Europeans in a new light summary. Western European colonization of "new" lands. Rumors of a new empire

Western European colonization of "new" lands in the XVI-XVII centuries. is a very important process of development of the American continent. Europeans moved to uncharted lands in search of a better life. At the same time, the colonialists faced resistance and conflicts with the local residents - the Indians. In this lesson, you will learn how the conquest of Mexico and Central America took place, how the civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas were destroyed, and what are the results of this colonization.

Western European colonization of new lands

background

The discovery of new lands was associated with the search for new Europeans sea ​​routes to the East. The usual trade communications were cut by the Turks. Europeans needed precious metals and spices. The progress of shipbuilding and navigation allowed them to make long sea voyages. Technological superiority over the inhabitants of other continents (including the possession of firearms) allowed Europeans to make rapid territorial seizures. They soon discovered that the colonies could be a source of great profits and get rich quick.

Developments

1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas on the division of colonial possessions between Spain and Portugal. The dividing line ran across the Atlantic Ocean from north to south.

1519 - about five hundred conquistadors, led by Cortes, landed in Mexico.

In 1521, the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan was captured. A new colony, Mexico, was founded on the conquered territory. ( about the Aztecs and their ruler Montezuma II).

1532-1535 - Conquistadors led by Pizarro conquer the Inca Empire.

1528 - the beginning of the conquest of the Mayan civilization. In 1697, the last Mayan city was captured (resistance lasted 169 years).

The penetration of Europeans into America led to massive epidemics and the death of a huge number of people. The Indians were not immune to the diseases of the Old World.

1600 - The English East India Company was created, which equipped and sent ships to the "Spice Islands".

1602 - Dutch East India Company established. From the government, the company received the right to seize land and manage the local population.

By 1641, most of the fortresses of Indonesia were in the hands of the Dutch.

1607 - City of Jamestown founded, first English settlement in the New World.

1608 - The French establish the colony of Quebec in Canada.

17th century - The French colonized the Mississippi River valley and founded the Louisiana colony there.

1626 - The Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island (future New York).

1619 - English colonists bring the first group of slaves into North America.

1620 - English Puritans found the colony of New Plymouth (north of Jamestown). They are considered the founders of America - the Pilgrim Fathers.

End of the 17th century - in America there are already 13 English colonies, each of which considered itself a small state (state).

Members

Conquistadors - Spanish conquerors who participated in the conquest of the New World.

Hernan Cortes- Spanish nobleman, conquistador. Led the conquest of the Aztec state.

Francisco Pizarro- conquistador, led the conquest of the state of the Incas.

Conclusion

In the 16th century, two major colonial empires emerged - the Spanish and the Portuguese. The dominance of Spain and Portugal in South America was established.

The colony was headed by a viceroy appointed by the king.

In Mexico and Peru, the Spaniards organized the mining of gold and silver. Trade in colonial goods brought great profits. Merchants sold goods in Europe 1000 times more expensive than the price at which they were bought in the colonies. Europeans got acquainted with corn, potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, molasses, cotton.

Gradually, a single world market took shape. Over time, a slave-owning plantation economy developed in the colonies. The Indians were forced to work on the plantations, and from the beginning of the 17th century. - slaves from Africa.

The colonies became a source of enrichment for the Europeans. This led to the rivalry of European countries for the possession of colonies.

In the XVII century, France and Holland pushed the Spaniards and Portuguese in the colonies.

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. England won the battle for the seas. It became the strongest maritime and colonial power in the world.

The lesson will focus on the Western European colonization of "new" lands in the 16th-17th centuries.

Great geographical discoveries radically changed the vector of development of the American continent. XVI-XVII centuries in the history of the New World is called conquista, or colonization (which means "conquest").

The natives of the American continent were numerous Indian tribes, and in the north - the Aleuts and Eskimos. Many of them are well known today. So, in North America, the Apache tribes lived (Fig. 1), popularized later in cowboy films. Central America is represented by the Maya civilization (Fig. 2), and the Aztec state was located on the territory of the modern state of Mexico. Their capital was located on the territory of the modern capital of Mexico - Mexico City - and was then called Tenochtitlan (Fig. 3). In South America, the Inca civilization was the largest Indian state.

Rice. 1. Apache tribes

Rice. 2. Maya civilization

Rice. 3. The capital of the Aztec civilization - Tenochtitlan

Participants in the colonization of America (conquests) were called conquistadors, and their leaders were called adelantados. The conquistadors were impoverished Spanish knights. The main reason that prompted them to seek happiness in America was the ruin, the end of the reconquista, as well as the economic and political aspirations of the Spanish crown. The most famous adelantodo were the conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec civilization, Hernando Cortes, Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca civilization, and Hernando de Sota, the first European to discover the Mississippi River. The conquistadors were robbers and invaders. Their main goal was military glory and personal enrichment.

