Generals of the White Army surnames. Civil war heroes

Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny - Soviet military leader, commander of the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army during the Civil War, one of the first Marshals Soviet Union.

He created a revolutionary cavalry detachment that acted against the White Guards on the Don. Together with the divisions of the 8th Army, he defeated the Cossack corps of Generals Mamontov and Shkuro. Troops under the command of Budyonny (14th Cavalry Division of Gorodovikov O.I.) took part in the disarmament of the Don corps of Mironov F.K., who went to the front against Denikin A.I., allegedly for an attempt to raise a counter-revolutionary rebellion.

Post-war activities:

Budyonny - a member of the Revolutionary Military Council, and then deputy commander of the North Caucasian Military District.

Budyonny became the "godfather" of the Chechen Autonomous Region

Budyonny was appointed assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Red Army for cavalry and a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.

Inspector of the cavalry of the Red Army.

Graduated from the Military Academy. M. V. Frunze.

Budyonny commanded the troops of the Moscow Military District.

Member of the Main Military Council of the NKO of the USSR, Deputy People's Commissar.

First Deputy Commissar of Defense

Blucher V.K. (1890-1938)

Vasily Konstantinovich Blucher - Soviet military, statesman and party leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union. Chevalier of the Order of the Red Banner No. 1 and the Order of the Red Star No. 1.

He commanded the 30th rifle division in Siberia and fought against the troops of A. V. Kolchak.

He was the head of the 51st Infantry Division. Blucher was appointed the sole commander of the 51st SD, transferred to the reserve of the Red Army High Command. In May, he was appointed head of the West Siberian sector of the VOKHR. Appointed Chairman of the Military Council, Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic and Minister of War of the Far Eastern Republic.

Post-war activities:

He was appointed commander of the 1st rifle corps, then - commandant and military commissar of the Petrograd fortified area.

In 1924 he was assigned to the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR

In 1924 he was sent to China

Participated in the planning of the Northern Expedition.

Served as Assistant Commander of the Ukrainian Military District.

In 1929 he was appointed commander of the Special Far Eastern Army.

During the hostilities near Lake Khasan, he led the Far Eastern Front.

• He died of beatings during the investigation in the Lefortovo prison.

Tukhachevsky M.N. (1893-1937)

Kamenev S.S. (1881-1936)

Post-war activities:

Inspector of the Red Army.

Chief of Staff of the Red Army.

Chief Inspector.

Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, chief leader of the tactics cycle of the Military Academy. Frunze.

At the same time, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.

Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.

He was admitted to the CPSU (b).

Was appointed head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army

• Kamenev was awarded the rank of commander of the 1st rank.

Vatsetis I.I. (1873-1938)

Joachim Ioakimovich Vatsetis - Russian, Soviet military leader. 2nd rank commander.

After the October Revolution, he went over to the side of the Bolsheviks together. He was the chief of the operational department of the Revolutionary Field Headquarters at Headquarters. He supervised the suppression of the rebellion of the Polish corps of General Dovbor-Musnitsky. Commander of the Latvian Rifle Division, one of the leaders of the suppression of the Left SR revolt in Moscow in July 1918. Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Front, Commander-in-Chief of All Armed Forces RSFSR. Simultaneously commander of the Army of Soviet Latvia. Since 1921, as a teacher at the Military Academy of the Red Army, commander of the 2nd rank.

Commander of the newly created Volunteer Army. Killed 04/13/1918 during the storming of Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar) in the 1st Kuban (Ice) campaign.

P.N. Krasnov (1869-1947)

Pyotr Nikolaevich Krasnov - General of the Russian Imperial Army, Ataman Of the Great Don Army, military and political figure, famous writer and publicist.

Krasnov's Don army occupied the territoryDon Cossacks Areasby knocking out parts Red army , and he himself was elected ataman Don Cossacks. The Don army in 1918 was on the verge of death, and Krasnov decided to unite with the Volunteer Army under the command of A. I. Denikin. Soon Krasnov himself was forced to resign and left forNorthwest Army Yudenich based in Estonia.

Post-war activities:

Emigrated in 1920. Lived in Germany, near Munich

Since November 1923 - in France.

Was one of the founders of "Brotherhood of Russian Truth»

Since 1936 lived in Germany.

From September 1943, chief Main Directorate of Cossack TroopsImperial Ministry of the Eastern Occupied Territories Germany.

May 1945 surrendered to the British.

He was transferred to Moscow, where he was held in the Butyrka prison.

By the verdict Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSRP. N. Krasnov was hanged in Moscow, inLefortovo prison January 16, 1947.

Grigory Mikhailovich Semyonov - Cossack ataman, leader of the White movement in Transbaikalia and the Far East,lieutenant general White Army ... Continued to form in Transbaikalia equestrian Buryat-Mongolian Cossack detachment. In the troops of Semyonov, three new regiments were formed: the 1st Ononsky, the 2nd Akshinsko-Mangutsky and the 3rd Purinsky. Was createdmilitary school for cadets ... Semyonov was appointed commander of the 5th Amur Army Corps. Appointed Commander of the 6th East Siberian Army Corps, Assistant to the Chief Chief of the Amur Region and Assistant the commander by the troops of the Amur Military District, the commander of the troops of the Irkutsk, Trans-Baikal and Amur military districts.

In 1946 he was sentenced to death.

Yudenich N.N. (1862-1933)












Nikolay Nikolaevich Yudenich- Russian military leader, general from infantry.

