Nazaval - official * instructions for use. What is fiber and how it is useful for the body The main types of dietary fiber

*registered by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (according to grls.rosminzdrav.ru)

Name of the medical device: Means (filter) barrier otolaryngological Nazaval ®

Registration number : FSL 2008/02844 dated 03/18/2013

Compound: micronized vegetable cellulose.
Excipients: natural peppermint extract.

Description: fine powder of white color with a slight smell of mint, 500 mg in a bottle of polyethylene with a patented dispenser and screw cap. 1 bottle together with instructions for use is placed in a cardboard box.

Purpose:

Nasaval ® protects against the development of allergies by preventing contact of the nasal mucosa with aeroallergens and pollutants:

• plant pollen;
• household allergens - house dust mites, house dust;
• fungal allergens;
• epidermal allergens of animals and birds;
• allergens of cockroaches and other insects;
• chemical substances;
• other microparticles that enter the nasal cavity when air is inhaled.

Nazaval ® is used for the prevention and in the complex therapy of allergic rhinitis: itching in the nose, swelling of the nasal mucosa and impaired nasal breathing, abundant, liquid, clear discharge from the nose, sneezing attacks, etc.
Nazaval ® acts as a natural barrier against aeroallergens, preventing the development of allergies.

Mechanism of action:

Cellulose powder on the nasal mucosa forms a transparent, gel-like, protective layer that does not interfere with breathing. The gel-like layer is an effective barrier against allergens, protecting the body from an allergic reaction.
Nasal spray, dosed Nazaval ® is a barrier agent, does not have a systemic and local effect.

Indications for use:

It is used in allergic rhinitis to protect the nasal mucosa from aeroallergens and pollutants, as well as other aggressive environmental factors inhaled with air.

Contraindications:

Individual intolerance to the components.

Dosage and administration:

Adults and children: one spray in each nasal passage.

1. Preventively:
   • in case of allergy to plant pollen (seasonal allergy), it is recommended to start using Nasaval ® in advance, 1-2 weeks before the expected start of the pollination season.
   • with year-round rhinitis (allergies to house dust, animals, etc.) Nasaval ® can be used situationally 5-10 minutes before the expected contact with the allergen.
   Prophylactic use of Nazaval ® reduces the risk of exacerbation of allergic rhinitis.
2. In order to prevent further entry of allergens into the body in complex therapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Recommended dosage: One spray in each nasal passage 3-4 times a day (every 5-6 hours) is usually enough to protect against allergens throughout the day. If necessary, Nazaval ® can be used as often as necessary.

It is recommended to use Nasaval ® before the expected contact with allergens, for example, before going outside during the flowering period, visiting crowded places, house cleaning, contact with pets.

Pregnancy and lactation:

Nazaval ® can be used in women during pregnancy and lactation, as it does not have a systemic effect and does not contain preservatives.

Application order:

1. When using for the first time, make 2 test pressures on the walls of the bottle into the air - you will see a trickle of powder.
2. Before use, if necessary, carry out a hygienic cleaning of the nasal cavity.
3. Keep your head straight, no need to tilt it back.
4. Shake the vial.
5. Pinch one nasal passage with your finger.
6. Place the spout of the bottle in the opposite nasal passage and, pressing hard on the walls of the bottle, make one injection of the powder while inhaling.
7. Carry out the same procedure on the opposite side.

special instructions

Nazaval ® in children should be used under adult supervision.
Safety spray Nazaval ® due to the lack of interaction with the organs and tissues of the body.
The use of a barrier agent (filter) Nazaval ® does not affect the ability to drive vehicles, does not cause drowsiness.
If necessary, joint use with other nasal drugs Nazaval ® should be used no earlier than 30 minutes after their use.
Before each use of Nazaval ®, the nasal passages should be cleared. It is not recommended to use Nasaval ® after the use of nasal ointments and oil-based nasal drops.
If Nazaval ® gets into the eyes, it is recommended to rinse them with water.
Contact of the nose of the vial with the nasal mucosa should be avoided. This may lead to clogging of the vial with powder. If this still happened, clean the bottle spout with a thin sharp object (needle, toothpick).

Rules for storage and use:

Shelf life - 3 years.
Do not use if vial is damaged.
Store in a dry place at room temperature. Keep out of the reach of children! The bottle is recommended to be used within 3 months after the first opening.
Do not use after the expiry date stated on the packaging.
Transportation by all types of vehicles is allowed, in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for this type of transport.

