When the tsars appeared in Russia. Who was the first Russian tsar in Russia? Will there be a revival of the monarchy in Russia

Grand Duke(since 1533), and since 1547 - the first Russian tsar. This is the son of Vasily III. He began to rule from the end of the 40s with the participation of the Chosen One. Ivan IV was the first Russian Tsar from 1547 to 1584, until his death.

Briefly about the reign of Ivan the Terrible

It was under Ivan that the convocation of the Zemsky Sobors began, and the Sudebnik of 1550 was also compiled. He carried out reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya, Gubnaya and other reforms). In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced in the state.

Also, the first Russian tsar in 1553 established trade relations with England, under him the first printing house was created in Moscow. Ivan IV conquered the Astrakhan (1556) and Kazan (1552) khanates. The Livonian War was fought in 1558-1583 for access to the Baltic Sea. In 1581, the first Russian tsar began the annexation of Siberia. Mass executions and disgrace was accompanied domestic politics Ivan IV, as well as the strengthening of the enslavement of the peasants.

Origin of Ivan IV

The future tsar was born in 1530, on August 25, near Moscow (in the village of Kolomenskoye). He was the eldest son of Vasily III, Grand Duke of Moscow, and Elena Glinskaya. Ivan descended on the paternal side from the Rurik dynasty (its Moscow branch), and on the maternal side - from Mamai, who was considered the ancestor of the Glinsky, Lithuanian princes. Sophia Palaiologos, paternal grandmother, belonged to the family of Byzantine emperors. According to legend, in honor of the birth of Ivan in Kolomenskoye, the Church of the Ascension was laid.

Childhood years of the future king

A three-year-old boy after the death of his father remained in the care of his mother. She died in 1538. At this time, Ivan was only 8 years old. He grew up in an atmosphere of struggle for power between the Belsky and Shuisky families, who were at war with each other, in the atmosphere of palace coups.

The violence, intrigues and murders that surrounded him contributed to the development of cruelty, revenge and suspicion in the future king. Ivan had a tendency to torment others already in childhood, and his close associates approved of it.

Moscow uprising

In his youth, one of the most powerful impressions of the future tsar was the Moscow uprising in 1547 and the "great fire". After the murder of a relative of Ivan from the Glinsky family, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyevo. Here the Grand Duke took refuge. They demanded that the rest of the Glinskys be handed over to them.

It took a lot of effort to persuade the crowd to disperse, but they still managed to convince them that the Glinskys were not in Vorobyov. The danger had just passed, and now the future tsar ordered the arrest of the conspirators in order to execute them.

How did Ivan the Terrible become the first Russian tsar?

Already in his youth, Ivan's favorite idea was the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bautocratic power, not limited by anything. In the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on January 16, 1547, the solemn wedding of Ivan IV, the Grand Duke, to the kingdom took place. Signs of royal dignity were assigned to him: the hat and barm of Monomakh, the cross of the Life-Giving Tree. Ivan Vasilievich, after the communion of the Holy Mysteries, was anointed with the world. So Ivan the Terrible became the first Russian tsar.

As you can see, the people did not participate in this decision. Ivan himself proclaimed himself king (of course, not without the support of the clergy). The first elected Russian tsar in the history of our country is Boris Godunov, who ruled a little later than Ivan. Zemsky Sobor in Moscow in 1598, February 17 (27), elected him to the kingdom.

What gave the royal title?

A fundamentally different position in relations with states Western Europe allowed him to take the title of king. The fact is that the grand ducal title in the west was translated as "prince", and sometimes as "great duke". However, "king" was either not translated at all, or was translated as "emperor". Thus, the Russian autocrat stood on a par with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire itself, the only one in Europe.

Reforms aimed at the centralization of the state

Together with the Chosen Rada, since 1549, the first Russian tsar carried out a number of reforms that were aimed at centralizing the state. These are, first of all, Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms. Changes in the army also began. The new Sudebnik was adopted in 1550. The first Zemsky Sobor was convened in 1549, and two years later - the Stoglavy Cathedral. It adopted "Stoglav", a collection of decisions regulating church life. Ivan IV in 1555-1556 canceled feeding, and also adopted the Code of Service.

