Britain's involvement in World War II. English assistance to the USSR. On colonial interests

An amazing selection of photographs of Britain during the Second World War (1940-45). A variety of aspects of military life are presented. Most of these photos I saw yesterday for the first time.

At the beginning of World War II, all the countries involved were very afraid of the use of chemical weapons by the enemy, incl. against the civilian population. Therefore, the British government took care to supply every family with gas masks:

Produced even airtight baby strollers chemical protection.

War came to English soil in the form of German air raids. The most powerful were the bombings in 1940, in 1944 rocket strikes were added to them.
English schoolchildren in a trench, 1940:

The picture is staged and. apparently painted.

For the poor, back in 1939, they began to build "budget" bomb shelters right on the lawns near the house.
Anderson Shelter, 1940:

At first I could not understand what was interesting and historical in the picture of Big Ben in 1941:

The only territory in Britain that was occupied by the Germans was the Jersey Islands off the coast of France.
This picture of the island boys in 1940 was taken by a German photographer:

1942, October. Refugees from Plymouth to Tapeley Park:

1940, British. Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson:

Since chemical plants were one of the main targets of German raids, the British had to carefully camouflage them.
This is what the ICI Billingham chemical plant looked like from the air:

As in Moscow, air defense used balloons in London, 1941:

By the summer of 1943, the ruins of the 1940 bombings in London were already overgrown with flowers, Gresham Street:

In 1942, a military exhibition was organized on the ruins of John Lewis Oxford street in London:

In order not to be indebted, armadas of deadly machines rose into the air every day from British airfields and headed for Germany.
Charging a Boston III bomber on May 21, 1942:

English industry was in great need of women's hands, which had to be freed from other concerns.
June 1943, day nursery, Hatfield:

But women in these harsh years were thought of not only as a labor force.
In June 1943, British models show off Norman Hartnell's Berketex utility fashions:

By the way, in the USSR, during the war years, he continued to publish a women's fashion magazine. I wouldn't be surprised if there were public fashion shows.

Throughout the war in Britain there was a difficult food situation, although they did not know hunger.
Vegetable gardens helped to improve the diet. Spring sowing at the Albert Memorial in London, April 1944:

Of course, the bulk of the food was provided not by such fences, but by British farmers and supplies from the United States.
Working on a brand new American tractor on a farm in Drayton St. Leonard, Oxfordshire

The war did not take all the men from them, as from a Russian village. But there were still not enough workers, we had to attract from outside.

Girls from the Land Army girls working on hay, 1944:

German prisoners of war on a British farm:

Well settled, however.

T.D. Butchers family business van Dennis from Aswell, Hertfordshire, 1944:

The same van in Luton, 1944:

Another English shortage throughout the war was fuel.
The good old horsepower helped a lot:

And, of course, the irreplaceable steam locomotives had no particular problems with fuel, so the transport load on the railway. greatly increased during the war years. Royston station, 1944:

While the cities were bombed, the English countryside lived its usual sleepy life.
Presumably Mount Farm, Dorchester Road:

Colchester, 1942:

1945 The Queen of England meets with the military at Buckingham Palace:

May 1945, the end of the war is celebrated in the village of Eye, Suffolk:

Piccadilly Circus in the victorious 1945:

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The results of Britain's involvement in World War II were mixed. The country retained its independence and made a significant contribution to the victory over fascism, at the same time it lost its role as a world leader and came close to losing its colonial status.

Political games

British military historiography often likes to point out that the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 effectively untied the hands of the German war machine. At the same time, in Foggy Albion, the Munich Agreement, signed by England together with France, Italy and Germany a year earlier, is bypassed. The result of this conspiracy was the division of Czechoslovakia, which, according to many researchers, was the prelude to World War II.

Historians believe that Britain had high hopes for diplomacy, with the help of which it hoped to rebuild the Versailles system, which was in crisis, although already in 1938 many politicians warned the peacekeepers: “Concessions to Germany will only spur the aggressor!”.

Returning to London at the gangplank, Chamberlain said: "I brought peace to our generation." To which Winston Churchill, then a parliamentarian, prophetically remarked: “England was offered a choice between war and dishonor. She has chosen dishonor and will get war."

"Strange War"

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. On the same day, the Chamberlain government sent a note of protest to Berlin, and on September 3, Great Britain, as the guarantor of Poland's independence, declared war on Germany. Over the next ten days, the entire British Commonwealth joins it.

By mid-October, the British had moved four divisions to the Continent and taken up positions along the Franco-Belgian border. However, the section between the cities of Mold and Bayel, which is a continuation of the Maginot Line, was far from the epicenter of hostilities. Here, the allies created more than 40 airfields, but instead of bombing German positions, British aviation began to scatter propaganda leaflets appealing to the morality of the Germans.

In the following months, six more British divisions arrive in France, but by action neither the British nor the French are in a hurry to start. So the "strange war" was waged. The head of the British General Staff, Edmund Ironside, described the situation as follows: "passive waiting with all the excitement and anxiety that follows from this."

The French writer Roland Dorgelès recalled how the Allies calmly watched the movement of German ammunition trains: "apparently the main concern of the high command was not to disturb the enemy."

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Historians have no doubt that the "strange war" is due to the wait-and-see attitude of the allies. Both Great Britain and France had to understand where German aggression would turn after the capture of Poland. It is possible that if the Wehrmacht immediately launched an invasion of the USSR after the Polish campaign, then the Allies could support Hitler.

Miracle at Dunkirk

On May 10, 1940, according to the Gelb plan, Germany launched an invasion of Holland, Belgium and France. The political games are over. Churchill, who took office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, soberly assessed the strength of the enemy. As soon as German troops took control of Boulogne and Calais, he decided to evacuate the parts of the British expeditionary force that were in the boiler near Dunkirk, and with them the remnants of the French and Belgian divisions. 693 British and about 250 French ships under the command of the English Rear Admiral Bertram Ramsey planned to transport about 350,000 coalition soldiers across the English Channel.