In June 1919, Kolchak was appointed commander-in-chief of the north-west. army, formed by the Russian White Guards in Estonia, and became part of the Russian White Guard Northwest government formed in Estonia. Took from the north-west. army of the second campaign against Petrograd. The offensive was defeated at Petrograd. After the defeat of the north-west. army, was arrested by General Bulak-Balakhovich, but after the intervention of the allied governments he was released and went abroad. Died ofpulmonary tuberculosis.




Results of the Civil War




In a fierce armed struggle, the Bolsheviks managed to retain power in their hands. All state formations that arose after the collapse were liquidated. Russian Empire, with the exception of Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland.




In the civil war, the most diverse forces came out against the Bolsheviks. They were Cossacks, nationalists, democrats, monarchists. All of them, despite their differences, served the White cause. Defeated, the leaders of the anti-Soviet forces either died or were able to emigrate.

Alexander Kolchak

Although the resistance to the Bolsheviks did not become fully united, it was Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (1874-1920) who is considered by many historians to be the main figure of the White movement. He was a professional military man and served in the navy. In peacetime, Kolchak became famous as a polar explorer and oceanographer.

Like other career soldiers, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak gained rich experience during the Japanese campaign and the First World War. With the coming to power of the Provisional Government, he briefly emigrated to the United States. When news of the Bolshevik coup came from his homeland, Kolchak returned to Russia.

The admiral arrived in Siberian Omsk, where the Socialist-Revolutionary government made him minister of war. In 1918, the officers carried out a coup, and Kolchak was named the Supreme Ruler of Russia. Other leaders of the White movement did not then have such large forces as Alexander Vasilyevich (he had an army of 150,000 at his disposal).

In the territory under his control, Kolchak restored the legislation of the Russian Empire. Moving from Siberia to the west, the army of the Supreme Ruler of Russia advanced to the Volga region. At the peak of his success, White was already approaching Kazan. Kolchak tried to draw off as many Bolshevik forces as possible in order to clear Denikin's road to Moscow.

In the second half of 1919, the Red Army launched a massive offensive. The Whites retreated farther and farther to Siberia. Foreign allies ( Czechoslovak Corps) gave up Kolchak, who was traveling to the east in a train, to the Socialist-Revolutionaries. The admiral was shot in Irkutsk in February 1920.

Anton Denikin

If in the east of Russia Kolchak stood at the head of the White Army, then in the south Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947) was the key commander for a long time. Born in Poland, he went to study in the capital and became a staff officer.

Then Denikin served on the border with Austria. He spent the First World War in Brusilov's army, participated in the famous breakthrough and operation in Galicia. The provisional government briefly made Anton Ivanovich the commander of the Southwestern Front. Denikin supported Kornilov's revolt. After the failure of the coup, the lieutenant general was imprisoned for some time (Bykhov's seat).

Freed in November 1917, Denikin began to support the White Cause. Together with generals Kornilov and Alekseev, he created (and then single-handedly led) the Volunteer Army, which became the backbone of resistance to the Bolsheviks in southern Russia. It was on Denikin that the Entente countries placed their stake, declaring war on Soviet power after its separate peace with Germany.

For some time Denikin clashed with the Don ataman Pyotr Krasnov. Under the pressure of the allies, he obeyed Anton Ivanovich. In January 1919, Denikin became the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of South Russia - the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. His army cleared the Kuban, Don Territory, Tsaritsyn, Donbass, Kharkov from the Bolsheviks. The Denikinist offensive was drowned out in Central Russia.

VSYUR retreated to Novocherkassk. From there Denikin moved to Crimea, where in April 1920, under pressure from opponents, he transferred his powers to Peter Wrangel. Then followed the departure to Europe. In exile, the general wrote his memoirs "Essays on the Russian Troubles", in which he tried to answer the question of why the White movement was defeated. Anton Ivanovich blamed exclusively the Bolsheviks for the civil war. He refused to support Hitler and criticized collaborators. After the defeat of the Third Reich, Denikin changed his place of residence and moved to the United States, where he died in 1947.



Lavr Kornilov

The organizer of the unsuccessful coup Lavr Georgievich Kornilov (1870-1918) was born into the family of a Cossack officer, which predetermined him military career... As an intelligence officer, he served in Persia, Afghanistan and India. In the war, being captured by the Austrians, the officer fled to his homeland.

At first, Lavr Georgievich Kornilov supported the Provisional Government. He considered the leftists to be the main enemies of Russia. As a supporter of a strong government, he began to prepare an anti-government speech. His campaign against Petrograd failed. Kornilov, along with his supporters, was arrested.

With the onset of the October Revolution, the general was released. He became the first commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army in southern Russia. In February 1918, Kornilov organized the First Kuban to Yekaterinodar. This operation has become legendary. All the leaders of the White movement in the future tried to be equal to the pioneers. Kornilov died tragically during the shelling of Yekaterinodar.



Nikolay Yudenich

General Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich (1862-1933) was one of the most successful military leaders of Russia in the war against Germany and its allies. He led the headquarters of the Caucasian army during its battles with Ottoman Empire... Having come to power, Kerensky dismissed the military leader.

With the onset of the October Revolution, Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich illegally lived for some time in Petrograd. At the beginning of 1919, using forged documents, he moved to Finland. The Russian Committee meeting in Helsinki proclaimed him commander-in-chief.

Yudenich established contact with Alexander Kolchak. Coordinating his actions with the admiral, Nikolai Nikolaevich unsuccessfully tried to enlist the support of the Entente and Mannerheim. In the summer of 1919, he received the portfolio of minister of war in the so-called Northwest government formed in Reval.

