Africa in World War II: the path to liberation. Rubric: African countries in the years of World War II countries Africa after World War II
The activity of the African working class was determined by the significant quantitative and qualitative changes in its composition.
On the eve of the war in individual African countries, where there was a significant number of enterprises of the extractive and manufacturing, such as the South African Union, North and South Rhodesia, the Belgian Congo, the African proletariat was a compact mass.
The development of industry during the war years led to a noticeable increase in the number of industrial workers. The ruin of the peasantry led to the expansion of the reserve army of labor.
Many thousand workers were used by warring powers to serve various military needs in the Belgian Congo, Nigeria, North and South Rhodesia.
No less serious were the qualitative changes that occurred during the war in Africa's working class. Racing discrimination and the policy of the "color barrier", carried out by the colonizers before the war, led to the fact that the Africans were used mainly as chernochnik.
There are common problems:
- lack of their own political experience;
- preservation of the traditional basis of society - tribal bonds, communal clan structures of self-government;
- the presence of boundaries defined by non-ethnic or natural factors, but by the colonial seizures of Europeans, and preventing this provision after independence. As a result of this, the relatives and tribes turned out to be divided state borders, and the warring among themselves are combined into one state, which resulted in a bloody encounter clashes and civil wars that are about-time until today;
- search for models of the optimal political structure and eco-nomic development;
- the influence of the atmosphere of the Cold War on the educated top formed to the Vlas-Ti. This effect was manifested in the fact that the West supported some odious regimes in Africa, since they opposed the distribution of communist ideology. In particular, even the weakest hint that power in the country can go to the hands of the Communists, in fact, a hundred pro-cents guaranteed support for the United States of any dictators. The latter also acted almost exclusively in tribal, clan, personal, foreign interests, only not in the interests of the people of their states.
Having received independence, the peoples of Africa acquired the right you, to beat themselves politicians, but in fact they often turned out to be demago gami, concerned about only the authorities and their own influence.
In the process of modernization, it was practically not used by those achievements that countries in Africa have achieved, on-flying in colonial dependence. The decision of African leaders to refuse many achievements of the colonial past its countries was explained by the fact that the former metropolis was declared an ideological enemy, the connection with which is impossible in principle.
Socialist path of development
The desire for national independence required policies, less dependent on the former metropolis. Such a politician pushed African states to choose alternative Mo Delhi. An example of such a model during this period was the Soviet Union.
At the head of many African states, national leaders who considered themselves anti-imperialists, co-cialists and friends of the USSR, especially if the Soviet Union was called them any help. Such policies can be attributed to Kwame Nkruum in Ghana, the second of the tour in Guinea, Modibo Cateo in Mali and Patrice Lumumba in the Congo.
Provika tuned leaders stranded to put an end to the backwardness of their countries in which the village economy prevailed over the industry; They introduced centralized planning, took the course to industrialization, reduced imports or completely refused it. In the absence of re-Surss and appropriate conditions, at best, these experiments were not completed, and at worst - they led to a terrible cataclys-mothers: ruins, hunger, civil war.
Many historians are the main cause of the backwardness of African countries see in colonialism.
The key problem for African states was the question of what is needed in order to turn the poor countries into prosperous. The coming XXI century was to answer whether only a simple copying of economic methods is required, or such a process will affect both the cultural and social environment.
Ghana
Algeria
In the process of decolonization of Africa, the most acute problem of CO-raised the territory on which many Europeans lived. First of all, we are talking about the French colony Algeria.
South Sahara
South Africa Republic (South Africa)
South Africa's state policy was apartheidThat translated from Avricans (Borsky, one of 11 official languages \u200b\u200bin South Africa) means "separate accommodation". The idea-logical basis of apartheid was racism, who delivered people to the highest (full) and lower (defective). In the country, the laws on the settlement on racial groups, about separating services, the advantage of the vote in the elections was enshrined on the white population.
In 1950-1970s. The main task of the political leaders of the Republic of South Africa was the defendant in the country of "white states" and a racial system condemned throughout the world.
By the end of the 1970s. South Africa, essentially consisted of two communities configured by extremely hostile to each other.
In the early 1980s The government under the pressure of amplifying speeches against apartheid and fear before chaos began to cancel the RA-Systric laws. The liquidation of this regime occurred peaceful in 1994 as a result of the first free elections to power came the government of the Black Most, headed by N. Mandela.
1. For many centuries, North Africa countries were under the authority of different states. After Arab conquests, Islam was established on this territory.
2. At the beginning of the XX century. The whole territory of North Africa was divided between European states.
North African countries - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt are Arab countries, religion - Islam.
3. European states began to seize the countries of North Africa in the first half of the XIX century:
- Algeria was captured by France in 1830 p., Became her colony;
- the penetration of France and Spain in Morocco occurred in the second half of the XIX century.
In 1912, France imposed Morocco the Tractor Treaty. In March 19.12, Morocco passed under France's protectorate. According to the French-Spanish Treaty (November 1912), his small part passed under the power of Spain. The city of Tangier with the surrounding territory was declared an international zone. Morocco actually turned into a half-colony;
Tunisia occupied in 1881 French troops.
From 1881, Tunisia was under the French Protectorate;
Libya for many centuries was under a foreign oppression.
From the XVI century In 1912, Libya was part of the Ottoman Empire; After the Italian-Turkish war 1911-1912 pp. Most of Libya became the colony of Italy;
Egypt after the suppression of the national liberation movement 1879-1882 pp. The Great Britain was occupied, which in 1914 installed the protectorate over Egypt.
Due to the rise of the national liberation struggle in 1919-1921 pp. Protectorate was abolished and Egypt was formally proclaimed by an independent state (1922) - an independent kingdom. But British troops remained in the country, the economy was controlled by Great Britain.
4. North African countries are agricultural, with large mineral reserves. They were turned into an agrarian and raw materials appendage of European states. The economy has evolved unilaterally, agrarian-commodity specialization prevailed.
North African countries grown peanuts, wheat, cotton, citrus, olives, tobacco, dwarked cattle, sheep, goats, camels.
5. Foreign states contributed to the development of the mining industry (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco), oil production (Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt), manganese ore (Morocco), Leads (Tunisia, Morocco) and other minerals (phosphorites, copper, cobalt and t . d.).
6. In the north of Africa, the construction of roads, railways, trade was developed at a rapid pace.
National Liberation Movement in North Africa
1. In the period between the two world wars, the national liberation movement was activated.
2. On the territory of Morocco, the national liberation struggle ended with the proclamation of the Republic of Reef in 1921, but this republic was destroyed by the combined forces of France and Spain in 1926
3. Algeria was the only country in Africa in which the French were not colonialists, but working or serviced a political link. This affected the nature of the fight against the French colonizers. Political organizations arose here, political manifestations occurred, which reflected European events. Speeches in Algeria were more politically mature than in other African countries:
- in 1920, the Political Party "Young Algerer" was founded, which led the struggle for the equality of Algerians and French, the destruction of racial discrimination;
- In 1926, the North African Star political organization was established, which was struggling for the independence of Algeria;
- In 1927, the Federation of Elected Muslims was established, as well as the Union of Algerian Ulemov, which fought for the development of national culture, traditions, customs, language.
