Sources of geographic information. List of literature on geography. Maps, atlas. Lesson Introduction. Sources of geographic information Explain methods and ways of obtaining geographic information

Important in conducting research and writing a research paper is the volume and quality of public geographic information, which is "a body of knowledge and a data system that reflects the features and patterns of the territorial organization of society, the functioning and development of TPS".

Among the main requirements that can be presented to socio-geographical information are:

- modernity, i.e. it must correspond to the time interval of the study. However, this condition may not be met when conducting a retrospective analysis of the development of the object of study;

– targeting, i.e. information should be tied not only to time, but also to a certain territory. In the study of a real object (process or phenomenon) in the spatial aspect, the geographical individuality of the study is realized;

- the dynamism of information means its constant change, movement in time and space. The evolutionary development of the object of study is determined by the complication of its structure, the attraction of new functional properties, and the increase in the number of factors in its development. This information should not escape the geographer's field of vision;

- compliance of the information received with the research topic, and, consequently, with the goal. Its relevance and timeliness are of great importance;

– objectivity (reliability) of information ensures the reliability of the findings and recommendations proposed for implementation;

– verifiability. Part of the published socio-geographical information may be questioned in its reliability (correctness), therefore, it is necessary to take a critical approach to the choice of information sources and verify (clarify, verify) the data obtained through other sources. A researcher should be especially selective in approaching materials published on the Internet.

Given the vastness of socio-geographic research, a significant amount of information resources can serve as a source of necessary information, including:

– scientific and literary sources, including scientific and popular science publications, monographs, textbooks and teaching aids, ongoing periodicals and collections of scientific papers, dissertations for scientific degrees, encyclopedic dictionaries etc.;

– legal sources, including any legal acts of international, state, regional and local significance;

- cartographic or graphic information representing complex processes in a simplified form for perception;

– results of independent field (field) research and observations;

- statistical sources containing data on the course of a particular process, the "behavior" of the object of study;

– archival and stock materials;

– electronic sources;

– results of sociological research;

– data from monitoring studies.

None of the above sources can become "self-sufficient" for conducting socio-geographical research. In the process of work, a set of theoretical and applied developments (research) of previous researchers is used, as well as data obtained independently in the course of field work, sociological surveys, the collection of statistical information, work in archives, etc.

At the same time, information cannot simply be entered into the work. It must be analyzed, verified and interpreted in relation to this study. To perform these operations, a student (undergraduate) must use the time allotted for production and research practices. The extended goal of conducting an internship is to formulate and solve one's own research problem, to develop skills in applying knowledge in the field of economic, social and political geography to solve applied problems. That is why the internship should have a clearly defined goal and objectives corresponding to the topic of the selected original scientific research in each course of study.

During the period of internships, students (undergraduates) collect and process primary information - statistical data, cartographic materials, graph-analytical constructions, historical and geographical information, sociological information, develop an original research methodology and determine a set of indicators for the purpose of a deeper and more comprehensive study of the object and subject of observation etc. The main places of accumulation and storage of geographic information are libraries, scientific institutions, archives, the territorial department of the Federal Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, regional and municipal authorities, the employment center, various organizations and departments.

The theoretical substantiation of the conducted researches can be obtained by a student (undergraduate) from printed sources of geographical information, which are quite diverse both in content and in scope. Particular attention should be paid to monographs both in social geography and in related disciplines: physical geography, economics, sociology, political science, resource science, ecology, cultural studies, tourism research, etc. Conceptual ideas, important theoretical provisions and practical (applied) data are contained in other sources, including collections of scientific papers, materials of conferences of various levels, scientific reports, etc. The electronic catalog of printed publications that make up the scientific library of Perm National Research University is available free of charge on the website www.library.perm.ru. Here you can also get acquainted with new arrivals, with scientific journals on foreign languages, go to the websites of the US Library of Congress, the Russian State Library (Moscow), the Russian National Library (St. Petersburg), the All-Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (Moscow), etc.

A special source of geographical information is the abstract journal "Geography". It contains abstracts of scientific publications in various areas of geographical science, secondary information materials (bibliographic descriptions, annotations, literature reviews) in conjunction with a reference and search apparatus. For its compilation, more than two thousand different sources, Russian and foreign, are used. Each issue includes approximately 1500 abstracts. Abstract journal "Geography" has been published annually since 1952 (12 issues per year).