In the fall, Yudenich organized a campaign against Petrograd. Basically, the White movement in the civil war operated on the outskirts of the country. Yudenich's army, on the other hand, tried to liberate the capital (as a result, the Bolshevik government moved to Moscow). She occupied Tsarskoe Selo, Gatchina and reached the Pulkovo Heights. Trotsky was able to railroad transfer reinforcements to Petrograd, thereby nullifying all attempts by the whites to get the city.

By the end of 1919, Yudenich retreated to Estonia. He emigrated a few months later. The general spent some time in London, where Winston Churchill visited him. Accustomed to defeat, Yudenich settled in France and retired from politics. In Cannes he died of pulmonary tuberculosis.



Alexey Kaledin

When the October Revolution broke out, Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) was the ataman of the Don army. He was elected to this post several months before the events in Petrograd. In the Cossack cities, primarily in Rostov, sympathies for the socialists were strong. The ataman, on the other hand, considered the Bolshevik coup to be criminal. Having received disturbing news from Petrograd, he defeated the Soviets in the Oblast of the Don troops.

Alexey Maksimovich Kaledin operated from Novocherkassk. In November, another white general, Mikhail Alekseev, arrived there. Meanwhile, the mass of the Cossacks hesitated. Many front-line soldiers, tired of the war, responded vividly to the slogans of the Bolsheviks. Others were neutral towards the Leninist government. Almost no one felt hostility towards the socialists.

Having lost hope to restore ties with the ousted Provisional Government, Kaledin took decisive steps. He declared independence. In response to this, the Rostov Bolsheviks raised an uprising. The chieftain, having enlisted the support of Alekseev, suppressed this speech. The first blood was shed on the Don.

At the end of 1917, Kaledin gave the go-ahead for the creation of an anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army. Two parallel forces appeared in Rostov. On the one hand, it was the Volunteer Generals, on the other, local Cossacks. The latter were increasingly sympathetic to the Bolsheviks. In December, the Red Army occupied Donbass and Taganrog. In the meantime, the Cossack units completely disintegrated. Realizing that his own subordinates did not want to fight the Soviet regime, the chieftain committed suicide.

Ataman Krasnov

After the death of Kaledin, the Cossacks did not sympathize with the Bolsheviks for long. When yesterday's front-line soldiers were established on the Don, they quickly hated the Reds. Already in May 1918, an uprising broke out on the Don.

Pyotr Krasnov (1869-1947) became the new chieftain of the Don Cossacks. During the war with Germany and Austria, he, like many other white generals, participated in the glorious. The military always treated the Bolsheviks with disgust. It was he who, on the orders of Kerensky, tried to recapture Petrograd from Lenin's supporters when the October Revolution had just taken place. Krasnov's small detachment occupied Tsarskoe Selo and Gatchina, but the Bolsheviks soon surrounded and disarmed him.

After the first failure, Peter Krasnov was able to move to the Don. Having become the ataman of the anti-Soviet Cossacks, he refused to obey Denikin and tried to pursue an independent policy. In particular, Krasnov established friendly relations with the Germans.

Only when the capitulation was announced in Berlin did the isolated chieftain submit to Denikin. The commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army did not tolerate a dubious ally for long. In February 1919, under pressure from Denikin, Krasnov left for Yudenich's army in Estonia. From there he emigrated to Europe.

Like many leaders of the White movement who were in exile, the former Cossack chieftain dreamed of revenge. Hatred of the Bolsheviks pushed him to support Hitler. The Germans made Krasnov the head of the Cossacks in the occupied Russian territories... After the defeat of the Third Reich, the British extradited Peter Nikolaevich to the USSR. In the Soviet Union, he was tried and sentenced to capital punishment. Krasnov was executed.



Ivan Romanovsky

The military leader Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky (1877-1920) during the tsarist era was a participant in the war with Japan and Germany. In 1917, he supported Kornilov's speech and, together with Denikin, served an arrest in the city of Bykhov. Having moved to the Don, Romanovsky participated in the formation of the first organized anti-Bolshevik detachments.

The general was appointed Denikin's deputy and directed his staff. It is believed that Romanovsky exerted on his boss big influence... In his will, Denikin even named Ivan Pavlovich as his successor in the event of an unforeseen death.

By virtue of his directness, Romanovsky clashed with many other military leaders in the Dobrarmia, and then in the AFSR. The White movement in Russia treated him ambiguously. When Denikin was replaced by Wrangel, Romanovsky left all his posts and departed for Istanbul. In the same city he was killed by Lieutenant Mstislav Kharuzin. The shooter, who also served in the White Army, explained his action by the fact that he blamed Romanovsky for the defeat of the Armed Forces of South Korea in the civil war.

Sergey Markov

In the Volunteer Army, Sergei Leonidovich Markov (1878-1918) became a cult hero. The regiment and colored military units were named after him. Markov became famous for his tactical talent and his own courage, which he demonstrated in every battle with the Red Army. The members of the White movement treated the memory of this general with special trepidation.

The military biography of Markov in the tsarist era was typical of the then officer. He participated in the Japanese campaign. On the German front, he commanded a rifle regiment, then became chief of the headquarters of several fronts. In the summer of 1917, Markov supported the Kornilov rebellion and, together with other future white generals, was under arrest in Bykhov.