Leave conditions:

Released without a doctor's prescription.

Manufacturer: Nazaleze Ltd., UK.
Nasaleze LTD, Unit 6, The Shipyard, Ramsey, Isle of Man, IM8 3DT, UK.

RU holder: Zambon S.p.A., Italy. Zambon S.P.A., Bresso (MI) Via Lillo del Duca, 10-20091, Italy.

Distributor in Russia: Zambon Pharma LLC, 119002, Moscow, Glazovsky per., 7.

Cellulose is a natural polymer of glucose (namely, beta-glucose residues) of plant origin with a linear molecular structure. In another way, cellulose is also called fiber. This polymer contains more than fifty percent of the carbon found in plants. Cellulose ranks first among the compounds of organic origin on our planet.

Pure cellulose is cotton fibers (up to ninety-eight percent) or flax fibers (up to eighty-five percent). Wood contains up to fifty percent of cellulose, straw contains thirty percent of cellulose. A lot of it and in hemp.

Cellulose is white. Sulfuric acid colors it blue, and iodine brown. Cellulose is hard and fibrous, tasteless and odorless, does not break down at a temperature of two hundred degrees Celsius, but ignites at a temperature of two hundred and seventy-five degrees Celsius (that is, it is a combustible substance), and when heated to three hundred and sixty degrees Celsius, it chars. It cannot be dissolved in water, but it can be dissolved in a solution of ammonia with copper hydroxide. Fiber is a very strong and elastic material.

The value of cellulose for living organisms

Cellulose refers to polysaccharide carbohydrates.

In a living organism, the functions of carbohydrates are as follows:

1. The function of structure and support, since carbohydrates are involved in the construction of supporting structures, and cellulose is the main component of the structure of plant cell walls.
2. Protective function characteristic of plants (thorns or thorns). Such formations on plants consist of the walls of dead plant cells.
3. Plastic function (another name for anabolic function), since carbohydrates are components of complex molecular structures.
4. The function of providing energy, since carbohydrates are an energy source for living organisms.
5. Storage function, since living organisms store carbohydrates in their tissues as nutrients.
6. Osmotic function, since carbohydrates are involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure inside a living organism (for example, blood contains from one hundred milligrams to one hundred and ten milligrams of glucose, and blood osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of this carbohydrate in the blood). Osmotic transport delivers nutrients to tall tree trunks, since capillary transport is inefficient in this case.
7. The function of receptors, since some carbohydrates are part of the receptive part of cell receptors (molecules on the cell surface or molecules that are dissolved in the cell cytoplasm). The receptor reacts in a special way to a connection with a certain chemical molecule, which transmits an external signal, and transmits this signal to the cell itself.

The biological role of cellulose is as follows:

1. Fiber is the main structural part of the cell membrane of plants. Formed as a result of photosynthesis. Plant cellulose is the food of herbivorous animals (for example, ruminants), in their body fiber is broken down by the enzyme cellulase. It is quite rare, therefore, in its pure form, cellulose is not used in human food.
2. Fiber in food gives a person a feeling of satiety and improves the mobility (peristalsis) of his intestines. Cellulose is capable of binding liquid (up to zero point four tenths of a gram of liquid per gram of cellulose). It is metabolized in the large intestine by bacteria. Fiber is welded without the participation of oxygen (there is only one anaerobic process in the body). The result of digestion is the formation of intestinal gases and flying fatty acids. Most of these acids are absorbed by the blood and used as energy for the body. And the amount of acids that are not absorbed, and intestinal gases increase the volume of feces and accelerate its entry into the rectum. Also, the energy of these acids is used to increase the amount of beneficial microflora in the large intestine and support its life there. When the amount of dietary fiber in food increases, the amount of beneficial intestinal bacteria increases and the synthesis of vitamin substances improves.
3. If you add thirty to forty-five grams of bran (containing fiber) made from wheat to food, then stool masses increase from seventy-nine grams to two hundred and twenty-eight grams per day, and the period of their movement is reduced from fifty-eight hours to forty hours. When fiber is added to food regularly, the stool becomes softer, which helps to prevent constipation and hemorrhoids.
4. When there is a lot of fiber in food (for example, bran), the body of both a healthy person and the body of a patient with type 1 diabetes becomes more resistant to glucose.
5. Fiber, like a brush, removes dirty deposits from the intestinal walls, absorbs toxic substances, takes cholesterol and removes all this from the body naturally. Doctors have come to the conclusion that people who eat rye bread and bran are less likely to suffer from rectal cancer.