Numbers for 1998 - 1999 and since 2009 they have been in the reading room of the Faculty of Geography, the rest - in the scientific and bibliographic department of the PSNIU library.

Another important literary source of geographical information are dissertations for degree candidate and doctor of sciences. The list of dissertations and the dissertations themselves in the specialty 25.00.24 (until 2005 - 11.00.02) - Economic, social and political geography, defended at our university, are stored in the periodical literature department of the PSNIU library. To work with them, it is necessary to draw up a letter certified by the head of the department where the student (undergraduate) is studying.

In any work, new scientific categories, concepts, terms fall into the field of view of a young researcher. In this case, a great help is a variety of scientific and bibliographic literature: dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries contained in textbooks and teaching aids. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to name the Great Russian Encyclopedia, the Great Geographical Dictionary, toponymic dictionaries, etc.

An important source of information is the most popular scientific geographic journals, collections of scientific papers periodically published by scientific and educational institutions. They publish innovative articles of a theoretical, methodological and applied nature. For many years, collections of scientific papers from Tartu, Perm, Tyumen and other universities have been published annually. World famous geographical journals: “Izvestiya RAN. Geographical Series (Moscow), Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society (St. Petersburg), Geography and Natural Resources (Irkutsk, journal of the Institute of Geography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Geography at School, USA and Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture”, “Japan”, “Asia and Africa Today” (published by the Institute of Asia and Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences), etc. No less popular are geographical journals published in the leading universities of the country: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Perm, Smolensk, Bashkir, Udmurt and others.

Important information is contained in periodicals on related sciences: economics, sociology, political science, ecology: "World Economy and International Relations" (published by MGIMO (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), "Russian Economic Journal", "Bulletin of Economics", "Polis" ( "Political Research"), "Sotsis" ("Sociological Research"), "Expert" and others. 2.1.

With the support of federal ministries and departments, journals are published on individual sectors of the economy: Oil, Gas and Business, Coal, Automotive Industry, etc. In them, a researcher can get information about the latest technical and technological developments of domestic and foreign scientists. It also contains some data on production, consumption, cost, export-import of goods and services.

When writing papers on regional studies, the magazines GEO, Vokrug Sveta, National Geographic Russia, Tourism, Picturesque Russia, etc., can provide assistance, containing a large amount of popular science information on individual regions of Russia and the world. .

It is important to note that the latest issue of most journals lists all materials published during the calendar year. Some of these journals are located in the reading room of the Faculty of Geography of Perm State National Research University.

Another type of periodical press - newspapers - can also include information of interest to the geographer - the so-called current information. Particularly noteworthy in this regard is the newspaper Geography, which is a methodological publication for teachers of geography, ecology and natural history (published since 1992). Rossiyskaya Gazeta stands out among the central newspapers - the official printed publication of the Kremlin (Government of the Russian Federation). It reflects the events of both domestic and international life. Quite informative are the special editions of the newspaper dedicated to certain regions, countries or types of economic activity. When conducting geographic research at the micro, topo and nano levels, local newspapers published by municipal authorities can be of great importance. They cover the entire spectrum of life activities of the population in a clearly localized territory, and in this respect they are indispensable.

A specific type of information is regulatory and legislative documents, including:

– international legal acts (Convention on Human Rights, Kyoto Protocol, UN Maritime Convention, Antarctica Treaty, etc.);

- The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitutions and charters of the regions - subjects of the Russian Federation; constitutions of specific countries;

– interstate pacts;

– declarations, federal treaty;

– codes, federal laws, laws of subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities;

- acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

– annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly;

- acts, laws, resolutions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation;

- acts of representative and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government;

- charters of municipalities, etc.

Students and undergraduates can familiarize themselves with all the listed types of regulatory documents using the ConsultantPlus program, which is available in the reading room, computer class of the Faculty of Geography and in the departments.

The importance of using legislative and legal literature in socio-geographical research is explained by the need to establish a legal framework for scientific research, to determine the official status of a real-life object, an official assessment of a particular process. Socio-geographical research is based on legal regulations and follow them. However, research results can serve an important factor making changes (additions), improving, improving the standards and their implementation in practice in the national, regional or municipal development.

In addition to literary sources, cartographic and graphic materials acquire great importance in research work on economic and social geography.

The latter, in a concise, easy-to-read form, can contain a large amount of geographic information.

