSR. June 6, 1956
The Council of Ministers of the Union of the SSR decided:
In order to create the most favorable conditions for the exercise in the country of universal secondary education and obtaining higher education youth cancel from September 1, 1956, a fee for training in senior special and higher educational institutions of the USSR.
Popular education in the USSR: Collection of documents. 1917-1973. - M., 1974. P. 192.
On June 6, 1956, Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 6, 1956, training in high schools, in secondary special and higher educational institutions of the USSR was canceled.
Contrary to the established view that education in the USSR was free, it was not always the case. On October 26, 1940, Resolution No. 638 was introduced "On the establishment of an education recruitment in high schools in secondary schools and in higher educational institutions of the USSR and about changing the procedure for appointments of scholarships." In high school classes and universities, paid training with the established annual payment was introduced. Training in metropolitan schools cost 200 rubles per year; In the provincial - 150, and for training at the institute already had to give 400 rubles in Moscow, Leningrad and the capitals of the Union republics, and 300 in other cities.
The amount of payment for school and university was not high, the annual fee approximately corresponded or was less than the average monthly nominal salary of Soviet workers. The average salary of the worker in 1940 was about 350 rubles. At the same time, the level of mandatory monthly spending (rent, medicine, etc.) was lower than, for example, at present. By the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 6, 1956, the fees for training in high schools in secondary schools, the USSR has been canceled in secondary special and higher educational institutions.
The Soviet power attached to the education of the population a huge, actually leading role. Vladimir Lenin saw in the socialist revolution the opportunity to quickly overcome the economic and cultural backwardness of the country. The cultural revolution included a wide range of socialist construction tasks in the field of culture. The school was assigned a special role as an educational institution and a tool for communist upbringing. Not in vain Lenin at the congress of employees of the Enlightenment, said: "The victory of the revolution can consolidate only the school. The upbringing of future generations is fixed by everything that conquered by the revolution. " "The fate of the Russian revolution directly depends on how soon the teacher mass falls on the side of Soviet power." Thus, the Bolsheviks are completely true and accurately determined the role of school in the Soviet project. Only the masses of educated and technically competent people could face a socialist state.
At the head of school, prominent figures of the RCP (b) were set: N. K. Krupskaya, A. V. Lunacharsky, M. N. Pokrovsky. A. V. Lunacharsky headed the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment (NarcarPros) until 1929. It should be noted that the first stage of the existence of the Soviet education system was associated with the destruction of the old education system and the elimination of the illiteracy of the population. The former structures of school administration were destroyed, private educational institutions, spiritual educational institutions were closed, the teaching of ancient languages \u200b\u200band religion was prohibited, brought out universal and domestic history from the program. For discraining of unreliable teachers, "cleaning" was carried out.
It is worth noting that at this time, so-called. The trockers-internationalists are very "cut down", destroying Russian culture, education and history. It was believed that everything that was with a tsarism, outdated and reactive. Therefore, together with such positive phenomena, as the elimination of illiteracy, private education and the influence of the church on school, there were many negative. In particular, they refused to teach history, all the kings, commander, etc., came to negative figures, were removed from Russian Classic and MN programs. Other. Not in vain in the 1930s (in the period of Stalinism), much that was positive in the field of education in the Russian Empire, restored, including separate training of boys and girls.
It is also worth remembering that large damage to the system of folk education and the dissemination of literacy was caused by the First World and Civil Wars. The national economy was in ruin. Due to the lack, the tool closed many schools, the number of students decreased. The remaining schools were in launch, for students lacked paper, textbooks, ink. Teachers, who did not receive salary, left schools. Full financing of the enlightenment system managed to restore only by 1924, after that, the cost of education has steadily grew. So, in 1925-1930. Folk-enlightened expenses were 12-13% of the budget.
