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About the country Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Area - 9984 thousand square meters. km. (second place in the world). It is washed by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans. It borders the USA, Denmark and France. Population - 34 million people. The capital is Ottawa. It is a federal state consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories. Official languages: English and French. Economy: diversified, based on rich natural resources and trade.

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Geography Canada occupies almost the entire northern half of the mainland of North America and the numerous islands adjacent to it. In the east, the coast of the country is washed by the Atlantic, in the west - by the Pacific, and in the north - by the Arctic Ocean. The territory of the country extends from 83 degrees north latitude in the north (Cape Columbia on Ellesmere Island) to 41 degrees north latitude in the south (Mild Island on Lake Erie). The area of ​​the country is 9984 thousand sq. km.

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Relief The main part of the country is occupied by the plains of the prairies and the plateau of the Canadian Shield. To the west of the prairies are the continental lowlands. British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains, and the Appalachians rise south from Quebec to the Maritime Provinces. The continental lands of the Canadian North are bordered to the north by a large archipelago, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which includes the largest islands in the world. In this polar ice-covered region between the Queen Elizabeth Islands lies the north magnetic pole. The most populated area of ​​the country is the Quebec-Windsor corridor along the flat banks of the St. Lawrence River and in the southeast of the Great Lakes.

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Rivers and lakes Canada has more lakes than any other country in the world and has a significant reservoir of fresh water. In the east of Canada, the St. Lawrence River flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, having the largest mouth in the world, where the island of Newfoundland is located. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are separated by the Bay of Fundy, which is famous for having the highest tides in the world. To the north of the 60th parallel there are numerous lakes (the largest of which are the Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes) and are crossed by the longest river in the country - the Mackenzie River.

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The Great Lakes are a system of freshwater lakes in North America, in the United States and Canada. It includes a number of large and medium-sized reservoirs connected by rivers and straits. The area is about 245.2 thousand km², the volume of water is 22.7 thousand km³. The five largest lakes belong to the Great Lakes proper: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario. Several medium-sized lakes are connected with them. The lakes belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin. Drainage on the St. Lawrence River. Great Lakes

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Niagara Falls is the common name for three waterfalls on the Niagara River, which separates the US state of New York from the Canadian province of Ontario. Niagara Falls are Horseshoe Falls, sometimes also called Canadian Falls, American Falls and Veil Falls. Although the height difference is not very large, the falls are very wide, and in terms of the volume of water passing through it, Niagara Falls is the most powerful in North America. The height of the waterfalls is 53 meters. The foot of the American Falls is obscured by a heap of stones, which is why its apparent height is only 21 meters. The width of the American Falls is 323 meters, the Horseshoe Falls is 792 meters. The volume of falling water reaches 5700 and more m³/s. MyGeography.com Niagara Falls

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Climate From the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Atlantic in the east, a temperate zone stretches in the southern part of the country. Average January and July temperatures vary for each area. Winters can be very severe in some parts of the country, with average monthly temperatures reaching 15˚C below zero in the southern part of the country, and sometimes as low as -45˚C with strong icy winds. The lowest temperature ever observed in Canada is -63°C (in the Yukon). Annually, the level of snow cover can reach several hundred centimeters (for example, in Quebec, the average is 337 cm). The coast of British Columbia, especially Vancouver Island, is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with mild and rainy winters. Summer temperatures can reach 35˚C, even 40˚C, given the humidity index.

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Flora Vegetation is represented by: deciduous forests, mixed forests, taiga, tundra, arctic deserts of the North. The northern part of Canada is covered with tundra, which penetrates far to the south. Heather, sedge, shrub birch and willow grow here. To the south of the tundra there is a wide strip of forests. Coniferous forests predominate; the main species are black spruce in the east and white spruce in the west, pine, larch, thuja, etc. Less common deciduous forests consist of poplar, alder, birch and willow. The forests in the Great Lakes region are especially diverse (American elm, Weymouth pine, Canadian train, oak, chestnut, beech). On the Pacific coast, coniferous forests of Douglas, Sitka spruce, Alaskan and red cedar are common); Arbutus and Oregon oak are found near Vancouver. In the coastal Atlantic provinces - Acadian forests with balsam fir, black and red spruce; also cedar, American larch, yellow birch, beech.