The advantage of cartographic material over text is that the map is a visual (generalized) model of the territory. It is concise and informative. The map displays links between geographical objects, phenomena, processes in dynamics or statics. Textual information cannot give the researcher more than what is written in it. A map, on the other hand, can illustrate causal relationships and territorial differences. Cartographic materials allow the most complete diagnosis of social, environmental, economic, planning, service, political, environmental phenomena and processes. This information is used in the process of visual and measuring analysis of maps, decoding and removal of information data. That is why such materials are usually included in literary sources. However, some maps or charts that have thematic homogeneity may be published in the form of atlases or thematic collections. For example, “National Atlas of Russia” (vols. 1–3), “Socio-economic geography of the world” (author: V.N. Kholina, A.S. Naumov, I.A. Rodionova. M., 2006), "Regions of Russia" (author: A.L. Chepalyga, I.V. Chepalyga. M., 2006).

A large number of anamorphosis maps, which clearly show the disproportions of world development, are placed on the website www.worldmapper.org in free access (in English).

Graphic materials also carry important information reflecting the statics and dynamics of socio-economic processes. Graphs and diagrams provide a visual representation of the state and trends in the functioning of territorial systems and can be considered as sources for diagnosing and predicting their future development.

Cartographic and graphic materials can serve as a starting point for research, an impulse for scientific research. Having in its methodological research arsenal the necessary approaches and methods, information resources and general knowledge about the course of the process or the nature of the phenomenon, a specialist in the field of socio-economic geography is able to correctly assess and identify development trends, to see the prospective state of the object. The result of these studies may also be a map or a series of maps with a detailed decoding of the encoded information.

Conducting research work is impossible without the use of statistical data characterizing the quantitative patterns of life of territorial communities of people in all their diversity (economic, social, political, spiritual, cultural development, natural environment) in close connection with their qualitative content.

Global studies make extensive use of international statistics published by the United Nations and its specialized organizations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Resources Institute, the World Trade Organization, Eurostat, etc. Among the annual collections it is necessary to mention the Human Development Report, published by the UN Development Program, the State of World Population (published by the UN Population Fund), the World Development Report", "World Development Indicators", "Economic and Social Survey" (World Bank), "Report on the World Social Situation" (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development), "World Resources" (World Resources Institute), "State of Food and Agriculture” (FAO) and others. These and other reports are available free of charge on the UN website (Russian version) - http://www.un.org/russian/esa/surveys.htm.

A large amount of statistical information, updated annually on more than 100 indicators, is contained on the official website of the US CIA - www.cia.gov in the "Factbook" section (in English). The classification of countries according to the level of socio-economic development is annually posted on the website of the International Monetary Fund - www.imf.org in the "World Economic Outlook" section. The financial indicators of the development of the countries of the world are reflected on the website of the World Bank (www.worldbank.org) in the annual reports of Global Development Finance. Statistical data on international trade relations are updated annually on the website of the World Trade Organization (www.wto.org) in the "Resources" section.

Among the Russian research institutes that are engaged in the study of international issues and publish some statistical data, it is necessary to name the scientific organizations that are part of the Russian Academy of Sciences: the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, the Institute of the USA and Canada, the Institute of Europe, the Institute of Latin America, the Institute Far East, Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population, Council for the Study of Productive Forces (SOPS), etc.

When studying the processes of development and territorial organization of the Russian Federation and its regions, information from statistical collections is widely used: "Russian Statistical Yearbook", "Regions of Russia", "Russia in Figures" (issued annually), "The Socio-Economic Situation of Russia" (issued monthly, in the country as a whole and in individual federal districts), etc.

Industry statistical information published by the Federal Service state statistics RF (information site - www.gks.ru), contained in the collections "Transport in Russia", "Tourism in Russia", "Health in Russia", "Small business in Russia", etc.

Geographical studies of the population, geodemographic situation, settlement systems, conditions and living standards of people are usually based on statistical information contained in reports published after the All-Russian population censuses (VPN website 2002 - www.perepis2002.ru, VPN website 2010 - www .perepis-2010.ru), statistical collections such as "Demographic Yearbook of Russia", the electronic version of the journal "Population and Society" - "Demoscope-Weekly" (available on the Internet - www.demoscope.ru), etc.

The Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation also prepares collections concerning the relationship between Russia and its partners, for example: "Russia and the CIS countries", "Group of Eight in Figures", as well as collections on federal districts.

