The message about the life and creativity of Mayakovsky is brief. Mayakovsky V.V. The main dates of life and work. The last years and the death of Myakovsky

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born July 7 (19), 1893 in with. Baghdadi (now the village of Mayakovski) near the city of Kutaisi, Georgia. Father - forester, Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky ( 1857-1906 ), mother - Alexandra Alekseevna, nee Pavlenko ( 1867-1954 ).

In 1902-1906... Mayakovsky is studying at the Kutaisi gymnasium. In 1905 participates in demonstrations, in a gymnasium strike. July 1906, after the sudden death of his father, the family moved to Moscow. Mayakovsky enters the 4th grade of the 5th classical gymnasium. Meets Bolshevik students; is fond of Marxist literature; instructs the first party orders. In 1908 joins the Bolshevik Party. Was arrested three times - in 1908 and twice in 1909; the last arrest in connection with the escape of political prisoners from the Novinsky prison. Imprisonment in the Butyrka prison. A notebook of poetry written in prison ( 1909 ), selected by the warders and not yet found, Mayakovsky considered the beginning of literary work. Released as a minor from prison ( 1910 ), he decides to devote himself to art and continue his studies. In 1911 Mayakovsky was admitted to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Autumn 1911 he got to know D. Burliuk, the organizer of a group of Russian futurists, and came closer to him in a general feeling of dissatisfaction with the academic routine. At the end December 1912- Mayakovsky's poetic debut: the poems "Night" and "Morning" in the almanac "Slap in the face to public taste" (where Mayakovsky signed the collective manifesto of the same name of the Cubo-Futurists).

Mayakovsky attacks the aesthetics and poetics of symbolism and acmeism, but in his quest he critically assimilates the artistic world of such masters as A. Bely, “breaks out” from the “enchanting lines” of A. Blok, whose work for Mayakovsky is a “whole poetic era” ...

Mayakovsky entered the environment of the cubo-futurists with a rapidly growing tragic-protesting theme, in fact, going back to the humanistic tradition of Russian classics, contrary to the nihilistic declarations of the futurists. From urban sketches to catastrophic insights, the poet's thought about the madness of the proprietary world grows ("From street to street", 1912 ; "Adische of the city", "Nate!", 1913 ). "I AM!" - the title of Mayakovsky's first book ( 1913 ) - was synonymous with pain and indignation of the poet. For participation in public speaking Mayakovsky in 1914 was expelled from the School.

The First World War was met by Mayakovsky controversially. The poet cannot but feel aversion to war ("War is declared", "Mom and the evening killed by the Germans", 1914 ), but for some time he was characterized by the illusion of renewal of humanity, art through war. Soon, Mayakovsky comes to the realization of war as an element of senseless destruction.

In 1914 Mayakovsky first met M. Gorky. In 1915-1919. lives in Petrograd. In 1915 Mayakovsky meets L.Yu. and O.M. Brikami. Many of Mayakovsky's works are dedicated to Lilia Brik. With renewed vigor, he writes about love, which, the more enormous, the more incompatible with the horror of wars, violence and petty feelings (the poem "The Spine Flute", 1915 and etc.).

Gorky invites Mayakovsky to collaborate in the Letopis magazine and the Novaya Zhizn newspaper; helps the poet in the publication of the second collection of his poems "Simple as a moo", published by the publishing house "Parus" ( 1916 ). The dream of a harmonious person in a world without wars and oppression found its own expression in Mayakovsky's poem "War and Peace" (written in 1915-1916 ; separate edition - 1917 ). The writer creates a gigantic anti-war panorama; a utopian extravaganza of universal happiness unfolds in his imagination.

In 1915-1917. Mayakovsky departs military service at the Petrograd driving school. Takes part in February revolution 1917 of the year. In August he leaves Novaya Zhizn.

October Revolution opened new horizons for V. Mayakovsky. She became the second birth of the poet. For the first anniversary of October, it was staged at the Musical Drama Theater, conceived back in August 1917 the play "Mystery Buff" (staged by V. Meyerhold, with whom Mayakovsky was associated until the end of his life with the creative search for a theater consonant with the revolution).

Mayakovsky connects his innovative ideas with "left-wing art"; he seeks to unite the futurists in the name of the democratization of art (appearances in the "Newspaper of the Futurists", "Order for the Army of Art", 1918 ; belongs to the group of communist futurists ("komfuts"), who published the newspaper "Art of the Commune").

In March 1919 Mayakovsky moved to Moscow, where his collaboration with ROSTA began in October. Mayakovsky's inherent need for mass propaganda activities found satisfaction in artistic and poetic work on posters for "Windows of ROSTA".

In 1922-1924... Mayakovsky makes his first trips abroad (Riga, Berlin, Paris, etc.). The cycle of his essays on Paris - “Paris. (Notes of Ludogus) "," Seven-day review of French painting ", etc. ( 1922-1923 ), which captured the artistic sympathies of Mayakovsky (in particular, he notes the world significance of P. Picasso), and poems ("How does a democratic republic work?" 1922 ; "Germany", 1922-1923 ; "Paris. (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower) ", 1923 ) were Mayakovsky's approach to a foreign topic.

The transition to a peaceful life is interpreted by Mayakovsky as an internally significant event that makes one think about the spiritual values ​​of the future person (unfinished utopia "The Fifth International", 1922 ). The poem "About this" ( December 1922 - February 1923) with its theme of purification of the lyrical hero, who, through the phantasmagoria of philistine, carries the ineradicable ideal of the human and breaks into the future. The poem was first published in the first issue of the magazine "LEF" ( 1923-1925 ), whose editor-in-chief becomes Mayakovsky, who headed the literary group LEF ( 1922-1928 ) and decided to rally around the magazine "left forces" (articles "What is Lef fighting for?", "Who is Lef biting into?", "Who is Lef warning?" 1923 ).