Hernando Cortes is the most famous conquistador, the conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec empire (Fig. 4). In July 1519, Hernando Cortes landed with an army on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Leaving the garrison, he went deep into the continent. The conquest of Mexico was accompanied by the physical extermination of the local population, the looting and burning of Indian cities. Cortes had allies from the Indians. Despite the fact that the Europeans surpassed the Indians in the quality of weapons, their numbers were thousands of times smaller. Cortes concluded an agreement with one of the Indian tribes, which amounted to most his troops. According to the treaty, after the conquest of Mexico, this tribe was to gain independence. However, this agreement was not respected. In November 1519, Cortes, together with his allies, captured the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. For more than six months, the Spaniards held power in the city. Only on the night of July 1, 1520, the Aztecs managed to expel the invaders from the city. The Spaniards lost all artillery, human losses were great. Soon, having received reinforcements from Cuba, Cortes again captured the Aztec capital. In 1521, the Aztec kingdom fell. Until 1524, Hernando Cortés was the sole ruler of Mexico.

Rice. 4. Hernando Cortes

The Maya civilization lived south of the Aztecs, in Central America, on the Yucatan Peninsula. In 1528, the Spaniards began to conquer the Mayan territories. However, the Maya resisted for more than 169 years, and only in 1697 the Spaniards were able to capture the last city inhabited by the Maya tribe. Today, about 6 million descendants of the Maya Indians live in Central America.

A famous adelantado who conquered the Inca empire was Francisco Pizarro (Fig. 5). The first two expeditions of Pizarro 1524-1525 and 1526 were unsuccessful. Only in 1531 did he set off on his third expedition to conquer the Inca empire. In 1533, Pizarro captured the leader of the Incas - Atahualpa. He managed to get a large ransom for the leader, and then Pizarro killed him. In 1533, the Spaniards captured the capital of the Incas - the city of Cusco. In 1535, Pizarro founded the city of Lima. The Spaniards called the captured territory Chile, which means "cold." The consequences of this expedition were tragic for the Indians. For half a century in the conquered territories, the number of Indians has decreased by more than 5 times. This was due not only to the physical extermination of the local population, but also to the diseases that the Europeans brought to the continent.

Rice. 5. Francisco Pizarro

In 1531, Hernando de Soto (Fig. 6) took part in the campaign of Francis Pizarro against the Incas, and in 1539 he was appointed governor of Cuba and undertook an aggressive campaign in North America. In May 1539, Hernando de Sota landed on the coast of Florida and marched to the Alabama River. In May 1541, he came to the coast of the Mississippi River, crossed it and reached the valley of the Arkansas River. He then fell ill, was forced to turn back, and died in Louisiana in May 1542. His companions returned to Mexico in 1543. Although contemporaries considered de Soto's campaign a failure, its significance was nevertheless very great. The aggressive attitude of the conquerors towards the local population led to the outflow of Indian tribes from the territory of the Mississippi River. This facilitated the further colonization of these territories.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. Spain captured vast territories in the Americas. Spain held these lands for a long time, and the last Spanish colony was conquered only in 1898 by a new state - the United States of America.

Rice. 6. Hernando de Soto

Not only Spain colonized the lands of the American continent. At the end of the 16th century, England made two unsuccessful attempts to establish colonies in the territory North America. Only in 1605 did two joint-stock companies receive a license from King James I to colonize Virginia. At that time, the term Virginia meant the entire territory of North America.

The First London Virginia Company was licensed to the southern part of North America, and the Plymouth Company was licensed to the northern part. Officially, both companies set as their goal the spread of Christianity on the continent, the license gave them the right to search and mine gold, silver and other precious metals on the continent by all means.

In 1607, the city of Jamestown was founded - the first settlement of the British in America (Fig. 7). In 1619, two major events took place. This year, Governor George Yardley transferred some of his powers to a council of burghers, thus establishing the first elected council in the New World. legislative assembly. In the same year, a group of English colonists acquired Africans of Angolan origin and, despite the fact that they were not yet officially slaves, the history of slavery in the United States of America begins from that moment (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7. Jamestown - the first English settlement in America

Rice. 8. Slavery in America

The population of the colony developed a difficult relationship with the Indian tribes. The colonists were repeatedly attacked by them. In December 1620, a ship carrying Puritan Calvinists, the so-called Pilgrim Fathers, arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts. This event is considered the beginning of the active colonization of the American continent by the British. By the end of the 17th century, England had 13 colonies on the American continent. Among them: Virginia (early Virginia), New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Thus, by the end of the 17th century, the British had colonized the entire Atlantic coast of the modern United States.