At the beginning civil war the military man moved to the south of Russia. He was one of the founders of the Volunteer Army. Markov made a great contribution to the White Cause in the First Kuban campaign. On the night of April 16, 1918, with a small detachment of volunteers, he captured Medvedovka, an important railway station, where the volunteers destroyed a Soviet armored train, and then escaped from the encirclement and escaped pursuit. The result of the battle was the salvation of Denikin's army, which had just made an unsuccessful assault on Yekaterinodar and was on the verge of defeat.

Markov's feat made him a hero for whites and a sworn enemy for reds. Two months later, the talented general took part in the Second Kuban campaign. Near the town of Shablievka, its units ran into superior enemy forces. At a fatal moment for himself, Markov found himself in an open place, where he equipped an observation post. Fire was opened on the position from a Red Army armored train. A grenade exploded near Sergei Leonidovich, which inflicted a mortal wound on him. A few hours later, on June 26, 1918, the soldier died.



Peter Wrangel

(1878-1928), also known as the Black Baron, came from a noble family and had roots in the Baltic Germans. Before becoming a military man, he received an engineering degree. The craving for military service, however, prevailed, and Peter went to study as a cavalryman.

Wrangel's debut campaign was the war with Japan. During the First World War, he served in the Horse Guards. Distinguished himself with several feats, for example, by capturing a German battery. Once on the Southwestern Front, the officer took part in the famous Brusilov breakthrough.

In days February revolution Peter Nikolaevich called for the introduction of troops into Petrograd. For this, the Provisional Government removed him from service. The black baron moved to a dacha in the Crimea, where he was arrested by the Bolsheviks. The nobleman managed to escape only thanks to the pleas of his own wife.

As for an aristocrat and a supporter of the monarchy, for Wrangel the White Idea was an uncontested position during the years of the Civil War. He joined Denikin. The military leader served in the Caucasian army, led the capture of Tsaritsyn. After the defeats of the White Army during the march to Moscow, Wrangel began to criticize his boss Denikin. The conflict led to the temporary departure of the general to Istanbul.

Soon Petr Nikolaevich returned to Russia. In the spring of 1920, he was elected commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Crimea became its key base. The peninsula turned out to be the last white bastion of the civil war. Wrangel's army repulsed several attacks by the Bolsheviks, but was eventually defeated.

In exile, the Black Baron lived in Belgrade. He created and headed the ROVS - Russian General Military Union, then transferring these powers to one of the Grand Dukes, Nikolai Nikolaevich. Shortly before his death, while working as an engineer, Peter Wrangel moved to Brussels. There he died suddenly of tuberculosis in 1928.



Andrey Shkuro

Andrei Grigorievich Shkuro (1887-1947) was a born Kuban Cossack. In his youth he went on a gold prospecting expedition to Siberia. In the war with Kaiser's Germany, Shkuro created a partisan detachment, nicknamed the "Wolf's Hundred" for prowess.

In October 1917, the Cossack was elected to the Kuban Regional Rada. Being a monarchist by conviction, he reacted negatively to the news of the coming to power of the Bolsheviks. Shkuro began to fight the red commissars when many leaders of the White movement had not yet had time to loudly declare themselves. In July 1918, Andrei Grigorievich with his detachment expelled the Bolsheviks from Stavropol.

In the fall, the Cossack stood at the head of the 1st Kislovodsk Officer Regiment, then the Caucasian Cavalry Division. The head of Shkuro was Anton Ivanovich Denikin. In Ukraine, the military defeated the detachment of Nestor Makhno. Then he took part in the campaign against Moscow. Shkuro went through the battles for Kharkov and Voronezh. In this city, his campaign was drowned.

Retreating from Budyonny's army, the lieutenant general reached Novorossiysk. From there he sailed to the Crimea. In the army of Wrangel, Shkuro did not take root because of the conflict with the Black Baron. As a result, the white commander ended up in exile even before the complete victory of the Red Army.

Shkuro lived in Paris and Yugoslavia. When the Second World War began, he, like Krasnov, supported the Nazis in their struggle against the Bolsheviks. Shkuro was an SS Gruppenfuehrer and in this capacity he fought with the Yugoslav partisans. After the defeat of the Third Reich, he tried to break through to the territory occupied by the British. In Linz, Austria, the British issued Shkuro along with many more officers. The white commander was tried along with Peter Krasnov and sentenced to death.

Winners write history. We know a lot about the heroes of the Red Army, but almost nothing about the heroes of the White Army. We are filling this gap.

Anatoly Pepeliaev

Anatoly Pepelyaev became the youngest general in Siberia at the age of 27. Prior to that, the White Guards under his command took Tomsk, Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk), Krasnoyarsk, Verkhneudinsk and Chita. When Pepelyaev's troops occupied Perm, abandoned by the Bolsheviks, about 20,000 Red Army soldiers were taken prisoner by the young general, who, on his order, were released to their homes. Perm was freed from the Reds on the day of the 128th anniversary of the capture of Izmail, and the soldiers began to call Pepeliaev "Siberian Suvorov".

Sergey Ulagay

Sergei Ulagai, a Kuban Cossack of Circassian origin, was one of the brightest cavalry commanders of the White Army. He made a serious contribution to the defeat of the North Caucasian front of the Reds, but especially the 2nd Kuban corps of Ulagai distinguished himself during the capture of the "Russian Verdun" - Tsaritsyn - in June 1919.

General Ulagai went down in history as the commander of a special group of the Russian Volunteer Army of General Wrangel, who landed troops from the Crimea on the Kuban in August 1920. For command of the landing, Wrangel chose Ulagai "as a popular Kuban general, it seems, the only one of the famous people who did not stain themselves with robbery."