Regional studies use statistical data published in the annual statistical collections of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The territorial body of the Federal Statistics Service of the Russian Federation for the Perm Territory (information site - http://permstat.gks.ru) annually publishes the following statistical collections: "Statistical Yearbook Perm Territory”, “Economic and social situation of the Perm Territory”. In addition, collections of " Municipalities Perm region. Key socio-economic indicators”, “Industrial production of the Perm Territory” (published annually), “Perm Territory: socio-economic results” (published monthly), etc.

Statistical data on the state of the natural environment and measures aimed at maintaining a favorable ecological situation can be obtained from the annual reports “State and Protection of environment of the Perm Territory”, “State and Environmental Protection of the City of Perm” (available since 2000 on the website “Nature of the Perm Territory” – www.permecology.ru).

Statistical information of a sectoral nature is also contained in the annual reports on the activities of industrial and transport enterprises posted on the websites of companies.

When conducting microgeographic studies, statistical information can be obtained using field (empirical) studies. The most common are expeditionary studies, during which primary "field" observations and the collection of primary information about the processes of functioning of territorial systems take place. They are carried out in the study of the geography of the population, agricultural production, the construction industry, transport, the service sector, recreational systems, etc. To conduct such studies, the staff of the Department of Socio-Economic Geography developed a special methodology, which has not lost its significance in modern conditions. Statistical information in this case can be obtained directly from the enterprise, organization, local registry offices, house administrations, municipalities, or through self-observation.

The researcher can obtain subjective information during sociological surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. Sociological methods make it possible to obtain and analyze the opinion of respondents who are local residents (the so-called first-hand information). This is qualitative information, which, however, cannot be considered objective, because. depends on a large number of factors directly affecting it (primarily related to human individuality).

However, the data of opinion polls and questionnaires is an important source of information in recreational, tourist, medical, behavioral, social, and electoral geography. They are indispensable in research that cannot be measured quantitatively (for example, in studies of the way of life, the image of a territory, the way of life of peoples and ethnic groups, etc.), in the construction of cognitive and mental maps.

Questioning involves the presence of a ready-made questionnaire, which the respondents fill out on their own. Therefore, the formulated questions should be understandable to the population. At the same time, they should correspond to the topic of the study, and the answers should give full information about the phenomenon or process being studied. Therefore, the wording of the questions should be concise, extremely clear and convenient for coding data for the purpose of their analysis. You should also pay attention to the composition of the questionnaire and the layout of the questions. The sample of respondents should be representative, i.e. correspond to the population of the area, its sex and age, professional, educational composition.

Conducting an interview requires special training of the researcher, who should not impose his own opinion and express his opinions. At the same time, attention should be paid to the environment in which the conversation takes place, as well as to the state of the interlocutor. Interviews are often repeated in order to determine a change in the situation or position of the interlocutor.

It is important to note that some studies can be built on the comparison and opposition of quantitative (statistical) and qualitative (survey data) information. Such research is aimed at identifying inconsistencies between the real situation and the one described in official sources. In this case, the revealed facts themselves serve as a source of geographic information about the state and development of TOS or its individual structural elements.

Another source of empirical information is hiking and travel, during which one gets acquainted with different countries, regions, national heritage, etc.

Archival and stock materials serve as an indispensable source of historical and geographical information. In the archives, one can find information about the socio-economic, political-administrative, demographic, cultural state of a particular territory for a certain historical period.

The State Archives of the Perm Territory (SAAP, website www.archive.perm.ru) is a repository of more than 1 million various documents on paper, photo and electronic media related to the economy, social relations, demographic features of the development of the Perm Territory from the 18th century to the present. up to our time. GAPC stores cartographic and topographic materials. Data on the history, economy and life of the population of the region in the 20th century. can be obtained from the Perm State Archive of Recent History (PGANI, website www.permgani.ru). Work in the state archives is subject to certain rules, which you must familiarize yourself with before visiting the institution. The quantity and quality of information received depends on the correct execution of requests. Partial information about the documents stored in the archives is posted on the official web pages. More complete information can be obtained from thematic collections with a list of documents in the archives themselves. Work with documents, as a rule, is allowed only the next day after the request is made.

Fund materials are stored in archives, scientific institutions, as well as in the personal libraries of scientists, travelers, local historians, etc. These can be scientific reports, field diaries, dissertations, theses, manuscripts of research articles, etc.