At the end of the 16th century, France began to build its colonial empire, which stretched west from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the so-called Rocky Mountains, and south to the Gulf of Mexico. France colonizes the Antilles, and in South America establishes the colony of Guiana, which is still French territory.

The second largest colonizer of Central and South America after Spain is Portugal. It took over the territory that today is the state of Brazil. Gradually, the Portuguese colonial empire in the second half of the 17th century declined and gave way to the Dutch in South America.

The Dutch West India Company, founded in 1621, acquires a monopoly on trade in South America and West Africa. Gradually, in the 17th century, the leading place among the colonial powers was occupied by England and Holland (Fig. 9). Between them there is a struggle for trade routes.

Rice. 9. Possessions of European countries on the American continent

Summing up the results of Western European colonization in the 16th-17th centuries, the following can be distinguished.

social change

The colonization of America led to the extermination of the local population, the remaining natives were driven into reservations, subjected to social discrimination. The conquistadors destroyed the ancient cultures of the New World. Christianity spread along with the colonialists on the American continent.

Economic changes

Colonization led to the shift of the most important trade routes from the inland seas to the ocean. Thus, the Mediterranean Sea has lost its decisive importance for the economy of Europe. The influx of gold and silver led to a fall in the price of precious metals and a rise in the price of other commodities. The active development of trade on a global scale stimulated entrepreneurial activity.

household changes

The menu of Europeans included potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa beans, chocolate. Europeans brought tobacco from America, and from that moment such a habit as tobacco smoking has been spreading.

Homework

1. What do you think caused the development of new lands?
2. Tell us about the conquests of the Aztec, Maya and Inca tribes by the colonists.
3. Which European states were the leading colonial powers at that time?
4. Tell us about the social, economic and domestic changes that occurred as a result of Western European colonization.

1. Godsbay.ru ().
2. Megabook.ru ().
3. worldview.net().
4. Biofile.ru ().

1. Vedyushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Textbook on the history of the New Age, Grade 7, M., 2013.
2. Verlinden C., Mathis G. Conquerors of America. Columbus. Cortes / Per. with him. HELL. Dera, I.I. Zharova. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997.
3. Gulyaev V.I. In the footsteps of the conquistadors. - M.: Nauka, 1976.
4. Duverger Christian. Cortes. - M.: Young Guard, 2005.
5. Innes Hammond. Conquistadors. History of the Spanish conquests of the XV-XVI centuries. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2002.
6. Kofman A.F. Conquistadors. Three Chronicles of the Conquest of America. - St. Petersburg: Symposium, 2009.
7. Paul John, Robinson Charles. Aztecs and conquistadors. The death of a great civilization. - M.: Eksmo, 2009.
8. Prescott William Hickling. Conquest of Mexico. Conquest of Peru. - M .: Publishing house "V. Sekachev, 2012.
9. Hamming John. Conquest of the Inca Empire. The Curse of a Lost Civilization / Per. from English. L.A. Karpova. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2009.
10. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of the New Age. 1500-1800. M.: "Enlightenment", 2012.

New time - period world history, which includes the XVI-XVIII centuries. There are different interpretations of when the new time began, but it is most correct to consider the end of the Middle Ages in 1453, when Byzantium fell and the palm of messianism over humanity passed from Byzantium to Russia. The history course of grade 7 modern time tells that it ended in 1917, when catastrophic changes began in Russia itself.

The main sign of the advent of the New Age, in addition to the destruction of Byzantium and the rise of Russia, is the rise of Europe as a whole. In the Middle Ages, Western Europe did not surpass Asia in terms of development. The capital of the world was Constantinople. Around Byzantium and built foreign policy world powers.

Shortly before its fall, the Renaissance began. It happened in Italy in the XIV. This was the first sign of the beginning of the New Age. After the collapse of Byzantium, the world immediately learned about a whole galaxy of great geniuses: Leonardo da Vinci, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Nicolaus Copernicus. In the very first years of the New Age, there was an unprecedented qualitative leap in Europe's development in history. Geniuses began to appear in all fields of science. It began even before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, so it is incorrect to consider them the beginning of the New Age. They were prepared by a previous era, no longer related to the Middle Ages.

The massive interest of Europeans in the sciences was awakened due to the collapse of Byzantium. Europe has lost its former support, which forced it to look for alternative supports. The victory of the Saracens cut off the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles from Europe, making it impossible to travel to India by land. This is what made them look for him by sea.