Alexander Dolgorukov

The hero of the First World War, for his exploits, who was awarded admission to the Retinue of His Imperial Majesty, Alexander Dolgorukov showed himself in the Civil War. On September 30, 1919, his 4th rifle division forced the Soviet troops to retreat in a bayonet battle; Dolgorukov captured the crossing of the Plyussa River, which soon made it possible to occupy the White Strugi. Dolgorukov also got into literature. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard", he is bred under the name of General Belorukov, and is also mentioned in the first volume of Alexei Tolstoy's trilogy "Walking through the agony" (the attack of the cavalry guards in the battle of Kaushen).

The episode from the film "Chapaev", where the Kappelites go into a "psychic attack", is invented - Chapaev and Kappel never crossed paths on the battlefield. But Kappel was a legend without cinema.

During the capture of Kazan on August 7, 1918, he lost only 25 people. In his reports on successful operations, Kappel did not mention himself, explaining the victory by the heroism of his subordinates, right down to the sisters of mercy. During the Great Siberian Ice Campaign, Kappel froze the feet of both legs - he had to do amputation without anesthesia. He continued to lead the troops and refused a seat on the ambulance train. The general's last words were: "Let the troops know that I was loyal to them, that I loved them and by my death among them I proved it."

Mikhail Drozdovsky

Mikhail Drozdovsky with a volunteer detachment of 1000 people walked 1700 km from Yassy to Rostov, freed him from the Bolsheviks, then helped the Cossacks to defend Novocherkassk.

Drozdovsky's detachment took part in the liberation of both the Kuban and the North Caucasus. Drozdovsky was called "the crusader of the crucified Motherland." Here is his characterization from Kravchenko's book "Drozdovtsy from Yass to Gallipoli": "Nervous, thin, Colonel Drozdovsky was a type of ascetic warrior: he did not drink, did not smoke and did not pay attention to the blessings of life; always - from Yassy to death - in the same shabby jacket, with a worn St. George's ribbon in his buttonhole; out of modesty he did not wear the order itself. "

A colleague of Kutepov, even on the fronts of the First World War, wrote about him: “The name of Kutepov has become a household name. It means loyalty to duty, calm decisiveness, intense sacrificial impulse, cold, sometimes cruel will and ... clean hands - and all this was brought and given to the service of the Motherland. "

In January 1918, Kutepov twice defeated the Red troops under the command of Sievers at Matveyev Kurgan. According to Anton Denikin, "this was the first serious battle in which the fierce pressure of disorganized and ill-managed Bolsheviks, mainly sailors, was opposed by the art and inspiration of the officers' detachments."

The White Guards called Sergei Markov "White Knight", "General Kornilov's sword", "God of War", and after the battle at the village of Medvedovskaya - "Guardian Angel". In this battle, Markov managed to save the remnants of the Volunteer Army retreating from Yekaterinograd, destroy and capture an armored train of the Reds, get a lot of weapons and ammunition. When Markov died, Anton Denikin wrote on his wreath: "Both life and death are for the happiness of the Motherland."

Mikhail Zhebrak-Rusanovich

For the White Guards, Colonel Zhebrak-Rusanovich was a cult figure. For his personal prowess, his name was sung in the military folklore of the Volunteer Army. He firmly believed that "Bolshevism will never exist, but there will be only one United Great Indivisible Russia." It was Zhebrak who brought the Andreevsky flag with his detachment to the headquarters of the Volunteer Army, and soon it became the battle banner of the Drozdovsky brigade. He died heroically, personally leading the attack of two battalions on the superior forces of the Red Army.

Victorin Molchanov

The Izhevsk division of Viktorin Molchanov was awarded special attention by Kolchak - he handed her the St. George's banner, attached the St. George's crosses to the banners of a number of regiments. During the Great Siberian Ice Campaign, Molchanov commanded the rearguard of the 3rd Army and covered the retreat of the main forces of General Kappel. After his death, he led the vanguard of the white troops. At the head of the Insurgent Army, Molchanov occupied almost all of Primorye and Khabarovsk.

Innokenty Smolin

At the head of the partisan detachment of his own name, Innokenty Smolin, in the summer and autumn of 1918, successfully operated in the rear of the Reds, captured two armored trains. Smolin's partisans played important role in the capture of Tobolsk.

Mikhail Smolin took part in the Great Siberian Ice Campaign, commanded a group of troops of the 4th Siberian Rifle Division, which, numbering more than 1,800 fighters, came to Chita on March 4, 1920. Smolin died in Tahiti. V last years life wrote his memoirs.

Sergei Voitsekhovsky

General Voitsekhovsky performed many feats, fulfilling the seemingly impossible tasks of the command of the White Army. A faithful "Kolchak man", after the death of the admiral, he abandoned the storming of Irkutsk and led the remnants of the Kolchak army in Transbaikalia across the ice of Lake Baikal.

In 1939, in exile, being one of the highest Czechoslovak generals, Wojciechowski advocated resistance to the Germans and created an underground organization Obrana národa ("Defense of the People"). Arrested by SMERSH in 1945. Repressed, died in a camp near Taishet.