Military experts had little faith in the success of the operation under the sonorous name "Dynamo". The advance detachment of Guderian's 19th Panzer Corps was located a few kilometers from Dunkirk and, if desired, could easily defeat the demoralized allies. But a miracle happened: 337,131 soldiers, most of whom were British, reached the opposite shore with little or no interference.

Hitler unexpectedly stopped the advance of the German troops. Guderian called this decision purely political. Historians differed in their assessment of the controversial episode of the war. Someone believes that the Fuhrer wanted to save strength, but someone is sure of a secret agreement between the British and German governments.

One way or another, after the Dunkirk disaster, Britain remained the only country that had avoided complete defeat and was able to resist the seemingly invincible German machine. On June 10, 1940, the position of England became threatening when fascist Italy entered the war on the side of Nazi Germany.

Battle for England

Germany's plans to force Britain to surrender have not been canceled. In July 1940, British coastal convoys and naval bases were subjected to a massive bombardment by the German Air Force, and in August the Luftwaffe switched to airfields and aircraft factories.

On August 24, German aircraft launched the first bombing attack on central London. Some say it's wrong. The retaliatory attack was not long in coming. A day later, 81 RAF bombers flew to Berlin. No more than a dozen made it to the target, but this was enough to infuriate Hitler. At a meeting of the German command in Holland, it was decided to bring down the entire power of the Luftwaffe on the British Isles.

Within a few weeks, the sky over British cities turned into a boiling cauldron. Got Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol, Cardiff, Coventry, Belfast. For the whole of August, at least 1,000 British citizens died. However, from mid-September, the intensity of the bombing began to decline, due to the effective opposition of British fighter aircraft.

The Battle of England is better characterized by numbers. In total, 2913 aircraft of the British Air Force and 4549 Luftwaffe aircraft were involved in air battles. The losses of the parties by historians are estimated at 1547 downed fighters of the Royal Air Force and 1887 German aircraft.

mistress of the seas

It is known that after the successful bombing of England, Hitler intended to launch Operation Sea Lion to invade the British Isles. However, the desired air superiority was not achieved. In turn, the military command of the Reich was skeptical about landing operation. According to the German generals, the strength of the German army was precisely on land, and not at sea.

Military experts were convinced that the British land army was no stronger than the broken French armed forces, and Germany had every chance of defeating the troops of the United Kingdom in a ground operation. The English military historian Liddell Hart noted that England managed to hold on only due to the water barrier.

In Berlin, they realized that the German fleet was noticeably inferior to the English. For example, by the beginning of the war, the British Navy had seven active aircraft carriers and six more on the slipway, while Germany was never able to equip at least one of its aircraft carriers. In the open sea, the presence of carrier-based aircraft could predetermine the outcome of any battle.

The German submarine fleet was only able to inflict serious damage on British merchant ships. However, having sunk 783 German submarines with US support, the British Navy won the Battle of the Atlantic. Until February 1942, the Fuhrer hoped to conquer England from the sea, until the commander of the Kriegsmarine, Admiral Erich Raeder, finally convinced him to abandon this idea.

Colonial interests

As early as the beginning of 1939, the British Chiefs of Staff were strategically one of critical tasks recognized the protection of Egypt with its Suez Canal. Hence the special attention of the armed forces of the Kingdom to the Mediterranean theater of operations.

Unfortunately, the British had to fight not at sea, but in the desert. May-June 1942 turned out for England, according to historians, a "shameful defeat" near Tobruk from the African corps of Erwin Rommel. And this is with a twofold superiority of the British in strength and technology!

The British managed to turn the tide of the North African campaign only in October 1942 at the Battle of El Alamein. Again, having a significant advantage (for example, in aviation 1200:120), the British Expeditionary Force of General Montgomery managed to defeat a group of 4 German and 8 Italian divisions under the command of the already familiar Rommel.

Churchill remarked about this battle: “Before El Alamein, we did not win a single victory. Since El Alamein, we haven't suffered a single defeat." By May 1943, British and American troops forced the 250,000th Italo-German grouping in Tunisia to capitulate, which opened the way for the Allies to Italy. In North Africa, the British lost about 220 thousand soldiers and officers.

And again Europe

On June 6, 1944, with the opening of the Second Front, British troops had the opportunity to redeem themselves for their shameful flight from the Continent four years earlier. The overall leadership of the allied ground forces was entrusted to the experienced Montgomery. The total superiority of the allies by the end of August crushed the resistance of the Germans in France.

In a different vein, events unfolded in December 1944 near the Ardennes, when a German armored group literally pushed through the lines of American troops. In the Ardennes meat grinder, the US army lost over 19 thousand soldiers, the British no more than two hundred.

This ratio of losses led to disagreements in the camp of the allies. American Generals Bradley and Patton threatened to resign if Montgomery did not relinquish leadership of the army. Montgomery's self-confident statement at a press conference on January 7, 1945, that it was British troops who had saved the Americans from the prospect of encirclement, jeopardized the conduct of a further joint operation. Only through the intervention of the commander-in-chief allied forces Dwight Eisenhower, the conflict was settled.

By the end of 1944 Soviet Union liberated a significant part of the Balkan Peninsula, which caused serious concern in Britain. Churchill, who did not want to lose control over the important Mediterranean region, proposed to Stalin the division of the sphere of influence, as a result of which Moscow got Romania, London got Greece.

In fact, with the tacit consent of the USSR and the USA, Great Britain crushed the resistance of the Greek communist forces and on January 11, 1945, established full control over Attica. It was then that a new enemy clearly loomed on the horizon of British foreign policy. “In my eyes, the Soviet threat has already replaced the Nazi enemy,” Churchill recalled in his memoirs.