November 1924 Mayakovsky leaves for Paris (he later visited Paris 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1929). He visited Latvia, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, America, Poland. Opening new countries, he enriched his own poetic "continent". In the lyric cycle "Paris" ( 1924-1925 ) Lef's irony of Mayakovsky is defeated by the beauty of Paris. The contrast of beauty with emptiness, humiliation, ruthless exploitation is the bare nerve of poetry about Paris ("Beauties", "Parisienne", 1929 , and etc.). The image of Paris reflects Mayakovsky's "bulk-love" ("Letter to Comrade Kostrov from Paris about the essence of love", "Letter to Tatiana Yakovleva", 1928 ). In the foreign topic of Mayakovsky, the central is the American cycle of poems and essays ( 1925-1926 ), written during and shortly after a trip to America (Mexico, Cuba, USA, 2nd half 1925 ).

In verse 1926-1927 biennium... and later (up to the poem "With the Whole Voice") the position of Mayakovsky in art was revealed at a new stage. Making fun of the Rappian vulgarizers with their claim to literary monopoly, Mayakovsky convinces proletarian writers to unite in poetic work for the sake of the future ("Message to Proletarian Poets", 1926; earlier article "Lef and MAPP", 1923 ). The news of the suicide of S. Yesenin ( December 27, 1925) exacerbates thoughts about the fate and vocation of true poetry, evokes grief about the death of "sonorous" talent, anger against rotten decadence and vigorous dogmatism ("Sergei Yesenin", 1926 ).

Late 1920s Mayakovsky again turns to drama. His plays "The Bedbug" ( 1928 , 1st post. - 1929 ) and "Bath" ( 1929 , 1st post. - 1930 ) written for the Meyerhold Theater. They combine a satirical depiction of reality. 1920s with the development of Mayakovsky's favorite motive - resurrection and travel into the future. Meyerhold highly appreciated the satirical talent of Mayakovsky as a playwright, comparing him with the power of irony to Moliere. However, critics of the play, especially "Bath", were perceived extremely unfriendly. And, if in "The Bedbug", as a rule, they saw artistic flaws, artificiality, then they made claims of an ideological nature against the "Bath" - they spoke of exaggerating the danger of bureaucracy, the problem of which does not exist in the USSR, and so on. Harsh articles appeared in the newspapers against Mayakovsky, even under the headline "Down with Mayakovsky!" February 1930 After leaving Ref (the Revolutionary Front [of the Arts], a group formed from the remnants of Lef), Mayakovsky joins the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), where he is immediately attacked for "fellow travel." In March 1930 Mayakovsky organized a retrospective exhibition "20 years of work", which presented all areas of his work. (The term of 20 years was apparently counted from the writing of the first poems in prison.) The exhibition was ignored by both the party leadership and former colleagues from Lef / Ref. One of many circumstances: the failure of the exhibition "20 years of work"; the failure of the play "Bath" at the Meyerhold Theater, prepared by devastating articles in the press; friction with other members of the RAPP; the danger of losing a voice that would make it impossible public performance; failures in personal life (a love boat crashed about everyday life - "Unfinished", 1930 ), or their confluence, became the reason that April 14, 1930 of the year Mayakovsky committed suicide. In many works ("The Spine Flute", "The Man", "About This") Mayakovsky touches upon the theme of the suicide of a lyric hero or his double; after his death, these themes were appropriately reinterpreted by the readers. Soon after the death of Mayakovsky, with the active participation of members of the RAPP, his work was under an unofficial ban, his works were practically not published. The situation has changed in 1936 when Stalin, in a resolution to a letter to L. Brik with a request for assistance in preserving the memory of Mayakovsky, publishing the poet's works, organizing his museum, called Mayakovsky "the best talented poet of our Soviet era." Mayakovsky was practically the only representative of the artistic avant-garde of the early 20th century, whose works remained available to a wide audience throughout the Soviet period.

Composition

Creativity Mayakovsky and to this day remains an outstanding artistic achievement of Russian poetry early. XX Art. His works are not devoid of ideological distortions and propaganda rhetoric, but they cannot erase the objective significance and scale of Mayakovsky's artistic talent, the reformatory essence of his poetic experiments, which for the poet's contemporaries and for the descendants of the poet were associated with a revolution in art.

Mayakovsky was born in Georgia, where his childhood passed. After the death of his father in 1906, the family moved to Moscow, where Mayakovsky entered the 4th grade of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium. In 1908 he was expelled from there, and a month later Mayakovsky was arrested by the police in an underground printing house of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. Over the next year, he was arrested twice more. In 1910-1911 Mayakovsky studied at the studio of the artist P. Kelin, and then studied at the School of Painting, met the artist and poet D. Burliuk, under whose influence Mayakovsky's avant-garde aesthetic tastes were formed.

Mayakovsky wrote his first poems in 1909 in prison, to which he got through contacts with underground revolutionary organizations. The poems of the debutant poet were written in a rather traditional manner, which imitated the poetry of the Russian Symbolists, and M. himself immediately rejected them. A real poetic baptism for M. was his acquaintance in 1911 with the futurist poets. In 1912 M., together with other futurists, issued the almanac "Slap in the face to public tastes" ("Slap in the face to public taste"), signed by D. Burliuk, O. Kruchenykh and V. Mayakovsky. With Mayakovsky's poems "Night" ("Night") and "Morning" ("Morning"), in which in a shockingly daring manner he proclaimed a break with the traditions of Russian classics, he called for the creation of a new language and literature, one that would correspond to the spirit of modern " machines "of civilization and the tasks of the revolutionary transformation of the world. A practical embodiment of the futuristic theses declared by Mayakovsky in the almanac, the permanent production of his poetic tragedy Vladimir M. in 1913 at the Luna Park theater in St. Petersburg ("Vladimir M."). Personally, the author acted as a director and performer of the main role - a poet who suffers in a modern city he hates, who cripples the souls of people who, although they choose the poet as their prince, are not able to appreciate the sacrifice he made. In 1913, Mayakovsky, together with other futurists, made a large tour of the cities of the USSR: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Odessa, Chisinau, Nikolaev, Kiev, Minsk, Kazan, Penza, Rostov, Saratov, Tiflis, Baku. The futurists did not limit themselves to the artistic interpretation of the program of the new art and tried to implement their slogans in life in practice, in particular, even with clothes and behavior. Their poetry performances, visits to coffee shops or even an ordinary walk around the city were often accompanied by scandals, brawls, and police intervention.