4. In Tunisia, the Communist Party as the Section of the French Communist Party was founded in Tunisia. He advocated decisive actions against colonialism. In 1939, the organization became an independent party, but in the same year it was banned.
Countries and territories of tropical and South Africa. The position of the peoples of tropical and south africa
1. If in Africa to 1870, 11% of the territory was captured, then at the beginning of the XX century. - 90%, but on the eve of the First World War - 96.6%.
The largest colonial states were:
- France - owned 35% by the colonies;
- United Kingdom - 30%;
- Germany - 8.5%.
Smaller colonial possessions had Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy.
2. After World War I, the colony of Germany, according to the decision of the League of Nations, became submissive territories:
Great Britain - German East Africa;
France - Cameroon;
Belgium - Rwanda, Burundi, etc.
3. Only two countries - Ethiopia and Liberia retained their independence. All others (about 50 countries) were colonies or treads.
In the 50s. XIX century In Ethiopia, a number of individual principalities united into a centralized monarchy, which was able to resist the graceful harassment of Great Britain and Italy, only during the Italian-Ethiopian war 1935-1936. Ethiopia captured fascist Italy. In 1941, the partisan Ethiopian army and British troops were expelled from Ethiopia Italian invaders.
From 1821, the settlements of liberated blacks began to occur on the territory of Liberia - slaves from the United States. They combined numerous nationalities around them. The independent Republic of Liberia was proclaimed in 1847.
4. The countries shared Africa on colonies, protectors, without taking into account the local conditions, ethnic and historical traditions of peoples. Whole ethnic homogeneous groups were arbitrarily separated, and therefore there were obstacles to the formation of African peoples and nations.
5. In the first half of the XX century. In tropical and South Africa, various tribes lived: Some - at the stage of primitive-free system, some became centralized feudal monarchies, and industrial development began in the South Africa.
6. Colonial countries contributed to the monocultural economic development of African countries (allowed the cultivation and export of some kind of culture, which the peasants were used to be bought by the peasant. Of the colonies of Africa, coffee, cocoa, bananas, rubber, rice, cotton and other cultures were exported.
7. Foreign investments were invested in the development of the mining industry, which was designed for export. Entrepreneurship is concentrated on, primary food processing, supplies to Europe exotic products, raw materials mining.
8. In the south of Africa, the high level reached only one country - the South African Union (UOS), whose territory first settled African peoples - Bushmen, Bantu, Gottentotes. In 1652, the Dutch East India company founded a cap of the colony here, which was dominant in which Afrikaner (Buras) occupied. After the capture of the Kapskoy region of Great Britain (finally in 1806), most of the Africans left it and the territories founded by the Africans founded the Republic of Natal, Blanil and Orange. In 1843, the United Kingdom captured Natal, and as a result of the Anglo-Board War (1899-1902) - other Bordeans.
In 1910, these territories were combined into English Dominion - the South African Union, which in the period between the two world wars achieved a high level of development, became an industrially developed country. However, only the White Population enjoyed the fruits of progress. The indigenous black population performed a small-qualified low-paid job, had no right to reside near white (apartheid system).
Apartheid (separate accommodation) - the official state policy of racial discrimination and sulfur - deprivation and restriction of political, socio-economic and civil rights, was conducted by the South African Union regarding the population of non-European origin.
Seregration (from lat. - Separating) - The type of racial discrimination is the separation of the color population from white.
National and liberation struggle of the peoples of tropical and South Africa
1. The First World War gave a powerful impetus to the development of the national liberation movement. The struggle of the peoples of Africa was often headed by tribal leaders. Forms of struggle were:
- armed struggle;
- resistance to the seizure of lands;
- resistance to colonial christianization;
- performances against foreign merchants;
- the destruction of foreign goods;
- refusal to pay the Contribution;
- refusal to perform labor duties.
2. Against and passive forms of struggle:
- boycott of foreign goods;
- organization of own independent trade communities;
- creating national schools and the like.
3. The mass uprisings of numerous tribes occurred in Kenya and Uganda due to mass seizure of land with British and tax raising. The rebels killed English soldiers and officials, destroyed railways and telegraph lines.
4. In 20 pp. XX century In the South African Union, the struggle was led by an Indian community that used tactics of non-violent actions.
5. The formation of patriotic forces and organizations took place. Thus, in 1923, the African National Congress (ANC) arose, which was carried out by non-violent methods a struggle for racial equality. Subsequently, he became more and more on the path of decisive actions, when deploying a political and armed struggle.
6. However, during this period, the resistance to the colonizers was the character of episodic armed speeches under the leadership of local leaders and was not yet a big threat to colonial states.
7. The long and stubborn struggle of the peoples of Africa was neither in vain. In the second half of the XX century. African countries released from colonial addiction.
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Appendix 3.
End of the global colonial system
As noted earlier, by the beginning of the XX century. Leading European powers completed the colonization of huge spaces of Asia, Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania.
In 1919, the share of colonies and dependent countries accounted for 72% of territories and 69.4% of the population of the Earth.
Chronology of obtaining independence
In the greatest degree of colonial expansion underwent an African continent. The six "great powers" of Europe seized 25 million square meters. km of land, i.e., space is 2.5 times the most of the whole of Europe, and enslaved over half a billion (523 million) of the population.
The following numbers: France belonged to the territory of 10545 thousand square meters. KM, England - 8973 thousand, Germany - 2459 thousand, Belgium - 2337 thousand, Italy - 2259 thousand, Portugal - 2076 thousand, Spain - 333 thousand.
sq. km. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained formally independent.
Decolonization of countries and continents began in parallel with the process of colonial expansion.
The first in the process of decolonization included countries of Latin America. Even at the beginning of the XIX century. At this continent, powerful national liberation movements rolled, as a result of which most Latin American countries have gained independence.
By 1826, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained from the entire huge national empire of Spain.
World War II and followed by economic and political crises in leading colonial powers contributed to the rise of the national liberation movement. However, the colonies have not yet formed enough social forces capable of victorious performances.
In 1917, political independence found only three countries.
The intensive decay of the colonial system began after World War II. In 1943-1959 Independence has acquired 20 countries. In I960-1970
About 50 countries. For the entire period, about 100 new sovereign states arose at the site of colonies and politically dependent countries.
In Asia, the most impressive was the victory of the national liberation movement over British imperialism.
On the territory of India this struggle was conducted by the party Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1947, the territory of the British Colony of India was divided into two Dominion - Indian Union and Pakistan. In 1950, the Indian Union became the Sovereign Republic of India. Following India, Pakistan proclaimed its sovereignty.
Similar processes developed in Southeast Asia. During World War II, a significant part of the territory of Southeast Asia was captured by Japanese imperialists.
The defeat of Japan in World War II was accompanied by an increase in the national liberation movement and the independence of independence by the colonies of European states.
The first in 1945 independently proclaimed its independence from the Netherlands one of the largest states of this region - Indonesia.
In 1949, the Netherlands were forced to recognize the sovereignty of this republic.