The ways of forming a new school were determined in the documents adopted in October 1918: the "Regulations on a Unified Labor School" and "The Basic Principles of the Unified Labor School (Declaration). The Soviet school was created as a unified system of joint and free general education with two steps: the first - 5 years of study, the second - 4 years of study. The right of all citizens to education was proclaimed regardless of nationality, equality in the formation of a man and a woman, the uncondition of secular learning (the school was separated from the church). In addition, educational and production functions were imposed on educational institutions (in the modern Russian Federation these functions were practically destroyed).
Decree of the SNK RSFSR dated August 2, 1918 "On the rules of admission to higher educational institutions of the RSFSR" was proclaimed that every person who had reached 16 years, regardless of citizenship and nationality, sex and religion was taken to universities without exams, was not required to provide a document on secondary education. The advantage in enrollment was given to workers and peasants, that is, the main social groups of the country.
The fight against illiteracy was proclaimed as a primary task. On December 26, 1919, SNK adopted the decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years has been obliged to learn a diploma in his native or Russian. The decree was provided for a reduction in the working day for 2 hours for students with salary conservation, mobilization of the competent population in the order of labor consideration, organization of accounting for illiterate, providing premises for training mugs of lycabes. However, during the civil war, this work could not be fully expanded. In 1920, the All-Russian Emergency Commission for Elimination of Illiteracy was established (existed until 1930) under the drug addict of the RSFSR. In 1923, a mass society "Down with illiteracy" was created under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin, a plan was adopted to eliminate the illiteracy of persons from 18 to 35 years in the RSFSR to the 10th anniversary of the Soviet power. The fight against illiteracy included Komsomol and trade unions. However, to execute this plan completely failed. Little frames, material base, etc. It was necessary to strengthen the main element of education - school to cover all children. Thus, the problem of illiteracy decided naturally.
In the second half of the 20s, education comes out of the crisis. The country is restored after two wars and economic destruction, regular financing of education begins. Thus, in the 1927-1928 school year, the number of educational institutions compared with 1913 increased by 10%, and the number of students is 43%. In the 1922-1923 school year, there were about 61.6 thousand schools in the country, in the 1928-1929 academic year, their number reached 85.3 thousand. Over the same period, the number of seven-year schools increased 5.3 times, and students in them are twice.
In the highest school, the new authorities tried to attract the personnel of the old, pre-revolutionary intelligentsia and not without success, and create new staffs from representatives of the working class and the peasantry. However, the majority of adopted in universities could be trained in universities, since they did not even have secondary education. To solve this problem, the work faculties created from 1919 throughout Soviet Russia were established. At the end of the recovery period, the graduates of Rabafakov constituted half the students adopted in universities. To create a layer of the new Soviet intelligentsia, the spread of the ideas of Marxism and the restructuring of the teaching of the Social Sciences was created an extensive network of scientific and educational institutions: the Socialist Academy (since 1924 - Communist), Communist University. J. M., Institute K. Marx and F. Engels, Commission on the history of the October Revolution and RCP (B) (Istpart), Institute of Red Professors, Communist Universities of the Workers of the East and National Minorities of the West.
As a result, the higher education system has developed in its main features by 1927. The task was set up to professionally to prepare the organizers professionally. The number of early universities, which opened immediately after the revolution, was reduced, the admission of students was significantly reduced, entrance exams were restored. Lack of funds and qualified teachers kept the expansion of a system of higher and secondary special education. By 1927, the network of higher educational institutions and technical schools of the RSFSR counted 90 universities with the number of students of 114.2 thousand and 672 technical school with the number of students of 123.2 thousand.
In the 1930s, the second stage was established in the creation of the Soviet education system. In 1930, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On Universal Mandatory Initial Learning" was adopted. Universal mandatory initial training was introduced from the 1930-1931 academic year for children of 8-10 years in the amount of 4 classes; For adolescents who did not pass primary learning, in the amount of accelerated 1-2 year courses. For children who received primary education (graduated from the 1st Step School), in industrial cities, factory-starting areas and working villages established mandatory training at the seven-year school. School expenses in 1929-1930 increased more than 10 times compared with the 1925-1926 school year and in subsequent years continued to grow. This made it possible during the first and second five-year plans to deploy the construction of new schools: during this period, about 40 thousand schools opened. Preparation of pedagogical personnel was expanded. Teachers and other school workers raised wages, which began to depend on education and experience. As a result, by the end of 1932, almost 98% of children aged 8 to 11 years were covered by studying, which resolved the problem of illiteracy. Work continued to eliminate illiteracy, which gave higher results.