Under the sign of passion for the futuristic slogans of the restructuring of the world and art is all the work of M. of the pre-revolutionary period, it is characterized by the pathos of the objection to bourgeois reality, which, according to the poet, morally cripples a person, awareness of the tragedy of human existence in the world of profit, calls for a revolutionary renewal of the world: poems " Inferno of the city "(" Hell of the city ", 1913)," Here! " ("Nate!", 1913), collection "I" (1913), poems "A Cloud in Pants" ("A Cloud in Pants", 1915), "Flute-Spine" ("Flute-Spine", 1915), "War and Peace "(" War and Peace ", 1916)," Man "(" Man ", 1916) and others. The poet sharply objected to the First world war, which he characterized as a senseless bloody massacre: article "Civilian shrapnel" (State shrapnel ", 1914), the verse" War is declared "(" War is declared ", 1914), (" Mom and the evening killed by the Germans ", 1914), etc. sarcastic irony the poet refers to the hypocritical world of bureaucrats, careerists who discredit honest work, a clear conscience and high art: ("Hymn to the judge", 1915), "Hymn to the scientist", ("Hymn to the scientist", 1915), "Hymn to the Khabar" ( "Anthem to a Bribe", 1915) and others.

The pinnacle of Mayakovsky's pre-revolutionary work is the poem "A Cloud in Trousers", which became a kind of programmatic work of the poet, in which he most clearly and expressively outlined his worldview and aesthetic attitudes. In the poem, which the poet himself called "the catechism of contemporary art", four slogans are proclaimed and figuratively concretized: "Get out of your love", "get out of your order", "get out of your art", "get out of your religion" - "four cries parts ". The image of a person who suffers from the incompleteness and hypocrisy of being that surrounds him, who protests and strives for real human happiness, passes through the entire poem as a continuous leitmotif. The initial title of the poem - "The Thirteenth Apostle" - was crossed out by the censorship, but it is precisely this title that more deeply and accurately conveys the main pathos of this work and all of Mayakovsky's early work. The apostle is the teachings of Christ, is called to implement his teachings in life, but in M. this image is faster approaching the one that will later appear in the famous poem by O. Blok "The Twelve". Twelve is the traditional number of Christ's closest disciples and the appearance in this series of the thirteenth, "superfluous" for the biblical canons, the apostle is perceived as a challenge to the traditional universe, as an alternative model of a new worldview. The thirteenth apostle of Mayakovsky is both a symbol of the revolutionary renewal of life to which the poet aspired, and at the same time a metaphor capable of conveying the real scale of the poetic phenomenon of the speaker of the new world - Mayakovsky.

The then poetry of Mayakovsky gives rise not just to individual disagreements and shortcomings modern society, it gives rise to the very possibility of his existence, the fundamental, fundamental principles of his being, acquires the scale of a cosmic rebellion, in which the poet feels himself equal to God. Therefore, in their desires, the antitraditional nature of the lyrical hero Mayakovsky was emphasized. It got to the maximum shocking, so that, it would seem, they gave "slaps in the face to public taste", demanded from the hairdresser "to comb his ear" ("He did not understand anything ..."), squatted down and barks like a dog ("This is how I became a dog ... ") and defiantly declares:" I love watching children die ... "(" I "), throws at the audience during a performance:" I will laugh and happily spit, spit in your face .. . "(" Here! "). Together with the tall stature and loud voice of Mayakovsky, all this created a unique image of the poet-fighter, the apostle-harbinger of the new world. “The poetics of early Mayakovsky,” writes O. Myasnikov, “is the poetics of the grandiose.

Everything in his poetry of those years is extremely tense. His lyrical hero feels himself capable and obliged to solve not only the tasks and reorganization of his own soul, but of all mankind, the task is not only earthly, but also cosmic. Hyperbolization and complex metaphorization - characteristics style of early Mayakovsky. The lyrical hero of the early Mayakovsky feels extremely uncomfortable in the bourgeois-philistine environment. He hates and despises everyone who prevents the Capital Man from living like a human being. The problem of humanism was one of the central problems of the early Mayakovsky.

Mayakovsky's biography contains many dubious moments that make us wonder who the poet really was - a servant of communism or a romantic? short biography Vladimir Mayakovsky will allow you to get general idea about the life of the poet.

The writer was born in Georgia, in the village. Baghdadi, Kutaisi province, July 7, 1893. Little Vova studied well and diligently, showed interest in painting. Soon the Mayakovsky family is going through a tragedy - their father dies. Working as a forester, the father of the future poet was the only earner. Therefore, the family that has survived the loss of a loved one finds itself in a difficult financial situation. Further, the biography of Mayakovsky takes us to Moscow. Vladimir is forced to help his mother earn money. He has no time for classes, so he cannot boast of success in his studies. During this period, Mayakovsky had disagreements with the teacher. As a result of the conflict, the poet's rebellious character is first manifested, and he loses interest in his studies. The school decides to expel the future genius from school due to poor academic performance.

Biography of Mayakovsky: his youth

After school, Vladimir joins the Social Democratic Party. During this period, the poet is subjected to several arrests. Vladimir wrote his first poem at this time. After his release, Mayakovsky continues literary creation... While studying at the gymnasium, the writer met David Burliuk, who was the founder of a new literary movement - Russian futurism. Soon they become friends, and this leaves an imprint on the theme of Vladimir's work. He supports the futurists, joins their ranks and writes poetry in this genre. The first works of the poet are dated 1912. Soon the famous tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" will be written. In 1915, work was completed on the most outstanding poem "A Cloud in Pants".