Most fiber is found in bran from wheat and rye, in bread from coarsely ground flour, in bread from proteins and bran, in dry fruits, carrots, cereals, and beets.

Cellulose applications

People use cellulose already for a long time. First of all, wood material was used as fuel and boards for construction. Then cotton, linen and hemp fibers were used to make various fabrics. For the first time in industry, the chemical treatment of wood material began to be practiced due to the development of the production of paper products.

Currently, cellulose is used in various industrial fields. And it is for industrial needs that it is obtained mainly from wood raw materials. Cellulose is used in the production of pulp and paper products, in the production of various fabrics, in medicine, in the production of varnishes, in the manufacture of organic glass and in other industries.

Let's take a closer look at its application.

Acetate silk is obtained from cellulose and its ethers, non-natural fibers are made, a film of cellulose acetate that does not burn. Smokeless gunpowder is made from pyroxylin. Cellulose is used to make a dense medical film (collodion) and celluloid (plastic) for toys, film and photographic film. They make threads, ropes, cotton wool, various types of cardboard, building material for shipbuilding and building houses. They also receive glucose (for medical purposes) and ethyl sports. Cellulose is used both as a raw material and as a substance for chemical processing.

A lot of glucose is needed to make paper. The paper is a thin fibrous layer of cellulose that has been sized and pressed on special equipment to obtain a thin, dense, smooth surface of the paper product (the ink should not spread over it). At first, only vegetable material was used to create paper, from which the necessary fibers were isolated mechanically (rice stalks, cotton, rags).

But typography developed at a very rapid pace, newspapers also began to be produced, so the paper produced in this way was not enough. People found out that there is a lot of fiber in wood, so milled wood raw materials began to be added to the plant mass from which paper was made. But this paper was quickly torn and turned yellow in a very short time, especially when exposed to light for a long time.

Therefore, various methods of treating wood material with chemicals began to be developed, which make it possible to isolate cellulose purified from various impurities from it.

To obtain cellulose, chips are boiled in a solution of reagents (acid or alkali) for a long time, then the resulting liquid is purified. This is how pure cellulose is produced.

Sulfurous acid is an acid reagent, it is used for the production of cellulose from wood with a small amount of resin.

Alkaline reagents include:

1. soda reagents ensure the production of cellulose from hardwoods and annuals (such cellulose is quite expensive);
2. sulfate reagents, of which sodium sulfate is the most common (the basis for the production of white liquor, and it is already used as a reagent for the manufacture of cellulose from any plants).

After all the production stages, the paper goes to the manufacture of packaging, books and stationery products.

From all of the above, we can conclude that cellulose (fiber) has an important cleansing and healing value for the human intestines, and is also used in many areas of industry.

Fiber or dietary fiber, according to nutritionists, should be present daily in the human diet. It is found only in plant foods. But man stubbornly strives to replace vegetable food with food of animal origin.

Dietary fibers do not represent energy value, but they contain a lot of necessary substances that are of great benefit to the body. What is fiber, its importance, benefits and harms, today in our article.

It is believed that in order to ensure a normal and healthy existence, a person needs to build his diet in such a way that 80% of plant food and 20% of animal food are present in it.

And the lack of plant foods gives rise to dangerous diseases of the heart, blood vessels, metabolism and even oncology in the body.

In life, it turns out for many people the opposite is true. Scientists note that even in the most developed countries, to whom we are accustomed to equal, for example, in France, there is a noticeable decrease in the use of plant fibers. The consumption rate is considered to be 40 g per day, and in France it has already dropped to 20 g.

And this happens not only because people prefer to eat more meat, but also because the market offers us refined plant foods that are devoid of dietary fiber.

What is fiber

From a scientific point of view, vegetable fiber refers to polysaccharides that look like a long chain of monosaccharides of one type, more often complex carbohydrates. This is nothing more than food fibers that make up the membranes of plant cells.

These macronutrients are difficult to process in the human body and therefore are excreted from the body quickly and almost unchanged. Therefore, there is a comparison in the literature of plant fibers with a brush, which, moving along the labyrinths of the intestine, cleans out all the old and old deposits of food residues from all the spaces between the villi.