According to the 12-volume History of the Second World War, Great Britain, along with the colonies, lost 450,000 people in World War II. Britain's war expenses accounted for more than half of foreign investment; by the end of the war, the Kingdom's external debt reached 3 billion pounds.

The results of Britain's involvement in World War II were mixed. The country retained its independence and made a significant contribution to the victory over fascism, at the same time it lost its role as a world leader and came close to losing its colonial status.

Political games

September 30, 1938 in Munich, Britain and Germany signed another agreement - a declaration of mutual non-aggression, which was the culmination of the British "appeasement policy". Hitler succeeded quite easily in persuading British Prime Minister Arthur Chamberlain that the Munich Accords would be a guarantee of security in Europe.

"Strange War"

In the following months, six more British divisions arrive in France, but neither the British nor the French are in a hurry to start active operations. So the "strange war" was waged. The head of the British General Staff, Edmund Ironside, described the situation as follows: "passive waiting with all the excitement and anxiety that follows from this."

The French writer Roland Dorgelès recalled how the Allies calmly watched the movement of German ammunition trains: "apparently the main concern of the high command was not to disturb the enemy."

Miracle at Dunkirk

On May 10, 1940, according to the Gelb plan, Germany launched an invasion of Holland, Belgium and France. The political games are over. Churchill, who took office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, soberly assessed the strength of the enemy. As soon as the German troops took control of Boulogne and Calais, he decided to evacuate the parts of the British Expeditionary Force that were in the boiler near Dunkirk, and with them the remnants of the French and Belgian divisions. 693 British and about 250 French ships under the command of the English Rear Admiral Bertram Ramsey planned to transport about 350,000 coalition soldiers across the English Channel.

Battle for England

mistress of the seas

It is known that after the successful bombing of England, Hitler intended to launch Operation Sea Lion to invade the British Isles. However, the desired air superiority was not achieved. In turn, the military command of the Reich was skeptical about the landing operation. According to the German generals, the strength of the German army was precisely on land, and not at sea.

Colonial interests

As early as the beginning of 1939, the UK Chiefs of Staff Committee recognized the defense of Egypt with its Suez Canal as one of the strategically most important tasks. Hence the special attention of the armed forces of the Kingdom to the Mediterranean theater of operations.

And again Europe

This ratio of losses led to disagreements in the camp of the allies. American Generals Bradley and Patton threatened to resign if Montgomery did not relinquish leadership of the army. Montgomery's self-confident statement at a press conference on January 7, 1945, that it was British troops who had saved the Americans from the prospect of encirclement, jeopardized the conduct of a further joint operation. Only thanks to the intervention of the commander-in-chief of the allied forces, Dwight Eisenhower, the conflict was settled.

By the end of 1944, the Soviet Union had liberated a significant part of the Balkan Peninsula, which caused serious concern in Britain. Churchill, who did not want to lose control over the important Mediterranean region, proposed to Stalin the division of the sphere of influence, as a result of which Moscow got Romania, London got Greece.

According to the 12-volume History of the Second World War, Great Britain, along with the colonies, lost 450,000 people in World War II. Britain's spending on the war accounted for more than half of foreign investment, the Kingdom's external debt by the end of the war reached 3 billion pounds. The United Kingdom paid off all its debts only by 2006.

Croatia
Thailand
and others Commanders Winston Churchill

Joseph Stalin
Franklin Roosevelt †
Charles de Gaulle
Chiang Kai-shek
Edward Rydz-Smigly †
John Curtin
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Peter II Karageorgievich
Michael Joseph Savage †

Adolf Gitler

Emperor Showa
Benito Mussolini †
Miklos Horthy
Risto Ryti
Ion Victor Antonescu
Boris III †
Josef Tiso †
Ante Pavelic
Ananda Mahidol

Military casualties military personnel:
at least 17 million irretrievable losses
civilians:
33 million
Total dead:
50 million military personnel:
8 million
civilians:
4 million
Total dead:
12 million

Political situation on the eve of the war

In August 1939, the Non-Aggression Treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union was signed, which came as a complete surprise to Great Britain. The secret protocols of the treaty provided for the division of Eastern Europe between the USSR and Germany, including Poland, which Britain had previously guaranteed security. This meant the collapse of all British foreign policy in Europe and put the empire in an extremely difficult position.

Military preparations of the United Kingdom and the Empire

Great Britain was predominantly a maritime power with a powerful navy. The basis of its strategy in European wars was the presence of one, or rather several allies on the continent, who would bear the brunt of the war on land. In accordance with this, Great Britain did not possess powerful ground forces.
In total, the army in the metropolis at the beginning of the war totaled 897 thousand people, together with the colonies, the ground forces amounted to 1,261,200 people. By the beginning of the war, the metropolis had 9 regular and 16 territorial divisions, 8 infantry, 2 cavalry and 9 tank brigades.
Anglo-Indian Army(strategic reserve of the British Empire) consisted of 7 regular divisions and a significant number of separate brigades.

Period of failures

"Strange War"

War at sea

At the same time, hostilities at sea began immediately after the declaration of war. Already on September 3, the English passenger steamer Athenia was torpedoed and sank. On September 5 and 6, the ships Bosnia, Royal Setr and Rio Claro were sunk off the coast of Spain. Great Britain had to introduce escort ships.
On October 14, 1939, a German submarine sank the British battleship Royal Oak, which was parked at the Scapa Flow naval base.

Soon, the actions of the German fleet and air force threatened international trade and the very existence of Great Britain.