Accession of new lands

The first Russian tsar in the history of Russia in 1550-51 personally participated in the Kazan campaigns. Kazan was conquered by him in 1552, and in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. The Nogai and the Siberian Khan Yediger became dependent on the tsar.

Livonian War

Trade relations with England were established in 1553. Ivan IV in 1558 began the Livonian War, intending to get the coast of the Baltic Sea. Military operations initially developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was completely defeated, and this Order itself ceased to exist.

Meanwhile, in the internal situation of the state, significant changes. The tsar broke with the Chosen Rada around 1560. He imposed various disgrace on its leaders. Adashev and Sylvester, according to some researchers, realizing that Russia did not promise success in the Livonian War, unsuccessfully tried to persuade the king to sign an agreement with the enemy. Russian troops captured Polotsk in 1563. It was in those days a large Lithuanian fortress. Ivan IV was especially proud of this victory, which was won after the dissolution of the Chosen Council. However, Russia already in 1564 began to suffer defeats. Ivan tried to find the guilty, executions and disgrace began.

The introduction of the oprichnina

The first Russian tsar in the history of Russia was more and more imbued with the idea of ​​establishing a personal dictatorship. He announced in 1565 the introduction of the oprichnina in the country. The state was divided from now on into 2 parts. Zemshchina began to be called territories that were not included in the oprichnina. Each oprichnik necessarily swore allegiance to the king. He pledged not to maintain relations with the Zemstvo.

Oprichniki were released by Ivan IV from legal liability. With their help, the tsar forcibly confiscated the estates of the boyars and transferred them to the possession of the noble guardsmen. Opals and executions were accompanied by robbery among the population and terror.

Novgorod pogrom

The Novgorod pogrom, which took place in January-February 1570, was a major event during the oprichnina. The reason for it was the suspicion that Novgorod intended to pass to Lithuania. Ivan IV personally led the campaign. On the way to Novgorod from Moscow, he plundered all the cities. In December 1569, during the campaign of Malyuta, Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip in the Tver monastery, who was trying to resist Ivan. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, amounted to 10-15 thousand. Historians claim that the tsar in 1572 abolished the oprichnina.

Invasion of Devlet Giray

In this, the invasion of Devlet Giray, the Crimean Khan, on Moscow, which took place in 1571, played a role. The oprichnina army was unable to stop him. Devlet-Girey burned down the settlements, the fire also spread to the Kremlin and Kitay-gorod.

The division of the state also had a detrimental effect on its economy. A huge amount of land was devastated and devastated.

reserved summers

In order to prevent the desolation of many estates, in 1581 the tsar introduced reserved summers in the country. It was a temporary ban on peasants leaving their owners on St. George's Day. This contributed to the establishment of serf relations in Russia. The Livonian War ended in complete failure for the state. Originally Russian lands were lost. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign during his lifetime: the failure of all foreign and domestic political undertakings.

Repentance and fits of rage

The king from 1578 stopped executing. Almost at the same time, he ordered that commemorative lists (synodiks) of the executed be compiled, and then contributions to their commemoration be sent to the monasteries of the country. In the will drawn up in 1579, the tsar repented of his deed.

However, periods of prayer and repentance alternated with fits of rage. On November 9, 1582, during one of these attacks, in his country residence (Alexandrovskaya Sloboda), he accidentally killed Ivan Ivanovich, his son, hitting him in the temple with a staff with an iron tip.

The death of the heir plunged the tsar into despair, since Fyodor Ivanovich, his other son, was incapable of governing the state. Ivan sent a large contribution to the monastery in memory of Ivan's soul, he even thought about going to the monastery himself.

Wives and children of Ivan the Terrible

The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is unknown. Probably the king was married 7 times. He had, apart from children who died in infancy, three sons.