Which decompose, release poison and toxins, and those, in turn, enter the bloodstream and are carried to all organs, which is not safe for humans. Watch the video about the magical benefits of fiber:

Dietary fiber refers to roughage, but it is precisely such food that the human gastrointestinal tract needs. And even if these macronutrients do not provide energy to the body, like vitamins and minerals, they fulfill their necessary and important role.

Types of fiber

Dietary fiber has a complex qualification in various ways, I will not fully describe it, but only briefly list it for a general idea.

Macronutrients of plant origin have differences from each other:

• In the chemical structure , two directions are distinguished here, which include lignin (these are non-carbohydrate fibers) and polysaccharides (gums and pectins, hemicellulose and cellulose ..);
• In cleaning methods (peeled and unpeeled);
• By raw material origin . Responding to important question, which contains fiber, the sources are divided into two groups. One includes dietary fibers obtained in an unconventional way, using the stems of herbaceous plants, cereals, reeds, and even fibers from deciduous and coniferous trees. And in the other group - all vegetable and cereal crops related to the traditional origin;
• According to fiber solubility , since macronutrients are soluble, such as (mucus and gums, derivatives and pectin). And insoluble ones such as (lignin and cellulose);
• According to the degree of processing in the intestine . Some macronutrients are completely fermented (gums and pectin, hemicellulose and mucus). Others are completely too tough for microorganisms and their enzymes and they leave the body unchanged (lignin). And still others, only partially processed, are: hemicellulose and cellulose.

Main types of dietary fiber

I would like to note only the main types of macronutrients of dietary fiber. These include:

Lignins, these are macroelements of the lignified walls of plant cells, which set the strength structure of cell membranes. There are many lignins in tree species, in deciduous they contain up to 24%, in conifers - up to 30%. But this does not mean that they are absent in vegetables and herbs.

Their content is noted in cereals, radishes, radishes, beets, peas and eggplants. Moreover, the longer the vegetables lie, the higher the concentration of lignins in them becomes. As noted above, they are not processed at all in the intestines and, moving along, they take other substances with them, reducing their absorption and digestibility, due to the rapid passage through the intestines.

This property of lignins is taken into service by people who want to lose weight quickly. In addition, lignins lower cholesterol levels and help cleanse the intestines.

Polysaccharide group

This group includes starch (glycogen and starch), and structural polysaccharides or non-starch:

It's cellulose which is the building material of plants. It is insoluble in water and hydrolyzes into glucose. In nature, it seems to be a fairly common macronutrient. It appears in all plants, most of all in the shells of grains, the peel of fruits and vegetables, the skin of berries and fruits.

Cellulose digestion occurs only in the digestive tract of ruminants. due to the content of a special group of microorganisms that can break down cellulose to glucose. A person cannot process this macronutrient.

Hemicellulose like cellulose, it absorbs a large amount of water and at the same time increases in volume. They create a feeling of rapid filling of the stomach and satiety, in the large intestine, with their volume, they push all the contents “to the exit”, thereby favoring the rapid release of the intestines.

pectins, being a structural macroelement, they are involved in maintaining the pressure of plants. Their content is noted in all plants of a higher order and in some algae living in the sea. Thanks to pectins, fruits and vegetables retain their freshness for a long time during storage.

Pectins are also not absorbed by the human body, they reduce the absorption of fats and sugar, being an excellent sorbent, they capture cholesterol, waste and toxins from the intestines and remove them. Pectins are very useful in intestinal dysbacteriosis. Large quantities are found in apples, citrus fruits, beets, pumpkins.

The macronutrients described above ensure the health of the intestines, its normal functioning and the timely release of feces.

The benefits and harms of fiber for the human body

Studies show that roughage not only makes a person healthy, but also increases his life expectancy. Macroelements of plant foods heal the intestinal flora, increase the number of beneficial bacteria.

What are the benefits of fiber

Dietary fiber is a component that cannot even be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Despite this, its importance for maintaining and restoring health is fundamental.

A diet rich in plant-based macronutrients can relieve headaches, for example, and reduce the frequency of taking anti-inflammatory drugs. Such dietary prophylaxis is relevant for kidney stones, prevents or significantly reduces their movement during colic in the kidneys, and successfully competes with drugs with a similar effect.

By changing your eating habits in favor of healthy foods, you can significantly improve your health.