Battle for Scandinavia

Great Britain and France, which established an economic blockade of Germany, were interested in involving in this blockade maximum number countries. However, the small countries of Europe, including the Scandinavian ones, were in no hurry to get closer to the warring parties. Since the beginning of the war in Europe, the Scandinavian countries have declared neutrality. Attempts at diplomatic pressure did not yield results, and the naval commands of the warring countries began to think about preparing operations in northern Europe. The Anglo-French allies were interested in cutting off the supply of Swedish iron ore to Germany. For its part, the command of the German navy began to study the possibility of occupying strongholds in Norway and Northern Denmark.

The elimination of the "fifth column"

In Great Britain itself, there were supporters of Hitler, in particular, O. Mosley and the British Union of Fascists (BUF).
In May-June 1940, O. Mosley, along with most of the leaders of the BSF, was arrested, and in July the entire fascist organization was outlawed.

In July 1940, the Germans made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Duke of Windsor ( former king Edward VIII, who abdicated the throne a few months later in favor of his brother George VI), known for his sympathy for Hitler (see Operation Willie). In the event of the occupation of the British Isles, Hitler seriously discussed the possibility of restoring a loyal duke to the throne. However, the British secret service prevented this attempt. The Duke of Windsor, who had spent time in Portugal, was put on a British man-of-war and sent to the Bahamas by the Governor.

Battle of Britain

However, in February-March 1941, the German expeditionary force of General E. Rommel arrived in North Africa. In addition, part of the British forces was diverted to an operation in the Balkans. All this shifted the scales in North Africa to the side of the Axis powers. On March 31, 1941, the German-Italian troops went on the offensive, defeated the British at El Agheila and pushed them back to Egypt.

The British command decided to transfer most of the Nile Army with aviation to Greece; On March 7, the first British troops arrived in Greece.
March 28, 1941 in naval battle at Cape Matapan with the Italian fleet, the dominance of the English fleet was strengthened, which made the transfer of troops unhindered.

The activity of Great Britain in the Balkans largely contributed to the shift in the vector of Germany's aggression. On March 1, 1941, German troops entered Bulgaria; they began to take their starting positions for an attack on Greece. On 4 March, Yugoslav Prince Paul, under German pressure, agreed to follow Bulgaria's lead, and on 25 March the Yugoslav government acceded to the Steel Pact. However, on March 27, as a result of a military coup, the government was overthrown, Prince Paul was removed from the post of regent, the union of Yugoslavia with Germany was terminated.

Great Britain received a new ally, who was called upon to bear the brunt of the war on land.

British aid to the USSR

Occupation of Iran

To ensure control over the Iranian oil fields, as well as to create a direct connection between British possessions and the USSR, on August 17, Great Britain and the USSR submitted a note to the Iranian government regarding the expulsion of German agents from the country. After the refusal of the Iranian government, British troops in the south and in the center of the country and Soviet troops in the north, on August 25, they invaded Iran. Tehran was occupied on September 17; the day before, the Shah of Iran had abdicated in favor of his son and fled the country.

The sinking of the aircraft carrier Ark Royal

In North Africa

The British continued to successfully carry out caravans to Malta and North Africa, while the air force and navy, based in Malta, significantly disrupted the communications of the German-Italian troops in North Africa.
On November 18, the British troops went on the offensive in North Africa and captured all of Cyrenaica.

Since this was largely a consequence of the dominance of the British over communications in the Mediterranean, Germany transferred submarines to the Mediterranean. On November 13, 1941, the aircraft carrier Ark Royal was torpedoed and sank the next day near Gibraltar. Ahead were new losses, which led to the loss of the dominance of the English fleet in the Mediterranean.
To support the actions of the German-Italian troops in early December 1941, additional aviation forces and the headquarters of the 2nd Air Fleet, Field Marshal A. Kesselring, were transferred to the Mediterranean. Aviation subjected a massive attack to Malta.
The restoration of normal supplies contributed to the strengthening of the German-Italian troops in North Africa. On January 21, 1942, they struck back and by February 7 they had regained almost all of Cyrenaica, but they could not capture Tobruk, an important strategic point.

Anglo-American military alliance

Considering that Germany and Italy declared war on the United States on December 14, 1941, two camps of the opposing sides finally took shape: the USSR, the USA, Great Britain with dominions and some other countries, on the one hand, and Germany, Italy and Japan, on the other (an important exception: Japan did not declare war on the USSR).
On December 22, 1941, a conference began in Washington with the participation of representatives of the United States and Great Britain (the Arcadia conference) on the issue of joint warfare. A joint Anglo-American headquarters was created; the British mission was led by Field Marshal D. Dill.
On April 4, the areas of responsibility of the United States and Great Britain were divided, while the Near and Middle East, as well as the Indian Ocean, went to the area of responsibility of Great Britain, the area of responsibility of the United States - the Pacific Ocean, China, Australia, New Zealand and Japan; Europe and the Atlantic formed a zone of joint responsibility.

In the meantime, British troops landed on Madagascar on May 5-7 and by November 1942 took control of the island (see Madagascar operation).
Japan by that time had directed the vector of its aggression to the west, into the Coral Sea and Midway Island. Thus, its pressure in the Indian Ocean basin decreased.

Break in the war

Breakthrough in the Battle of the Atlantic

Ensuring the stability of maritime communications, primarily in the North Atlantic, was still of paramount importance for Great Britain. Until now, the losses of the British merchant fleet, despite all efforts, have exceeded the tonnage of the ships being commissioned. In May-October, the actions of German submarines were the most productive. Only in autumn they were forced out of the coastal zone of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean, and the losses of German submarines also increased sharply (22 boats in the first half of 1942 and 66 boats in the second). At the end of 1942, the losses of the British merchant fleet became less than the tonnage of the newly built ships.
However, in February-March 1943, the activity of the German submarine fleet intensified again. Merchant fleet losses increased again. Finally, in April 1943, the decisive battle against German submarines turned around and was won.

