Chapter 11 On Faith 1 Faith is the assurance of what we expect with hope, the confirmation of what we do not see. 2 Our forefathers lived by such faith and deserved approval. 3 It is by faith that we accept that the universe was created by the command of the Most High and that everything visible was

Chapter 5 The Scroll and the Lamb 1 Then I saw in the right hand of the One sitting on the throne a scroll written on both sides and sealed with seven seals. 2 I saw a mighty angel who asked loudly: “Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?” 3 But no one in heaven, on earth, or

Chapter 6 Opening the first six seals 1 I saw the Lamb open the first of the seven seals, and then I heard one of the four living beings say in a thunderous voice: “Come!” 2 I looked and saw a white horse. On it sat a rider armed with a bow, to whom

Chapter 7 One hundred and forty-four thousand people, marked with the seal of the Most High 1 Then I saw four angels: they stood at the four corners of the earth and held back the four winds of the earth so that they would not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on any tree. 2 I saw another angel: he was rising

Chapter 8 The Opening of the Seventh Seal 1 When the Lamb opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven for about half an hour. 2 I saw seven angels standing before the Most High, seven trumpets were given to them. 3 Then another angel came, holding a golden vessel for kindling incense,

Chapter 9 1 The fifth angel blew his trumpet, and I saw a star fall from heaven to earth. The star was given the key to the well of the abyss. 2 When the star opened the well of the abyss, smoke rose from there, as from a huge furnace. Even the sun and the sky darkened from the smoke from the well. 3 Out of the smoke came locusts to the ground, and

Chapter 10 Angel with a Scroll 1 Then I saw another mighty angel descending from heaven. He was wrapped in a cloud, and a rainbow shone over his head. His face was like the sun, and his feet were like pillars of fire. a 2 The angel held a small unrolled scroll in his hand. He put the right

Chapter 11 Two Witnesses 1 I was given a cane for measurements, like a staff, and said: - Get up and measure with it the temple of the Most High, the altar, and count those who came there to worship. 2 But do not include or measure the outer court of the temple, for it has been given to the Gentiles; they will

Chapter 12 The Woman and the Dragon 1 A striking sign appeared in the sky - a woman dressed in the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head. a 2 She was pregnant and screaming in pain because she was having labor pains.3 Then in heaven