In August 1945, a rebellion of Hosh Mini flashed in French Indochite. In September 1945, an independent state was proclaimed on the territory of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. French colonialists did not want to terms with the loss of Indochina. They launched hostilities and tried to restore their former status of the metropolis. In 1949, in the occupied territory, they created the state Vietnam.
In 1954, as a result of major military defeats, they signed the Geneva agreements in which Vietnam sovereignty recognized. A year before that, in 1953, there were independence of two other French Indochina State - Cambodia (Campuchea) and Laos.
The most intensive process of decolonization in the 50-60s.
passed in Africa. This process began in the north of the continent. At the end of 1951, National Independence from Italy achieved Libya. In 1952, the independence of Egypt was gained in the fight against British colonizers.
In 1954, independence won the former French colonies Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan.
From the north, the wave of the national liberation movement moved to the south and rolled in Western, Central and East Africa. In 1957, the first among the colonial countries of tropical Africa won the independence of the English Colony of the Golden Beach - Ghana. In 1958 he became free Guinea.
1960 was called "Year of Africa".
This year, 17 colonies were proclaimed independent states: Cameroon, Togo Senegal, Mali, Madagascar, Zaire, Somalia, Benin (Dagomey), Niger, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Central African Empire, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Mauritania .
In 1962, the independence of Algeria, Rwanda and Burundi found. In 1963 - Kenya and Zanzibar. In 1964 - Malawi (New Selend) and Zambia. In 1966 - Lesotho. In 1968 - Swaziland, Equatorial Guinea and Mauritius (Republic of Guinea-Bissau). Thus, with the exception of a number of territories in the south of the country to the 80th. XX century The African continent was decolonized, which means the colonial system broke through the entire territory of the globe.
However, the acquisition of political independence has not automatically ensured economic independence, and even more so prosperity.
Most of these countries existed a multi-storey economy, primitive, archaic backward relations, low level of education of the population, hunger and poverty.
In economically, they were in full dependence on their metropolis, remained the "worldworm" of the capitalist system of the economy. Former metropolis continued to consider these countries as storage facilities, the spheres of the application of capital and markets, as a source of multi-million overseas.
Neocolonialism came to replace the colonialism - a system of various forms and methods used by developed capitalist countries to hold liberated countries in a subordinate dependence.
This system included various agreements forcibly imposed by metropolis, which limit the sovereignty of young states and provide various privileges to former metropolises or other industrial states - from military bases to exclusive right to strategic raw materials.
One of the important tools of neocolonial policy is the so-called "financial assistance". As a result of this assistance, the liberated states fell into such debt bole, from which they do not dream to get out in the third millennium. Thus, thanks to the neocolonic policy, the former metropolis preserve strong levers of impact on the liberated countries: technical and economic, financial, trade, military-political.
However, the liberated countries with increasing perseverance advocate for the root restructuring of the entire system of their relations with the capitalist world.
At this stage, the struggle for a new economic order (NMEP) is crucial. In the center of this struggle - the question of revising the international division of labor, which has established during the colonial system, for equality and mutually beneficial cooperation.
Not less, but may be more important for the fate and well-being of the former colonies and other states developed through the Eastern Type of Civilization, have internal transformations, the modernization of all spheres of their livelihoods.
This modernization is aimed at achieving four main objectives: 1) acceleration of development; 2) industrialization; 3) the development of the culture of the Western type; 4) the preservation of its own cultural tradition, its cultural identity.
Historians allocate three most commonly encountered types of upgrades.
The first type is the implementation of the full and adaptation of elements of Western civilization to their own conditions. We are talking about a full-scale transition to a system of market relations, creating developed institutions of democracy and a legal state. The most striking examples of this version of the modernization are called Japan and India. Following the modernization course, these countries have achieved impressive success.
Japan has achieved the greatest results, going to the second place in the world on the gross national product. Not random publicists in the 80-90s. They spoke about the "Japanese miracle."
Japanese and Indian experience testifies that their success is due to the fact that the transfer of elements of the Western type of civilization was not mechanically in these countries. They skillfully adapted to the peculiarities of the eastern societies.
In particular, a significant role of community relations was preserved in Japan. As a result, the Japanese capital acquired a collectivist, corporate character. The Japanese company is a corporate community, where a worker, employee, manager and shareholder are guided not only by their personal interests, but primarily the interests of the company.
In political sphere, a significant role is played by the clan beginning. Political parties are more rigidly organized, strict party discipline dominates in them.
The second type is associated with the predominant introduction of the organizational and technological elements of the industrial society while maintaining the most important elements of the eastern system of public relations.
The most striking example of this type of modernization is Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates. The economic basis for the implementation of modernization in these countries served a sharp jump in oil prices that occurred as a result of the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 in the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf poured the flow of petrodollars. At the expense of these funds, a modern oil producing and oil refining industry was created, a transport infrastructure was developed, universities, libraries, schools, hospitals were built.
However, the values \u200b\u200bof Arab-Islamic civilization remain unchanged, including the monarchical form of government and Islamic proceedings, sharia as the basis for regulating public and personal relations.
The third type is characterized by the desire to master the organizational and technological structures of the industrial society under the denying the economic and political mechanisms of the Western type of civilization: the market, democracy, the legal state.
With this option, an industrial base is created, scientific potential, a layer of qualified specialists. However, the political system remains classic oriental type. In this system, the cult of the personality of the leader, the dominance of bureaucracy, restriction of human rights and freedoms, harsh public control over the behavior of individuals.
The third option is the most common upgrade option for which most Asian and African countries went.
In political science literature, this option was called the socialist and non-capitalist development paths. The socialist path was implemented by China Mao Zedong and North Korea. The non-vacalistic path is Libya, Syria, Iraq, Ghana, etc. However, as experience shows, this option does not solve the urgent problems of countries. The market needs to require democracy.
In some countries from this group in the 80-90s, the democratization of public life began. Thus, the existence of various types of civilization shows that this process faces significant difficulties, but, at the same time, he still goes. Therefore, it can be argued that gradually humanity moves to a new higher level of civilizational development.
The end of World War II served as a powerful impetus to national liberation movements around the world. From the late 1940s. In Asia, the processes of decolonization began, which increased their strength with each new decade. The decolonization of Asia and Africa will be speech at this lesson.
Predin
Until the windows-tea of \u200b\u200bthe second Mi-Rh-War of Ko-Lo-Ni-Al-de-de-De-Ni-Ma-Lee almost a third of the sushi.
Many countries were in the Lo-Co-Lo-Ni-Mi or Pian-Man-Datos-Ri-Ri-Ri-Mi. After the second Mi-Rh-War in the O-Vi-Si-wuxer, the efforts of the Moto-Siberias for the neuro-vita. This is a pre-co-lo-n-ni-si-mono-e-e-sh-e-e-e-e-nic -I-mi).
Events
1946 - 1950.
- In Asia and the Afri-Ke, Wairy Nick-Lo 13 of the University of Nos-Vi-Soy-Darisians.
1946 - 1954 - War in Viet-on-Me. In-Ver-Shi-las in the rare-ni-ech.
1951. - Libya Obu-La Neu-Vi-cities.