British air raids on Germany

Meanwhile, on November 8-10, 1942, American and British troops landed in North Africa (in Algiers, Oran and Casablanca) (6 American and 1 British divisions). The French commander-in-chief of the Vichy armed forces, Admiral F. Darlan, gave the order to end the resistance. By the end of November, the Anglo-American allies occupied Algiers and Morocco and entered Tunisia, but were stopped by German and Italian troops deployed to the area.

On the Burma front

After the retreat of the remnants of the Anglo-Indian troops from Burma to India, the British commander-in-chief, General A. Wavell, undertook a reorganization of the Indian army. Taking advantage of the absence of active hostilities, he took up the urgent formation and preparation of new formations, the Indian Air Force was created.
However, the offensive launched towards the end of the year in Burma ended in failure. Did not lead to success and two offensive operations at the beginning of 1943 on the Arakan coast and in Central Burma.
Thus, no decisive success was achieved in the fighting in Burma. The main battles in 1942-43 took place between Japan and the United States on pacific ocean.

Victory over Germany

Liberation of France

British troops land on the coast of Normandy

“Let's settle our affairs in the Balkans… Do you agree to occupy a predominant position of 90% in Romania, that we also occupy a predominant position of 90% in Greece and in half - in Yugoslavia? While this was being translated, I took half a sheet of paper and wrote:
Romania
Russia - 90%
Others - 10%
Greece
Great Britain (in agreement with the USA) - 90%
Russia - 10%
Yugoslavia 50: 50 %
Hungary 50: 50 %
Bulgaria
Russia - 75%
Others - 25% ... "

Stalin agreed with Churchill's proposals.

Fearing the strengthening of communist influence in Greece, W. Churchill insisted on the landing of British troops in Greece, which began on October 4, 1944.
However, the Greek communist movement launched an uprising that engulfed the entire capital. It came to a direct clash between the British and Greek communist troops. In December, Field Marshal H. Alexander arrived in Greece from Italy, who soon replaced Wilson as Supreme Commander in the Mediterranean. By mid-January 1945, British troops took control of all of Attica. On January 11, a truce was signed, according to which the pro-communist armed forces were dissolved.
These events received an unfavorable response for the UK in the world, including in the United States. However, I. V. Stalin refrained from intervening.

Growing disagreements between Britain and the USSR

While the issue of influence in the Balkans was resolved fairly quickly, at least on paper, the first big stumbling block in relations between the Western allies, primarily Britain, and the USSR was the issue of Poland. The main disagreement was caused by the principle of formation of the Polish government. The Soviet side insisted on the creation of an essentially puppet pro-Soviet government, whose loyalty should be a guarantee against the continuation of the policy pursued before the war.
The Yalta Allied Conference in February 1945 did not finally resolve this issue.

W. Churchill wrote in his memoirs:

As the war waged by the coalition draws to a close, political issues become more important... The destruction of Germany's military power brought about a fundamental change in the relationship between communist Russia and Western democracies. The decisive practical questions of strategy and policy ... were that:

Until the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic war there is less and less time left, just some 2 and a half months. But the war for history did not start yesterday or today, it goes on all the time. More and more attempts are being made to denigrate the heroism of the Red Army in this global conflict in order to take away this Victory from us.

The measures taken by the Putin authorities to restore historical objectivity are suffering (and in fact have already suffered) a complete collapse. Under these conditions, we have only one chance: to respond with a similar blow of "historical retribution" through the glorification of the defeats of our "allies" and the exclusive role of the USSR for its contribution to the defeat of Western aggression. The first step towards this was taken in the material on Operation Overlord, which was reinterpreted not as the liberation of France from Nazism, but as a planned act of Anglo-American aggression. Indeed, as the further course of history will show, it was Britain and the United States that became the main aggressors of the Second World War, which Hitler joined in the 41st. In fact, they have always been. After all, what unites the history of both Great Britain and the "history" of the United States is that both sides have been waging constant wars since their formation. Great Britain set the tone, in 1776 the Americans picked it up. Both sides acted at first one by one, and during the Second World War they were already a single entity. It is generally accepted that the war in Europe ended on May 9, 1945, but few people know that for Great Britain, which did not withdraw from the war until this day, it ended much earlier than this date. Our veterans must have forgotten that Britain never considered the USSR as an ally; for them, Russia was an auxiliary tool with which it was possible to drag chestnuts out of the fire. Great Britain itself (and somewhere - thanks to the diplomatic efforts of the Soviet side, led by Stalin and Molotov) dragged itself into the war on 3 fronts at once, which turned out to be beyond its power, and as a result was forced to capitulate shamefully long before the end of the war in Europe .

To some extent, this material is my personal response to Mr. Cameron, when, shortly before the referendum on the status of Scotland, he reminded the Scots that they (the British and Scots) defeated Nazism together, although they themselves never knew that it was England (and not Scotland or other regions of the UK) that became the instigators of world fires, including the Nazi one.

Numerous possessions administered by the British Empire were located around the world, in particular, the strongest British influence was in India, the "pearl of the Empire" and in South Africa. Britain emerged victorious from the First World War, but the Britons' joy was short-lived. In 1919, a local conflict broke out between London and Dublin, which resulted in a two-year armed confrontation, as a result of which Dublin emerged victorious. The entire territory of the Irish island except Ulster was proclaimed free from the British. So the independent Republic of Ireland appeared on the map. Ulster is still preparing a plan to secede from the UK. The declaration of independence of the Republic of Ireland was the first blow to the integrity of the Empire.

Great Britain was one of the countries - the creators of the international political system after the First World War. At the same time, as the strongest European "great power", Great Britain has traditionally sought to maintain parity of forces on the continent, alternately supporting one or another country. A new full-scale war on the European continent was extremely undesirable for Great Britain, both economically and political points vision.