Healthy gut microflora

There is no secret that with improper nutrition, the intestinal microflora suffers first of all. And the work of all internal organs depends on this. A lot of different bacteria live inside the intestines, many of which form a symbiosis with the body.

A special role is given to prebiotics. Plant foods in the large intestine selectively stimulate the growth and activity of probiotic strains of microorganisms that have a beneficial effect on the human body.

The most commonly used prebiotics are soluble fiber fractions. Foods with a high content of them form a favorable balance of intestinal microflora in such a way that bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium prevail in relation to others.

Lowering blood cholesterol levels

Separate water-soluble fiber fractions, i.e. pectin and water, effectively reduce the absorption and circulation of hepato-intestinal bile acids by mechanically linking them. And cholesterol, as you know, being the basis of bile acids, can be absorbed along with other substances and return to the liver again.

Soluble fibers interfere with this process by binding cholesterol. They contribute to its excretion along with feces, and the liver will be forced to restore its correct level, eliminating bad cholesterol. These are the great benefits and great importance one component of food, has a health impact.

Restoration of bowel function

One of the most common health problems modern man are constipation. They arise primarily as a result of an improper diet, with a limited fiber content. Most people, not understanding the relationship between nutrition and health, look for solutions to their problems in pharmacies, for example, as herbal laxatives.

Unfortunately, patients, without changing their eating habits, after the next course of cleansing the stomach with herbal teas, as a result, seek the help of a doctor who will prescribe a diet rich in plant fibers for constipation.

Dietary fiber is the most important element of fruit and vegetable diets, a mixture of chemical compounds of plant origin, with a very rich chemical composition, which is a simple model for the rational nutrition of healthy people.

The composition of nutrients in the daily diet should contain dietary fiber up to 40-60 grams. This is necessary so that the fibers can perform their functions and additionally eliminate the problem of constipation, it is also necessary to increase the volume of liquid in the diet to 2-2.5 liters by drinking the first glass, preferably warm, boiled water on an empty stomach.

Benefits for weight loss

Their intake in the body in a natural form - in food, will give effective results in reducing body weight. Products require intensive chewing, a long stay in the stomach, where they swell and provide a quick and long-lasting feeling of satiety.

In addition, as a result of slow digestion and absorption, there is no sharp increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood serum, despite the fact that it is found in large quantities in fruits and vegetables.

After eating plant foods, there is no rapid feeling of hunger that is characteristic of foods high in sugar (for example, sweet carbonated drinks).

Strengthening immunity

The universal benefits of using dietary fiber in food also include strengthening the immune system. Most often, herbal medicines or nutritional supplements are used for this, the composition of which is based on the extract or juice of Echinacea purpurea, aqueous extracts of aloe, onion, garlic.

The influence of a plant-based diet on the immunity of the human body occurs by stimulating the development of microorganisms naturally living in the gastrointestinal tract.

Their presence is necessary for the proper functioning of the lymphoid tissue associated with the intestinal mucosa and the direct stimulation of the entire immune system. Maintaining the immune homeostasis of the human body with the help of a properly functioning intestinal microflora is based on the regulation of the level of Treg, 17 lymphocytes and the ratio of Th1/Th2 lymphocytes, as well as the maintenance and protection of the intestinal barrier, the production of antibodies.

In addition, these bacteria reduce the acidity of feces and the development of harmful bacteria, protect the body from infections and pathogenic microorganisms.

The composition of the microflora that exists in the human gastrointestinal tract, as well as its beneficial effect on the immune system, is closely dependent on the way of nutrition. The correct functionality of the intestinal microflora can only be maintained if the nutrients needed by the beneficial intestinal bacteria are provided with food.

Such food for them is plant food. In turn, a diet rich in simple sugars will contribute to the dominance of pathogenic microorganisms, fungi in the intestinal microflora.

Prevention of bowel cancer

The lack of dietary fiber in food, according to Italian scientists, is an important and main reason that causes obesity in people and provokes the development of cancer.

Therefore, it is so important to try to replace animal foods with plant foods.

And from among plant foods, give preference to unprocessed food, coarse grinding, as for cereals, try to buy unrefined oils and flour products made from unrefined flour. Because refined plant foods simply lack fiber.