Ivan from his first marriage had two sons, Fedor and Ivan, from Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva. His second wife was Maria Temryukovna, daughter of a Kabardian prince. The third was Martha Sobakina, who died unexpectedly 3 weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. Therefore, in 1572, in May, a church council was convened in order to allow Ivan the Terrible the 4th marriage - with Anna Koltovskaya. However, she was tonsured a nun in the same year. In 1575, Anna Vasilchikova, who died in 1579, became the fifth wife of the tsar. Probably the sixth wife was Vasilisa Melentyeva. In the autumn of 1580, Ivan entered into his last marriage - with Maria Naga. In 1582, on November 19, Dmitry Ivanovich, the third son of the tsar, was born from her, who died in Uglich in 1591.

What else is remembered in the history of Ivan the Terrible?

The name of the first Russian tsar went down in history not only as the embodiment of tyranny. For his time, he was one of the most educated people, possessed theological erudition and a phenomenal memory. The first tsar on the Russian throne is the author of many messages (for example, to Kurbsky), the text and music of the service of the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, as well as the canon to the Archangel Michael. Ivan IV contributed to the fact that book printing was organized in Moscow. Also during his reign, St. Basil's Cathedral was erected on Red Square.

Death of Ivan IV

In 1584, on March 27, at about three o'clock, Ivan the Terrible went to the bathhouse prepared for him. The first Russian monarch, who officially took the title of tsar, bathed with pleasure, he was amused by songs. Ivan the Terrible after the bath felt fresh. The king was seated on the bed, he was wearing a wide dressing gown over linen. Ivan ordered the chess to be brought in, and began to arrange them himself. He never managed to put the chess king in his place. And at this time Ivan fell.

They immediately ran: some for rose water, some for vodka, some for the clergy and doctors. Doctors came with drugs and began to rub him. The metropolitan also came and hastily performed the rite of tonsure, naming Ivan Jonah. However, the king was already lifeless. The people became agitated, a crowd rushed to the Kremlin. Boris Godunov ordered the gates to be closed.

The body of the first Russian Tsar was buried on the third day. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral. The grave of the son he killed is next to his own.

So, the first Russian tsar was Ivan the Terrible. And after him, his son, Fedor Ivanovich, who suffered from dementia, began to rule. In fact, the government was carried out by the Board of Trustees. A struggle for power has begun, but this is a separate issue.

For almost 400 years of the existence of this title, it was worn by completely different people - from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.

Rurikovichi

Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed many times political system. At first, the rulers had a princely title. When, after a period of political fragmentation, a new Russian state, the owners of the Kremlin thought about taking the royal title.

This was done under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the successor. It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.

Such historical figures as big influence for the development of the whole country. In addition to the fact that Ivan the Terrible changed his title, he also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, starting Russian expansion to the East.

Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by his weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. Rulers have always paid much attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he stood up especially sharply. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne came to an end.

Time of Troubles

After Fyodor's death, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the royal family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to keep calm in the provinces. Due to the tense situation, Godunov failed to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.

In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepiev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He really managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live up to this moment - he died from health complications. His son Fyodor II was captured by the associates of False Dmitry and killed.

The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, which was inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars who did not like that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). AT Troubled times Russia's rulers changed frequently.

The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky did not hold her back and was overthrown by the Polish interventionists.

First Romanovs

When in 1613 Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders, the question arose of who should be made sovereign. This text presents all the tsars of Russia in order (with portraits). Now it's time to tell about the ascension to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.

The first sovereign of this kind - Michael (1613-1645) - was just a young man when he was put to rule a vast country. His main goal was the struggle with Poland for the lands occupied by it during the Time of Troubles.

These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of the reign until the middle of the 17th century. After Michael, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule, the fraternal peoples finally began to live in one country.

Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Fedor III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.

Peter the Great

Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (we will consider all the rulers in chronological order) - knows few examples of an era so full of changes.