But one way or another, everything rolled precisely to the worst scenario for the British. And in many ways, Britain itself created the ground for this, together with the United States directly supporting the Nazis. As a result, on January 30, 1933, after the Nazis came to power in Germany, Hitler set a course to remilitarize the country and prepare for a new war. Even the German communist Ernst Thalmann warned: "If Hitler is war." Telman looked into the water and was not mistaken in his forecast. 1933 passed relatively quietly for Europe, and from 1934 it slowly began to smell of fried.

Austria, which Hitler disliked so much, fearing that the country might turn into a completely Slavic state, became the first political theater in Europe after the establishment of the Nazi dictatorship in Germany. The bloody drama broke out on July 25, 1934, when, as a result of a pro-Nazi coup, Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss was killed - a man who, on the one hand, was a puppet of the Duce, concentrated all power in his hands and began to play his own game. Of course, Hitler in every possible way dissociated himself from his involvement in the putsch, although there was still a trace of him. The Fuhrer limited himself to an act of regret about what had happened, but the worst was yet to come.

October 3, 1935: After 13 years of peaceful rule in Italy, Mussolini decides to take revenge in the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1897-98. At 5 o'clock in the morning, without declaring war, Italian troops invade Ethiopia, the bombing of the city of Adua begins. Land units of Marshal Emilio De Bono begin their offensive from Eritrea and Somalia.

The Italian invasion army was divided into three operational formations advancing in three directions [:
northern front(10 divisions) - was supposed to deliver the main blow in the direction of Dessie and further - to Addis Ababa;
central front(1 division) - had the main task of ensuring the internal flanks and protecting the communications of the Northern and Southern fronts, was supposed to advance from Aseb through the Danakil desert to Ausa and further, in the direction of Dessie;
southern front(4 divisions, commander - General Rodolfo Graziani) - had the task of advancing from the territory of Italian Somalia, diverting and tying up as many Ethiopian troops as possible, supporting the offensive of the Northern Front units with a blow in the direction of Korrahe - Harer, and then joining the Northern Front in area of Addis Ababa.

For Mussolini, this was the first serious military campaign. In January, for some time, the Ethiopians seized the initiative, but the Italians, who had superiority in manpower and technology, nevertheless took their toll. The Duce even had to replace Marshal De Bono with Pietro Badoglio. Failure infuriated the dictator. On May 5, 1936, motorized units of the Italian army entered Addis Ababa, and on May 9, the Italian monarch Victor Emmanuel III was proclaimed Emperor. The emergence of a competitor in Africa threatened British colonial possessions. Emperor Haile Selassie flees the country for British Djibouti.

This was another blow to British reputation and the integrity of the Empire. On March 7, 1936, Hitler returned the Rhine demilitarized zone to Germany without a fight. He later confessed:

"The 48 hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most exhausting of my life. If the French had entered the Rhineland, we would have had to retire with our tails between our legs. The military resources at our disposal were inadequate for even moderate resistance." But nevertheless, the armed French units did not engage in battle with the Wehrmacht units.

July 1936: Civil War in Spain begins with the Franco rebellion. On July 17, a stronghold of the Franco regime is formed in Burgos. Civil armed conflict in Spain lasts 3 years. At the very beginning of 1938, Hitler, during a meeting with Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg, put forward an ultimatum on the voluntary surrender of Austria. On March 11, Schuschnigg resigns. The Nazi Seiss-Inquart becomes the President of Austria, with the consent of which parts of the Wehrmacht cross the border of the country on March 12, the Anschluss is officially recognized on March 13, and on March 15 Hitler solemnly announces the fulfillment of his great mission on Heldenplatz. And all this, as well as the Munich agreement that followed in the same year, with the tacit consent of the British.

On April 1, 1939, the Spanish Civil War ended, and on the 4th, General Franco was already hosting the victory parade. The emergence of a third fascist state in Europe dramatically shook Britain's position in Europe and in the world. In the British colonies, anti-British riots began and anti-British sentiment grew. In South Africa, the fascist movement "Ossevabrandvag" was formed, which opposed entry into the war on the side of the British. The Ossevabrandvag included the paramilitary formation "Stormyars" (African. Stormjaers - "stormtroopers"), reminiscent of the Nazi SA units, on account of its sabotage against the government of Jan Smuts. Each Stormyars recruit swore an oath, “If I retreat, kill me. If I die, avenge me. If I advance, follow me." During the war, many members of the Ossevabrandvag were arrested for participating in acts of sabotage against the South African government and supporting the Nazis. Among them was the future Prime Minister of South Africa, John Forster, who was imprisoned in a camp in Koffifontein along with 800 other South African fascists, as well as captured Italians and Germans. Stormyars and "Ossevabrandvag" became the first symbols of resistance to the British occupation oppression.

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was absolutely not included in the plans of the Anglo-Saxons, which is why they began to worry about their safety. The conclusion of this pact actually lowered the barrier for British invasion to Europe. The secret protocols of the treaty provided for the division of Eastern Europe between the USSR and Germany, including Poland, which Britain had previously guaranteed security. This meant the collapse of all British foreign policy in Europe and put the empire in an extremely difficult position.

The decisive role in England's declaration of war on Germany was played by the United States, exercising pressure on England that if England refused to fulfill its obligations towards Poland, the USA would renounce its obligations in relation to support for England. The conflict between Great Britain and Germany meant the exposure of the spheres of British interests in Asia to Japanese aggression, which was hardly possible to cope with without the help of the United States (there were Anglo-American obligations for joint defense against Japan). Joseph P. Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to England 1938-1940, later recalled, "Neither the French nor the British would have ever made Poland the cause of war if it had not been for constant incitement from Washington." Faced with the fact of the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, being under pressure from the United States, which threatened to deprive her of her support if England refused to fulfill her obligations towards Poland, England went to declare war on Germany.

