A collection of ideal essays on social studies. The state as a factor of socialization The state controls some aspects of the socialization of individuals
The state carries out more or less effective, relatively socially controlled socialization of its citizens, creating for this both organizations that have their functions to educate certain age groups, and conditions that force organizations whose direct functions are not included, to one degree or another engage in education.
The state most consistently influences the socialization of the younger generations through the creation of a special systems of educational organizations.Education has become one of the most important functions of the state since the middle of the 19th century. In an effort to ensure that upbringing effectively forms a person who corresponds to the social order determined by the social and state system, the state is improving it. This is done by formulating its tasks and defining its content, developing its material base, searching for optimal forms of management and coordinating the activities of various educational organizations, training and retraining of teaching staff, etc.
By the middle of the XX century. in the most developed countries, the state began to pay more and more attention to the socially controlled socialization of not only the younger generations, but also young people, adults and old people. The main directions of efforts of state organizations were professional training and retraining of youth and adults; cultural and social adaptation of immigrants; social assistance to the poor, the elderly, representatives of risk groups, maladjusted and disorganized families and population groups; creation of conditions for productive recreational behavior of the population; as well as conditions for raising the cultural level of all segments of the population, etc.
For the effective implementation of the relatively socially controlled socialization of its citizens, the state develops a certain policy in the field of education and forms the state system of education.
State policy in the field of education- defining educational tasks and strategies for their solution, developing legislation and allocating resources, supporting educational initiatives, which together should create the necessary and sufficient favorable conditions for the development and spiritual and value orientation of citizens in accordance with the positive interests of a person and the needs of society.
State education system -a set of organizations whose activities are aimed at the implementation of educational tasks set by the state. It includes three levels - federal, regional (the level of the subjects of the federation) and municipal.
The state education system includes a wide range of various educational organizations:
Educational and educational institutions of various types (kindergartens, general and specialized schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, vocational schools, technical schools, colleges, courses, etc.);
Institutions for the gifted in certain areas of knowledge and types of activity, as well as those with stable interests, pronounced abilities;
Organizations dealing with social, cultural and other types of microenvironment health improvement; individual and group care of children, adolescents, youth, adults;
Institutions for children, adolescents, boys and girls with significantly impaired health;
Institutions for children, adolescents, boys and girls, adults with psychosomatic and / or social disabilities and / or defects;
Reeducation and rehabilitation organizations.
Over the course of time, the diversity of educational organizations increases due to the increasing complexity of both the socio-economic and cultural needs of society, their roles and significance in the education system change.
The state policy in the field of education is also changing, for the country, ethnic group, society, and state are changing. The French educator Claude-Adrian Helvetius drew attention to this back in the 18th century: "In every country, the art of forming people is so closely related to the form of government that any significant change in social education is hardly possible without changes in the state system itself."
Questions and tasks for self-control
1. What assumptions about the influence of the Cosmos on the human community were expressed by Russian scientists?
2. How is the globalization of socialization conditions manifested?
3. How is the global differentiation of socialization conditions manifested?
4. What allows us to classify the country as a macrofactor of socialization?
5. Name the main aspects of the influence on the socialization of the mentality of the ethnic group.
6. What are implicit theories of personality and upbringing?
7. What features are inherent in the gender, age and social structures of modern Russian society?
8. How does the state influence the relatively directed socialization of a person?
9. What is the state policy in the field of education and the state system of education?
Questions and tasks for discussion
1. Space as a socialization factor - is it a utopia or an unknown reality?
2. How do global processes and problems affect human socialization?
3. How to understand the definition of "country - the frame of socialization"?
4. Using specific examples, show the deep nature of the influence of the mentality of an ethnic group on the socialization of a person in different age periods.
5. Analyze the ethnic stereotypes you know and their influence on the socialization of a person.
6. Using the example of domestic interethnic conflict, show the role of an ethnic group in the socialization of a person.
7. Describe the problems of socialization in modern Russian society in connection with its change (on the example of your city).
8. How are the modern realities of Russian society reflected on intergenerational relations in the region where students live?
9. How does ideological pluralism affect the socialization of specific nominal groups in the region where students live?
10. Show by examples the manifestation of implicit concepts of personality and upbringing in the region where students live.
11. Analyze the problems of the education system that have arisen in connection with changes in society and in public policy.