Biography of Mayakovsky: love experiences

His literary work was not limited to propaganda pamphlets and satirical fables. The theme of love is present in the life and work of the poet. A person lives as long as he experiences a state of love, as Mayakovsky believed. The biography and work of the poet testify to his love experiences. Muse of the writer - Lilya Brik, the most close person for him, she was ambiguous in her feelings for the writer. Another great love of Vladimir - Tatyana Yakovleva - never married him.

The tragic death of Mayakovsky

To this day, there are conflicting rumors about the poet's mysterious death. In 1930, on April 14, the writer shot himself in his rented apartment in Moscow under unclear circumstances. Vladimir at that time was 37 years old. Whether it was suicide, or whether Mayakovsky was helped to go to the next world, one can only guess. A brief biography of Mayakovsky contains evidence that confirms any of the versions. One thing is indisputable: the country in one day lost a genius poet and a great man.

Sections: Literature

Theme. V. Mayakovsky. Life, creativity, personality of the poet. Pre-October creativity. Mayakovsky in Armavir.

Lesson objectives:

• to get acquainted with the unknown pages of the biography, the personality and early work of V. Mayakovsky, the innovation of his lyrics, recall what was previously learned about the poet;
• develop speech, creativity of students, the ability to analyze poems;
• foster interest in literature and history of the native country, hometown, love for the native word.

Lesson form: lesson - role-playing game using multimedia.

Equipment for the lesson:

the lesson is held in a computer class, the screen displays slides of photographs of V. Mayakovsky, his family, friends, the texts of his poems, a record of the reading of poetry by the author himself and famous artists, pages of the poet's stay in Armavir.

DURING THE CLASSES

Epigraph

I'll tell you about the time and myself ...
And I feel - "I" is not enough for me.
Someone breaks out of me stubbornly.
V. Mayakovsky

1. Introductory remarks by the teacher.

Mayakovsky's work has always been the subject of heated debate. These disputes are not only narrow-literary in nature - we are talking about the relationship between art and reality, about the place of the poet in life. Mayakovsky lived a difficult life, never ran away from life, from his youth he created and reworked this life. Mayakovsky is one of the brightest names in the literature of the 20th century.

Much has been written about Mayakovsky. Opinions about him are often polar. Before you are leaflets with three statements about Mayakovsky. Let's get to know them.

Reading statements about Mayakovsky. (Annex 1)

Do not rush to agree with any opinion, first listen to the lesson material, and then draw a conclusion.

Now let's remember who wrote these lines.

Little son
I came to my father,
and asked the baby:
- What
OK
and what is
poorly?

Everyone knows these lines from childhood. This is V. Mayakovsky. It turns out that we are familiar with his work from early childhood. Today we learn new pages of life and work, the personality of the poet, remember what we studied earlier, read his early works, learn about Mayakovsky's stay in our city.

The epigraph for the lesson will be the words of V. Mayakovsky "I myself will tell about the time and about myself ...". And one more line: “And I feel -“ I ”is not enough for me. Someone breaks out of me stubbornly. " You will hear in the lesson lines from the poet's biography, written by Mayakovsky himself, which is called “I myself”. It is impossible not to notice this eager outward “I” in his autobiography.

Today's lesson - we will conduct a role-playing game in the form of a round table. The creative group received the task in advance to study the life, work and personality of V. Mayakovsky. And now they will present us with the result of their work. The round table will host a literary critic, critic, correspondents, relatives and friends of V. Mayakovsky. The main guest is the poet himself.

All students during the lesson keep the necessary notes in order to present a report on the work of the round table at the end of the lesson. Everyone has a questionnaire on their table, which must be completed by the end of the lesson. Anyone can ask additional questions to our guest.

So, we begin the session of our round table. Your questions.

2. Session of the round table.

Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. It is known that you were born on July 7, 1893 in the village of Baghdad, Kutaisi province, Georgia. Your father is Vladimir Konstantinovich, a forester. Mother - Alexandra Alekseevna. Two sisters - Olga and Luda. Tell us about your family, about your childhood.

Mayakovsky. The family belonged to the nobility, but she lived in very modest income. The free spirit of the Caucasus, friendship and entertainment with Georgian children, trips with his father in the forestry contributed to early growing up and independence.

To study at the gymnasium, the family decided to move to Kutaisi. He studied well and made new friends.

But the time came in 1905. Unrest broke out almost all over Russia, including in Kutaisi. Together with high school students, I took part in demonstrations and performances.

But soon an event occurred in our family that abruptly changed our life: on February 19, 1906, our father died of blood poisoning. And in the summer the family moved to Moscow. They lived on their father's pension, rented an apartment and rented out rooms.

The rooms that the family rented out were occupied by revolutionary students. They gathered friends and conducted conversations and disputes on political topics. I listened to them, then asked them to read “something revolutionary”. They began to take me for one of their own and even entrusted me with something on the part of illegal activities.

Things didn't go well in the gymnasium. I became more and more involved in communication with revolutionary youth. And at the beginning of 1908 I left the gymnasium.

Correspondent for the newspaper Trud. When did you first try writing?

Mayakovsky. In the gymnasium and tried to write. Others write, but I can't ?! It began to creak. It turned out incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly. I don't remember a single line. I wrote the second one. It came out lyrically. Not considering this state of heart compatible with my "socialist dignity", I gave up altogether.

Correspondent for the newspaper Trud. It is known that you were arrested several times during these years. Why and how did this influence the formation of your worldview?

Mayakovsky. 1908, I am 14 years old - I joined the RSDLP party. Then illegal activities in the printing house, for which he was arrested. When I was arrested, I ate a notebook with addresses and bound.

Surveillance, communication with professional revolutionaries, reading Marxist literature, arrests again.

For 11 months of Butyr, I read everything new. Symbolists - White, Balmont. Themes, images are not my life.

He came out excited. But how easy it is to write better than them. You just need experience in art. Where to get? I'm ignorant. I have to go to serious school.