Appeared new army and fleet. To do this, Peter started a war against Sweden. 21 years lasted North War. During it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. Petersburg was founded in this region in 1703 - new capital Russia. Peter's success made him think about changing his title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech, monarchs continued to be called kings.

The era of palace coups

Peter's death was followed by a long period of unstable power. The monarchs replaced each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated. As a rule, the guards or certain courtiers were at the head of these changes. During this era, Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ruled ).

The last of them was of German origin. Under the predecessor of Peter III, Elizabeth, Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch renounced all conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. With this act, he signed his own death warrant. The guard organized another palace coup, after which the wife of Peter Catherine II was on the throne.

Catherine II and Paul I

Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous statutory commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Order. This document contained many considerations about the transformations needed for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.

All the tsars and presidents of Russia (in chronological order, we listed all the royal persons) took care that the country looked worthy on the foreign arena. She was no exception. She led several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, three partitions of Poland took place. So Russian empire received important acquisitions in the west.

After the death of the great empress, her son Paul I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was not liked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.

First half of the 19th century

In 1801 there was another and the last palace coup. A group of conspirators dealt with Pavel. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign was Patriotic war and Napoleon's invasion. Rulers Russian state For two centuries they have not encountered such a serious enemy intervention. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called "the liberator of Europe".

Inside his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their policies as they age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.

At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855) there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Because of this, conservative orders triumphed in the country for thirty years.

Second half of the 19th century

Here are all the tsars of Russia in order, with portraits. Further, we will talk about the main reformer of the national statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He became the initiator of the manifesto on the liberation of the peasants. The destruction of serfdom allowed the development of the Russian market and capitalism. The country began to grow economically. The reforms also affected the judiciary, local government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to raise the country to its feet and learn the lessons that the lost started under Nicholas I presented him.

But Alexander's reforms were not enough for the radicals. Terrorists attempted several times on his life. In 1881 they were successful. Alexander II died from a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.

Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch Alexander III(1881-1894) forever became a hard reactionary and conservative. But he is best known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war.

The last king

Alexander III died in 1894. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived itself. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - knew a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nicholas that there were more than ever many of them.

In 1904-1905. the country experienced a humiliating war with Japan. It was followed by the first revolution. Although the unrest was suppressed, the king had to make concessions to public opinion. He agreed to establish a constitutional monarchy and a parliament.

The tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.

In 1914 the First World War. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917 broke out February Revolution, and the last king had to abdicate. Nicholas II, together with his family, was shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.

He lived a great and tragic life. Everyone knows his name, but the real events are often hidden or distorted by ill-wishers and not very honest historians. The name of the first Russian Tsar is Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Grozny).

Since ancient times, the highest title of the ruler in Russia was considered "prince". After the unification of the Russian principalities under the rule of Kyiv, the title of "Grand Duke" became the highest rank of the ruler.

The title "king" was worn by the Byzantine emperor in Constantinople. In 1453, Constantinople fell under the blows of the Turks, and shortly before that, Greek Orthodoxy concluded the Union of Florence with Catholic Rome. In this regard, the last Greek metropolitan was expelled from the Moscow cathedra, which proclaimed itself independent of Byzantium. The new metropolitans were chosen from natural hares.

Muscovite Russia, unlike Byzantium, was united, expanded and strengthened by the efforts of the great princes, including the father of Ivan IV, and then by himself. The great Moscow princes began to call themselves "sovereigns of all Russia" and gradually accustom foreign diplomats and their subjects to the idea that their state is not a backyard, but the center of a true Christendom not subject to apostate unions. The idea of ​​Moscow as the third Rome, which is the heir of the non-Uniate Byzantium, both in politics and in faith, appears and strengthens in the mind, about the special purpose of Russia.

In addition to all of the above, the title "Grand Duke" in Europe was perceived as "prince" or "duke" and, accordingly, as a vassal or subordinate of the emperor.

The title "king" put the "sovereign of all Russia" on the same level with the only emperor at that time - the emperor of the Roman Empire, to whom all European kings nominally obeyed.