Are there any contraindications and harm in the use of fiber

After listing so many useful properties, and it is difficult to imagine that dietary fiber can be harmful to health or have any contraindications. The only harmful factor of macronutrients of plant origin is the high absorption of water, which, if not known, can lead to dehydration.

But this is not such an important argument to refuse plant foods. To benefit and not harm the body, you just need to take care and drink water more often so as not to provoke intestinal obstruction.

Dietary fiber can cause gas formation and bloating, so taking it is contraindicated in case of exacerbation of gastric ulcer and enterocolitis. It is not recommended to include in food, suffering from diarrhea, flatulence, allergic disease. People with these diseases will benefit more from probiotics.

How to take fiber

When buying fiber from different manufacturers, you should pay attention to the instructions for use, they differ from each other .. But there are general features that you can always follow.

Compliance with the reception time. Dietary fiber is taken before meals, 20-30 minutes before meals.

Dosage compliance . Reception begins with a small amount of vegetable macronutrients, for example, not a full tablespoon, several times a day. And gradually bring the amount of reception to the specified in the instructions.

It can be diluted in soup or porridge, added to juice or included in pastries. Dosages are determined based on the age of the people. Under the age of 50, men can eat up to 38 g of dietary fiber per day, women - up to 25 g.

After the age of 50, for women, the dosages are reduced to 20 g, and for men - up to 30 g. But it is necessary to gradually accustom the body to this dosage.

Compliance with the drinking regime. Nutritionists advise to drink up to 250 ml of liquid per 2.5-3 tablespoons. Instead of water, the use of juice or dairy products is allowed.

Compliance with these features is a prerequisite, since excessive consumption can be harmful to health, and besides this, there are contraindications.

As noted above, a person does not eat the specified amount of dietary fiber, so experts recommend not only leaning on fiber-rich foods, but trying to take biological supplements designed specifically for this purpose.

Cellulose is a derivative of two natural substances: wood and cotton. In plants, it performs an important function, giving them flexibility and strength.

Where is the substance found?

Cellulose is a natural substance. Plants are able to produce it on their own. The composition contains: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon.

Plants produce sugar under the influence of sunlight, it is processed by cells and enables the fibers to withstand high loads from the wind. Cellulose is a substance involved in the process of photosynthesis. If sugar water is sprinkled on a cut of a fresh tree, the liquid is quickly absorbed.

The production of cellulose begins. This natural method of obtaining it is taken as the basis for the production of cotton fabric on an industrial scale. There are several methods by which pulp of various qualities is obtained.

Manufacturing Method #1

Cellulose is obtained naturally from cotton seeds. The hairs are collected by automated mechanisms, but a long growing period is required for the plant. Fabric produced in this way is considered the purest.

More quickly, cellulose can be obtained from wood fibers. However, the quality is much worse with this method. This material is suitable only for the manufacture of non-fiber plastic, cellophane. Also, artificial fibers can be produced from such material.

natural receiving

The production of cellulose from cotton seeds begins with the separation of long fibers. This material is used to make cotton fabric. Small parts, less than 1.5 cm, are called

They are suitable for the production of cellulose. The assembled parts are subjected to high pressure heating. The duration of the process can be up to 6 hours. Before starting to heat the material, sodium hydroxide is added to it.

The resulting substance must be washed. For this, chlorine is used, which also bleaches. The composition of cellulose with this method is the purest (99%).

Manufacturing method No. 2 from wood

To obtain 80-97% of cellulose, coniferous wood chips and chemicals are used. The whole mass is mixed and subjected to temperature treatment. As a result of cooking, the required substance is released.

Calcium bisulfite, sulfur dioxide and wood pulp are mixed. Cellulose in the resulting mixture is not more than 50%. As a result of the reaction, hydrocarbons and lignins dissolve in the liquid. The solid material goes through a purification stage.

Get a mass resembling low-quality paper. This material serves as the basis for the manufacture of substances:

• Efirov.
• cellophane.
• Viscose fiber.

What is produced from valuable material?

Fibrous, which allows you to make clothes from it. Cotton material is a 99.8% natural product obtained by the natural method above. It can also be used to make explosives. chemical reaction. Cellulose is active when acids are applied to it.

The properties of cellulose are applicable to the production of fabrics. So, artificial fibers are made from it, resembling natural fabrics in appearance and to the touch:

• viscose and;
• artificial fur;
• copper-ammonia silk.

Mostly from wood pulp are made:

• varnishes;
• photographic film;
• paper products;
• plastics;
• sponges for washing dishes;
• smokeless powder.