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Fauna Reindeer, polar hare, lemming, arctic fox and the original musk musk ox are found in the tundra zone. To the south, the animal world is more diverse - forest caribou deer, red deer, elk, elk, in mountainous areas - bighorn sheep and mountain goat. There are quite numerous rodents: Canadian chikari squirrel, chipmunk, American flying squirrel, beaver, jumper from the jerboa family, muskrat, porcupine - needlewool, meadow and American hare, pika. Of the feline predators for Canada - Canadian lynx and cougar. There are wolves, foxes, a gray bear - a grizzly, a raccoon. Of mustelids - sable, pecan, otter, wolverine, etc. There are many nesting migratory birds and game birds. The fauna of reptiles and amphibians is not rich. There are a lot of fish in freshwater reservoirs.

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State structure Canada is a member state of the British Commonwealth, and formally the head of state is the Queen of England. The official representative of the Queen in Canada is the Governor General. Canada is a parliamentary federal system with a democratic tradition. Legislative power is represented by the Parliament. Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government, the Privy Council. The queen is the supreme bearer of executive power. Judicial power in the country belongs to the Queen and the Royal Courts.

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Economy Canada is one of the richest countries in the world with a high per capita income and is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G8. Canada has a mixed economy. The largest importers of Canadian goods are the United States, Great Britain and Japan. The Canadian economy is dominated by the service sector. It is a very important resource sector of the economy, in which logging and the oil industry are the most important industries. Canada is one of the few industrialized countries that are net energy exporters. The Atlantic coast of Canada has huge offshore natural gas deposits and large oil and gas resources. Huge reserves of tar sands make Canada the second largest country in the world in terms of oil reserves after Saudi Arabia. Canada is one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products: wheat, rapeseed and other grains. Canada is the largest producer of zinc and uranium and is also a source of many other natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminum and lead. In Canada, the manufacturing industry is also developed, the industries of which are concentrated in the south of Ontario (the automotive industry, represented by American and Japanese factories) and Quebec (the national aerospace industry).

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Population Canada is relatively sparsely populated. The population density (about 3.5 people per 1 km²) is one of the lowest in the world. The population of Canada is about 34 million people. The most populated area of ​​the country is the Quebec-Windsor corridor along the flat banks of the St. Lawrence River and in the southeast of the Great Lakes. The bulk of the population are the descendants of immigrants from Europe: Anglo-Saxons, French Canadians, Germans, Italians, Ukrainians, Dutch, etc. The indigenous population - Indians and Eskimos - were pushed north during colonization.

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Religion Canadians practice a large number of religions. According to the latest census, 77.1% of Canadians identify themselves as Christians, their most are Catholics (43.6% of Canadians). The most important Protestant church is the United Church of Canada (Calvinists); approximately 17% of Canadians do not associate themselves with any religion, and the rest of the population (6.3%) professes religions other than Christianity (most often Islam).

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Administrative division Canada is currently divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories. The newest administrative unit of Canada is the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999). A province and a territory differ in the degree of their autonomy. The powers are actually transferred to the provinces by the Constitutional Act.

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Major cities of Toronto are the most Big City Canada, located at the intersection of water and land routes. Population - 2518 thousand inhabitants. The cities of Toronto, Brampton, Mississauga, Markham, and others form the Greater Toronto agglomeration (GTA) with a population of 5,715,000. About 1/3 of Canada's population lives in Toronto and its environs. Montreal is the most Old city in the country and the largest city in the province of Quebec with a population of 1,812,800 people. Mostly French Canadians live in the city, which is why the city is called "French Canada" or "Paris of North America". Montreal is the industrial center of the country, as well as its huge transportation hub. Montreal is a major river port. Vancouver is located in southwestern Canada, on the border with the United States. The population of the city itself is 600,000 people. (2006), but in Greater Vancouver, if you count more than 20 suburbs, there are more than 2 million people. Vancouver is the largest port on the west coast of Canada and one of the largest business and industrial centers in the world. Calgary. Population - 1,230,248 people. As of 2002, Calgary ranks 31st in terms of living standards out of 130 major cities world, and in 2002 it was recognized as the cleanest city on the planet. It is believed that here is the cleanest water, the freshest air and the bluest sky. The city has more than 8,000 hectares of parks, 460 km of alleys and rivers.

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Ottawa Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Ottawa is the fourth largest city in the country and ranks sixth in terms of living standards in the world. Ottawa is located on the banks of the Ottawa River and on the Rideau Canal. The city was founded in the 1820s. Until 1855 it was called Bytown. Since 1867 the capital of Canada. Population 875 thousand inhabitants. City government is exercised by the municipal council headed by the mayor. The climate is temperate continental. The average January temperature is −11 °C, July 20.3 °C. Precipitation 873 mm per year. The appearance of Ottawa is characterized by an abundance of water and greenery, a chess system of streets associated with a developed system of park roads. Residential buildings are mainly two-story.