The great geographical discoveries led to a unique economic breakthrough in world history. For a century Western Europe From equal in terms of living standards of Asia, the continent has turned into the capital of the world. This was facilitated by the influx of gold from the new colonies. The influx was so colossal that by the end of the XVI century. in Spain, gold was already valued like bread is now. An ounce of gold was worth nothing, there was a hyperinflation of gold, which ceased to be an item of luxury and exclusivity.

The onset of the great geographical discoveries led to a moral crisis in European society. People stopped living according to the Laws of the Gospel and switched to earning money at any cost. The new principles dictated by the colonial world were the opposite of the teachings of Christ. This led to the fall of the authority of the Church and the emergence of Protestantism.

The millennial foundations of Europe were undermined. Protestants who did not want to live according to the Law of God began to declare war on the Catholic Church. This led to the Dutch Revolution, which was the first in a series of revolutions that ended the world of traditional values.

The reasons for the revolution in Holland are that the poor Spanish province did not receive the income from the colonies that Spain itself received. The Dutch felt left out and revolted. Soon they themselves became colonizers and went down in history as a major colonial power.

England also went to break off relations with the Church, and Protestantism won in Scandinavia, Estonia, part of Germany, and France. However, in the latter he led to religious wars, which were eventually won by the Catholics. Here the influence of Spain affected.

The history course of grade 7 new time tells that the 16th century made England and Spain the two most powerful and richest countries in the world. The English fleet became the king of the seas. Europe for a long time seized the championship in the world, and only in our days its geopolitical leadership began to be challenged by other races.

The economic breakthrough led to a scientific, technical and philosophical breakthrough. At the beginning of the XVII century. the world has learned what revolutionary philosophy is. Humanism was born, which, with its edge, opposed autocracy and traditional values. Humanism placed not God, but man at the center of the universe, and insisted that the main values ​​in people's lives are universal, not religious.

Against the background of this ideology, protests against autocracy began to intensify. People began to think that democracy is the best system. This led to the great English revolution of 1640. It led to the greatest civil war in the history of England, but even she could not undermine her power. The main result of the revolution is the fall of the autocracy and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, which has not fallen in England so far.

In the 17th century The main event in Europe was the offensive of Islam. Ottoman Empire occupied the Balkans, Greece, Hungary, part of Ukraine and Poland. The crown of Turkish power was 1687, when the Turks, having gathered an invincible army, attacked Austria. Europe realized that Islam is much more terrible than all internal civil strife, immediately stopped the civil inter-religious war among Christians and united. As a result, Jan Sobessky defeated the Turks near Vienna in 1697, striking them with a cavalry attack, when the Turks were already carrying the green banner of Islam over the great immortal European city.

The onslaught of the Turks was stopped. Europe was saved, and Islam no longer reached such power as in the 17th century. and began to fade. The next important event was the fall of Spain. The hyperinflation of gold led to the fact that the Spaniards ceased to live richly. Gold was not valued, prices for consumer goods rose, and it turned out that Spain could offer the people nothing but gold, which. Fearing the same hyperinflation, no one wanted to buy in Europe. An absurd situation happened. Nobody needed gold. It has become an unnecessary product like dirt. This resulted in the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century. and the final collapse of Spain.

The history course of grade 7 modern times will tell students that in the middle of the 18th century England turned into a workshop of the world. The British managed their gold more competently than the Spaniards, they did not give it into the hands of people, saving it in banks, putting into the economy exactly as much as was needed to support it. As a result, in the 1750s, England became the greatest state in the world, capable of producing any product available to mankind. She was ahead of the whole planet, ranked first in terms of territory and population.

The end of the 18th century was marked by the industrial revolution, which led to the change from manual labor to machine labor. The existence of people has become easier, but the pace of life has increased. The economy began to acquire modern character. The appearance of people has also changed, becoming close to modern. People's way of life, fashion, clothes have changed. Classical works of culture appeared.

The century ended with two more catastrophes. Revolutions in the USA and France. Their reasons are that the former were burdened by the position of those dependent on England, feeling the strength in themselves for independent national development, while the latter were burdened by the same, only already banal, lag behind the economy and the standard of living of France from England.

As a result, autocracy collapsed in France, and the country itself turned into a stronghold of a threat to the very existence of mankind. Russia saved the world from this threat. The United States did not have such ambitions as France, and therefore survived.

The victory of the American Revolution led to the emergence of the first democratic state on Earth. The United States became the first country where the values ​​of humanism and the common good were officially triumphant. At first, the United States lagged behind the monarchies of Europe, but in the 20th century. it was the American state that established total and absolute control over the planet, imposing on humanity against its will its then developed values ​​of humanism and the common good, which are now considered undeniable by all countries of the world.