As a result of a chemical reaction, cellulose is obtained:

• trinitrocellulose;
• dinitrocellulose;
• glucose;
• liquid fuel.

Cellulose can also be used in food. Some plants (celery, lettuce, bran) contain its fibers. It also serves as a material for the production of starch. We have already learned how to make thin threads from it - an artificial web is very durable and does not stretch.

The chemical formula of cellulose is C6H10O5. It is a polysaccharide. It is made from:

• medical cotton;
• bandages;
• tampons;
• cardboard, chipboard;
• food additive E460.

Advantages of the substance

Cellulose is able to withstand high temperatures up to 200 degrees. The molecules do not break down, which makes it possible to make reusable plastic dishes from it. At the same time, an important quality is preserved - elasticity.

Cellulose withstands prolonged exposure to acids. Absolutely insoluble in water. Not digested human body, is used as a sorbent.

Microcrystalline cellulose is used in alternative medicine as a digestive cleanser. The powdered substance acts as a food additive to reduce the calorie content of the meals consumed. This contributes to the removal of toxins, lowering sugar and cholesterol in the blood.

Manufacturing method No. 3 - industrial

On production sites, pulp is prepared by cooking in various environments. The material used depends on the type of reagent - the type of wood:

• Resinous rocks.
• Deciduous trees.
• Plants.

There are several types of reagents for cooking:

• Otherwise, the method is referred to as sulfite. As a solution, a salt of sulfurous acid or its liquid mixture is used. With this production option, cellulose is isolated from coniferous species. Fir and spruce are well processed.
• The alkaline medium or soda method is based on the use of sodium hydroxide. The solution well separates cellulose from the fibers of plants (corn stalks) and trees (mainly deciduous).
• The simultaneous use of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide is used in the sulfate method. It is widely introduced into the production of white liquor sulfide. The technology is quite negative for the environment due to the formation of third-party chemical reactions.

The last method is the most common because of its versatility: pulp can be obtained from almost any tree. However, the purity of the material is not quite high after one boil. Impurities are removed by additional reactions:

• hemicelluloses are removed with alkaline solutions;
• lignin macromolecules and products of their destruction are removed with chlorine followed by treatment with alkali.

The nutritional value

Starch and cellulose have a similar structure. As a result of the experiments, it was possible to obtain a product from inedible fibers. He needs a person constantly. The food consumed consists of more than 20% starch.

Scientists managed to obtain amylose from cellulose, which has a positive effect on the state of the human body. At the same time, glucose is released during the reaction. It turns out waste-free production - the last substance is sent for the manufacture of ethanol. Amylose also serves as a means of preventing obesity.

As a result of the reaction, cellulose remains in a solid state, settling to the bottom of the vessel. The remaining components are removed using magnetic nanoparticles or dissolved and removed with the liquid.

Substance types on sale

Suppliers offer pulp of different quality at reasonable prices. We list the main types of material:

• Cellulose sulfate white, produced from two types of wood: coniferous and hardwood. There is unbleached material used in packaging material, poor quality paper for insulating materials and other uses.
• Sulfite is also commercially available in white, made from coniferous trees.
• White powder material is suitable for the production of medical substances.
• Premium grade cellulose is produced by bleaching without the participation of chlorine. Conifers are taken as raw materials. The wood pulp consists of a combination of spruce and pine chips in a ratio of 20/80%. The purity of the resulting material is the highest. It is suitable for the manufacture of sterile materials used in medicine.

To select the appropriate pulp, standard criteria are used: material purity, tensile strength, fiber length, tear resistance index. The chemical state or aggressiveness of the aqueous extract medium and humidity are also quantitatively indicated. For pulp supplied in the form of bleached pulp, other indicators are applicable: specific volume, brightness, grind size, tensile strength, purity.

An important indicator for the mass of cellulose is the tear resistance index. The purpose of the materials produced depends on it. Take into account used as a raw material, and humidity. The level of resins and fats is also important. Powder uniformity is important for certain process applications. For similar purposes, the toughness and bursting strength of a sheet material is evaluated.

Cellulose (fiber) is a plant polysaccharide, which is the most common organic matter on the ground.