1954 - 1962 - War in Al-Ly-re, in the re-Zul-Tha-Thie-Roy Algeria in Lu-Chil, Vec-Vi-Sost.
1955 - Per-Waja Kon-Fe-Reen-AF-Ri-Kan-Ski and As-At-Sous-Darisi, in the community of 28 countries.
1956 - Unbendless Ma-Rock and Tunisia.
1960 - Nec-Vi-Si-Ma Lu-Chi-Lo-Ma Li.
1960 - The year of af-ri: about 45 go-su-darishes OR-RE-Li-Vosta.
1974 - Ni-Vi-Mi-Most in Lu-Chi-Lee and Mo-La and Mo-Zamba.
1990 - Na-Mi-Biya became the ne-Vi-Si-Ma-Su-Dar.
2001- CO-Zdan AF-Ri-Kan-Sky Union.
His goals: SPO-SO-POINT-ECO-NO-Mi-Che-Skoy and Li-Ti-Che-Mi-Vi-Si-South Af-Ri-Kan -sko-su-darishes. By the year 2000, Sum-Mar Social Device of Co-Wil 370 billion dollars.
India
1947 - Ve-Li-Co-Bri-Taja Predo-laid is the ne-Vi-cost of India. On the terr-ri-Rii of the former brother-ta-skoy co-ourselves WHO N'-SU-SU-DAR-DAR - India and Pa-Ki- mill.
1950 - India Pro-Wosing Chap-on Rass-Pub Li.
Per-Vym pre-Mj. Mi-Ni-Strom-na-vit-Xia Ja-Vaha Har-Lal Nehru.
Indonesia
In the on-cha-le xx century, almost all terr-riy-ria in-up-non-Zii was the goal-Land-Lo-ni-her and ni-si-dawn Der-Land-Sky (Gestrah-Land-Skye) Ost-In-Diya. In 1942, in-up-non-Zheu-Zhuz-Ti-La Japanese.
After the Ra and Ra-Mi-Rho-War in the second Mi-Rho War in In-up-Nezia Ak-Ti-Vi-Rho-Washa Anti-Ba cities.
1945 - Pro-WHO-chap-on the ne-Vi-cost of in-up-non-zii.
1950 - GOL-LAN-DIA PRIVA-LA NE-VOSE IN-DO-NO-ZIA AND YOU-LA WHO WORK SKA.
1959 - Maja-Nov-les in In-Du-non-Zii Avt-Ri-Tar-but-Ri-Ma Ah-Me-yes Su-Kar-but.
1967 - Su-Kar-but-country from Rou-Co-Water is country.
PERSON-NI
Mo Handas Gandhi - The leader of the on-Qi-O-Nal-Na-Roma-Bo di-tel-but -th traffic of India.
In the middle of the name of Maha Hut-Ma ("Ve-Li-Kaya Soul").
Ja-Vaha Har-Lal Nehru - Pre-Mier-Mi-Nister RES-Pub-Li Ki India since 1947
(Seven days of IS-RIA).
Ahmed Su-Car-but - WHO GLA-VIL NA-QU-O-NAL-NA-OSVA-BO-DI-DI-DI-DI-NE-NIE-NEA. PRIVE PRIAN DENT-DENT-PUB-LI-KI IN-DO NO-ZIA (1945-1967).
In-key
After the day after the second Mi-Rh-War, the pro-Cess de-Co-Lo-ni-nation has led to the fact that Prak-Ti-Che-Ski All the former -He-re-nea-sini.
In the Lu-Chiva, the South-Most of the Strochet, the SA-Mo-South-Ya-Tel, but defo-de-de-sort of his li-ku, re-seat eco - But-Mi-Che-Ski Pro-Ble-we (see the lesson "the countries of AF-Ri-Ki in the second in Lo wine XX - on-cha-le XXI century"). Ak-Tu-Al-Neu-Da-Chehae began the struggle with a neo-co-lo-ni-liz.
Abstract
Asia.One of the main countries of the re-gi-o-on - India - Gem-Chuzi-on in Ko-Lo-Ni-Al-Ko-Ron Brie-Tan-Schoy Im-Pe Rii According to the winds of the second Mi-Roy War, it became stre-mit-Xia to Nec-Vi-Si.
IN feb-ra-le 1946 swell-nu-Lo Voscenta in Bom-Bee, PE-ROSE-ROSHOE IN MAS-SO-SOZA-STE-LEYS AT ALL INDIA. In-do-Si, Ra-Bav-Tav, in the 7th An-Gliy Ad-Mi-Ni-Ni-qi, Du-Ka-Dae, what can be controlled by their Su-Dar. An-Gliya Pra-Vi-Tel-Tel-Ettley, Pok-Ta-Yas Ula-Diet Kon-Flict, WHO-RI-MILLY SHEE-PLAY from India Du-Mi-Ni le-ni-it from Lon-to-on, but still, in the 1947 AV-STE, India Pro-WHO-G-Si-Li-Li-Li (Fig.
one). Dzha-Vaha Har-Lal Nehru became pre-Mi-Mi-Ni-Stroma.
IN 1946, Terr-Ri-Riya Pozya-Neu-Stom-South Ka, Ko-Paradise on-Ho-di-las in Ko-Lo-al-Ali Si-Ste Yabr-Tahai, Oka-Us-Vi-Si-My.
LON-DON OT-KA-HALL-XIA OF HIVE ON HAVE ON THIS EARTH, MO-TI-VI-RUE is the fact that it cannot be found at EM-les for Ara-bov and -Ra-eva-ni-ni-thi-thi-thi.
In 1947, the UN at the same time of the Para-les-Sla - the Stone of Pred-Tkno-Vey - on Arab, and Ev Rei-Scha That was the first Ev-Mi, but there was no sub-de-mail, but Ara-Ba-Mi.
In the same 1947, swell-nu-la ara-Bo-from-Ra-Il-Skye War (1947-1949) For the given terr-Riya (Fig. 2). Each-giving from Stro-Ron-Ten-Da-Va-La on the Earth Para-les and Jero-Sa-Lim - the city, typical as for the HR, and for Mu-Sul Man and Judea-ev.
With my o-my USSR and with his all-tie under-destroy, in 1948, during the missile defense of the war, there was a pro-WHO-chap-su-su-gift from-ra. In Moscow, on-de-ya-belt, which is from Ra-Ile-Ret-Reta Pro-co-Worm, and all-Che-Ski in Mo-ha is Him.
Pre-Mier-Mi-Nister from Ra-La Gold Meir Was the Ho-Roshirm of the USSR. FROM-CALL-BUT, USA Under-Der-Vashe Li Ara-bov, but as tol-ko-vi-tel-iz-raya-la, in Lu-Chiv under-hold -You from the USSR and a little solid-novel, the face, Va-Shing-tone became a face, from-ray-il. Thus, since the late 1940s. Ofi-Mi-elk Some pro-Ti-Pod-Ya-Ya-Li Der-Fairy in Dan-Mr. Re-Gui - The USSR became under-der-giving Arab-Sy Su-Dar-Dar, and the USA - from Ra-Ile.