Ontological transformations of all aspects of the social life of Russian society, which the state faced at the end of the last - beginning of the present century, led to a significant decrease in the role of the state as a regulator of the processes of socialization of the individual. For a long time, the socialization of citizens of the Russian Federation was under the dominant influence of spontaneous factors (global network, informal groups, etc.), as a result of which the processes characteristic of traditional society were reanimated in the public consciousness, which significantly complicates the transition of Russia to a social state.
Remark 1
In recent decades, complex processes have taken place in Russian society that have significantly transformed the basic social institutions, led to a reassessment of the values \u200b\u200bof previous generations, violated the continuity in the processes of transferring social experience, which leads to the actualization of the increased role of the state in the processes of socialization.
The role of the state in the processes of socialization
The state acts as an agent of socialization, possessing great resource opportunities to influence the processes of familiarizing the individual with the requirements of society. In addition, the state has a huge toolkit that provides the ability to regulate the processes of socialization. The following can be named as the main state mechanisms for regulating socialization:
- ideological;
- institutional.
The role of ideological state mechanisms in socialization processes
The main component of the ideological state mechanism for managing socialization processes is ideology, within which:
- a rethinking of the historical fate of the nation, its place in modern world, problems and possible development prospects;
- values \u200b\u200bare formed, focused on the consolidation of the nation, socially approved at a certain stage of historical development.
Moreover, the formed system of values \u200b\u200bis obligatory for all members of society, which orients the activities of basic social institutions (family, education, religion, media, etc.) in such a way as to ensure the introduction of the individual to these values, their acceptance as their own.
Using ideological mechanisms, the state establishes relationships between basic social institutions, social practices, between the state and the individual, creates samples of the approved social behaviorby prescribing to its citizens a minimum of behavioral norms.
The role of institutional state mechanisms in socialization processes
At the institutional level, the state regulates the activities of basic social institutions:
- education system,
- public organizations,
- political parties, media, etc.
State regulation of the functioning of basic social institutions acquires a special role during the transition from traditional to modern society, during the formation of a social state. An increase in the intensity of social processes makes it insufficient for a successful adaptation to simply assimilate the experience of previous generations by a person, the social institutions of a traditional society (church, family-class, tribal organization, etc.) are unable to cope with the processes of socialization, which leads to the need to modernize old ones and form new ones. social institutions.
The state plays a certain role in the socialization of individuals of any age. Using social science knowledge and facts of public life, indicate any three tasks that a democratic state can solve as an agent of socialization, and the corresponding means that it uses.
Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.
Socialization goes through stages that coincide with the so-called life cycles. They mark the most important milestones in a person's biography, which may well serve as qualitative stages in the formation of a social "I": entering a university (student life cycle), marriage (family life cycle), career choice and employment (labor cycle), military service (army cycle), retirement (retirement cycle).
Life cycles are associated with a change in social roles, with the acquisition of a new status, abandonment of previous habits, environment, friendly contacts, a change in the usual way of life.
Each time, passing to a new step, entering a new cycle, a person has to retrain a lot. This process splits into two stages, which have received special names in sociology.
Weaning from old values, norms, roles and rules of behavior is called desocialization.
The principle, according to which the development of personality throughout life is ascending and is built on the basis of consolidation of the past, is immutable. But the personality traits that were formed earlier are not unshakable. Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the previous ones, insufficiently mastered or outdated. Resocialization encompasses many activities, from classes to improve reading skills to professional retraining of workers. Psychotherapy is also a form of resocialization. Under its influence, people try to sort out their conflicts and change their behavior based on this understanding.
Desocialization and resocialization are two sides of the same process, namely, adult, or continued, socialization.
In childhood and adolescence, while an individual is brought up in a family and school, as a rule, no drastic changes in his life occur, except for divorce or death of his parents, continuation of upbringing in a boarding school or orphanage. Its socialization proceeds smoothly and represents the accumulation of new knowledge, values, norms. The first major change occurs only with the entry into adulthood.
Although the process of socialization continues at this age, it changes significantly. Now desocialization and resocialization are coming to the fore. Sometimes a person finds himself in such extreme conditions, where desocialization goes so deep that it turns into the destruction of the moral foundations of the personality, and resocialization is superficial. She is not able to restore all the wealth of lost values, norms and roles.