This biopolymer has high mechanical strength and acts as a supporting material for plants, forming the wall of plant cells. It is used in the production of paper, artificial fibers, films, plastics, paints and varnishes, smokeless powder, explosives, solid rocket fuel, to obtain hydrolytic alcohol, etc.
A large amount of cellulose is found in wood tissues (40-55%), in flax fibers (60-85%) and cotton (95-98%).

Cellulose chains are built from β-glucose residues and have a linear structure.

Figure 9

The molecular weight of cellulose is from 400,000 to 2 million.

Figure 10

· Cellulose belongs to the most rigid-chain polymers, in which the flexibility of macromolecules is practically not manifested. The flexibility of macromolecules is their ability to reversibly (without breaking chemical bonds) to change its shape.

Chemical composition, which is different from cellulose, have chitin and chitosan, but they are close to it in structure. The difference lies in the fact that at the second carbon atom of α-D-glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-lycosidic bonds, the OH group is replaced by the –NHCH 3 COO groups in chitin and the –NH 2 group in chitosan.

Cellulose is found in the bark and wood of trees, plant stems: cotton contains more than 90% cellulose, coniferous trees - over 60%, deciduous - about 40%. The strength of cellulose fibers is due to the fact that they are formed by single crystals in which macromolecules are packed parallel to one another. Cellulose is the structural basis of representatives of not only the plant world, but also some bacteria.

From a chemical point of view, chitin is a poly( N-acetoglucosamine). Here is its structure:

Figure 11

In the animal kingdom, polysaccharides are "used" only by insects and arthropods as supporting, structure-forming polymers. Most often, chitin is used for these purposes, which serves to build the so-called external skeleton in crabs, crayfish, and shrimp. From chitin by deacetylation, chitosan is obtained, which, unlike insoluble chitin, is soluble in aqueous solutions formic, acetic and hydrochloric acid. In this regard, and also due to a complex of valuable properties combined with biocompatibility, chitosan has great prospects for a wide range of applications. practical application soon.

Starch is one of the polysaccharides that act as a reserve nutrient in plants. Tubers, fruits, seeds contain up to 70% starch. The stored polysaccharide of animals is glycogen, which is found mainly in the liver and muscles.

The function of a stored nutrient product is performed by inulin, which is found in asparagus and artichokes, which gives them a specific taste. Its monomer units are five-membered, since fructose belongs to ketoses, but in general this polymer is built in the same way as glucose polymers.

lignin(from lat. lignum- tree, wood) - a substance that characterizes the stiff walls of plant cells. A complex polymeric compound found in the cells of vascular plants and some algae.

lignin molecule

Figure 12

The stiffened cell membranes have an ultrastructure that can be compared with the structure of reinforced concrete: cellulose microfibrils correspond in their properties to reinforcement, and lignin, which has high compressive strength, to concrete. The lignin molecule consists of products of polymerization of aromatic alcohols; the main monomer is coniferyl alcohol.

Hardwood wood contains up to 20% lignin, coniferous - up to 30%. Lignin is a valuable chemical raw material used in many industries.

The strength of the trunks and stems of plants, in addition to the skeleton of cellulose fibers, is determined by the connective plant tissue. A significant part of it in trees is lignin - up to 30%. Its structure has not been precisely established. It is known to be a relatively low molecular weight ( M ~ 10 4) a hyperbranched polymer formed mainly from phenol residues substituted in the ortho-position by -OCH3 groups, in the para-position by -CH=CH-CH 2 OH groups. Currently, a huge amount of lignins has been accumulated as waste from the cellulose hydrolysis industry, but the problem of their disposal has not been solved. The supporting elements of plant tissue include pectin substances and, in particular, pectin, which is located mainly in the cell walls. Its content in the peel of apples and the white part of the peel of citrus fruits reaches 30%. Pectin refers to heteropolysaccharides, that is, copolymers. Its macromolecules are mainly built from residues of D-galacturonic acid and its methyl ester linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Figure 13

Of the pentoses, polymers of arabinose and xylose are important, which form polysaccharides called arabins and xylans. They, along with cellulose, determine the typical properties of wood.

The pectin mentioned above refers to heteropolysaccharides. In addition to it, heteropolysaccharides that are part of the animal body are known. Hyaluronic acid is part of the vitreous body of the eye, as well as the fluid that provides gliding in the joints (it is located in the articular bags). Another important animal polysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate, is found in tissue and cartilage. Both polysaccharides often form complex complexes with proteins and lipids in animals.