Diploma works, final qualifying works of bachelors and master's theses, defended at the Department of Socio-Economic Geography since 2007, are issued for use by students (undergraduates) after a corresponding request. The use of this source of geographic information is advisable at the very beginning of the study in order to get acquainted with the existing developments in the research field, clearly define the spatio-temporal boundaries of independent scientific research, and clarify any other information. In this case, in the text of the research work, it is necessary to refer to the stock materials of the department.

New information opportunities are provided by the computerization of the research process, which became possible due to the development of information and communication technologies. The intellectualization of human labor, the transformation of information into an object of instant transmission, long-term storage and active practical use give rise to a demand for the creation of electronic sources of information.

Among the latter, the global information network Internet stands out, which makes it possible to obtain the necessary information in the shortest time period. Search engine engine (multi-language: Google, Yahoo!, Inktomi, AltaVista, Alltheweb, Bing, DuckDuckGo; Russian-language: Yandex, Mail.ru, Rambler, Aport, Nigma, Qip.ru, Guénon; English-language and international: AskJeeves, Teoma, MSN , TinEye, Ask.Com, MyWay, AOL, About.Com, EarthLink, etc.) provides the opening of a large number of pages of different posting times in different languages. The uniqueness of the search for information on the Internet is due to its immediacy, volume and specific focus. At the same time, it is important to take into account that obtaining the most accurate information about a phenomenon (object or process) is determined by the correct formulation of the search query. At the same time, it is necessary to remember about the shortcomings of Internet publications: one should beware of redundancy of information, its bias, and therefore it is necessary to select it, check it against official sources.

Among the many information possibilities of the Internet, it is necessary to name Internet encyclopedias, in which any of the users can be not only a reader, but also the creator of new articles. The unique multilingual universal online encyclopedia "Wikipedia" (www.ru.wikipedia.org) contains more than 450 thousand pages in Russian in all areas of knowledge (including other languages ​​- more than 13 million articles). Another popular electronic encyclopedia is Krugosvet (www.krugosvet.ru).

The Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius (BEKM) is the most authoritative multimedia encyclopedia in Russia, created with the participation of leading Russian scientists: academicians, doctors of sciences and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fundamentality, completeness of content, breadth of coverage and versatility of materials made BECM the leader of the domestic market of information and reference literature.

The multimedia format provides a fundamentally new level of material presentation: a combination of text, photographs, interactive tables, three-dimensional models, diagrams, audio and video clips makes encyclopedia articles visual, multidimensional and exciting.

The list of the most popular and useful sites in socio-geographical research is given in Appendix. 2.2.

Electronic sources of information are not limited to Internet publications. They can also include databases of geographic information systems (GIS), maps created with their help, electronic catalogs and atlases. The latter have gained popularity and widespread use in recent decades. GIS technologies make it possible to perform various manipulations with data, combine various indicators with each other and build corresponding maps. Electronic sources of geographic information are mobile. Among the popular electronic atlases, we will name the Social Atlas of Russian Regions, which contains extensive analytical information and cartographic materials on a wide range of socio-economic problems in Russia and its regions, various integral indices of social and economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation (developed by the Independent Institute for Social Policy, www.atlas .socpol.ru).

AT last years information from monitoring observations began to be widely used. In many regions there are constant monitoring of the environmental, social and political profile. Monitoring information is most often stored in regional geographic information systems. This information is characterized by dynamic properties, since collected regularly, processed and stored for a long time. The dynamic series of information makes it possible to get an idea of ​​the phenomenon under study not only for a certain date, but also for a long time period, and therefore, to identify development trends and predict future changes.

Modern sources of information significantly expand the possibilities of socio-geographic research and stimulate scientific research in all areas of science.

The combination of various geographic data makes it possible to expand the research problem, conduct complex surveys, most reliably diagnose the current geosituation in any territory and spread development trends in the near future. At the same time, a significant amount of available information confronts the researcher with the problem of responsibility for the choice of data used, and, consequently, the final results of scientific research. The solution to this problem can be found in the creation of national databases of geoinformation, the active use of geoinformation technologies and the increase in motivation for research work.

Earlier, during my school youth, I thought that only a textbook, a map and a geography teacher were geographical sources. But, with the development of technology and the desire to leave the Earth without "white spots", man has created many quick and easy ways to study the planet. Many sources of information tend to become outdated, and people need to take care of updating them.