(V. V. Kasyanov, V. N. Nechipurenko, S. I. Samygin)
What two sides of adult socialization did the authors consider? How did they define the essence of each side?
Explanation.
The correct answer should contain the following elements:
1. Two sides of adult socialization are indicated:
Desocialization;
Resocialization.
2. The essence of each of them is determined.
Desocialization - weaning from old values, norms, roles and rules of behavior;
Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the previous ones, insufficiently learned or outdated.
What, according to the authors, is the difference between the course of the process of socialization in children and adults (using the text, give one difference)? Drawing on social science knowledge, point out two other differences.
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) The difference in the course of the process of socialization in children and adults, given in the text:
In childhood, no drastic changes occur, the process of socialization proceeds smoothly, there is an accumulation of new values \u200b\u200bof norms, with the entry into adulthood, the processes of desocialization and resocialization come to the fore.
2) Other differences in the course of the socialization process in children and adults:
In childhood, the agents of primary socialization (parents, relatives, peers) have a greater influence, with the entry into adulthood, agents of secondary socialization (public organizations, official institutions) are more influenced.
In childhood, socialization occurs through play; with growing up, other activities come to the fore.
Other differences could be cited.
Subject area: Social relations. Socialization
Source: Unified State Exam in Social Studies 05/05/2014. An early wave. Option 1.
Using the example of any three milestones indicated by the authors in a person's biography, show the change in the status (rights and responsibilities, lifestyle) of a person. Name first life cycle (milestones in the biography), then describe how rights and responsibilities, lifestyle are changing.
Explanation.
The correct answer should illustrate the change in statuses using the example of three milestones in the biography.
1. The cycle of student life. A person masters the role of a student. He can count on receiving a quality education, access to libraries, scientific institutions, if required, qualified assistance and guidance from teachers. Obliged to attend classes, take exams and tests, practice, defend thesis and coursework. A student can live in a hostel, often earn extra money, is independent, tries to economically not depend on his parents.
2. The cycle of family life. Mastering the role of husband or wife, father or mother. Can count on understanding, emotional support from the second half, respect from children. Responsible for the upbringing of children, the material support of the family. Spouses usually try to live in a separate apartment, a person appreciates stability, tries to find a permanent source of income, time for role-playing experiments is a thing of the past, and spends free time in his family.
3. Labor cycle. Mastering the role of an employee. It is built into the hierarchy at work, can be both a subordinate and a boss, is obliged to fulfill his job function, observe discipline, safety precautions, and receive a salary for his work. The employee tries to show himself to prove himself from the best side, often counts on a career, standard of living, costs usually depend on the employee's income.
A correct example may contain other examples.
Subject area: Social relations. Socialization
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The state
The state is a link in the political system of society, which has power functions. It is a collection of interrelated institutions and organizations (government apparatus, administrative and financial bodies, courts, etc.) that manage society. The state can be considered as a factor of spontaneous socialization insofar as its characteristic politics, ideology (economic and social) and spontaneous practice create certain conditions for the socialization of the life of its citizens, their development and self-realization. Children, adolescents, youths, adults, functioning more or less successfully under these conditions, willingly or unwillingly, acquire norms and values, both those set by the state and (even more often) obtained in social practice. All this in a certain way can influence the self-change of a person in the process of socialization. The state carries out a relatively directed socialization of its citizens belonging to one or another gender and age, socio-professional, national-cultural groups. Relatively directed socialization of certain groups of the population is objectively carried out by the state in the process of solving the tasks necessary for the implementation of its functions.
So, the state determines the ages: the beginning compulsory education, coming of age, getting married, obtaining a driving license, being drafted into the army (and its duration), starting a career, retirement. The state legislatively stimulates and sometimes finances (or, on the contrary, constrains, restricts and even prohibits) the development and functioning of ethnic and religious cultures. We will limit ourselves to these examples only.
Thus, relatively directed socialization carried out by the state, addressed to large groups of the population, creates certain conditions for specific people to choose a life path, for their development and self-realization. The state promotes the education of its citizens; for this, organizations are created that, in addition to their basic functions, also educate various age groups. The state took over the educational organization from the middle of the 19th century. It is very interested in educating citizens, seeking with its help the formation of a person who would correspond to the social order. To achieve its goals, the state develops some policy in the field of education and forms a state education system.
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