Not slow to take advantage of the discovery of Columbus, the Spaniards and the Portuguese created huge empires in Central and South America. Much later, the development of North America, which at first glance was not so rich, began.

Until the end of his days, Columbus did not admit that he could not get to India. But other Spaniards soon decided that by chance they stumbled upon vast uncharted lands that can be robbed, conquered and converted with impunity. In this adventure, they had no rivals except the Portuguese, who accidentally discovered Brazil in 1500. Since this country lay to the east of the line drawn in 1494 for dividing the newly discovered lands into zones of Spanish and Portuguese influence, it became a Portuguese colony. Spain was given all the rest of Central and South America from New Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, as well as - theoretically - less fertile lands further north, in which the Spaniards showed little interest.

The Spaniards initially occupied the largest islands in the Caribbean. Many settlers took up agriculture in the new lands, and as early as 1501 they began to import slaves from Africa. But easy loot - gold, silver and precious stones - turned out to be much less than expected. Therefore, ambitious nobles and petty nobles, who did not have time to make their own fortune, easily recruited mercenaries for new dangerous expeditions deep into the American continent.

It was these people - the leaders and their henchmen - who gained the dubious fame of conquistadors ("conquerors"). For the good of Spain and the Catholic faith, these fearless and merciless adventurers defeated the great empires of the Aztecs and Incas. Any territory captured by them was declared the property of the Spanish crown, although all expeditions were undertaken solely at their own peril and risk. Quite often they received royal patents, which guaranteed positions and wealth if they were successful.

Rumors of a new empire

Since 1509, the first mainland settlements began to appear on the northern coast of South America. In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see Pacific Ocean. He immediately declared it the property of the Spanish king and confirmed the growing conviction that a huge expanse of water separates New World from India, so desired by Columbus. And as soon as the legends of local tribes about the existence of a great and fabulously rich empire on the mainland reached the Spaniards, the New World ceased to be an inconvenient barrier and itself turned into a tasty morsel. The adventurer Hernando Cortes, who participated in the development of Cuba, took these rumors as a guide to action and became the first of the great conquistadors.

Cortes burns the ships

In 1519, Cortes decided to openly disobey the governor of Cuba and sailed to the coast of Mexico at the head of a detachment consisting of 600 soldiers, 17 horses and 10 cannons. Having landed on the shore, he made two symbolic gestures: he founded the city of Veracruz and burned the ships, making it clear to his comrades-in-arms that there was no turning back.

Having learned about the campaign of Cortes deep into the mainland, Emperor Montezuma sent messengers to him with a friendly message and at the same time ordered an ambush. When the stratagem failed, Montezuma, despite his vast superiority in strength, made no further serious attempt to stop the Spanish advance. The Spanish soldiers must have instilled awe in the Aztecs as gods descended to the earth, for they rode on unseen creatures, wore armor and weapons from an unknown metal (steel) and hit the enemy at a distance with their "thundering pipes".

However, the Spaniards themselves were no less shocked when, in November 1519, they first saw the great capital of the Aztecs - the lake city of Tenochtitlan, which was not inferior to major cities Europe. Cortes, to whom Montezuma gave the most cordial reception, at the first opportunity captured the emperor. Resignedly submitting to fate, Montezuma did everything that was required of him. And since the subjects revered their emperor as a deity, his removal from power plunged the state into complete chaos. However, it was at this moment that Cortes had to hastily return to the coast in order to prevent the attempts of the governor of Cuba to replace him with his protege. Returning to the capital, Cortes discovered that the governor left in the city had provoked the Aztecs to revolt with his cruelties. Moctezuma, wounded while trying to pacify his subjects, either died of his wounds or was killed by the Spanish. By force of arms, Cortes and a handful of his associates broke out of the encirclement, sent for reinforcements and managed to win over a number of Indian tribes to their side. Having significantly strengthened his forces, Cortes surrounded and besieged Tenochtitlan, and on August 13, 1521. the city fell after a desperate seven weeks of resistance. The dominion of the Aztecs was broken forever. Tenochtitlan was razed to the ground, and in its place grew the city of Mexico City, which became the capital of the "New Spain". The Indians - both enemies and allies - were enslaved. The bloody sacrificial religion of the Aztecs was ruthlessly eradicated, and the Indian tribes were forcibly converted to Christianity.