I went to see my then party comrade - Medvedev. I want to make socialist art. He laughed for a long time: the guts are thin.

I still think he underestimated my guts. I interrupted party work. I sat down to study.

Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. But you began to study painting, which you were fond of from the first school years. How did you end up in literature?

D. Burliuk. Let me explain. Let me introduce myself: David Burliuk, artist and poet. We met Vladimir at a painting school. At first they bullied - they soon became friends. It was to me that he read his first poems, passing them off as “someone else's”. I immediately understood whose poetry it was, saw in it a “wild nugget” and the next day presented it to Mayakovsky's friends as a “genius poet”. This confused him. “Now write. Otherwise you put me in the stupidest position, ”I told him. But the word was spoken about what lived in him as a hidden dream: a poet. It is quite possible that he was waiting for this word, and it was enough to overcome doubts.

Mayakovsky. I always think of David with love. A wonderful friend. My real teacher. Burliuk made me a poet. I read the French and the Germans to me. Stuck in books. He walked and talked endlessly. He did not let go a step. I gave out 50 kopecks daily. To write without starving.

Literary critic. Yes, nineteen-year-old Mayakovsky abruptly changed his life, as A. Akhmatova said, scandalously bursting into the “stuffy hall” of Russian poetry. And at the end of 1912 Mayakovsky, Burliuk, Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh published an almanac and manifesto "Slap in the face to public taste." The autobiography says: "Russian futurism was born."

Mayakovsky. I want to hear from you how you understand what futurism is.

Students' answers. Homework check.

D. Burliuk: In order to "introduce" new art into the consciousness of the reading public, we took a trip to the cities of Russia. Our speeches were accompanied by noisy scandals, police bans, unprecedented activity and mostly abusive press, thereby creating wide popularity for us. M.'s yellow jacket and top hat, his witty backhand remarks - answers to "tricky" questions from the audience, finally, poems that stood out with powerful poetic energy and bright, unexpected metaphor, made him the most noticeable figure in our group.

Correspondent for the newspaper Trud. Read us some of the early lyrics.

The recording of Mayakovsky's reading of the poem sounds "Could you?"

Then the artist V. Sherstyan reads a poem.

Vocabulary work: Nocturne is a small piece of music of a lyrical nature.

Teacher. Analysis of the poem “Could you?”. Answers on questions.

What images did you find in this poem? (He painted gray everyday life with paint, slanting cheekbones of a human face resemble sea waves when moving, drainpipes with transverse “ribs” look like a flute, clarinet - they sound in the wind, rain, become part of the “music of the big city”.)

In what lines do you hear the grinding sound? What is this technique called? What sounds are repeated? (Alliteration)

On the scales of a tin fish

I read the calls of new lips.

Pay attention to the vocabulary. What have you noticed? (Collision in the semantic series of words of different styles: calls, nocturne, flute and ... glass, jelly, drainpipes.)

Literary critic. This poem is very close in mood to the already well-known poem “ Listen!”, Whom we met in the 9th grade. Let's remember it. (Reading the verse by heart. "Listen!")

Critic: Let me comment on this poem.

A.S. Subbotin believes that the poem "Listen!" - this is a “direct appeal to the listener”: “The poet still has a poor idea of ​​his allies, does not distinguish the faces of interested listeners, but he passionately wants them to appear sooner, to share with him joy and love, despair and hope. In the pleas and assurances of the “alarming, but outwardly calm” character of the poem, who cannot stand “starless torment”, there are many hidden hopes and desires of the author ”.

AA Mikhailov asserts: “The world does not reveal its secrets to the poet, and he asks in bewilderment:“ Listen! .. ”. Imperfection, a sharp discrepancy between dreams and reality gave rise to these bewildered questions. "

Poet B. Pasternak writes: “I really love Mayakovsky's early lyrics. Against the background of the clowning of that time, her seriousness, heavy, menacing, complaining, was so unusual. " The poet uses here the eternal poetic image - the stars, replacing it with his own - "spit".

Literary critic S. Bavin writes: “The traditional for Mayakovsky dismissively defiant tone could not hide a cry of pain intelligible to a sensitive listener for the suffering soul of a modern man”.

Literary critic. A poem appeared in complete discord with this world "Here!"- with its defiant name, it found its addressee among the decent bourgeois public when Mayakovsky read it at the opening of the Pink Lantern cabaret on October 19, 1913.

Reading the poem “Nate!” By heart.

Literary critic or teacher. After analyzing these poems, you can name lyric features Mayakovsky:

Unusual images, form, graphics of the verse, stunning poetic novelty;

He sees the world in colors, in substance, in the flesh, connects the incompatible;

He sees more than those around him, his world is bright, harsh, exotic;

Deep lyrics are hidden behind the harshness;

The verses contain the idea of ​​sacrifice, service to people and art.

Correspondent for the newspaper Trud. How did you feel about the 1914 war? Did you participate in it?

Mayakovsky. Disgust and hatred of war. War is disgusting. I went to sign up as a volunteer. Not allowed. There is no trustworthiness. Later he did not want to go to war. But they shaved it. Pretended to be a draftsman.

Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. How did you receive the revolution?

Mayakovsky. To accept or not to accept? There was no such question for me (and for other Muscovites-futurists). My revolution.

In 1919 I travel with my things and comrades from the factories. Joyful welcome. I went to the agitation of GROWTH.

Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. I heard a lot about this side of your activity, I was interested. Here's what I learned. (The student's message from the textbook about the ROST windows).

Correspondent for the newspaper Trud. Let me ask you one personal question. Was there true love in your life?

Lilya Brick. I can answer this question. Let me introduce myself:

Lilya Brick.

We met Mayakovsky in 1915. “July 1915. The happiest date. I am getting acquainted with L.Yu. and O.M. Brikami, ”Mayakovsky wrote many years later in his autobiography. Our house soon became his home, our family his family. Mayakovsky immediately fell in love with me.