Erast of the Hyacinths

Erast of the Hyacinths in the First World War became the owner of a full set of orders available to the chief officer of the Russian Imperial army... After the revolution, he was obsessed with the idea of ​​overthrowing the Bolsheviks and even occupied with his friends a number of houses around the Kremlin in order to start resistance from there, but realized the futility of such tactics in time and joined the White Army, becoming one of the most productive scouts. In exile, on the eve of and during the Second World War, he held an open anti-Nazi position and miraculously escaped being sent to a concentration camp. After the war, he resisted the forced repatriation of "displaced persons" to the USSR.

General Khanzhin became a movie hero. He is one of the characters feature film 1968 "Thunderstorm over Belaya". The role of the general was played by Yefim Kapelyan. A documentary film "The Return of General Khanzhin" was also made about his fate. For the successful command of the Western Army of the Western Front, Mikhail Khanzhin was promoted by Kolchak to the rank of general from artillery - the highest distinction of this kind that was awarded by Kolchak when he was the Supreme Ruler.

Pavel Shatilov

A. V. Krivoshein, P. N. Wrangel and P. N. Shatilov. Crimea. 1920 Pavel Shatilov was a hereditary general, both his father and his grandfather were generals. He especially distinguished himself in the spring of 1919, when, in an operation in the area of ​​the Manych River, he defeated a 30-thousand-strong Red group.

Pyotr Wrangel, whose chief of staff was later Shatilov, spoke of him as follows: "of a brilliant mind, outstanding abilities, possessing great military experience and knowledge, with great efficiency he knew how to work with a minimum expenditure of time."

In the fall of 1920, it was Shatilov who directed the emigration of whites from the Crimea.

Do you know how the fate of each of the leaders of the White Movement developed after his defeat in 1920? Whom did the Bolsheviks reach, and who did not? Who lived to almost 100 years, and who was secretly taken from Paris to Moscow and shot? Who supported Hitler during the Second World War, and who sent medicines to the Red Army?

The fates of the 25 generals who led the White Movement are described below:

1. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in Crimea, Baron Pyotr Wrangel emigrated to Constantinople, where he lived for a year on his yacht. In the fall of 1921, the yacht was rammed by a steamer from Soviet Batumi and sank. But Baron Wrangel was not on the yacht at that moment, although other people on the yacht died. Later he emigrated first to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, then to Belgium. In 1928, the Baron died suddenly in Brussels at the age of 49, after a sudden infection with tuberculosis. According to the assumptions of his relatives, he was poisoned by a Bolshevik agent.

2. Lieutenant General Anton Denikin emigrated through Constantinople to Great Britain, then to Belgium, Hungary, France. During the Second World War, he condemned the Russian emigrants who supported Hitler. In 1943, Denikin sent a wagon with medicines to the Red Army with his personal funds, which puzzled Stalin and the Soviet leadership. It was decided to accept the medicines, but not to disclose the name of the author of their dispatch. In 1945 he emigrated to the USA. Died of a heart attack at 74 in Michigan.

3. General of Infantry Lavr Kornilov was killed in the spring of 1918 during the storming of Yekaterinodar.

4.The supreme ruler of Russia since 1918 Admiral A. V. Kolchak was betrayed by the allies in Irkutsk and shot in February 1920.

5. Lieutenant General Vladimir Kappel(Sergei Bezrukov played him in "The Admiral") during the retreat of his troops in the winter of 1919-1920 he froze toes, gangrene began, amputation was performed without anesthesia; died at the end of January 1920.

6. Cavalry General Peter Krasnov after emigration he lived in France and Germany. Second World war was the head of the Main Directorate of the Cossack Forces of the Imperial Ministry of the Eastern Occupied Territories of Germany. After the war, the British gave it to the USSR. He was hanged in the Lefortovo prison in 1947.

7. General of the cavalry Alexey Kaledin committed suicide in 1918 in Novocherkassk when he realized that his troops were losing.

8. Lieutenant General Evgeny Miller emigrated to France, in 1937 he was kidnapped in Paris by agents of the NKVD during a special operation and taken to Moscow. Shot.

9. General of Infantry Nikolay Yudenich emigrated to France. He died in Cannes in 1933 at the age of 72 from pulmonary tuberculosis.

10. Lieutenant General Vasily Boldyrev was captured in Vladivostok Soviet Army in 1922, went to prison, declared his readiness to cooperate with the Soviet government, was released from prison in 1923. He was engaged in teaching activities. In 1932 he was shot.

11. Lieutenant General Ivan Romanovsky emigrated to Constantinople, where he was killed in 1920.

12. Lieutenant general Sergey Markov died in June 1918 in a battle in the Stavropol province.

13. Major General Mikhail Drozdovsky during the battle near Stavropol at the end of October 1918, he received a non-fatal wound in the foot. But due to the fact that the wound was not properly treated, it festered. Then blood poisoning and gangrene began. In early January 1919, Drozdovsky died of gangrene in a hospital in Rostov-on-Don.

14. Lieutenant General Alexander Dutov after the defeat of the White Movement, he fled to China in 1920. He was killed in 1921 in Suidong (China) by agents of the Cheka during a special operation.

15. Lieutenant General Yakov Slashchev-Krymsky in November 1920 he fled from Crimea to Constantinople, but when the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR announced amnesty to the participants of the White movement in 1921, he returned to Sevastopol, then left for Moscow, where in 1929 he was killed by an insane person.

16. Lieutenant General Andrey Bakich: he fought in 1921 in Mongolia, then was captured by the Mongol troops, who handed him over to Soviet Russia. He was shot in Novonikolaevsk in 1922.