1. Eagle-Wi-May India (IS-Cop-Nick)
In those of the 1950s. In from Ra-Ile, the new Jews from the Euro Ro-Py and Asian countries, the SO-Zda-Vaja, and Asia, on, as they consider Lee, his land. In the Ski-Rom, during the FI-Nan-Socy, under-destroy the United States, from Ra-Ile became one of the faith-like SO-YUZ-NI-SOV-Shing -At and started once-to-deploy her eco-no-mi-ku.
2. Ara-Bo-from-Ra-Ile-sky Kon-Flict (IS-Cop-Nick)
Pe-Ri-Od Croiche C-Lo-Ni-Ali Si-Ste-We are in AF-Ri-Ke, once-de-in three Os-Novaya Stage:
Per stage (1946-1947)When almost all the countries of the Afri-Ki are the forms of Fore-Mal-Mal, but the re-alone-bo-blow and not about it. MOST KO-LO-NI-ALENE EN-RO-SKY STERES EVERYTHING VERY STARTED ON THE RATE ON CA-ZE from Ko-Loi, so they began to hover them Back.
If earlier met-Ro-lyri Prak-Ti-Che-Ski is all you ka-Chi-Vashe from co-loy, then those feathers, on-o-bo-mouth, they are tra -This are huge day-gya on the sub-de-izhi.
Second stage (1960-1965)communion with sau-we-mi heads. In 1960, 17 countries of the Kon-Ti-Nen-Tu in Lu-Chi-Lee Re-Al-Nu-Vi-Si-Brosti. 1960 - "Year of Afri" (Fig.
3). For sub-der-forces of the world and the SPO-COPIA was CO-ZDA-on OR-GA-NI-National Institute of AF-Ri-Ko-th One (OAU), the purpose of -Ra was the ure-gu-li-water of terr-ri-rosy-throes between the country, because
the grav-ni-tsy of the previously became the Gra-Niche-Caes, and Vi-Syu-Su-Darisians, and in Dov to the Plum-Ta-Lo.
Three Stage (since 1975) Ha-Rak-Te-Ri-Et-Xia Lick-Vi-Daqi-her Oskol-Kov Ko-Lo-Ni-Ali Si-Stea-Whence, when the vessels Lu-Chi is such countries as An-Gua-La, GVI-Bi-Sau, Mo-Zamba.
3. "Year of af-ri" (source)
Na-O-Na-Na-Na-Na-Mi-Mo-Na-Ki-Vashe-Mo-Mi-Ki-Wa-Elos with a hundred-yang-rod fight for power and wives-mi la-re-ro-mi.
If, from-on-chal, all the power of up-to-one-lane is a row-one-linous people, the MiV-Shim-Si-Syu-Syu-Dar on the principles of its bouquet and de-mo-krai, then with those of the abroad, the power of the Bi-Ri-Lie, Phal-Ni-Vav-Shi-Shi-one-chai-tea dick-ta-ru. Bright at least such a struggle for power can listen to the next time.
The former co-loy - the Bel-Guy Congo - in 1960, in the city of Lu-Chi-Lo. New country, WHO WHO G-VIL MO-LO-DE-DE-MO KRAST-TI-CHERY LEADER Pat-rice Lu-Mum-Ba, Stre-Miv-Yeh, to the co-building of the unit-na-th-su-dar-property, to the pre-Odo-lesion of Once-no-G-Sii between Plem-Mi . Lu-Mum-Ba-Rou-Chil-Sila under-destroying the USSR, but the Ukrainian-re was overthrown, NU-E-Cal-Nom JO-ZE-FOM MO-BU And killed.
Question 24. Achieving independence by Arab countries: general and special
1) First, the Arab countries were not complete colonies. Exceptions Only Algeria (1830 - 1962, France), Libya (1911 - 1951, Italy, after its exit from the war in 1942 - English occupation), Aden - South-Western part of Arabia (1839 - 1918, Honor of England on the sea route India).
The remaining Arab countries were protectorates or submanent territories of Great Britain, France, Italy and Spain.
Morocco - on the FEST Treaty Protectorate of France from 1912 to 1956 (there was still a separate zone of Spanish Morocco).
Egypt - in 1882 is occupied by British troops, but formally, under the rule of Turkey.
In 1914, England proclaimed Turkey with its protectorate (until 1922). Until 1951 there was a condominium - Joint English-Egyptian management (?). Joint Anglo-Egyptian management was carried out over Sudan (before 1951).
2) Partial independence of the Arab countries found as a result of the NOD after the First World War.
1922 - the formal independence of Egypt (but the British troops remained until 1953)
1930 - The formal independence of the Kingdom of Iraq, headed by the English golden king by Faisal from the Alien Khashith dynasty (actual independence was obtained only after the 1958 revolution, which overthrow the monarchy).
The same situation with Saudi Arabia and Aden
3) Thus, one can observe a temporary gap between formal and real independence as a result of dependence on the great powers.
Real independence was achieved after World War II. For example, Syria was proclaimed independent in 1941, but real independence gained in 1946 after the withdrawal of the English troops.
4) All Arab countries, one way or another, have gained independence after the Second World War, and this was a regularity, since the great powers weakened.
5) For Arab countries, independence is characterized by a peaceful way.
But there is one exception - Algeria (France campaign, independence - in 1962).
By country.
Syria - 1941 (but the withdrawal of the English and French troops in 1946)
Lebanon - 1943. (But the withdrawal of the English and French troops in 1946)
Libya - 1951.
More than 300 years of Libya (\u003d Tripolitania, Kirinaika, Faitzan) was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1912, as a result of the Italian-Turkish war, it was transferred under Italian government, and in 1943 - in the hands of England (Tripolitania and Kirinaika) and France (Feitsan). In 1951, Libya became an independent kingdom, and Idris I As-Sensei became the first (and last) King of Libya. Subsequently, this independence of Gaddafi will call "wrong". In 1955 With France, a friendship agreement was concluded, and her troops were bred from Libya.
The British and American military bases remained (the British and Americans considered Libya an important strategist. Bridgehead in the Middle East), in exchange for that England and the United States provided Libya economic assistance. 1968 - the revolution of Gaddafi, the overthrow of the monarchy.
Morocco - 1956. Independence as a result of the Node led by the Ostiklal Party. France led War in Vietnam, so I went to cancel the protectorate.
Tunisia - 1956. Independence as a result of the Node led by the party "Dustur" Habib Burgibiba.
But there was no army of national liberation, the struggle was led by political methods.
Sudan - 1956. Back in 1953. The Anglo-Egyptian agreement was concluded on the recognition of the right of the Sudanese people on self-determination and the beginning of a three-year transition period (elections to the Constituent Assembly of Sudan, the conclusion of the English troops).
Algeria - 1962.
The most recently from Arab countries (and in the world) independence received small monarchies of the Persian Gulf.
Kuwait - 1961.
UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman - 1971.
All these countries, except the UAE, were English treads from the middle of the late 19th century.
Question 25.
Stages of the political and socio-economic development of Arab countries after World War II.
Stages of the development of Arab countries:
1940 - 1950 - Hope after World War II, decolonization processes. Most Arab countries receive independence during this period, or by the beginning of the 60th.