The conqueror of another great Indian empire was a man who was not inferior to Cortes either in courage, or in audacity, and even more so in recklessness. Francisco Pizarro was an illiterate adventurer who from the first steps took part in the colonization of the continent. In the 1520s Pizarro, fascinated by legends about the existence of a mysterious "golden empire" somewhere in the south, explored the coast of Peru and reached the city of Tumbes on the very border of Inca possessions. Convinced that there really was a lot of gold here, Pizarro persuaded the king of Spain to appoint him governor of the empire that had not yet been conquered. In 1531, having conquered vast coastal territories, he moved into the interior of the mainland at the head of an even smaller detachment than Cortes. The Inca emperor Atahualpa could at any moment destroy a miserable handful of mercenaries, but instead sent messengers with greetings and organized a decent meeting for the newcomers. As a sign of good will, the emperor went out to meet Pisarrovo at the head of a huge unarmed retinue. At the same moment, the Spaniards mercilessly killed the defenseless Incas, and Atahualpa himself was captured. And here the Indians who were left without a leader could not do anything. Atahualpa negotiated a ransom for his person - a myriad of gold and silver, the delivery of which took several months. But after paying the ransom, the Spaniards brought Atahualpa to "trial" and sentenced to death. And since by that time he had been converted to Christianity, they did not burn him at the stake as a sign of special mercy, but strangled him.

Meanwhile, other conquistadors established Spanish rule throughout Central and South America, and full-scale development of new lands began. The newly appeared gentlemen took up agriculture, taking the position of feudal lords.

Slave labor in the mines

The labor of the Indians was exploited with unheard-of cruelty on plantations and mines. Rich deposits of silver were discovered in Mexico and Potosi (present-day Bolivia), and in the 16th-17th centuries. the precious metal mined there was sent across the Atlantic to finance Spain's ambitious aspirations for European dominance. And as the Spanish crown spared no expense to achieve its ambitious goals, silver flowed generously into the European economic system.

Europe, in turn, also had a far-reaching influence on the destinies of both Americas. A so-called "Latin America" ​​appeared, Catholic in religion, Spanish and Portuguese in language and culture. Diseases introduced by Europeans caused enormous devastation among the local population, giving impetus to the importation of black slaves from Africa. As a result of the mixing of the European, African and Indian races, an extremely diverse population was formed, practically free from racial prejudice. At the same time, the master class in Latin American society was dominated by Spaniards by birth or origin, and pure-blooded Indians usually constituted the poorest group of the population.

northward advance

Against the backdrop of the untold riches of Central and South America, the lands further north seemed less attractive to the Spaniards. The rest of the Europeans were also in no hurry to cross the ocean, and the successful development of these lands began only in the 17th century.

In the 1580s Queen Elizabeth's favorite, Walter Raleigh, twice tried to establish an English colony on Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia, but failed both times. Jamestown (Virginia), founded in 1607, was the first colony to take root. Six years later, the Dutch, then at the height of their power, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Indians for $24 with the intention of founding New Holland, and in Canada, the French, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain, established themselves on the banks of the St. Lawrence River and founded the city of Quebec.

New immigrants

The landing of the "Pilgrims" at Cape Cod went down in history, becoming a symbol of a number of distinctive features of the English colonial conquests. Unlike the Anglican settlers of Jamestown, the "pilgrims" were religious dissidents - Puritans (later they were called Congregationalists who did not agree with the teachings of the Anglican Church and went overseas to practice their faith freely. Since then, the American colonies have become a haven for all those who were persecuted in their homeland (for example, Maryland - for Catholics, and Pennsylvania - for Quakers).

Puritan community

Fleeing religious persecution, the Puritans themselves showed the same intolerance, trying to impose their faith on others. The colony of Massachusetts, which grew out of a settlement at Cape Cod, acquired a particularly sad reputation for its harsh puritanical customs. But with the influx of new immigrants, it became increasingly difficult to maintain religious supremacy. The colonies were settled by people of different faiths, who gradually learned to live peacefully with each other. The efforts of the pilgrims laid the foundation for the traditions of colonial self-government.

In 1664, the British captured New Amsterdam and the Dutch colony in Manhattan, renaming it New York. Little by little, other colonies were formed, the last - the 13th - of which was Georgia in 1733. Thus was laid the foundation of the future state - the United States of America.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL №13

LESSON SUMMARY ON WORLD HISTORY

7TH GRADE

Topic:

"Europeans in the New World"

History and social studies teacher

MBOU secondary school №13 Stavropol

Parshina Marina Viktorovna

Stavropol,

2015-2016

Topic "Europeans in the New World"

Lesson type: a lesson in learning new knowledge

The form: problematic lesson

Class: 7

Level of study: base

The purpose of the lesson : continue studying the topic of the Great geographical discoveries and consolidate the knowledge gained.

Tasks:

Educational:

To form students' ideas about the occupation of the colonists in America or the New World;

To introduce students to the first colonies of England in America;

Explain the concept of "conquistador";

To form an idea of ​​​​the civilizations of the Maya, Aztecs and Incas.