Main geographic sources

Geography, as a single science for all mankind, also implies a standard set of sources:

• The map is the oldest source of geo-information.
• Experimental research - practical study of the planet by man through travel and expeditions.
• Geoinformatics - the use of high technologies (satellite images, creation of computer models).
• Museums and storages are a way to save and replenish the received geo-information and objects.

The trend in the development of computer technology involves a gradual departure from maps on material (paper) media due to their constant obsolescence. For example, a map of the Amazon basin can be safely thrown away after 50 years - it changes the relief of the territories through which it flows so quickly.

The Role of Geographic Sources

Their main role is to preserve and increase geographical knowledge, as well as to inform people about them. Science cannot do without the accumulation of sources that will allow people to use the acquired knowledge both economically (construction, mining) and for personal needs (travel organization). Oddly enough, we use sources of geo-information almost daily. The simplest example is a GPS navigator.

It is he who helps us find a street in a large city and build a route to it. Another frequently used source would be space weather satellites. If earlier, to find out the weather, we looked at the thermometer outside the window, but now we get this information from the Internet, where it comes from weather satellites, naturally, after it has been processed at the Hydrometeorological Center.

1 . Methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical information.

Geography is an ancient science that originated at the dawn of the development of human society. The first geographical representations were based on the simplest method, which is still used today, the method visual observations.

In the process of the development of geographical science, many types of observations have been formed: route and areal, continuous and periodic, stationary and remote, etc.

These methods allow you to obtain important information about geographic objects, their properties, changes under the influence of various factors.

The main language of geography, the source of geographical information were and still are geographical maps The role of maps and cartographic method in the knowledge of the world is difficult to overestimate.

The cartographic method makes it possible to study the patterns of spatial distribution and development of territorial complexes by compiling and using geographical maps.

The development of geography fundamentally changed the face of the map. The oldest table maps were replaced by images on skins, wood, and clay products. Then handwritten paper maps appeared, later printed engravings, and now electronic video images and their color copies. The emergence and development of electronic technology made it possible to create geoinformation systems.

Such systems use extensive statistical material, receive data from satellites and numerous weather stations. Geoinformation systems include databanks containing reports on the results of the work of many research teams.

In the 20th century, geography began to play an important role aerospace methods. They make it possible to explore and map the earth's surface with the help of aircraft or spacecraft. Aerospace methods include photographic, electronic, geophysical and visual methods.

A special method of geographical research is modeling, that is, the study of the development of geographical objects, processes and phenomena by creating their models. Modeling is divided into graphic, mathematical and machine.

When using all methods of geographical research important point is to apply the historical approach. Studying the past states of an object and comparing them with the current state allows us to explain its specific properties.

Conducting geographical research may also require a comparison of the state and properties of various geographical objects, identifying similarities and differences in the processes occurring in the geographical shell. The comparative approach makes it possible to classify processes and objects and to forecast their changes.

The main sources of geographic information for schoolchildren are geography textbooks, geographic atlases and maps, dictionaries, and encyclopedias. Additional information can be obtained using geographical descriptions contained in books, magazines, films and videos.

2. Scientists say that Antarctica is rich in minerals, but the natural features of this continent make it difficult to develop. What are these features? How does the level of development of science and technology affect the possibilities of using the wealth of Antarctica?

Antarctica is covered with a thick layer of continental glaciers. The average thickness of the ice sheet is 2 km. Most of Antarctica lies below sea level. Extremely severe climatic conditions: severe frosts, strong winds carrying hard snow, polar night and polar day. Ice shelves give birth to icebergs that are dangerous for ships. By international agreement, the minerals of Antarctica are not subject to exploitation. But the main wealth of Antarctica is the huge reserves of fresh water of excellent quality. There are projects to transport icebergs to the shores of arid Asian countries with the help of tugboats. It is assumed that the iceberg will be covered with a special film that prevents intensive melting and, despite the significant loss of the initial volume, the iceberg delivered to the site will melt for a whole year, giving fresh water.

3. Determine on the map the factors that influenced the location of ferrous metallurgy enterprises (at the choice of the teacher). Including the Vologda region.