1) 1950-60 Years: By the beginning of the 1960s, in the most developed countries, national tasks are mostly solved.
National-democratic. The revolution goes into a new stage, begins to pay attention to socio-economic problems. The national bourgeoisie is deprived of dynamism and energy - invest in what brings rapid and stable income (services of services, usurism) ... Thus, the bourgeoisie cannot strengthen political sovereignty and promote industrialization. Social inequality is growing.
Most of the role of the army. (Egypt, Syria, Iraq).
2) 1960-70 . The ideas of socialism (Egypt, Algeria, Libya are widespread, but with a petty-bourgeois national character. In the 60s, the petty bourgeoisie was able to speak as an avant-garde of the nation.
Social transformations are carried out, a blow to the old bourgeoisie is deposited. Creation of a public sector - as the most important means of redistributing income in favor of workers. On the Arabian Peninsula there is a construction boom (oil).
Leads to rapid urbanization and industrialization, which contributes to the development of classes. States are divided into two camps: the Holy Union led by Saudi Arabia and progressive forces led by Egypt. An antagonism is observed on the basis of: socio-political system and in various global centers.
3) 1970-80 .
1973 - Growth of world oil prices. Income from petrodollars led to strengthening social. Contrasts. Coexistence of modern and traditional sectors of the economy; Capital movement occurs from rich in poor countries.
Mezararab Migration to Oil Exporting Countries. The strong dependence of the economy from oil exports and from import imports (primarily food).
4)1980 e. Very high rates of urbanization in the Bay countries. Countries are throwing forces to neutralize potential folk opposition, maintaining low prices for products, maintaining an effective security system. The process of political and socio-economic differentiation led to:
a) upgrades of secularism in narrow religious and ideological views
b) the strengthening of fundamentalism (various reasons - can be viewed in question 34)
c) increasing the share of the working class
d) an increase in the role of the state in regulating economic processes.
Modern stage
Now almost all Arab countries (except Mauritania, Yemen, Jordan, Sudan) are developing quite successfully and rapidly.
Affects high civilizational foundation. But the indigenous and most important factor that divided the countries has become oil mining.
For countries such as Algeria or Tunisia, petroclars are a necessary source of existence, while in Arabian monarchies, in Libya, oil acts as the basis of the economy, the collateral of prosperity and wealth of the whole country. These countries are even able to pay subsidies to the poor (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon), because
there are no oil resources at all.
Countries achieved independence after World War II
Without these subsidies, poor countries could not solve the problem of poverty. Oil and petroclars play a decisive role in the development of the region. Magryba countries cost without oil due to the fact that she does not possess. For example, Egypt resolutely joined the capitalist development path and successfully develops.
With no oil and petrotollars, a clearly minority of countries remained. Most at the same time depends on oil. Armament (in Iraq and Syria), risky social experiments with a Marxist bias (Algeria, Syria, Libya, Iraq) are paid by the same petrodollars.
The civilizational features of the Arab region are departed into the background before the abundance of oil. In the industries, the oil production and oil refining industry is primarily developing in order to ensure uninterrupted operation of wells and oil sales. In all exporting oil countries exist ministry of Oil Economy, play a big role Organization of oil exporters — OPEC.
In the extranefthy development of the greatest results reached Egypt.
You can also allocate Syria, Algeria and especially Iraq in the military industry. Development agriculture Countries are extremely uneven. In some countries, agricultural reforms gave positive results, whereas in others they were aimed at cooperating the peasantry and against the private sector, which led to negative results (Algeria, Libya).
In general, the Arab world has achieved high results.
Also need to take into account that they have been achieved in conditionsrisky social experiments, frequent Middle Eastern wars, constant arms race, the rejection of Islam capitalist standards, values \u200b\u200band orders.
The reasons are all the same petrodollars, as well as a tendency to all-masrass solidarity. But the determining factor in this solidarity is the problem Palestine.
Rich Arabian monarchies do not regret the means to help Palestine, as well as other countries in the region that oppose Israel.
Economic transformations in Arab countries in the postbipolar period:
The main problems of economies are monotizing and hypertrophized dependence on market conditions.
The desire is traced
Use petrodollars to create other sectors of the economy to be less dependent on oil importing countries.
Diversify budget arrivals
Conduct industrialization
All this really started to do only after falling oil prices. Start using five year old development plans. Steps:
1) Prepare infrastructure (from the mid-80s)
2) Include in the production sphere National private capital.
3) the creation of the so-called.
industrial zones (in one place there are many many plants ...)
4) the construction of multidisciplinary industrial centers.
Directions: Energy, fresh water production, the development of petrochemistry, agriculture. They are trying to increase the role of national capital, conduct partial denationalization of the public sector (privatization of low-visible companies), involve market factors instead of government administration, encourage foreign investments. Reducing military costs (free money) - because
now Iraq is not a threat. Thus, it is very important to unload the budget and carry out the restructuring of the economy. But so far to radical reforms have not yet begun. This is partly due to the fact that destabilizing the situation in the country of power risks get the sharply increased influence of fundamentalists (against which they always fight).
Features of the formation of the colonial system
In the slave-owned society, the word "colony" meant "settlement". Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome had colony-settlements in someone else's territory. The colonies in the modern meaning of the word appeared in the era of great geographical discoveries at the end of the XV - early XVI centuries.
As a result of great geographical discoveries begins to form colonial system.This stage of development of colonialism is associated with the formation of capitalist relations.
Since that time, the concepts of "capitalism" and "colonialism" are in an inseparable connection. Capitalism becomes a dominant socio-economic system, the colonies are the most important factor accelerating this process.
Colonial robbery and colonial trade were important sources of initial capital savings.
Colonia is a territory deprived of political and economic independence and depending on the metropolis.
Initial period
The period of the initial accumulation of capital and manufacturing production predetermined the content and form of the relationship between the colonies and metropolis.
For Spain and Portugal, the colonies were primarily sources of gold and silver. Natural practice they were frank robberyup to the extermination of the indigenous population of the colonies. However, gold and silver exported from the colonies did not accelerate the formation of capitalist production in these countries. Most of the riches of the Spaniards and Portuguese, contributed to the development of capitalism in Holland and England.
Dutch and English bourgeoisie made out on the supply of goods to Spain, Portugal and their colonies. Separated by Portuguese and Spain Colony in Asia, Africa and America became the object of colonial seizures of Holland and England
The period of industrial capitalism
The next stage of the development of the colonial system is associated with the industrial revolution, which begins in the last third of the XVIII century.
and ends in developed European countries about the middle of the XIX century. The period comes exchange of goods,which draws colonial countries to world commodity circulation.
This leads to double consequences: on the one hand, colonial countries are converted into agrarian-raw materials of metropolis, on the other, the metropolis contribute to the socio-economic development of colonies (the development of the local industry for the processing of raw materials, transport, communications, telegraph, press, etc.
By the beginning of World War I, at the stage of monopolistic capitalism, the colonial possessions of three European powers are developed:
At this stage, the territorial section of the world is completed. The leading colonial powers of the world enhance the export of capital in colonies.