Explain concepts such as "creoles", "mestizos", "mulattoes", "private";

To acquaint students with the discoveries of the British, French, etc.

Developing:

Continue to develop skills in working with a map, with a textbook.

Develop cause-and-effect relationships between the events of the beginning of the WGO and the end of the WGO.

Development of speech culture skills;

Develop such cognitive processes students as speech, memory, thinking, attention based on the visual material of the topic.

Continue to develop the ability to use terms;

Develop skill express your opinion and prove your point of view.

Educational:

Cultivate a geographical culture;

To cultivate a sense of respect for the events of this period;

To cultivate the ability to listen to other people's opinions when discussing the policy of the colonists in America.

Lesson Form: traditional.

Equipment : board, chalk, textbook, world map, visual material (printed images of conquistadors, Mayans, Aztecs, architectural monuments of their civilizations, pirates)

During the classes

The teacher greets the students and checks the presence of students, asking the class attendant to report the absence.

The students greet the teacher by getting up from their seats. The class attendant informs the teacher about those who are absent from the class.

2.Check homework.

Front poll:

Chronology of Modern History?

What are the causes of VGO?

Define "reconquest" and "conquista". What are the similarities and differences?

List the WGOs and discoverers by showing routes on the map.

The teacher comments on the answers of the students, puts marks

5. Tell us about the first section of the world.

1. The first period is the early modern time (from the end of the 15th to the middle of the 17th century) and the second period is the New History (from the middle of the 17th to the 19th centuries)

2. Trade development; shortage of gold and silver; increase in the treasury; technical innovations - new ships, compass, maps.

3.Reconquista- This is the displacement by Christians of Muslim rulers from the Iberian Peninsula. Conquista - conquest of Africa. Similarities: this is the conquest of new territories, the development of trade and cities in these territories. Differences: the events of the reconquista took place in the Iberian Peninsula, and the conquest took place in Africa.

4. Enrique "navigator" - explored the coast of Africa - about. Cape Verde, modern Guinea and Sierra Leone.

1488 Bartolomeo Dias - Cape of Good Hope

1492 Columbus discovers America.

1513 the Pacific Ocean was discovered - Vasco Nunez Balboa

1519-1522 - Journey of Magellan.

5.1494 Treaty of Tordsillas between Spain and Portugal. A conditional meridian was drawn along Atlantic Ocean: all newly discovered lands and seas lying to the west of it were declared dominions of Spain, to the east - Portugal.

3. Studying a new topic.

Setting the topic

Who discovered America or the New World?

opened in America new world. To Europeans, their way of life seemed to embody the mythical "golden age". The Indians mistook the aliens for unearthly creatures. The Spanish nobles wanted to personally enrich themselves, they were only interested in gold. Many remained to live in a new place, were engaged in agriculture. The Spaniards turned the Indians into slaves and drove them to the mines or exported them to Europe as slaves. They were treated with cruelty. The monks who came to the New World couldn't stop the cruelty because they thought the Indians had no soul. Then came forced Christianization. Thus, having penetrated into America, the Spaniards pursue a cruel policy there. Let's move on to point 2. In search of gold, the Spaniards began a conquest.

Remember what a conquista is?

The people who participated in the conquest were called conquistadors

Despite their small numbers, they had a great advantage in armament. In search of gold, they met with highly developed civilizations Mayan, the Aztecs and the Incas. Now we will learn about these civilizations together.

Working with text in groups

In 1519, a detachment of conquistadors went to conquer the Aztecs. Hernan Cortes led the campaign. But the conquistadors could not capture the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, and then they enlisted the support of hostile tribes and captured the capital. On behalf of the ruler, the invaders ruled the empire, and when the local population rose to revolt, the conquistadors cut off the water supply and the Aztecs surrendered. The conquest of Mexico continued until the 17th century. A large number of the local population died in the mines, extracting gold.

Working with the text of the textbook and the supporting abstract

Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci

Conquista - the conquest of Africa.

Conquistadors are people who participate in a conquest.

Working with text in groups

Mayan appeared there in the 10th century BC and in just 500 years on the site of an impenetrable rainforest, a civilization was created where astronomy, mathematics, architecture, sculpture, painting were developed. The Maya developed a state system. The Maya created an accurate solar calendar, the most complex hieroglyphic writing, used the concept of zero before the Arabs and Hindus, predicted solar and lunar eclipses, calculated the movements of Venus with an error of only 14 seconds per year, achieved amazing perfection in architecture, sculpture, painting and ceramics. They worshiped their gods and at the same time obeyed the kings and priests, built temples and palaces under their leadership, performed ritual rites, sacrificed themselves, fought with their neighbors.
The Maya created cities that were extraordinary in themselves, built only on muscular strength.