17. Lieutenant General Andrey Shkuro after emigration he lived in Paris and Berlin. During the Second World War, Shkuro, together with the former Don Ataman Krasnov, took the side of Germany as an SS Gruppenfuehrer and Lieutenant General of the SS troops. After the war, the British gave it to the USSR. He was executed in Moscow in 1947.

18. Lieutenant General Grigory Semyonov after the defeat of the White Movement, he settled in Japan, where he lived until August 1945, when he was captured Soviet troops... Sentenced to death and shot in 1946 in Moscow.

19. Lieutenant General Baron Roman Fedorovich Ungern von Sternberg fought in Mongolia, was taken prisoner by a detachment of partisans, transported to Novonikolaevsk and executed in 1921.

20. Major General Boris Annenkov fled to China, but 1924 - captured by the 1st Chinese people's army and transferred to the Chekists, after which it was exported to the USSR through Mongolia. In 1927 he was shot in Semipalatinsk.

21. Major General Nikolai Skoblin emigrated to France, in 1931 he was recruited as a Soviet agent, participated in the abduction of General Yevgeny Miller, and after being exposed in 1937 he was killed by the Soviet special services.

22. Commander of the Zemskaya Ratya Lieutenant General Mikhail Dieterichs emigrated to China, in 1937 he died in Shanghai at the age of 63.

23. Major General Konstantin Sakharov emigrated to Japan, then to the United States, then settled in Berlin, where he died in 1941 after an unsuccessful stomach operation.

24. Major General Viktorin Molchanov emigrated to Japan, then to the United States, where for 40 years he worked as commandant in the building "Sutter and Montgomery". He died at the age of 88 in San Francisco in 1975.

25. Major General Prince Pavel Bermondt-Avalov emigrated to Germany, sympathized with the Nazis, but they imprisoned him in 1939 for being overly active about the Russian liberation movement. At a personal request, Mussolini was exiled to Italy, from where he moved first to Belgrade and then to the United States in 1941. He died in 1974 in New York at the age of 97.

Such were the fate of the generals who led the White movement. Few are lucky enough to live to a ripe old age.

Who devoted his whole life to the army and Russia. He did not accept October Revolution and until the end of his days he fought with the Bolsheviks by all means that the honor of an officer could allow him.
Kaledin was born in 1861 in the village of Ust-Khoperskaya, in the family of a Cossack colonel, a participant in the heroic defense of Sevastopol. From childhood he was taught to love his Fatherland and protect it. Therefore, the future general received his education, first at the Voronezh military gymnasium, and later at the Mikhailovsky artillery school.
Military service he started in the Far East in the horse-artillery battery of the Trans-Baikal Cossack troops... The young officer was distinguished by his seriousness and concentration. He constantly strove to master perfectly military science and entered the Academy at the General Staff.
Further service of Kaledin takes place in the posts of staff officers in the Warsaw Military District, and then, in his native Don. Since 1910, he only holds command positions and gains considerable experience in leading combat formations.


Semenov Grigory Mikhailovich (09/13/1890 - 08/30/1946) - the most prominent representative in the Far East.

Born into an officer's family of Cossacks in Transbaikalia. In 1911. in the rank of cornet he graduated from the military Cossack school in Orenburg, after which he was assigned to serve on the border with Mongolia.

He was fluent in local languages: Buryat, Mongolian, Kalmyk, thanks to which he quickly became friends with prominent Mongolian figures.

During the separation of Mongolia from China, in December 1911. took under the protection of the Chinese resident, delivering him to the Russian consulate, located in Urga.

In order not to cause unrest between the Chinese and Mongols, with a platoon of Cossacks, he personally neutralized the Chinese garrison of Urga.





Lukomsky Alexander Sergeevich was born on July 10, 1868 in the Poltava region. In Poltava he graduated from the cadet corps named after, and by 1897 he completed his studies with honors at the Nikolaev Engineering School and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff in. A military career began for Alexander Sergeevich from the 11th engineer regiment, from where he was transferred a year later as an adjutant to the headquarters of the 12th infantry division, and from 1902 his service proceeded in the Kiev military district, where he was appointed to the headquarters as a senior adjutant. For the excellent performance of his official duties, Lukomsky was awarded the rank of colonel, and in 1907 he took over as chief of staff in the 42nd Infantry Division. Since January 1909, Alexander Sergeevich was engaged in mobilization issues in case of war. He participated in all changes to the Charter related to mobilization, personally supervised draft laws on the recruitment of personnel, being in the position of chief of the mobilization department of the Main Directorate of the General Staff.
In 1913, Lukomsky was appointed assistant to the head of the Chancellery of the War Ministry and, already serving in the ministry, received another military rank Major General, and as a reward to what he had - the ribbon of the Holy Great Martyr and George the Victorious.


Markov Sergei Leonidovich was born on July 7, 1878 in the family of an officer. Having graduated with honors from the 1st Moscow Cadet Corps and the Artillery School in St. Petersburg, he was sent to serve in the 2nd Artillery Brigade with the rank of second lieutenant. Then he graduated from the Nikolaev military academy and went to, where he showed himself to be an excellent officer and was awarded with awards: Vladimir 4th degree with swords and a bow. The further career of Sergei Leonidovich continued in the 1st Siberian Corps, where he served as an adjutant to the headquarters, and then at the headquarters of the Warsaw Military District, and as a result, in 1908, Markov ended up serving in the General Staff. It was during his service in the General Staff that Sergei Leonidovich created a happy family with Putyatina Marianna.
Markov Sergey Leonidovich was engaged in teaching work in various St. Petersburg schools. He perfectly knew military affairs and tried to convey all his knowledge of strategy, maneuvering to the students in full, and at the same time sought to apply non-standard thinking during the conduct of hostilities.
At the beginning, Sergei Leonidovich was appointed chief of staff of the "iron" rifle brigade, which was sent to the most difficult areas of the front and very often Markov had to apply his non-standard strategic moves in practice.