Mayakovsky courted me violently, recklessly. He also liked the fact that there was a lady in front of him, a woman of a different circle - elegant, intelligent, well-mannered, completely unknowable, with excellent manners, interesting acquaintances and devoid of any prejudices. We met every day and became inseparable, but his feelings dominated. I was calmer and knew how to keep him at a distance from which he went crazy. I loved him, but not without memory.

The three of us lived in all the apartments in Moscow, at the dacha in Pushkin. At one time they rented a house in Sokolniki and lived there in the winter, because Moscow was crowded. In those years, wedding rings for me were a sign of the bourgeoisie. Therefore, we exchanged signet rings. On my ring he engraved the initials LY B. In a circle they read like LOVE - LOVE. The poet will put these three letters as dedication, the artists will inscribe them in the ornaments on his books.

Our love was not easy, it reached crisis levels more than once. In the years when the revolution broke and revised everything in the world, it seemed that human relations must find a new form, new relationships. In the fall of 1922, our relations withstood the crisis: we decided to live apart for two months. On February 28, at three o'clock in the afternoon, Mayakovsky's "term of imprisonment" expired. At eight o'clock in the evening we met at the station to go for a few days together to Petrograd. Entering the compartment, Mayakovsky read me the just finished poem "About It" and began to cry ...

Mayakovsky saw us for the last time on February 18, 1930, when we were going abroad. We sent the last postcard to Mayakovsky from Amsterdam on April 14, the day of his suicide ...

Our love was very difficult. Much in our relationship remains unclear.

Mayakovsky. We are organizing "Lef" (Left Front) - a new literary group. We have put forward three new principles of art:

The principle of social order;

The principle of the literature of fact;

The principle of art-building.

In my work, I deliberately transfer myself to newsmen. I am writing to Izvestia, Truda, and Rabochaya Moskva. The second work continues the interrupted tradition of troubadours and minstrels. I travel to cities and read. Novocherkassk, Kharkov, Paris, Rostov, Berlin, Kazan, etc., etc. For 4 years I gave lectures and poems in 52 cities of the Soviet Union. I find personal communication with the readership a joyful and exhausting job. I was also in the south. By the way, I was in your provincial town too.

P.I. Lavut. Allow me to introduce myself: PI Lavutu is the organizer of the poet's performances. I accompanied Mayakovsky everywhere.

Mayakovsky arrived in Armavir on November 30, 1927. He stayed at the "1st Soviet Hotel", located on the site of the present department store.

Sick and overworked, the poet warned not to be disturbed and not to let anyone see him, although usually Vladimir Vladimirovich's doors were wide open for everyone. However, the public, who learned about Mayakovsky's arrival, did not want to accept any prohibition, other persistent visitors knocked on the locked door of the room for a long time and demandingly, so that I - the organizer of the poet's performances - had to explain myself.

In the evening the cinema "Mars", filled mainly with young people, buzzed with excitement. Finally, the lights went out in the auditorium. And so Mayakovsky appeared in front of the audience - tall, young, energetic. Everyone looked at the poet with curiosity. Literature teacher S.V. Kiranov, who was present at this evening, recalled in 1951: “Mayakovsky began to read in a slightly breaking voice, apparently very worried (and the disease, of course, made itself felt), but after a minute his other voice grew stronger, the words and lines spoken them, acquired crushing power. " After each poem, the audience applauded warmly. Such poems as “Letter to Gorky”, “Letter to Yesenin”, “Left March” made a great impression on the Armavir public. Then Mayakovsky began to read an excerpt from the poem "Good!"

The poet's performance met with a wide response from the public. 222 tickets were sold for Mayakovsky's evening. At the end of the evening, which dragged on until late at night, something like a dispute took place. 38 notes, submitted to Vladimir Vladimirovich at the evening, are now kept in the State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky in Moscow. Here are some of them: “Why is your group called the“ left front ”?”, “What is left in Lef?”, “Comrade. Mayakovsky, are you a party member or not? And if not, why not? "

In the verbal tournament, Mayakovsky was invincible. Possessing phenomenal resourcefulness and wit, he mercilessly smashed opponents. In the speeches of the participants in the dispute, conflicting assessments of the poet's work were reflected. Some said that Mayakovsky's poetry was poorly understood and difficult for the broad masses, that Mayakovsky needed to “simplify”. Others argued that the poet was quite understandable to the masses.

Mayakovsky returned to the hotel joyful. The poet was pleased with the meeting with the readers. On December 4, 1927, the district newspaper Trudovaya Put wrote about Mayakovsky's speech: “Unfortunately, the Armavir audience did not have to fully familiarize themselves with the entire poem Good! And then the newspaper continues: “His speech in Armavir is undoubtedly an event that cannot be ignored. The Armavir public, in a certain part having a chaotic idea of ​​Mayakovsky, had the opportunity to get closely acquainted with his work and poetry. And you just have to regret that the poet's speech, on the occasion of his illness, in Armavir was not complete and short ”.

About the stay in Armavir V.V. Mayakovsky, a marble plaque, installed on the building of the cinema at 129 Komsomolskaya Street, reminds of his speech in front of a wide readership. The inscription reads: “In this building on November 30, 1927, V.V. One of the streets of Armavir is named after a talented Soviet poet.

Mayakovsky. On this, let me say goodbye, urgent matters await me. Goodbye, comrades.

Correspondent of the newspaper "Rabochaya Moskva". Korney Chukovsky rightly remarked: "It is very difficult to be Mayakovsky." The last segment of the poet's life is painted in dark colors. Living together with Osip and Lilya Brik began to weigh on the poet. He did not betray his revolutionary ideals, but faith in them was increasingly undermined by the emerging totalitarian system of power. A bitter struggle was going on in literature. In the play "The Bedbug", the official criticism smelled an "anti-Soviet tinge", and in the "Bath" they found "A mocking attitude towards our reality ...". The exhibition "20 Years of Work" was boycotted by the press and writers. Mayakovsky fell ill, the doctors forbade him to speak. All these events were pulled together in a tight knot. A sick, twitchy, with difficulty overcoming nervous tension, the poet seeks consolation in meetings with the Moscow Art Theater actress Veronika Polonskaya, a sweet, charming young woman in love with him. He wants to create his normal family. But even here, being in an agitated state, rushing things, he cannot bring his relationship with her to harmony.