Aztecs they came to the Mexico Valley from the north - most likely from the lands now owned by the United States. At that time, the entire territory of the valley was divided between local tribes and, naturally, none of them wanted to share the land with the newcomers. After conferring, the local leaders decided to give the aliens an uninhabited island on Lake Texcoco. There were many snakes on the island, so the locals expected that the newcomers on the island would have a hard time. Arriving on the island, the Aztecs saw that many snakes lived on it, and they were very happy about this, since the snakes were their food. The Aztecs had extensive knowledge in the field of astronomy, which they inherited from more ancient cultures. The Aztec civilization also inherited the architecture of the pyramids, sculpture and painting. Aztecs
mined and processed gold, silver, coal. They built many roads and bridges. The Aztecs developed the art of dance and many sports; theater and poetry. They had a ball game very similar to today's basketball. The Aztecs were very well educated, taught such disciplines as: religion, astronomy, history of laws, medicine, music and the art of war.

The Incas- an Indian tribe that lived on the territory of Peru and created, shortly before the Spanish conquest, a vast empire centered in Cuzco, in the Peruvian Andes. The Inca Empire, one of two empires that existed in the New World at the time of Columbus, stretched north to south from Colombia to Central Chile and included what is now Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina. The Indians called the Inca only the emperor, and the conquistadors used this word to refer to the entire tribe, which in the pre-Columbian era, apparently, used the self-name "capac-kuna" ("great", "illustrious"). They were engaged in agriculture, grew corn, potatoes. Breeding llamas. Religion was practical and permeated the life of the Incas. Agriculture was revered as a sacred occupation, and everything connected with it became huaca. The Incas believed in the immortality of the soul. Inca art gravitated towards rigor and beauty. The main art of the Incas was casting from precious metals.

1498 Giovanni Cabota discovered Fr. Newfoundler.

1534 - Jacques Cartier discovered Canada.

Roanoke, Virginia - First colonies.

Consolidation and reflection

Historical five-minute (application)

Self-check and mutual check

Homework.

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

English in the New World

In 1607, a group of colonists who landed in what is now Virginia founded the city of Jamestown, named after King James I Stuart.

Thanksgiving Day The first colonists had to live in very difficult conditions: fight cold and hunger, clear forests, build dwellings and fortifications

Among the settlers were many English, Scots and Irish. Some were driven by need and the hope of getting rich in a new place, others fled from justice, many fled from religious persecution. They were determined and independent people. The "spirit of freedom" was characteristic of the first Americans, and their descendants are still proud of this feature of the national character.

In 1620, a group of English Puritans set off for the New World on the Mayflower ship.

England on the shores of America -The core of the modern United States was 13 colonies - The center of business and trade activity in New England was Boston, the capital of Massachusetts

Early American society Elite: large landowners, merchants, bankers, owners of manufactories Middle layer: farmers, merchants, artisans, lawyers Niza: peasants, indentured servants, Negro slaves.

At the head of the colonies were governors appointed by the English crown. Under them, there were assemblies representing the full-fledged white male population. Women, blacks and Indians had no political rights.

The relationship of the colonies with Britain was unequal. From America to Britain they exported furs, grain, wood, tobacco, and fish. Machine tools and equipment, essential goods were supplied from Britain, while it was forbidden to export the latest mechanisms to the New World.

1765 - Stamp Act The tax was imposed on all commercial transactions, publishing activities and legal transactions. A wave of indignation arose in the colonies. The Sons of Liberty Society urged Americans "to be no more slaves of the English." England has abolished most taxes, leaving only one for tea.

"Boston Tea Party" In 1773, a large cargo of tea was brought to Boston at a deliberately low price. He was assigned the role of bait, the British authorities hoped that the Americans would not last long without this product. But the colonists continued the boycott. Bostonians, disguised as Indians, carried away a crowd of citizens to the port to the battle cries and, having boarded the ships, sown all the tea in the sea.

"Boston Tea Party"

The British began to urgently transfer additional troops to the New World. The Americans began to realize that they are a single community, they have their own economic interests, culture and their own destiny, and their paths with England may diverge.

Homework paragraph 28. Textbook Dmitriev O.V.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Biology lesson Grade 6 "Gifts of the Old and New Worlds"

Biology lesson "Gifts of the Old and New Worlds" in the 6th grade. Developed and tested in 2012 in general education grade 6....

This topic is considered in the 5th grade according to the textbook by N. Petrova and Maximova on the Federal State Educational Standard. I wanted to structure the lesson ....