Roman Fedorovich von Ungern-Sternberg is perhaps the most extraordinary person in everything. He belonged to an ancient warlike family of knights, mystics and pirates, tracing their lineage since the time Crusades... However, family legends say that the roots of this family go much further, during the time of the Nibegungs and Attila.
His parents often traveled to Europe, something constantly attracted them to their historical homeland. During one of such travels, in 1885, in the city of Graz, Austria, the future irreconcilable fighter against the revolution was born. The boy's contradictory character did not allow him to become a good high school student. For countless misdemeanors, he was expelled from the gymnasium. The mother, desperate to get her son to behave normally, sends him to the Naval Cadet Corps c. He had only one year left before graduation when he started. Baron von Ungern-Sternberg drops out of training and enters an infantry regiment as a private. However, he did not get into the army, he was forced to return to St. Petersburg and enter the elite Pavlovsk infantry school. Upon completion, von Ungern-Sternber enlisted in the Cossack estate and began serving as an officer of the Trans-Baikal Cossack army. He again falls on Far East... This period of the life of the desperate baron is legendary. His perseverance, cruelty and flair have surrounded his name with a mystical halo. A dashing rider, a desperate duelist, he had no loyal companions.


The activists of the White movement had a tragic fate. People who suddenly lost their homeland, to which they swore allegiance, their ideals, could not come to terms with this until the end of their lives.
Mikhail Konstantinovich Dieterichs, an outstanding lieutenant general, was born on April 5, 1874 in a family of hereditary officers. The knightly family of Dieterichs from Czech Moravia settled in Russia in 1735. Due to his origin, the future general received an excellent education in the Corps of Pages, which he then continued at the Academy of the General Staff. In the rank of captain he took part in the Russo-Japanese War, where he distinguished himself as a brave officer. For heroism shown in battles he was awarded III and II degrees, IV degrees. He graduated from the war with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Further service took place at the army headquarters in Odessa and Kiev.
World War I found Dieterichs as chief of staff in the mobilization department, but he was soon appointed quartermaster general. It was he who led the development of all military operations of the Southwestern Front. For successful developments that brought victory to the Russian army, Mikhail Konstantinovich was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav with swords of the 1st degree.
Dieterichs continues to serve in the Russian Expeditionary Force in the Balkans, took part in the battles for the liberation of Serbia.

Romanovsky Ivan Pavlovich was born in the family of a graduate of the artillery academy on April 16, 1877 in the Luhansk region. He began his military career at the age of ten, having entered the cadet corps. He finished it with brilliant results in 1894. Following in the footsteps of his father, he began to study at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, but finished his studies at the Konstantinovsky School for religious reasons. And after graduating with honors from the next stage of education - the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, Ivan Pavlovich was appointed company commander of the Finnish regiment.
In 1903 he started a family, taking as wife Elena Bakeeva, the daughter of a landowner, who later bore him three children. Ivan Pavlovich was a devoted family man, a caring father, always helping friends and relatives. But she broke the idyll of family life. Romanovsky left to fulfill his duty as a Russian officer in the East Siberian artillery brigade.


An outstanding, active participant in the White movement, he was born in 1881 in Kiev. As the son of a general, Mikhail never thought about choosing a profession. Fate made this choice for him. He graduated from the Vladimir cadet corps, and then, the Pavlovsk military school. Having received the rank of second lieutenant, he began service in the Volynsky Life Guards Regiment. After three years of service, Drozdovsky decided to enter the Nikolaev Military Academy. Sitting at the desk turned out to be too much for him, he began, and he went to the front. A brave officer in the unsuccessful Manchu campaign was wounded. For his courage he was awarded several orders. He graduated from the academy after the war.
After the academy, Drozdovsky's service was held first at the headquarters of the Zaamur military district, and then at the Warsaw one. Mikhail Gordeevich constantly showed interest in everything new that appeared in the army, studied everything new in military affairs. He even graduated from the course of pilot-observers at the Sevastopol Aviation School.
and enters the cadet school, after which, having received the rank of second lieutenant, begins service in the 85th Vyborg Infantry Regiment.
It begins by participating in battles, the young officer showed himself so well that he was awarded a rare honor: in the rank of lieutenant he was transferred to the Preobrazhensky Life Guards, in which it was very honorable to serve.
When Kutepov started, he was already a staff captain. He participates in many battles, shows himself to be a brave and decisive officer. He was wounded three times and awarded several orders. Alexander Pavlovich was especially proud of the 4th degree.
The year 1917 begins - the most tragic year in the life of a thirty-five-year-old officer. Despite his young age, Kutepov is already a colonel and commander of the second battalion of the Preobrazhensky regiment.
Petersburg, where he graduated from high school. After graduating from the Nikolaev engineering school, with the rank of second lieutenant, he begins his military career in the 18th engineer battalion. Every two years, Marushevsky receives another military rank for excellent service. In the same years he graduated from the Nikolaev Academy under the General Staff.
By the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, he was already a captain and chief officer for especially important assignments. He served at the headquarters of the IV Siberian Army Corps. During the hostilities, Marushevsky quickly promoted his service for his courage.