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Culture Many elements of Canadian culture are very similar to US culture, including film, television, clothing, housing, private transportation, consumer goods, and food. Despite this, Canada has its own unique culture. In commemoration of Canada's diversity of peoples, the country has had a multicultural policy since the 1960s. In Canadian cities, elements from cultures around the world can be found; many cities have neighborhoods with a predominance of some national minority (for example, Chinese, Italian, Portuguese quarters in Toronto and Montreal), festivals dedicated to cultures are regularly held different countries. The maritime provinces preserve the Celtic folklore of the Irish and Scots, which at the same time blends well with the Gallo-Romance themes of Celtic Gaul, prevailing in Acadia and Quebec. The influence of the indigenous population of Canada is also noticeable: in many places you can find huge totem poles and other works of art of the indigenous peoples. The francophone population of Canada stands out significantly. It gives special specificity to the character of Canada; Montreal is the most important center of French-speaking culture in America.

The United States of America neighbors Canada to the south and northwest. About half of Canada is occupied by the Laurentian Uplands. western border which forms a line between the Great Bear Lake in the north and Forest Lake in the extreme south. Geologists call this vast area the Canadian Shield. The average height of the local landscape is about 500 m, however, after the end of the ice age, the remains of ancient folded mountains up to 1190 m high were exposed in some places. The Laurentian Upland lies in the Atlantic Ocean basin and is famous for its picturesque lacustrine-hilly relief. Hudson Bay fills the central part of the Canadian Shield. On its shores there is a lowland of the same name, which arose as a result of the uplift of the relief and the retreat of the sea after the melting of glaciers. Relatively recent tectonic processes have led to the formation of the Arctic archipelago. The outlying ranges of the American Appalachians enter the territory of Canada. They border the valley of the St. Lawrence River on the south and stick out as sharp teeth of islands near the east coast. These old mountains, dissected by steep gorges, form a system of small plateaus with a height of no more than 800 m. The variety of rocks and geological structures suggests the presence of rich mineral resources in these parts. The highest point of this part of the Appalachians is Jacques-Cartier (1268 m). At the junction of the Laurentian Upland and the Appalachians lies the valley of the St. Lawrence River, which is a tectonic tectonic depression.

The total length of Canada's heavily indented coastline is about 244,000 km. The sea coast is replete with peninsulas, bays and coastal archipelagos. In the north, huge bays go deep into the land. The largest of them, Hudson Bay, covers an area of ​​848,000 sq. km (together with the secondary James Bay adjacent to it). Canada's largest peninsula is Labrador (1,430,000 sq. km). Along the northern shores of the country lies the Arctic archipelago (the largest island is Baffin Island). The largest island off the east coast is Newfoundland, and in the Pacific Ocean is Vancouver.

Administrative divisions of Canada

Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories.

Population of Canada

The indigenous people of Canada are Indians and Eskimos. Most of the Indian population is scattered across taiga reserves, and a certain part of them still live off hunting and fishing. The main occupation of the Eskimos inhabiting the northern coast of Canada, Baffin Island and the Labrador Peninsula is sea fishing. The national composition and distribution of the population developed as a result of the colonization of this part of the continent by European settlers that began in the 16th century. For more than one hundred years, these lands have been the scene of fierce confrontation between the English and French colonists. If the French settled in the valley of the St. Lawrence, the British firmly settled in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and the Great Lakes region. Nevertheless, by the end of the 19th century, only a negligible part of the territory of Canada had been mastered, and only the laying of a transcontinental railway gave impetus to the mass settlement of the prairies. In those years, Canada received several million immigrants from Western and Eastern Europe, including immigrants from Russia and Ukraine.

Economy of Canada

About 74 million hectares are occupied by agricultural land in Canada (the average area of ​​one farm is over 240 hectares). There are two large agricultural regions in the country. The first is located on flat plains along the shores of the Great Lakes and in the valley of the St. Lawrence River. All Canadian corn and soybeans, 90% of grapes and tobacco, as well as a good half of potatoes and vegetables are grown here. The same region supplies 50% of milk and eggs to the national market. The second most important agricultural area is the prairies, famous for high wheat yields and developed animal husbandry. An excellent resource base serves as a reliable basis for the development of forestry. According to some estimates, Canada owns more than 9% of all forest land on the planet. Modern pulp and paper production is directly related to logging and woodworking. Fishing is one of the oldest branches of the national economy. A significant part of the catch is obtained in the coastal waters of the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean, although inland waters are also of no small commercial importance. Possessing rich mineral resources, Canada ranks first in the world in the extraction of nickel and zinc ores. The country has large deposits of copper, iron, gold, lead and molybdenum, and coal is one of the leading exports. The uranium mined in the country is used as fuel for nuclear power plants. Natural gas and oil deposits are being developed.