In the early 1930s, the content and methods of school learning changed. School programs were reworked, new stable textbooks were created, the teaching of universal and domestic history was introduced. The main form of organization of the educational process was a lesson, a strict class schedule was introduced, the internal regulations. There was a steady school system with continuity steps. The school came a new generation of teachers, talented and conscientious, loving children and their profession. It is these teachers who have created the famous Soviet school, the best in the world and which is still a source of innovation for the most effective School systems of the West and the East.
At the same time, a system of engineering and technical, agricultural and pedagogical educational institutions was created, which allowed the Union to become a "superpower", which for several decades successfully opposed all Western civilization.
In 1932-1933 Traditional, time-tested methods of learning were restored, specialization in universities were expanded. In 1934, scientific degrees of candidate and doctors of science and scientists of the title of assistant, associate professor and professor were established. That is, under Stalin, in fact, the classical education was restored. Created by correspondence and evening training in universities and technical schools. In large enterprises, training plants were distributed, which included sweatures, technical schools, schools, advanced training courses. The total number of higher educational institutions in the RSFSR was in 1940. 481.
In the 1930s, the composition of the student was radically changed, which was promoted by various training courses for workers' and peasant youth in universities, Rabafaki, kits of party thousands during the first five years. The number of intelligentsia grew very quickly, by the end of the 30s, the new replenishment of this layer was 80-90% of the total intelligentsia. It was already a socialist intelligentsia. Thus, the Soviet government has created a third social support - the socialist intelligentsia, in many respects technical. It was the basis and a powerful support of the socialist, industrial state, the Red Empire. And the years of the terrible Great Patriotic War confirmed the advanced meaning of the Soviet school, its effectiveness, when Soviet soldiers, commanders, workers, scientists and engineers, educated and educated in the new system, defeated the very effective capitalist system - the Third Reich.
It must be said that our enemies perfectly understood all the danger of the Soviet school. For example, years of war only in the territory of the RSFSR, the Nazis destroyed about 20 thousand school buildings, around the country - 82 thousand in the Moscow region by the summer of 1943. In fact, 91.8% of school buildings were destroyed or dilapidated, in the Leningrad region - 83 , 2%.
However, even during the greatest war, the Soviet government tried to develop a system of education. During the war years, government decisions on school education were adopted: on the training of children from seven years old (1943), on the establishment of general education schools of workers' youth (1943), on the opening of evening schools in rural areas (1944), on the introduction of a five-point system of gravity assessments and behavior Pupils (1944), on the establishment of final exams at the end of the initial, seven-year and secondary school (1944), about awarding the Golden and Silver medals of distinguished secondary school students (1944), etc. In 1943, the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR was created.
Since 1943, the recovery of higher education system began. So, in the conditions of war since 1941, the reception in universities was reduced by 41%, compared with peaceful time; The number of universities has decreased from 817 to 460; The number of students has decreased by 3.5 times, the number of teachers has decreased by more than 2 times; To preserve the contingent of students in universities, girls were attracted; The training deadlines due to the seal were reduced to 3-3.5 years, many students worked at the same time. As a result, by the end of the war, the number of higher educational institutions and the number of students approached the pre-war level. Thus, the crisis of higher education was overcome as soon as possible.
It is worth noting that the post-war period in education was investing large sums. In addition, collective farms, trade unions, promotionals were allocated for school construction. Only by the population by the method of People's Building in the RSFSR, 1736 new schools were built. By the beginning of the 1950s. The Russian School not only restored the number of educational institutions, but also moved to universal seven-year training.