However, England did not take concrete actions for a long time. From September 1939 to May 1940, all of Europe was practically in the hands of Hitler. The defeat of the British troops near Dunkirk forced the British to evacuate home, and on June 22, 1940, the surrender of France was signed in the Peten car. And England had a hand in this, now and then attacking French ships.

"Our goal has been and will be to bring England to its knees"

This is exactly what Hitler said after France was defeated. June 10, 1940 Mussolini declared war on England. Hitler supported his ally. A long North African campaign began, stretching for 3 years, which began to wear down the British forces. The war in North Africa was the high point of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, who brilliantly proved himself as a military leader. For his resourcefulness, fearlessness and military cunning, he was nicknamed the "Desert Fox" (Wüstenfuchs).

Unser Rommel - Das Lied der Afrika Korps:

The British had a system of bases guarding the shipping route to India and the oil-bearing regions of the Middle East. And the Italians, thanks to the fact that this sea route passed here, could already cut it at any moment, and not in one, but in several places. The fighting in North Africa unfolded in September 1940. The British armed units in Africa were too dispersed, which the Italians decided to take advantage of. The Egyptian operation became the first chord of the North African theater of operations.

On the night of September 12-13, a large number of special bombs were dropped by Italian aircraft on the section of the road between Sidi Barrani and Mersa Matruh, which acted like mines, on which soldiers of the 11th Hussars were blown up early in the morning. On the same morning, Italian artillery bombarded the Musaid area and the airfield and the empty Es-Sallum barracks. After artillery preparation, the troops of the 10th Army went on the offensive and crossed the Egyptian border. According to the English descriptions, this Italian offensive was more like the passage of troops in a parade than fighting. Parts of the 1st Libyan Division soon occupied Es-Sallum. The 1st Blackshirt Division "March 23" retook Fort Capuzo, occupied by British troops earlier in the course of border skirmishes.

The small British force that held back the Italians, who were advancing towards the Halfaya Pass, was forced to retreat east under pressure from tanks and artillery. By evening, two large columns of Italian troops joined at the Halfaya Pass: the 2nd Libyan, 63rd Infantry Divisions and the Maletti Group, advancing from the Musaid area, and the 62nd Infantry Division from the Sidi Omar area. Further advance of the Italians through the passage towards the coastal road began the next morning.

In the afternoon of 14 September, the British troops in the coastal area retreated to previously prepared positions east of Buk Buk, where they were reinforced the next day. The Italian units reached the British positions by the middle of the day on September 15, where they were fired upon by horse artillery. Due to lack of ammunition, the British were forced to retreat and by the end of the day the Italians occupied Buk-Buk. On the morning of September 16, the British guards occupied positions near Alam-Hamid, in the afternoon, due to tank fire, they were forced to retreat to Alam el-Dab. The column of advancing Italian tanks and trucks turned north towards the plateau. Under the threat of encirclement, the British left Sidi Barrani and took up positions at Maaten Mohammed. In the evening, the advance units of the 1st Blackshirt Division entered Sidi Barrani. At this, having passed a total of about 50 miles, the offensive of the Italian troops stopped. In many ways, the slowness of the Italian generals became an obstacle to the development of success, which the British naturally took advantage of.

The serious failures of Italy in the war she had undertaken against Greece could not but be reflected in her position in Africa. The situation in the Mediterranean has also changed for Italy. The German military leader Friedrich Ruge remarked:

“... It took only a few months to expose to the whole world the military weakness and political instability of Italy. The negative consequences of this for the conduct of the war by the Axis powers were not long in coming."

Italy's failures allowed the British command to take more effective measures to secure the Suez Canal. Wavell decided on an attack, which he called in his order "a raid by large forces with a limited purpose." The British units were tasked with pushing the Italo-fascist troops out of Egypt and, if successful, pursuing them to Es-Sallum. Wavell's headquarters did not plan any further advance.

Shortly before the first British offensive in North Africa, the Luftwaffe made a famous raid on Coventry, practically leveling the city to the ground. Coventry was an important economic hub in England. The bombing of Coventry dealt an irreparable blow to the British economy and British military power. On land, England tended to be inferior, and therefore relied more heavily on its navy. The struggle in North Africa went on with varying degrees of success.

Bomben auf Engeland:

In China, the Japanese captured the southeastern part of the country in 1939-1941. China, due to the difficult domestic political situation in the country, could not put up a serious rebuff. After the surrender of France, the administration of French Indochina recognized the Vichy government. Thailand, taking advantage of the weakening of France, made territorial claims to part of French Indochina. In October 1940, Thai troops invaded French Indochina. Thailand managed to inflict a number of defeats on the Vichy army. On May 9, 1941, under pressure from Japan, the Vichy regime was forced to sign a peace treaty, according to which Laos and part of Cambodia were ceded to Thailand. After the loss of a number of colonies in Africa by the Vichy regime, there was also a threat of the capture of Indochina by the British and de Gaulle. To prevent this, in June 1941 the Nazi government agreed to the entry of Japanese troops into the colony.

The British Empire was crumbling right before our eyes. Churchill's government was in complete disarray. It became obvious that the world was tired of enduring British violence. Europe is completely in the hands of Hitler, the struggle in North Africa does not produce results for a long time, and the Japanese machine is gaining momentum in the Pacific. The Soviet government does not sleep either. The Stalinist elite, shortly before Hitler's invasion, concludes a neutrality pact with Japan, which causes distrust among all other warring parties, especially the British and the Americans, who are in no hurry to enter into a conflict. The USSR thwarts the Kantokuen plan and puts another nail in the coffin of the British Empire, effectively bringing England head-to-head with Hitler. The bombing of British cities continues until 1944, until the final turning point comes in favor of the USSR, and not the entire anti-Hitler coalition.