When placing a metallurgical plant in Cherepovets, the following were taken into account:

1) position on the cargo flows of iron ore (from Karelia and the Murmansk region) and coking coal (from the Pechora basin)

2) proximity to the consumer - metal-intensive industries in St. Petersburg, Moscow, cities - centers of the automotive industry on the Volga

3) Convenient transport position: Railway, highway, Volga-Baltic waterway

4) the presence of a water source - the Rybinsk reservoir

5) skills of the population: production of pig iron from swamp iron ore (Ustyuzhna Zhelezopolskaya - residents of Ustyuzhna mined swamp ore and smelted iron from it)

Methods of geographical research - ways of obtaining geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) Cartographic method. The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of Russian economic geography - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. Map -; unique source of information! It gives an idea of ​​the relative position of objects, their size, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) Historical method. Everything on Earth develops historically. Nothing arises from scratch, therefore, for the knowledge of modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: ​​the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3) Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of ​​​​the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economic and mathematical. If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, birth rate, mortality and natural population growth, migration balance, resource provision, GDP per capita

5) The method of geographical zoning. The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods for studying geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical. Everything is subject to comparison: more or less, profitable or unprofitable, faster or slower. Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7) Method of field research and observations. Geography cannot be studied only sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material, which is the subject of study.

8) Method of remote observations. Modern aerial and space photography are great helpers in the study of geography, in creating geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature protection, in solving many problems of mankind.

9) Method of geographical modeling. The creation of geographic models is an important method for the study of geography. The simplest geographic model is the globe.

10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development. A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.

2. Scientists say that Antarctica is rich in minerals, but the natural features of this continent make it difficult to develop. What are these features? How does the level of development of science and technology affect the possibilities of using the wealth of Antarctica?

On the territory of Antarctica, according to scientists, there are huge deposits of many minerals. However, their extraction is hampered, first of all, by the huge ice shell, reaching 2.5-4.7 km thickness and the heaviest climatic conditions. Indeed, in the central regions of Antarctica, average temperatures drop below -60 ° C and the strongest winds in the world blow here (up to 80 m / s.). The ice sliding into the sea gradually moves many polar stations to the shores of Antarctica, so the stations periodically have to be moved deep into the mainland.

The development of aviation, technology, the emergence of special materials for equipment and human clothing that can withstand ultra-low temperatures help people in the exploration and development of the wealth of Antarctica.

3. Determine on the map the factors that influenced the location of ferrous metallurgy enterprises (at the choice of the teacher).

For ferrous metallurgy enterprises, the main placement factors are:

1) The raw material factor is the determining factor for most full-cycle metallurgical plants that consume a huge amount of raw materials and process fuel - coke, so most metallurgical plants were built either near iron ore deposits (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Stary Oskol), or near deposits coking coal (Novokuznetsk).

2) The consumer factor is typical for pig metallurgy, which uses scrap metal as raw materials (Moscow, Elektrostal, Vyksa, Kulebaki, Kolpino, Volgograd, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), as well as for the production of pipes (Moscow, Volzhsky, Almetyevsk) .

3) Only the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant has a transport location factor, which uses iron ores from the Kola-Karelsky region and KMA, coking coal from the Pechora and Donetsk basins, and sends finished products - steel and rolled products - to St. Petersburg, Moscow, other machine-building centers and export.

4) The environmental factor in our country was practically not taken into account in the construction of ferrous metallurgy enterprises, which adversely affects the environment and human health.

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An important component of the aircraft is aerospace information, data from aero-visual observations, ground-based sensors, etc. Such PS are called integrated. Their databases combine cartographic data with remote images of the Earth's surface, they have blocks for receiving and programs for processing aerospace materials. PS databases are generated from many sources of geographic information. These include textbooks, teaching aids, maps and atlases, scientific reports on the results of geographical research, statistical reference books on the development of the country's economy, encyclopedias, dictionaries, results of geographical research published in books, scientific journals, observational data conducted by public service institutions: geological and hydrometeorological, geodesy, cartography and cadastre, other institutions and departments.

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large tectonic structures, deserts, river basins, areas difficult to access by land expeditions. Satellites provide an opportunity to study the dynamics and periodicity of natural processes, unique phenomena and objects (volcanic eruptions, fires, avalanches, landslides, earth crust fractures, atmospheric pollution, etc.). From cosmic heights, a new world, hitherto unknown to us, opens up, new patterns of natural conditions, features of urbanization, temperature heterogeneities in the seas and oceans, and forests.