Colonialism in the XVI-XVII centuries.
Colonization of the African continent.
In the colonial policy of European powers of the XVI-XVII centuries.
a special place is occupied by the African continent. Slavery existed in Africa a number of centuries, but it was mainly a patriarchal character and was not so tragic and destructive before the arrival of Europeans.
Slave tradethe Portuguese began in the middle of the XV century, then the British, Dutch, French, Danes, Swedes were included in it. (The centers of the slave trade were located mainly on the west coast of Africa - from Green Cape to Angola inclusive.
Countries achieved political independence after World War II
Especially many slaves were exported from the gold and slave shores).
Colonialism of the period of industrial capitalism. The role of colonies in the economic development of metropolis
In new historical conditions, the role of colonies in the economic development of metropolis increases significantly.
The possession of the colonies contributed to industrial development, military superiority over other powers, maneuvering resources in the event of wars, economic crises, etc. In this regard, all colonial powers seek their possessions.
The increased technical equipment of the AR-MIA allows you to implement it. It is at this time that the "discoveries" of Japan and China occurs, the establishment of the Ko-Lonal domination of the British in India, Burma, Africa, the seizures of Algeria, Tunisia, Vietnam and other countries are taking place, the expansion of Germany in Africa, USA - in Latin America, China, Korea, Japan - in China, Korea, etc.
At the same time, the struggle of metropolis for possession of colonies, sources of raw materials, strategic positions in the East.
Lecture 18 Africa in the period between the two world wars
I. Africa after the end of the First World War
Up to relatively recently, in Europe, it was customary to ignore the African history - many have believed that it does not exist. However Africa is a special world,these are many peoples and cultures, public structures and religions, completely different in their spirit. And in Africa there was their own story, more than once there were large states there, although, of course, there was its own specificity. In a broad sense, Africa can be divided into two regions: Northern and tropical.
Northern TerritoryAfrican continent has become part of arab-Islamskoycivilization. There is always stronger than manifested middleeast,what connections with the rest of Africa. Traditional societies relying on their own strong religious-civilized foundation - the Islamic Ottoman Empire dominated in North Africa in North Africa.
However, from the end of the XIX - early XX century. europeans impose their LordgUSTsthrough the establishment of protectorates, inequal contracts, military agreements and direct annexation, opening ways of penetration of new civilization. In front of the nations stood a kind of choice, which was reflected in the struggle of reformers and traditionalists.
South of Sahara, in tropical Africa,there was no choice between modernization and traditionalism. It was possible to either remain at the level of primitive, or borrow European innovations, develop, although it was led to colonial dependence.
By the beginning of World War I, most of the Africa was individed between European powers.Independent, essentially remained Ethiopia,which, unlike most Africa, had their own civilizational foundation - Orthodoxy.
In the middle of the XIX century. In West Africa, descendants of slaves, once resettled in Africa, founded Liberia.Semi-dependent were Egypt and South African Union.The rest of Africa was colonial.
Francei had the largest colonial system in Africa - 43% of the territory.In addition to domination in countries Magriba (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia),in Tropicalparts of the continent were two main French colonies.
French West Africaoriginated in 1904 and included territory 8 countries(French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Dagomey, Mauritania, Niger, French Sudan and Senegal). The administrative center was Dakar.
Another colony - French Equatorial Africa- was created in 1910; It included Gabon, Chad, French Congo and Ubanga Shari. The capital was Brazzaville.
In East Africa, France has owned a small territory of the French Somalia and the Comorian Islands. During the First World War, she captured a huge madagascar Island.
In addition, the mandate of the League of Nations was issued to the former German colonies: France got a majority Cameroon and HalfTogo.
French colonization was carried out in three directions: from the north to south (from Morocco), from the west to the East (from Senegal) and from the south to the north (from the Congo).
Owning of Englandin Africa covered 38% of the territory.In the West, she had two small colonies - Gambia and Sierra Leone, the oldest colony of the Golden Beach (Ghana) and the largest country in Africa in terms of population - Nigeria. The latter was created literally on the eve of the war, in 1914
But the chief area of \u200b\u200bEnglish colonization was in the south: in addition to positions in South Africa (the South African Union - British Dominion), the British founded the self-governing "white colony" - Southern Rhodesia and the Four Protectorate (Basutolend, Swaziland, Beatuanland and Northern Rhodesia).
In the east of Africa, Sudan was managed by the Anglo-Egyptian condominium since 1899. True, in 1936 a new treaty was concluded, which expanded the powers of Egypt, but still the British government sought to entrenched in Sudan. In addition, in the eastern part of Africa, England had two protectorates: Nyasaland and British Somalia and Colony British East Africa, consisting of Kenya and Uganda.
After the war, England received the mandate of the League of Nationson the management of the former German East Africa (Tanganica), as well as indelilaterritory B. West Africa (Togo Cameroon) with France.
Another former German colony - South-West Africa (Namibia) was transferred under the Office of the South African Union, British Dominion. Under the mandate of other countries, all the ownership of Germany passed, with a total area of \u200b\u200b2.5 million km 2 and with a population of 13 million people. Belgiumalso received a mandate for the former German Territories Rwanda and Urundi; In addition, she managed a huge territory in the center of Africa - the Belgian Congo.
The oldest colonial power in Africa was Portugal (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau). A number of small territories had Spain(Spanish sugar, Spanish Guinea, Fernando-software Island, Spanish Morocco). On the eve of the war, it began to create their colonial empire and Italy- She settled in Somalia, Eritrea, sought to fix it in Libya.
What did the Europeans encourage to seize the colonies? Obviously, not only the desire to draw themselves more territories, although it took place. In Africa, they were attracted by resources: in the XVIII century. - slaves; from the XIX century - fossil resources (rare and non-ferrous metals, precious stones); In the XX century - Agricultural products (coffee, cocoa beans, cotton, peanuts, bananas, pineapples) and expensive wood.
Only at the beginning of the XX century. started intensive masteringinland areas: European settlements, plantational, farms were created, a mining was developed, a monetary tax system was introduced. The local population with difficulty perceived innovations, even in everyday life: the need to regularly work, observe discipline, strictly fulfill its duties, etc.
In Africa, infrastructure facilities were built: railways, ports, communication system, as well as administrative institutions of European type, schools, hospitals. Through missionary, Christianity was distributed.
It would seem that for the decades of colonialism there has been a tendency to modernize Africa, to the penetration of European elements in the traditional society. Outwardly, it looked like this:
but) in economicsa sector associated with an external market was created, which carried out export agricultural crops, serving the needs of African territories in industrial goods;
b) in the social spherethere were qualified personnel from the local African elite, which received European education, which occupied gradually posts in the colonial apparatus;
in) in the political sphereeuropean election institutes, authorities arose political associations on the type of European parties;
d) in the field of cultureeuropean languages \u200b\u200bhave become the languages \u200b\u200bof communication formed part of the population, Western legislation, Christian religion, were perceived; Many Africans began to join Western culture, to receive education in Sorbonne, Oxford and Cambridge.
However, these were only external signs, often camouflage the true situation.