They crowned Ivan IV in 1547, at the age of 17. The boyar elite, who ruled the country at that time, hoped that the tsar would remain a puppet in their hands and an official sign of the state.

The official recognition by Europe of the royal title for the Moscow sovereign occurred in 1561, when the eastern patriarch Joasaph confirmed it with his letter. Some states, for example, England and Sweden, recognized the title of the Russian Tsar before the Patriarch.

Truth and slander

The events of the life of the first crowned Russian Tsar for many hundreds of years were subjected to frankly slanderous insinuations by enemies, traitors and those who wrote official history. One of their main postulates is that "all the undertakings of the king ended in failure." However, among the significant reforms of Ivan IV indisputable, and received further development, are:

Contrary to popular belief, Ivan the Terrible left behind a more developed country than he inherited. The ruin of the country is due to another boyar turmoil that occurred after the death of the king.

Most of the "knowledge" about history people get from school textbooks, feature films, books and media, which without a twinge of conscience repeat established myths. Here are some of them about Ivan the Terrible:

far from unambiguous, as well as the time in which he lived. Power is a burden to be borne, and the better this is done, the more opposition there will be. This happened to Ivan IV when he "modernized" the country. So it is with his legacy over the centuries, when his deeds are slinged in the mud.

By the end of the 15th century, when Byzantium fell under the onslaught of Muslims, the question of continuity arose: for Russia, Byzantium with its divinely crowned emperors was an example and a model. In order for Moscow to really become a continuer of Christian traditions, it was necessary, following the Byzantine model, to endow the ruling persons with power “from God”, and make Moscow a new Constantinople. This idea was born at the court of Ivan III and forced his subordinates to rethink the approach to joining the rights of the next ruler.

At that time, a serious struggle was going on at the court over which branch of the Ivan III family would continue to govern the state. The Grand Duke was married twice: the first time to Princess Maria Borisovna of Tver, and the second time to Sofya Paleolog, the sister of the last emperor of fallen Byzantium. From Maria Borisovna, Ivan III had an heir, Ivan the Young (died in 1490) and his son, Ivan's grandson Dmitry (born in 1483); of the children of Sophia Paleolog, the main contender for power was the son of Vasily - the eldest of the sons of Sophia.

It is curious that the introduction of the idea of ​​"Moscow - the new Constantinople" belongs not to Sophia Paleolog, but to her opponents - priests and scribes close to Dmitry and his mother Elena Voloshanka. Metropolitan Zosima, who was close to Elena, even composed the “Paschalia Statement”, in which he put the idea of ​​​​the succession of power. In the work, Paleologus was not mentioned, and the succession was based on the loyalty of Russia to God, Zosima called the autocrat a king and claimed that the Lord himself had placed him over Russia. In addition to the clergy, the princes of Tver stood behind Dmitry Vnuk, who did not like Paleolog, considering her a stranger and associating “disorders in Russia” with her appearance. Ivan III himself wanted to pass the throne along the senior line and considered Dmitry to be the heir, and after the plot against Dmitry failed in the fall of 1497, and Sophia Paleolog and her son fell out of favor, Ivan III decided to marry Dmitriy to the “great reign of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod and all Russia", making him a co-ruler.

Rurikovichi are a princely family in Russia, which comes from Rurik. The Rurik family was large and many of its representatives were the rulers of the state and principalities formed after the Russian lands were divided.

Biography of Rurik

The year 862 is considered the beginning of the reign of Ruriks. These are the great princes of Novgorod, Kyiv, Vladimir, Moscow. Rurik's descendants are considered all Russian tsars until the 16th century. The last of this dynasty was called Fedor Ioannovich. Rurik became prince in 862. During his reign, feudal relations were established.

Some of the historians say that Rurik was a Scandinavian. The basis for this is the etymology of the name, which is translated from Latin as King. It is also known that the name Rurik is very common in countries such as Sweden, Finland and others. But other historians suggest that Rurik still comes from the Slavs.

According to chronicles

We can say that not only Rurik, but also his brothers received the princely lands. But many of the researchers unanimously argue that he did not have any brothers.