After the destruction of the Soviet, socialist state in 1991, the bourgeois-oligarchic revolution, where a significant part of the Soviet nomenclature was made as a class of bourgeois, especially the semi-colony of the West (and partly the East). It is clear that in the half-colonia or in the country of peripheral capitalism it is not necessary to have a system of education, which gives hundreds of thousands of fairly well-educated people (and in comparison with the average level of the West and the East, not to mention Africa or Latin America, just excellent). After all, they sooner or later questions will begin to ask, doubts to express in the success of "reforms". Therefore, there was a phased demolition of the Soviet school with the transformation of ordinary schools in the American analogue for commoners: "prison romanticism" (security, cameras, fences, etc.); Refusal of educational, productive functions; reduction of hours of fundamental disciplines with the introduction of unnecessary lessons of the type of world culture, local languages, "The Law of God", etc.; The translation into the second language is English (the language of Anglo-American world order), which in the end leads to the creation of an ideal consumer-performer. At the same time, kindergartens and schools gradually "are capitalized", that is, they are transferred to a paid basis. Children of the rich and "successful" are able to study in private elite schools in the Russian Federation or give children in similar institutions abroad. That is, the people again divided into two unequal parts, and the conquest of socialism is destroyed.
However, for this it was necessary to let a certain ideological base. It was necessary to prove that Soviet education created only "Sovkov" with totalitarian, militarized thinking. And how not to remember that Stalin introduced a "paid education"! Like, under Stalin, a significant percentage of the population came out to continue their education.
In fact, it is not. First you need to remember that the Bolsheviks created high school at all, and it remained free for everyone. It was a huge work: investments, footage, huge territory, dozens of nations and MN. Other. Stole primary education managed to improve the end of the 1920s with great difficulty. The average average - by the mid-1930s. In the 1930s created the basis of the best education in the world. And preparatory education for higher education institutions (three older class), for which they introduced fee, in 1940 was only at the stage of formation. The introduction of fees for training in high schools, in fact, was the reason that the newly introduced social benefit did not have time to master. The Second World War was already in full swing, a terrible domestic war was approaching. The Soviet Union has been hard to prepare for it, so the plans for the early introduction of the highest free education had to be postponed.
A completely rational solution. At that moment, the Union needed more workers than representatives of the intelligentsia, taking into account the already created personnel base. In addition, military schools were still free and school-seven-year-olds stimulated the creation of the Soviet military elite. The young men could go to flight, tank, infantry and other schools. In the conditions of war it was under the state wise.
It is also worth noting that under Stalin built a healthy hierarchy. Upstairs the social staircase was military, scientific and technical, educational (professorship, teaching staff) elite. Mandatory education was seven-year, then dropping through exams and the decision of the school's pedsove. The rest or in a severe competition, or towards competent organizations. At the same time, everyone had the opportunity to rise above, they needed talent and perseverance. Powerful social elevators were armed forces and batch. Another serious element of this system was separate training for girls and boys. Taking into account the psychological and physiological differences in the development of boys and girls it was a very important step.
After Stalin, this healthy hierarchy, which began to build, was destroyed by the "equaliant". And since 1991, a new dispersion is built (within the framework of the general archaeization of the planet and the onset of neo-refoilism) with division into rich and "successful" and poor, "losers". But here is a hierarchy with the "minus" sign: on top of the social staircase, an unproving class, capitalists - "new feudalists", rovists-bankers, corruption officials, mafia structures serving their layers.
The training fee in high schools and universities of the USSR was introduced - in October 1940, and canceled on May 10, 1956. On October 26, 1940, Resolution No. 638 was introduced "On the establishment of an education recruitment in high schools in secondary schools and in higher educational institutions of the USSR and about changing the procedure for appointments of scholarships." In high school classes and universities, paid training was introduced and with the established annual payment. Training in metropolitan schools cost 200 rubles per year; In provincial - 150, and for training at the institute already had to spread 400 rubles in Moscow, Leningrad and the capitals of the Union republics, and 300 in other cities.