A powerful impetus to the development of the Canadian economy was given by II World War. The military industry grew in the country, a number of new industries arose, the influx of American investments increased, and large-scale trade between neighboring states developed. The deepening of US-Canadian economic integration continues today. The US is Canada's main export partner, and about 30% of Canadian businesses are owned by US companies.

The video tutorial allows you to get interesting and detailed information about Canada. From the lesson you will get a complete description of Canada, especially its geographical location, economy. The teacher will tell you in detail about the national composition of the country, the standard of living of the population.

Theme: North America

Lesson: Canada. Socio-economic characteristics

Canada- a state in North America, ranks second in the world in terms of area (almost 10 million square kilometers) after Russia. It is washed by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans, borders on the USA in the south and northwest, on Denmark (Greenland) in the northeast and France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon) in the east. Canada's border with the United States is the longest common border in the world. In addition, in terms of the total length of the coastline, Canada ranks first in the world. The capital is Ottawa.

According to the level of development, the country is among the highly developed countries of the world, is a member of numerous organizations, including a member of the G7.

The economic and geographical position of Canada is determined primarily by the fact that it has access to three oceans and borders on the United States.

Canada is part of the Commonwealth, so nominally the English monarch is considered the head of the country, although in reality Canada is an independent state.

Canada is a federal state consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories. The province with a predominantly French-speaking population is Quebec, the rest are predominantly English-speaking provinces, also called " English Canada” in comparison with French-speaking Quebec. As one of nine predominantly English-speaking provinces, New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual Canadian province. The Yukon Territory is officially bilingual (English and French), while the Northwest Territories and Nunavut Territory recognize 11 and 4 official languages, respectively. Canada is officially a bilingual country.

Rice. 2. Map of the administrative-territorial division of Canada ()

The population of Canada at the beginning of the year is more than 34 million people. Despite its large area, approximately 3/4 of Canada's population lives within 100 miles of the US border. Canada is a relatively sparsely populated country on the globe: per 1 sq. km accounts for 3.4 people. Most of the population growth is due to immigration.

Canada is a very diverse country from an ethnic point of view. The majority of the population is made up of Anglo Canadians and French Canadians. A large proportion of Irish, Scots, Italians, Chinese, Russians.

Indigenous people of Canada:

1. Indians.

2. Eskimos.

3. Indian-European mestizos.

The most common religions in the country are Protestantism and Catholicism.

HDI leaders by years (according to Wikipedia and UNDP)

2013 - Norway

2011 - Norway

2010 - Norway

2009 - Norway

2008 - Iceland

2007 - Iceland

2006 - Norway

2005 - Norway

2004 - Norway

2003 - Norway

2002 - Norway

2001 - Norway

2000 - Canada

1999 - Canada

1998 - Canada

1997 - Canada

1996 - Canada

1995 - Canada

1994 - Canada

1993 - Japan

1992 - Canada

1991 - Japan

1990 - Canada

1985 - Canada

1980 - Switzerland

Canada is currently ranked 10th in the ranking of countries in terms of living standards. Some believe that Canada is the most favorable country for people to live.

Largest cities in Canada(more than 1 million people (Ottawa and Vancouver - together with the suburbs)):

2. Montreal

3. Vancouver

4 Calgary

Canada is one of the richest countries in natural resources.

By the amount of forest resources, the country ranks 3rd (after Russia and Brazil). More than 50% of Canada is covered with coniferous forests. The country occupies a leading position in the production of paper, lumber, 1st place in the production of newsprint.

Canada's soil resources are also rich; favorable agro-climatic resources in the southern regions of the country; huge water resources (10% of the world's fresh water).

In terms of quantity and variety of mineral resources, Canada is one of the great mining countries.

Rice. 4. The structure of the mining industry in Canada ()

The most important feature of the mining industry in Canada is its export orientation: more than 4/5 of all products of the extractive industries are supplied to the world market. Canada is the world's leading exporter of uranium, nickel, copper, zinc, titanium, molybdenum, silver, platinum, asbestos, and potassium salts. In value terms, about 60% of Canadian mineral exports go to the US, 25% to Western Europe and 10% to Japan.