The annals describe very little about his aspirations to strengthen the borders of the state and build cities. A positive moment in the period of his reign was the ability to suppress the rebellion. Thus, he reinforced his royal authority. On the positive side, one can also say that power was centralized in Russia.

In 879, Rurik died, and Oleg, the guardian of Igor, the son of Rurik, became prince.

List of princes, rulers of Russia

• Igor
• Olga "Saint"
• Svyatoslav Igorevich
• Yaropolk I, Svyatoslavovich
• Vladimir Svyatoslavovich "Saint"
• Svyatopolk I Vladimirovich "Cursed"
• Yaroslav I Vladimirovich "The Wise"
• Izyaslav I Yaroslavovich
• Vseslav Bryachislavovich Polotsky
• Izyaslav I Yaroslavovich
• Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich
• Izyaslav I Yaroslavovich
• Vsevolod I Yaroslavovich
• Svyatopolk II Izyaslavovich
• Vladimir Vsevolodovich "Monomakh"
• Mstislav Vladimirovich "The Great"
• Yaropolk II Vladimirovich
• Vsevolod II Olgovich Novgorod-Seversky
• Igor Olgovich
• Izyaslav II Mstislavovich Vladimir-Volynsky
• Yuri Vladimirovich "Dolgoruky"
• Izyaslav III Davidovich Chernigov
• Rostislav Mstislavovich Smolensky
• Mstislav Izyaslavovich Vladimir-Volynsky

Who was the first Russian tsar in Russia?

Ivan IV Vasilyevich, nicknamed "Grozny", the first tsar of the State

We all studied history at school. But not all of us remember who the first tsar in Russia was. This high-profile title in 1547 began to belong to Ivan IV Vasilyevich. For the uneasy nature of his character, for the coolness of his temper and cruelty, he was given the nickname "Terrible." Before him, all those who ruled Russia were called princes. And Ivan the Terrible is the first tsar of the State.

The first king was crowned king in 1547

Biography

The year of Ivan's birth is 1530. His father was Prince of Moscow Vasily III, and his mother was Elena Glinskaya. Very early, Ivan became an orphan. He is the only heir to the throne, he had a brother Yuri, but since he is mentally retarded, he could not lead the principality. Ivan the Terrible began to rule the lands in Russia. It was 1533. In fact, his mother was considered the ruler, since the son was still small. But five years later she was gone. Becoming an orphan at the age of eight, Ivan lived with guardians, who were the boyars Belsky and Shuisky. They were only interested in power. He grew up seeing hypocrisy and meanness every day. He became distrustful, expecting a catch and betrayal everywhere and in everything.

Positive results of the board

1547 was the time when Grozny announced his intention to marry the reign. He received the title of king on January 16. The place where the wedding was held is the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. During the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich, a significant increase in the influence of the Orthodox Church was noted. There was also an improvement in the lives of the clergy.

Nine years after the beginning of the reign in Russia, Ivan, together with Chosen by Rada The "Code of Service" was developed. Thanks to this document, the size of the Russian army increased. This document stated that behind each feudal lord there was an obligation to send a certain number of soldiers from their land, who had both horses and weapons with them. If the landowner supplied more soldiers than necessary, then the incentive for him was a monetary reward. But if the feudal lord, for whatever reason, did not provide the number of soldiers that is necessary according to the document, then he had to pay a fine. Thanks to this document, the combat capability of the army has improved. This is important, since Ivan the Terrible pursued an active foreign policy.

Negative aspects of government

Terrible despot on the throne!

So they called the king for cruelty, torture, reprisals against objectionable people to his rule and will.