The annual fee approximately corresponded to the average monthly nominal salary of Soviet workers at the time: in 1940, it was 338 rubles per month. However, the introduction of even such a modest fee for many Soviet citizens closed the ability to continue education after grade 7. As a result of the "reforms", the number of graduates of secondary schools (8-10 classes), secondary special educational institutions and universities fell twice.
In fact, Stalin began the formation of a new amounting, and the workers and peasants lost the "social staircase". Recall that in the families of that time the norm was 5-7 children from the peasants and 3-4 - in the workers. And pay for training 2-3 children was for them an unbearable burden.
At the end of the 1940s, the provision "On State Labor Reserves of the USSR" appeared. The Council of People's Commissars received the right to annually call from 800 thousand to 1 million people of urban and collective farm youth, starting from 14 years old, in the schools and schools of factory education (FZO). Graduates received directions to enterprises where they were obliged to work for 4 years. And later, a decree of criminal liability appeared for a period of up to 1 year "For self-alignment care or for a systematic and gross violation of school discipline, which caused the exception" from the School (School) ". The state attached students to the FZO.
The only social staircase for the bottoms then became military schools - training in them was free. Either after serving in the army - work in the NKVD.
But at Khrushcheva, school education actually had to pay. On December 24, 1958, the Law "On Strengthening School's Communications with Life" was adopted, introducing a mandatory eight-year education. But at the same time, students of the 9-10th grades were to work in production or in agriculture to work 2 days a week - everything that they produced for these 2 days of work at the factory or in the field went to pay for school education. For admission to the university, it was now required work experience at least two years after graduation. This "school reform" was canceled immediately after the shift of Khrushchev, and the final view of the school education received only at Brezhnev, in 1966.
On October 26, 1940, Resolution No. 638 was introduced "On the establishment of an education recruitment in high schools in secondary schools and in higher educational institutions of the USSR and about changing the procedure for appointments of scholarships." In high school classes and universities, paid training was introduced and with the established annual payment. Training in metropolitan schools cost 200 rubles per year; In provincial - 150, and for training at the institute already had to spread 400 rubles in Moscow, Leningrad and the capitals of the Union republics, and 300 in other cities.
The annual fee approximately corresponded to the average monthly nominal salary of Soviet workers at the time: in 1940, it was 338 rubles per month.
However, the introduction of even such a modest fee for many Soviet citizens closed the ability to continue education after grade 7. And the collective farmers then did not receive salaries and worked in the collective farm for the workload.
As a result of the "reforms", the number of graduates of secondary schools (8-10 classes), secondary special educational institutions and universities fell twice. The Soviet government consciously sought restrictions on the number of people with an average, secondary-seat and higher education. The country needed people from the machine. And this was achieving measures of economic nature: a fee was established for study.
In fact, Stalin at that time began the formation of a new amounting. The same peasants could not "get out of people" even through scientific school, and workers - through the university. Recall that in the families of that time the norm was 5-7 children from the peasants and 3-4 - in the workers. And pay for training 2-3 children was for them an unbearable burden.
At the same time, at the end of the 1940th, the provision "On State Labor Reserves of the USSR" appeared. The Council of People's Commissars received the right to annually call from 800 thousand to 1 million people of urban and collective farm youth, starting from 14 years old, in the schools and schools of factory education (FZO). Graduates received directions to enterprises where they were obliged to work for 4 years. And later, a decree of criminal liability appeared for a period of up to 1 year "For self-alignment care or for a systematic and gross violation of school discipline, which caused the exception" from the School (School) ". In fact, the state attached FZO students.
The only social staircase for the bottoms then became military schools - training in them was free. Either after serving in the army - work in the NKVD.
But at Khrushcheva, school education actually had to pay. On December 24, 1958, the Law "On Strengthening School's Communications with Life" was adopted, introducing a mandatory eight-year education. But at the same time, students of the 9-10th grades were to work in production or in agriculture to work 2 days a week - everything that they produced for these 2 days of work at the factory or in the field went to pay for school education. For admission to the university, it was now required work experience at least two years after graduation. This "school reform" was canceled immediately after the shift of Khrushchev, and the final view of the school education received only at Brezhnev, in 1966.