More than 4/5 of all reserves of potash salts of Western countries, about 2/3 of nickel and zinc reserves, 2/5 of lead and uranium reserves, about 1/3 of iron and copper ore reserves, titanium, and tungsten are concentrated in the bowels of the country. To this list one can add rather large reserves of oil and natural gas, coal, cobalt, platinum, gold, silver, asbestos and some other minerals.

This diversity is explained primarily by the peculiarities of the geological and tectonic structure of the territory of Canada. The basins and deposits of iron, copper, nickel, cobalt ores, gold, platinum, uranium are genetically associated primarily with the Precambrian Canadian Shield, which is composed of crystalline rocks emerging on the surface. Occupying an area of ​​4.6 million square meters. km, it stretches from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the Great Lakes and the river. Saint Lawrence. In the west of the country, where the Mesozoic folding area is located and the Cordillera belt passes, basins and deposits of copper, polymetallic, molybdenum, tungsten, and mercury ores are especially common. And oil, gas, coal basins on the tectonic map of Canada should be sought within the marginal foredeep of the Cordillera and smaller intermountain troughs.

Almost all sectors of the economy have been developed in Canada. Canada's fuel and energy complex is one of the most developed in the world. Hydroelectric power plants are leading in the generation of electricity.

The main oil and natural gas production areas are in the western provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. The largest deposits are located here - Pembina, Redwater, Zama.

Mechanical engineering accounts for less than 30% of production and the number of people employed in the manufacturing industry, which is lower than in other developed countries. The main industry - transport engineering (production of automobiles, aircraft, diesel locomotives, ships, snowmobiles), dominated by American capital, is located in the southern part of the province of Ontario. Agricultural engineering, the production of power equipment, equipment for the mining and forestry industries are also developed. The machine tool industry has received a weak development. The main centers of mechanical engineering are Toronto, Montreal, Windsor, Hamilton, Ottawa, Halifax, Vancouver.

Production has stabilized in the ferrous metallurgy, which is in the hands of national capital. The leading metallurgical centers are located in the Lake District - Hamilton, Welland, Sault Ste. Marie, as well as along the Atlantic coast of the city of Sydney.

In non-ferrous metallurgy, the positions of American and British capital are strong. The smelting of non-ferrous metals - especially copper, nickel and aluminum - has reached large volumes. The major world centers included Sudbury, Thompson, Sullivan, Arvida, Kitimat and Port Colborne. Most enterprises work on local raw materials. A large-scale production of aluminum has been created using imported raw materials.

Canada has a developed oil refining industry. The most important centers are located in Montreal, Sarnia, Vancouver and Edmonton.

The chemical industry is well developed and, in particular, the production of sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, and plastics. The main centers of the chemical industry are Montreal, Toronto, Niagara-Fole.

The timber and paper industry uses the richest forest resources. In terms of timber harvesting, Canada ranks 5th, in the production of lumber and paper - 3rd in the world (provinces - Quebec, Ontario). The country's role in the export of sawn timber and paper is even more significant: Canada is the world leader. 2/3 of paper and pulp production are located in the east, near the hydroelectric power station - on the St. Lawrence River. Large timber and paper mills are also located in the taiga zone in the north of the Steppe provinces and especially in British Columbia, where 2/3 of the sawmill industry is concentrated.

The food, clothing, and textile industries are also well developed, with major centers in Montreal, Toronto, and Quebec.

Agriculture is a highly developed branch of the Canadian economy. It is characterized by a high level of marketability, mechanization and specialization of production. About 4/5 of the area of ​​agricultural land is concentrated in large farms of 50 hectares or more. A significant part of farms is an integral part of large-scale agribusiness. Agricultural products on farms are produced on the basis of contracts with enterprises of the largest monopolies in the food industry. Central Canada is distinguished, first of all, by industries that meet the needs of the urban population: suburban vegetable growing, horticulture, dairy farming and poultry farming.

Rice. 5. Dairy products of Canada ()

Steppe provinces at the end of the last century began to turn into one of the leading areas of grain specialization. And at present, the cultivation of cereals determines Canada's specialization in the global market for agricultural products.

Fisheries are also important, developing on the basis of wealthy biological resources coastal waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Inland fishing, like hunting, plays a smaller role.

Canada is one of the world's leading exporters of agricultural products.