In economicsthe majority of the population was occupied in the traditional structure, led by a primitive way to agriculture, worked crafts, waste - many did not even have the skills of regular intensive labor.
3 social spherethe old structure (big family, clans, communities, tribes) have been preserved, there was an former hierarchy of local leaders and prince, a complex system of intercland and intergovernmental relations, slavery; High was the authority of local signs and priests.
In the political sphereeven where new political institutions arose, it was based on the old social system - the leaders, priests and other former authorities dominated them.
In the field of cultureachievements were also often purely external: Christianity was perceived formally, traditional cultures and primitive ideas were still dominated in the consciousness and behavior of the local population. Especially in social behavior, in everyday life, Africans were guided not so many christianity postulates as the customs and traditions of their peoples.
Thus, the achievements of European colonization had only limited. They were not able to turn to the tendency of the gradual perception of Africa standards of Western civilization, although sometimes it looked in this way. Many traditions of the past, first of all the community, pulled Africa back. The structures adapted, scary resisting a new one, which violated the usual way of life.
ІІ . Metropolis Policy Features in Africa
World War II increased the interest of metropolis in its African colonies. We began to intensively exploited natural resources, in some places even developed production potential. Hundreds of thousands of African soldiers took part in the fighting on the fronts (only France mobilized over 250 thousand soldiers in his colonies).
It had important consequences to enhance the local African elite: everywhere there are various kinds of "Earthhood", ethnic associations, cultural and educational societies and other nationalist orientation centers. The African intelligentsia is grouped around newspaper, publishing houses, elected city municipalities.
In the 1920s. Appear the first political parties in Africa:in 1920 - African National Congress (YUS),in the same year, the National Congress of British Western Africa, in the English colonies of East Africa, "Welfare Associations", the Association of Africans Tanganyiki, etc., these parties sought to soften the colonial regime, to weaken the tax burden, create Africans more favorable conditions for education and Professional career. The first African are promoted unions.
The important role was played by the so-called PanFrean Kon.gressee.Back in 1900, the 1st Pan-African Conference took place in London, and in 1919, during the work of the Parisian Peace Conference, the 1st constituent congress of the Panofrican Movement took place. For the first time, not only specific requirements were nominated (cancel corporal punishment, racial discrimination against the local population, the use of forced labor in colonies), but also a strategic task was set: to attract Africans to the management of colonies, develop political institutions necessary to achieve independence in the future.
Although the subsequent congresses that were held in the 1920s were held, negros from the United States and West Indies played the lead role, it stepped up the national self-consciousness in the African colonies themselves. The leaders of the Pan-African traffic at that time were William Dubua ("Father Panaforkanism") and Marcus Garvey.
The latter saw a way out in the promotion of the resettlement of American blacks in Africa and demanded that in this connection, in particular, to join the coast of ivory and Sierra Leone to Liberia, offered to deprive England and France mandates for managing African colonies. PanFricanists preached and the theory of racial exclusivity of the Negrican peoples, the ideas of "Negriturian" and "African personality".
One of the forms of nationalism in Africa has become the so-called af.ro-Christian movement. In 1926was founded "Association youmovec.eV from Equatorial Africa "led by Andre Grenoom Matsua- This organization used the forms of civil disobedience offered by Indian MK Gandhi. In Belgian Congo B.1920s.sharply activated sect Simon Cymbangpreaching the "African God's Boganism". Her followers often resorted to violent action against Christian missionaries. In zones where Islam dominated, movement against European colonialists often passed under the slogans of "Jihad" - the fight against "incorrect."
The policy of metropolis in relation to its African colonies was to gradually form political institutions in force on the basis of a democratic procedure, i.e. on European principles. Such adaptation of Africa was hardly, slowly and unevenly - everything depended on the regions.
In most of their colonies Englandfor a long time spent politics "Indirect management",i.e. it sought to rely on traditional social structures, on breeding leaders, although there were our own English governors. Administrative control over the territories was transferred by the British to local leaders, according to the "Law on the Native Authorities" of 1907, but the supreme power was still in the hands of English residents. They also controlled the activities of "Native Courts" on the basis of the Law of 1913
Gradually policies changed. In the English colony of the Golden Beach (Ghana) and in other territories elected legislative assembly were formed. The number of Africans in them constantly increased, their powers expanded. The British talked about their intention to teach Africans to democratic self-government, pushing out from the formally familiar to them.
The executive tips appeared on the governors of the British submitted to the legislative assemblies. Africans were appointed in them. Subsequently, they even began to be appointed by governors as prime ministers. At the next stage, with the provision of independence, the posts of the governors were to be strengthened - Africans became presidents. Such is the general figures of the British policy in the development of a management system in its African colonies.
Francefrom the very beginning, several other politics followed: she sought to adapt the local African population, introduce it to French culture. In the colonies, French was introduced, a great deal of missionaries were carried out among the population, education and health care systems were introduced on European samples, representatives of tribal aristocracy studied in Sorbonne.
System was created direct administrative management:in the colonies reproduced official structures according to France. Gradually, there was a replacement of people in this apparatus on the Africans prepared in the best universities.
Some Africans were given the opportunity to become full-fledged citizens. According to the law "On Naturalization" of 1912, it was required to serve in French service for at least 10 years, able to read and write, as well as to have means to existence - those by the end of the 1930s. There were 80 thousand people in the French colonies. Thus, the French hoped with time to adapt the African population, turning it into loyal subjects of France. Separate categories of the population of African colonies gradually received the right to election into local governments and even the right to send their representatives to the French Parliament (Senegal received such a right in 1848).
Similar system, with an even more apparent purpose - the speedy assimilation of the African population, was carried out in colonies Port.galia.She could rely on the numerous Portuguese colonists and their organizations. Local residents were divided into two categories: "Civilized" and "uncivilized". Moreover, the process of "civilization" strictly tracked; A peculiar criteria of belonging to the "civilized" category were developed: the knowledge of the Portuguese language, the confession of Christianity, "good character"; The African should have had a "good income," to pay taxes, carry the service in the administration or in the army, "to lead the Portuguese lifestyle".
However, the process of "portugalization" was slow: on the eve of World War II in Angola, the category of "civilized" there were 24 thousand Africans, in Mozambique only 1.8 thousand in the 1920s. Portugal in his colonies contributed to the transition to the commercial economy, demanding payment of taxes in cash. Compulsory contracting systems are also widely used.
The most rigid politics in relation to the local population Belgium in the Belgian Congo.This giant country inhabited by various nations has been managed since 1908 by the Belgian Civil Administration led by the Governor-General. There was widely used forced labor, there was a high mortality among Africans - for the first 20 years. Xx in. The population declined more than twice.
Shortly before the First World War, copper was started in one of the provinces of Congo, thanks to which Katanga in 1920-1930. It became much richer than the rest of the Congo. But this little worried Belgians - their main efforts were aimed at the intensive exploitation of natural resources.
The economic well-being of Africans was given little attention. No political activity in the Congo was not allowed, the education and health care systems were in the infancy. Education above the initial was considered unacceptable for Africans. The transfer of power in the hands of the local population was not included in the plans of the Belgians, so no steps were made to teach even the elite.
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