On April 4, 1930, at the age of 36, Mayakovsky committed suicide with a shot from a revolver. In his dying letter, he wrote ... (A note is read. Appendix 2)

But no one will ever know what the last motive of this act was.

3. Concluding remarks from the teacher.

Thanks to all the participants of the round table. You have done a great job. Special thanks to our Mayakovsky. In his words, you heard lines from the autobiography of the poet “I myself”.

Mayakovsky ... Who else has united in himself so many irreconcilable contradictions! He rejected the culture of the past from himself, and he was rejected from the culture. They put him on a pedestal, admired him, worshiped him and praised him - they slandered him and mocked him. He was loved and hated.

Both in strength and in weakness, he appeared as a man of utmost dedication. He did not give half of himself to any idea, to any business, he gave all of himself or did not give anything. He came into the world for life, for struggle, he is oversaturated with the energy of action: “And I feel -“ I ”is not enough for me. Someone breaks out of me stubbornly. "

Now draw a conclusion and choose one of the statements about Mayakovsky with which you can agree. Fill out the form with questions, turn it in. (Appendix 3)

All participants of the round table receive grades.

Homework: talk about Mayakovsky, read the poem "A Cloud in Trousers", the plays "Bedbug" and "Bath".

Literature

1. N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in Russian literature. Grade 11. Moscow, "Waco", 2005

2. V.V. Mayakovsky. Autobiography "I myself". Works: In 2 volumes. Moscow, 1987.Vol. 1.

Born in the village of Baghdadi, Kutaisi province. Father - a nobleman, served as a forester, ancestors - from the Cossacks of the Zaporozhye Sich; mother of the clan Kuban Cossacks... In 1902-1906. Mayakovsky studied at the Kutaisi gymnasium, in July 1906, after the death of his father, together with his mother and two sisters he moved to Moscow, where he entered the 4th grade of the 5th classical gymnasium (for non-payment of money for tuition he was expelled from the 5th grade in March 1908 G.).

In Moscow, Mayakovsky met revolutionary-minded students, became interested in Marxist literature, joined the Bolshevik Party at the beginning of 1908, was arrested, spent 11 months in Butyrka prison, from where he was released in January 1910 as a minor. In prison, Mayakovsky wrote a notebook of poetry (1909), which was taken away by the warders; from her the poet calculated the beginning of his work. After being released from prison, he interrupted party work in order to "make socialist art." In 1911 Mayakovsky entered the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he met D.D. Burliuk, the organizer of the futuristic group "Gilea", who discovers in him a "genius poet". Three years later, in February 1914, Mayakovsky, along with Burliuk, was expelled from the school for public speaking.

In December 1912, Mayakovsky made his debut as a poet in the anthology "Slap in the Face to Public Taste", where his poems "Night" and "Morning" were published. It also published the manifesto of the Russian cubo-futurists, signed by D. Burliuk, A. Kruchenykh, V. Mayakovsky and V. Khlebnikov. The manifesto proclaimed a nihilistic attitude towards Russian literature of the present and the past: “Throw Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, etc. and others. and so on. All that is needed is a dacha on the river. Such a reward is given by fate to tailors. " However, contrary to the declarations, Mayakovsky highly appreciated Gogol, Dostoevsky, Blok, and other writers who had a profound influence on his work. The year 1913 became creatively fruitful for Mayakovsky, when his first collection "I" (a cycle of four poems) was published, the program tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" was written and staged, and a large tour of the cities of Russia was made together with other futurists. The collection "I" was written by hand, supplied with drawings by V.N. Chekrygin and L. Shekhtel and lithographically reproduced in the amount of 300 copies. As the first section, this collection was included in the poet's book of poems "Simple as a moo" (1916).

In 1915-1917. Mayakovsky is doing military service in Petrograd at a driving school. On December 17, 1918, the poet read for the first time from the stage of the Sailor Theater the poem "Left March (to the Sailors)". In March 1919, he moved to Moscow, began to actively collaborate with ROSTA (Russian Telegraph Agency), and designed (as a poet and as an artist) propaganda and satirical posters for ROSTA ("ROSTA Windows"). In 1919, the first collection of the poet's works was published - "Everything composed by Vladimir Mayakovsky. 1909-1919". At the end of the 10s. Mayakovsky connects his creative ideas with "left-wing art", appears in the "Newspaper of the Futurists", in the newspaper "Art of the Commune".

From the very beginning to the end of the poet's days, Mayakovsky's futurism had a romantic character. Mayakovsky and in Soviet time remained a futurist, albeit with new properties: "komfut", that is, a communist futurist, as well as the leader of the LEF (Left Front of the Arts) (1922-1928). In 1922-1924. Mayakovsky makes several trips abroad - Latvia, France, Germany; writes essays and poems about European impressions: "How does a democratic republic work?" (1922); "Paris (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower)" (1923) and a number of others. The poet will be in Paris in 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929. (lyric cycle "Paris"); in 1925 Mayakovsky's trip to America will take place ("My Discovery of America"). In 1925-1928. he travels a lot The Soviet Union, performs in a wide variety of audiences. During these years, the poet published many of those of his works: "To Comrade Nette, the ship and the man" (1926); "Through the cities of the Union" (1927); "The story of the foundry worker Ivan Kozyrev ..." (1928).

Researchers creative development Mayakovsky's poetic life is likened to a five-act act with a prologue and an epilogue. The tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1913) played the role of a kind of prologue in the poet's creative path; and the World "(1915-1916) and" Man "(1916-1917), the third act - the play" Mystery Buff "(the first version - 1918, the second - 1920-1921) and the poem" 150,000 000 "(1919-1920), the fourth act - the poems" I Love "(1922)," About this "(1923) and" Vladimir Ilyich Lenin "(1924), the fifth act - the poem" Good! " (1927) and the plays "Bedbug" (1928-1929) and "Bath" (1929-1930), epilogue - the first and second introductions to the poem "Out loud" (1928-1930) and the poet's dying letter " Everyone "(April 12, 1930). The rest of Mayakovsky's works, including numerous poems, gravitate towards one or another part of this general picture, which is based on the poet's major works.