I open another cycle of this article. The phrase "under Stalin was not there" has long become a winged. It is applied both to positive and negative phenomena. Indeed, much of what now seems ordinary, at first glance, it is not applicable to those times. And vice versa. Is it so?
Theoretics of socialism considered evil inventory. Silent. But, unfortunately, there is still no alternatives to a global scale. What confirmed the experiments of practitioners in the early 1920s. At that time, attempts to exclude from turnover depreciated money supply and move to the system of gratuitous distribution of products, services, and material property almost led to the second turn of the civil war. And the money returned to all spheres of public life. Up until the 1960s in the USSR, the population independently paid a huge number of services recognized then by publicly available. Medicine, education, socialcultum were partial self-sufficiency. Today we will talk about pre-war education.
After the revolution, the education system was recognized as the most important industry. Private schools were prohibited, the principle of free education was introduced. However, already in 1923, decree was issued, allowing to regulate the issue of payment on the ground - in cities and town. There were categories "free", their number in schools should not be less than 25%. It was forbidden to charge in preschool institutions and low-profile institutions. The special procedure for paid training in universities was determined. In 1927, part-time training was extended, expanded a list of such institutions. At that time, the question in each case was decided individually, there were completely free, and strongly commercialized institutions. There were no single tariffs. Payment was calculated on the basis of family income. For the poor, it accounted for 1% of earnings in schools and kindergartens, 1.5% in technical schools, 3% in universities. With the provided we took 3%, 4%, 5% of earnings, respectively. Even more complicated was the calculation for peasants and handles.
In the pre-war Belgorod public schools were free. In addition, there were 3 schools and 6 kindergartens, consisting on the balance of Yuzhn, they studied the children of railway workers, all expenses paid the department itself. However, paid professional courses, advanced training, additional education, teaching musical, artistic arts, private lessons, the services of educators practiced very widely.
Since 1940, the situation changes. A government decree on universal paid education in high schools, technical schools and universities is adopted. Justification Simple: The welfare of the population increased, the costs of education and science have increased. Indeed, the pace of construction and the level of equipment of educational institutions in the second half of the 1930s has greatly increased. At this time, a new school is built annually in Belgorod, a new school is built and put into operation, the network of custody and FMU expands, in 1939 the teacher's institute opens.
How did the company responded to innovation? Of course negatively. Promotion entered into business. So citizens explained the benefits of unexpected expenses:
The cost of training in 8-10 classes in secondary schools in Belgorod was 150 rubles. in year. For the same time we paid students of technical schools, pedecisis, professional schools, medical schools. Is there a lot or a little? The average salary in the country was then about 300 rubles. And although the scatter in income was not so huge as now, most Belgorod residents really received no more than 150-200 rubles. The reason is the weak development of industry. The most secured among respectable citizens were Stakhanov, for example, 600 or more rubles could then receive on the railway and factories. There are examples of earnings by Belgorod Machinists in 1939-1940 over 1.5 thousand rubles per month. In general, the year of the school was approximately equal to the monthly salary of one of the parents.
The training fee in the teacher's institute was established at 300 rubles. in year. According to the decision of the SNK, students, including senior courses that have not paid the current semester until November, were automatically deducted. Students of evening schools, architects of universities, secondary vocational schools and courses paid half of the usual value. At the same time there was a rather significant list of schoolchildren's beneficiaries, trained free: orphans, children with disabilities, low-income, etc. Students from those who needed could claim the state scholarship, which was paid by vocational training. In addition, to cover the costs of payment could also have a familiar scholarship, for which it was necessary to have at least two thirds of excellent marks and thirds of good. A number of educational institutions continued to provide a free hostel.
A paid education in the USSR was abolished in 1956. Against the background of a further increase in gratuitous social benefits of the subsequent period, the described approach looks strange. But the pre-war country was filled with contrasts sometimes more than now. About this in the continuation.