List of rulers of Russia after the reign of Ivan the Terrible

• Simeon Bekbulatovich nominally Grand Duke of All Russia Fedor I Ivanovich
• Irina Fyodorovna Godunova
• Boris Fyodorovich Godunov
• Fedor II Borisovich Godunov
• False Dmitry I (presumably Grigory Otrepiev)
• Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky
• Mstislavsky Fedor Ivanovich
• Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy
• Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky
• Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov
• Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky
• Kuzma Minin

The first Russian tsar from the clan (family) of the Romanov dynasty

The Rurik dynasty was followed by the Romanov dynasty. As in the first, so in this dynasty there were many prominent representatives government. One of them was the first representative Mikhail Romanov.

Biography of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

In 1613 he was elected Russian Tsar. His mother was Ksenia Shestova, and his father was Fyodor Romanov. After Moscow was liberated by Minin and Pozharsky. the future tsar and his mother began to live in the Ipatiev Monastery.

The Poles, when they found out that they had elected a tsar, wanted to interfere in every possible way. So, this case was behind a small detachment that moved towards the monastery in order to eliminate Michael. But Ivan Susanin showed courage and a detachment of Poles died without finding the right path. And they cut Ivan down.

Positive results of the board

The economy of the Russian lands, which were in decline after the failures that occurred in the 7th century, was gradually restored. 1617 was the year of the conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden.

This is followed by the return of the Novgorod region, which was captured years earlier. After the agreement was signed in 1618 with Poland, the Polish troops had to leave the Russian lands completely. However, the territories of the Smolensk, Chernigov and Smolensk regions became lost.

Prince Vladislav did not recognize the legitimacy of Mikhail Romanov's rights. He confidently said that he was the Russian Tsar.

This period is known friendly relations with Persians. Due to the fact that Siberia was conquered, there was an expansion of Russian territories.

Townsmen began to be heavily taxed. It can also be noted that there is an attempt to form regular army. Foreigners took the lead. Last years The reign of Mikhail Romanov was marked by the formation of dragoon regiments, as one of the army's rapid deployment units.

List of tsars of Russia after the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty

In which cathedral did the coronation of Russian tsars take place?

The Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin is considered one of the oldest temples. It is located on the Cathedral Square of the Kremlin.

Since the time of Russia, the Assumption Cathedral has been the place where the most important state ceremonies were held. One of these ceremonies that took place there is the coronation of the tsars of Russia.

The last Russian tsar in the history of Russia

Biography

the last emperor was Nicholas II, his father was Alexander the Third. Nikolai had an excellent education, studied various foreign languages, studied law, military affairs, economics, history and literature. Since his father died early, he had to take the reins of government at a young age.

The coronation of Nicholas took place in the Assumption Cathedral on May 26, 1896. This date is also marked by bad events. This terrible event was Khodynki. As a result, a huge number of people died.

Positive results of the board

The reign of Nicholas is notable for many positive events. There was a rise in the economy. There was a significant increase agricultural sector. During this period, Russia was an exporter of agricultural products in Europe.

The introduction of a gold stable currency was also noted. The development of the industry was very intensive. Business building, growth big cities, construction railways- this is all the positive influence of the reign of Nicholas II.

The introduction of a fixed day for workers, the provision of insurance, the implementation of excellent reforms regarding the army and navy had a good effect on the development of the state as a whole. Emperor Nicholas fully supported the development of science and culture. But, despite the fact that there were so many positive things that the life of the people improved, the unrest among the people did not stop.

And in January 1905, Russia is experiencing a revolution. This event was the event known to all under the name "Bloody Sunday". 09/17/1905 in question on the adoption of a manifesto in which civil liberty was defended. There was the formation of a parliament, which included the State Duma and the State Council.

Negative results of the reign and the end of the Romanov dynasty

After the June coup, which changed the rules for election to the State Duma, every failure that happened in the war undermined Nikolai's prestige. With the beginning of the uprising in March of the same year in Petrograd, the popular uprising acquired grandiose proportions.

Not wanting bloodshed to reach even greater proportions, Nicholas abdicates the throne.

On March 9, the interim government observed the arrest of the entire Romanov family. Then they go to the royal village. In Yekaterinburg, on July 17, the Romanovs are sentenced to death in the basement, and the execution takes place. This ends the reign of the Romanov dynasty.