Homework

Topic 9, Item 3

1. What are the features of the geographical position of Canada?

2. Tell us about the economy of Canada.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

2. Kulyshev Yu.A. Canada. - M.: Thought, 1989. - 144 p. - (At the map of the world). - 100,000 copies.

3. Nokhrin I.M. Socio-political thought of Canada and the formation of national self-consciousness (the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries). - Huntsville: Altaspera Publishing & Literary Agency, 2012. - 232 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work v USE format 2011. - M.: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. The most complete edition of typical variants of real USE assignments: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

9. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

10. USE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

11. USE 2012. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: national education, 2011. - 288 p.

12. USE 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

Canadian territories are located on the North American continent. The lands of Canada occupy 9.9 million square meters on the globe. km. The country has vast territories rich in natural resources and minerals.

Geographic characteristics of Canada

The second largest state in the world is washed by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic, and the Pacific Ocean. The coastal line of Canada in its length is also the leader among other states.

Some Canadian islands are deepening the territory of the country beyond the Arctic Circle by 800 kilometers.

Canada's largest border is with the United States. It lies in the south of the state, connecting the two countries with economic and transport interests.

Mount Logan is the highest point in Canada, at 5,951 meters above sea level. Canada has a lot of mainland territories, but there are also quite large island formations: Baffin Island, Newfoundland, Victoria, Devon and others.

Map of Canada in Russian

Relief of Canadian lands

The Saint Elias Mountains cut off most of Canada from beautiful fjords and bays. Near the Atlantic Ocean, the country's relief is represented by wide prairies. Plains, lowlands and the flat Polar zone are the main southern territories of Canada.

The tundra landscape is also characteristic of this state, as are mixed forests in the west and north. Canadian lands are dotted with rivers, lakes and wetlands. The capital of the state is the city of Ottawa.

Physical and geographical position of Canada

Physically, Canada can be divided into five parts: the Appalachian-Acadian region (southeast), the Canadian Shield, the Interior Lowlands, the Great Plains (in the center) and the Cordillera (to the west).

The lands of Canada are a complex geological structure with rocks of the most different ages. Next to the ancient Canadian Shield are the young Cordilleras.

More than half of the country is occupied by the Laurentian Plateau, which is part of the Canadian Shield. It still bears traces of recent glaciation: smooth rocks, moraines, chains of lakes. The plateau is a gently undulating plain.

This is the most unsuitable part of the country for human habitation, but it has huge reserves of minerals.

Both from the north and from the south, the Laurentian Plateau is surrounded by vast lowlands - the Interior Plains, the Laurentian Lowland, and the lowland of the Hudson Strait. They represent a typical picture of the Canadian landscape and they brought fame to Canada as a spacious country with favorable climatic and geographical conditions.

The steppes are mostly located in the south of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, which are called the steppe provinces. The Laurentian lowland is in favorable climatic conditions- temperate climate and fertile soil. Here is the economic center of the country.

The Appalachian Mountains are located in southeastern Canada. They are rich in minerals. The average height of the mountain range does not exceed 600 m. To the northwest of the Appalachian Mountains lies the Canadian Shield, which consists mainly of granites and gneisses. There are many swamps, lakes, rapids rivers. From the west and south, the Canadian Shield is bordered by a chain of lakes - from the Great Bear to the Great Lakes.

To the west of the Canadian Shield are the Great Plains. Their southern part - the Interior Lowlands - is the agricultural center of the country, 75% of all cultivated land. The Cordillera stretches along the Pacific coast - 2.5 thousand km from north to south and 750 km from west to east. In the east they are called the Rocky Mountains, in the west they are called the Coast Range. The average height of the mountains is 2-3 thousand meters above sea level.

Although most of the land is occupied by lakes and lowlands overgrown with forests, Canada also has mountain ranges, plains and even a small desert. The Great Plains, or prairies, cover Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and parts of Alberta. Now it is the main agricultural land of the country.

Western Canada is known for its Rocky Mountains, while to the east are the country's most important cities, as well as Niagara Falls. The Canadian Shield, an ancient mountainous region formed over 2.5 billion years ago, covers most of the north of the country. In the arctic region, only tundra can be found, which breaks up into islands to the north, covered with ice almost all year round.

The highest point in Canada is Mount Logan at 5,950 meters above sea level. The main natural resources are nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, coal, oil, natural gas.

The land suitable for cultivation is only 5% of the territory of Canada. Another 3% of the land is used for pastures. Forests and forest plantations occupy 54% of the entire territory of Canada. The irrigated land is only 7100 sq. km.