Rice. 2. General scheme of functioning of the PS

In 1995, the first Ukrainian satellite "Sich-1" was launched, equipped with instruments for remote sensing of the Earth, inventory and evaluation of land, prospecting for minerals, meteorological forecasting, monitoring the state of the environment. Ukraine cooperates with space agencies of the European Community, Russia, Germany, France, Latin America on space exploration of natural resources and nature protection. In Ukraine, there are the Center for Aerospace Research of the Earth, the Center for Radiophysical Sounding of the Earth, and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute.

They obtain geographic information about natural and man-made processes, changes in the natural environment, geochemical anomalies, cities and suburban areas, air pollution, flooding, quarries, abrasion, the state of vegetation, areas of radioactive contamination, emissions from wastewater treatment plants, etc.

Stationary geographic research has been carried out regularly for many years at specially equipped geographical stations. They study in detail the changes in natural complexes over time. In Ukraine, such scientific complex physical and geographical studies were started by Academician G. Vysotsky at the Veliko Anadolsky station to study the influence of hydroclimatic and soil conditions on afforestation in the steppe zone of Ukraine. Stationary geographical research is carried out on the basis of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov, Taurida universities.

Observation of the state of the atmosphere and hydrosphere is carried out at hydrometeorological stations and posts, where young specialists in meteorology and climatology, hydrology and hydroecology, and oceanology work. More than 5,000 employees work in the institutions of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine. There are about two hundred hydrometeorological, air, air and agrometeorological stations in Ukraine. The state of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, sea estuaries is monitored at 400 hydrological posts. Along with them, agrometeorological indicators are recorded at 150 points, ozonometric, radar studies of the formation of clouds, precipitation, pollution of the atmosphere, water, and soil are carried out.

Our state is a member of the World Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization. Hydrometeorological conditions are important economic and social factors: the social and economic condition of the state depends on them, ecological situation, AGRICULTURAL complex, energy, transport, utilities, military security, recreation. The sources of geographical information are local history studies and descriptions of the native land, cities, and other settlements. They also serve as descriptions of travel, tourist and climbing routes, excursions.

Essential components of geographic information are maps and atlases. Maps is the second language of cartography. Cartographic images transmit, reproduce the dimensions and properties of geographical objects using geographic means and signs (lines, points, figures) and a colored background. Combinations of graphic signs and background are means of cartographic modeling, creation of cartographic images (geoimage). To understand the natural and economic objects displayed on the map, the components of natural conditions, processes, patterns of their distribution, legends are attached to the maps. The text of the legend, geographical names, terms and concepts make it possible to "read" the map, use it, and find new facts on it.

Maps are the most important components of the information building blocks of geographic atlases. Geographers and cartographers have significant experience in compiling complex and sectoral, scientific reference and educational atlases. National atlases are of exceptional importance. By Decree of the President of Ukraine L.D. Kuchma dated 08/01/2000 "On the National Atlas of Ukraine" a new cartographic work is being created - the National Atlas of Ukraine. It will reflect the spatial characteristics of natural conditions and resources, population, economy, environmental conditions, science and culture of Ukraine. National atlases are integral cartographic models of states as natural resource and socio-economic territorial systems. The National Atlas of Ukraine should provide geographic information to the state, its regions and their governing bodies, scientific, educational, design, industrial and public institutions, help disseminate geographical knowledge about our state, promote its cooperation with other countries of the world.

Geographic information is produced by the Institute of Geography, the Institute of Geological Sciences, the Institute of Botany, the Institute of Zoology, the Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine, regional natural science and socio-economic divisions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. A variety of geographic information is stored by the National natural museum Ukraine, regional and district, city local history museums. Geographical research is carried out by scientific laboratories of universities, scientific departments of natural and natural-historical reserves, national natural parks, biosphere reserves. A variety of geographical information is available in statistical reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals, and periodicals. results scientific research, descriptions of travel, regions of Ukraine and the world are given in the "Ukrainian Geographical Journal" (founded in 1992), the Journal "Geography and Fundamentals of Economics at School" (published since 1995), the weekly "Local History. Geography. Tourism" (published from J996 p.), scientific bulletins and collections that are published by scientific institutions, universities, reserves, printed as materials of scientific conferences, geographical congresses, etc.

Geographical information is filled with mass media: newspapers, radio and television broadcasts. Geographic popular science, documentary and educational films are being created. The Internet provides great opportunities for obtaining and using up-to-date geographic information. Geographical descriptions and pictures are found in popular science and fiction, paintings, landscape architecture, etc.