The artistic world of Mayakovsky is a synthetic drama, which includes the properties of different dramatic genres: tragedy, mystery, epic-heroic drama, comedy, district, cinema, extravaganza, etc., subordinate to the main in Mayakovsky - the tragic nature of its protagonist and the tragic structure of all his work. It should be noted that not only his plays, but also poems are dramatic in their own way and most often tragic.

In the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" the poet sees his life duty and the purpose of his art in helping to achieve human happiness. From the very beginning, art for him was not just a reflection of life, but a means of remaking it, an instrument of life-building.

Mayakovsky seeks to put his lyric-tragic hero, expressing the aspirations of all mankind, in the place of God - decrepit, helpless, incapable of any deeds for the sake of people. This hero, because of his unrequited love for a woman and for people in general, becomes a fighter with the heart of Christ. However, in order to become a Man-God, the hero and all other people must be free, reveal their best capabilities, throw off all slavery. Hence the revolutionary nihilism of Mayakovsky, which found its expression in defining the programmatic meaning of the poem "A Cloud in Pants": "Down with your love", "down with your art", "down with your system", "down with your religion" - four cries of four parts " ... Mayakovsky opposes love, art, social order and religion of the old world with his love, his art, his idea of ​​the social structure of the future, his faith in the ideal of a new, in all respects a wonderful person. The attempt to implement this program after the revolution turned out to be tragic for the poet. In "The Cloud" Mayakovsky goes out to the people of the "tongueless" street in the role of the poet-prophet, the "thirteenth apostle", "the cry-lipped Zarathustra today" in order to preach a new Sermon on the Mount before them. Calling himself "the cry-lipped Zarathustra of today," Mayakovsky wanted to say that he, like Zarathustra, is the prophet of the future - but not a superman, but a mankind freed from slavery.

In the tragedy poems "A Cloud in Trousers", "Spine Flute", "War and Peace", "Man" and "About This", the hero Mayakovsky, acting as a doubles like Christ. In portraying this tragic duality, Mayakovsky develops the traditions of Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky and Blok, becomes a fighter with the heart of Christ. His fight against God begins with the torment of unrequited love for a woman and only then acquires a social and existential meaning. In the poem "The Spine Flute" he showed the coming holiday of mutual, shared love, and in the poem "War and Peace" - the holiday of fraternal unity of all countries, peoples and continents. Mayakovsky wanted shared love not only for himself, but "so that love would go to the whole universe." His ideals were tragically smashed against reality. The poem "Man" shows the collapse of all the efforts and aspirations of the hero aimed at achieving personal and social ideals. This collapse is due to the inertia of human nature, the tragic lack of love, slavish obedience of people to the Lord of Everything - this omnipotent viceroy of God on earth, a symbol of the power of money, the power of the bourgeoisie, capable of buying love and art, subjugating the will and mind of people.

In the play "Mystery Buff" and the poem "150,000,000" the poet puts the revolutionary masses of the people in the place of God and Christ. At the same time, unlike Blok's "Twelve", Mayakovsky unilaterally idealizes the social consciousness and creative possibilities of the revolutionary masses, which until recently were portrayed by the poet as faceless crowds of people obedient to the Lord of All, and now, at the author's suggestion, self-confidently declaring: "We are our own and Christ and Savior! "

In the brilliant tragedy poem About This, Mayakovsky showed the lyrical hero's struggle for ideal, shared love, without which there is no life. In the course of this tragic duel with the hero, fantastic metamorphoses take place, his natural nature under the influence of "the bulk of love" is de-embodied, transformed into creative and spiritual energy, the symbols of which are verse, poetry and suffering Christ. The hyperbolic process of metamorphosis is expressed by the poet in a complex system of tragic twins of the poet: a bear, a Komsomol suicide, who is similar at the same time to Jesus, and to Mayakovsky himself, and others. In general, this tragic metamorphic process takes the form of a mystery poem about love, suffering, death and the coming resurrection of the All-Man, Natural Man, striving to take the place of God.

In the poem "Good!" and satirical dilogy "Bedbug" and "Bath" Mayakovsky depicts how Soviet Russia is born in the revolutionary struggle, glorifies "the fatherland ... which is, / but three times - which will be" -futuristic warehouse to help their rapid development. At the same time, he discovers in the embryo cancerous tumors of the Soviet society that threaten him with fatal diseases.

After the poem "Good!" Mayakovsky wanted to write the poem "Bad", but instead he wrote satirical plays "Bedbug" and "Bath", in which he showed the most dangerous tendencies in young Soviet society: the degeneration of workers and party members into philistines - lovers of a beautiful, "aristocratic" life for someone else account (Prisypkin) and the strengthening of the power of ignorant and incompetent party-Soviet bureaucrats like Pobedonosikov. The poet's satirical dilogy showed that the bulk of people were not ready to take the place of God and begin to realize the high ideals and potential capabilities of man. In the poem "At the top of his voice," Mayakovsky calls the present "petrified shit," and transfers the realization of his ideal of Man to the indefinitely distant "communist far away."

The poet's satire, especially "The Bath", was harassed by the Rapp criticism.

In February 1930, the poet joined the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers). This act of Mayakovsky was condemned by his friends. Alienation and social harassment were aggravated by personal drama ("a love boat crashed against everyday life"). Mayakovsky stubbornly began to refuse to travel abroad, where he was supposed to meet with a woman (poem "Letter to Tatiana Yakovleva", 1928), with whom he intended to connect his life. All this led Mayakovsky to commit suicide, predicted back in the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky".

Mayakovsky futuristic poet lyric tragic