The victory of the USSR in the Battle of Moscow on December 6, 1941 also destroys the plans of the Japanese to start a war against the Soviet Union, which both Hitler and the British and Americans so desired. The Japanese Empire declares war on the United States and on December 7, 1941 bombs Pearl Harbor, drawing America into yet another military adventure. Here is how events unfold until mid-1942 on Far East in the Pacific:

In addition to the United States, the next day the United Kingdom, the Netherlands (government-in-exile), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Cuba, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Venezuela also declare war on Japan. December 11 Germany and Italy, and December 13 - Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria - declare war on the United States.

On December 8, the Japanese blockade the British military base in Hong Kong and begin an invasion of Thailand, British Malaya and the American Philippines. The British squadron that came out to intercept is subjected to air strikes, and 2 battleships - the striking force of the British in this region of the Pacific Ocean - go to the bottom.

Thailand, after a short resistance, agrees to conclude a military alliance with Japan and declares war on the United States and Great Britain. Japanese aviation from the territory of Thailand begins the bombing of Burma.

On December 10, the Japanese capture the American base on the island of Guam, on December 23 - on Wake Island, on December 25, Hong Kong fell. On December 8, the Japanese break through the British defenses in Malaya and, advancing rapidly, push the British troops back to Singapore. Singapore, which until then the British considered an "impregnable fortress", fell on February 15, 1942, after a 6-day siege. About 100 thousand British and Australian soldiers are captured.

The British, who capitulated near Singapore, are marching with a white flag about the surrender of their fortress.

Japanese military march "Gunkan":

Liberation of Malaya and Singapore from the British:

The Japanese army is fighting on the streets of Kuala Lumpur.

In the Philippines, at the end of December 1941, the Japanese captured the islands of Mindanao and Luzon. The remnants of American troops manage to gain a foothold on the Bataan Peninsula and the island of Corregidor.

January 11, 1942 Japanese troops invade the Dutch East Indies and soon capture the islands of Borneo and Celebs. On January 28, the Japanese fleet defeats the Anglo-Dutch squadron in the Java Sea. The allies are trying to create a powerful defense on the island of Java, but by March 2 they capitulate.

On January 23, 1942, the Japanese capture the Bismarck Archipelago, including the island of New Britain, and then take possession of the northwestern part of the Solomon Islands, in February the Gilbert Islands, and in early March invade New Guinea.

March 8, advancing in Burma, the Japanese capture Rangoon, at the end of April - Mandalay, and by May they have captured almost all of Burma, defeating British and Chinese troops and cutting off southern China from India. However, the beginning of the rainy season and the lack of forces do not allow the Japanese to build on their success and invade India.

On May 6, the last grouping of American and Philippine troops in the Philippines surrenders. By the end of May 1942, Japan managed to establish control over Southeast Asia and Northwestern Oceania at the cost of minor losses. American, British, Australian and Dutch troops are crushingly defeated, having lost all their main forces in this region. Australia and New Zealand, under attack by the Japanese, began to realize that Britain was powerless to defend its entire empire.

Thanks to such stunning successes, the Japanese have a springboard to capture Australia, New Zealand and the remaining islands in the Pacific Ocean. The Japanese victories caused a chain reaction in India, where anti-British sentiment also began to grow rapidly. In August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi launched a campaign of civil disobedience demanding the immediate withdrawal of all British. Along with other Congress leaders, Gandhi was immediately imprisoned and the country exploded with riots, first student and then village riots, especially in the United Provinces, Bihar and West Bengal. The presence in India of numerous wartime troops made it possible to suppress the riots in 6 weeks, but some of their participants formed an underground interim government on the border with Nepal. In other parts of India, riots broke out sporadically in the summer of 1943.

Due to the arrest of almost all the leaders of the Congress significant influence passed to Subhas Bose, who left Congress in 1939 due to disagreements. Bose began to cooperate with the Axis, seeking to free India from the British by force. With the support of the Japanese, he formed the so-called Indian National Army, recruited mainly from Indian prisoners of war captured during the fall of Singapore. The Japanese established a number of puppet governments in the occupied countries, in particular, making Bose the leader of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind ("Free India"). The Indian National Army surrendered during the liberation of Singapore from the Japanese, and Bose himself soon died in a plane crash. At the end of 1945, trials of INA soldiers took place, which, however, caused riots in India.

In North Africa, from May 26 to 27, 1942, Rommel went on the offensive, attacking British positions on the "Gazala Line" west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. From May 26 to June 11, the troops of the Fighting France successfully defended the fort of Bir Hakeim south of Tobruk from superior enemy troops. On June 11, the French units, like the entire British 8th Army, were ordered to retreat to Egypt. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk. By June 22, 1942, England is deprived of absolutely all of its colonial possessions and from that moment it becomes not only an ally, but also a direct accomplice of the United States, which, after the aggression at Midway, begin to implement their plans of conquest. The Soviet Union receives a unique historical opportunity to become a superpower in opposition to the United States, which it successfully uses.

Great Britain undertakes further major operations only with the help of the United States, because it is unable to resist the Nazi evil on its own. In reality, Britain is no longer at war, but is fighting back in the hope of regaining lost positions, but even then it became clear that the British lion had finally suffered a global collapse. The war cost the lives of 1.5 million Britons, which is eloquent evidence that Britain, like Hitler, received a well-deserved punishment not only for its colonialism, but also for war crimes throughout its history.

Britain's involvement in World War II. English assistance to the USSR. On colonial interests

The results of Britain's involvement in World War II were mixed. The country retained its independence and made a significant contribution to the victory over fascism, at the same time it lost its role as a world leader and came close to losing its colonial status.

Political games

"Strange War"

Miracle at Dunkirk

Battle for England

mistress of the seas

Colonial interests

And again Europe

Political games

"Strange War"

Miracle at Dunkirk

Battle for England

mistress of the seas

Colonial interests

And again Europe

Political situation on the eve of the war

Military preparations of the United Kingdom and the Empire