- Did you hear what Danka ordered?
- Yes, I’m not that, - Yashka came close and took off a small cross from his neck.
- What for?
“Grandfather’s cross keeps trouble away,” the gypsy explained, turning away.
- I'll go, - Xanka felt somehow awkward too.
- Get up.
* * *
Thanks to the burnashes (so that they were empty), Aunt Daria's household chores became less. A dozen chickens and a wild boar disappeared in their insatiable throats, and not a single one choked, although she remembered them with an unkind word a hundred times a day. Only the avengers returned the cow to her, the children were not left without milk. And for that, thank you and low bow.
Comforting herself with these simple thoughts, Aunt Darya spudded bulbs in the garden.
"Cuckoo, cuckoo," came a sudden voice from nowhere. Baba quit her job and stood looking around. Then she left the tool and left the garden ...
— Heard? - Semka turned to the former constable, and now a free Cossack Timofey.
Timothy in ambush was put by Fierce in charge.
"Quiet, or you'll get troshki for nuts," he threatened.
If only the "avengers" get away, don't cut off Timothy's head. Sidor will not look that he is one of the officers, he does not give a damn about everyone. Even to Old Man Burnash himself, Fierce treats him with a grin. But for his order violated - he will not have mercy. Timofey clearly understood: to sit quietly, if someone from a stranger comes to visit, grab it immediately, and if the cuckoo and the rooster signal, then you have to be three times more careful. And where did the grandmother go? From his place in the weeds behind the garden, Timofey never saw Aunt Darya again. But she should be seen by three more Cossacks who are sitting behind the fence. The former sergeant quietly took out a Mauser and cocked the firing pin. Who knows how many people are in the red gang?
Ksanka boldly entered the fence, closed the gate behind her, and with her usual, boyish stride, walked towards the hut.
- Grab it! Timofey commanded and leaned out of the weeds. Out of habit, Xanka grabbed her pocket, where she usually carried a revolver, but there were no pockets on her skirt ...
The Burnash boldly moved towards the girl, but the master's dog barred their way, baring their fangs. Timothy shot him. His assistants fired a few more times - this time for warning. Ksanka ran to the gate, flung it open, and right there in front of her grew, as if out of the ground, a healthy ambal. Fists are like kettlebells! She, without hesitation (training came in handy), kicked the enemy in the shin. Burnash bent over, then Ksanka made a sweep and, knocking down the Cossack, opened the way to freedom. Semka, being the quickest, was the first to catch up with the scout and, not wanting to face her face to face, hit the girl with his rifle butt. As if stumbling, Xanka rolled into the road dust.
- Pummeled the viper! Semka proudly reported to the breathless Timofey.
— Yes, you nailed her wine, fool! The constable imagined Lyuty's anger and trembled.
“Nothing, the red ones are tenacious,” the Cossack said calmly and began to knit his prey's hands.
As if to confirm these words, Xanka groaned softly.
“Catch the woman,” Timothy ordered.
Aunt Darya was found by the Burnash in the hut, torn away from the children, whom she hugged in fright, and dragged out by the hair into the street. The insensible Ksanka was thrown over the saddle and taken to be punished by the centurion Lyuty.
10
Yashka was already on his bank when the dog wandered. And then a shot rang out, followed by several more. The gypsy froze for a second, turned around and rushed straight through the reeds, not making out the path.
If only he was mistaken, Yashka repeated to himself. If only it was the drunken Burnashes who fired a salute into the sky, or they imagined the red cavalry with a hangover ... But he knew to himself that the irreparable had happened.
The little gypsy jumped from the shore and desperately cut the water with short saplings. Faster than any boat, he swam to the opposite side, ran up the slope and burst into the gate of the familiar fence. Even a whole squadron would not have stopped him now. But there was no one on the way.
Only in the middle of the empty yard lay Aunt Darya's dead dog. Like a hound on the trail, Yashka ran around the hut, looked into the garden. The hostess and her early guest are gone. But, already leaving, at the gate the gypsies noticed a cross presented to them with a broken cord. And his soul was also broken. Yashka picked up the cross and clenched it in his fist until it hurt.
* * *
- Here is the encore family! - Fierce exclaimed when a young scout was brought to him. “Maybe you, girl, need some hot drinks for your mind?”
“What are you talking about, Uncle Sidor?”
- You do not understand?
“No, Uncle Sidor,” Ksanka opened her innocent eyes wider.
- Well, well ... show me how you cuckoo, - Fierce, looking closely, walked around the girl.
“Yes, I can’t,” the girl giggled stupidly.
- What about a rooster?
- And I can’t be a rooster. Do you want to sleep?
“I see how you know how to dance,” the ataman nodded at the limp kingpin, who looked with hatred at Xanka’s back.
She looked back.
- Yes, it came out of a fright. When I saw him give birth in front of me, I thought - a bandit. Fierce laughed.
- So you don’t know the “Red Avengers”, among which your brother wormed his way?
“I don’t know, Uncle Sidor, I went to Aunt Darya to ask for a piece of bread, and then ...” Ksanka looked at him so calmly that Lyuty even believed her for a minute.
“I feel sorry for you, orphan,” said the ataman. - Rather than wandering around strangers - I will determine a place for you, so that it is warm and satisfying. With your dad, we may have been enemies, but with a child - what a demand ... - Frowning, Lyuby looked around the Burnash, who had become quiet from such a turn of affairs. This is an order for everyone! Whoever offends an orphan will pay with his own skin, understand?
* * *
... Valerka grabbed the gypsy by the breasts and pressed him to the tree. Yashka, without resisting, looked indifferently to the side.
"You left her!" Threw! Do you hear? You chickened out! Valerka pushed Yashka away and jumped up to Danka. - Why are you silent? Well, tell me he's scared. Tell!
- Do not be noisy.
- It turns out, save yourself, who can, right? Valerka was shaking with indignation.
“Yashka wouldn’t help,” Daniel answered outwardly calmly.
- Would you quit?
- What's the point? And Ksanka would not have been saved, and he would have burned himself.
“You’re defending him in vain,” Valerka said with quiet hatred.
“I ordered Yashka to return,” the commander said. “Who knew there would be an ambush?”
“Did Aunt Daria betray you?” - as if exhausted, Valerka sank to the ground. - Can not be…
“Wait for me here,” Dan made a decision, “if I don’t return by evening, you will go, Valerka.”
Yashka looked longingly at the commander. He stepped closer to remove his belt from the branch. Belting himself, Danka looked sideways at the gypsy. Yashka had tears in her eyes: a mixture of grief and unjust resentment. Just like when they first met...
11
After a long day's march, Larionov decided that the detachment would spend the night in the steppe. The place was chosen near two hills so that the light of the fires was invisible from afar. Tired horses were hobbled, and in the last minutes of evening twilight they began to search for meager bunches of feather grass. The Cossacks lit fires, poured water from a flask into the cauldron and put porridge on the fire. The detachments of Buryaash were, according to their calculations, far away, but the commander still ordered to put up guards. Two of the guards were stationed on the tops of the hills, and the rest of the fighters, tired from the transition, lay down on the ground in anticipation of supper.
“The supplies are running out, dad,” Ksanka reported to the commander. - Today there is still enough fat to fill the porridge, and tomorrow - no more.
- And on an empty stomach, even red military sailors are afraid to fight! Ivan grinned and patted his daughter on the head. - I take this circumstance, Ksanka, into account. Tomorrow we will drive to the village of Vseslavskaya, and there we will eat.
- That's good, - remarked the old Cossack Panas, who heard the conversation, we would still have some kind of wild boar to get hold of and then the war would have gone completely different!
“You can fight without meat,” said Valerka.
- What is it like? Ivan Larionov asked and winked at Ksanka. - Where does this information come from?
- I read that when the Spanish knights fought with the Saracens for the liberation of Spain, they laid siege to the fortress of Rocafrida in Castile. And then the valiant knight Don Rodrigo de Alda, together with his retinue, vowed not to eat anything but milk until the fortress fell. The siege lasted a whole year, and the knights never broke their promise.
- Is it for us, a whole herd of cows with us to drive? asked Panas. - And what if you have to go on the attack with horseback formation? Will the cows attack us or will they remain to cover the rear?!
The last words were almost swallowed up by a burst of laughter.
“But I’m not averse,” said a young Cossack named Yegor, laughing, if only he could put milkmaids on the cows!
The soldiers rolled on the ground with laughter.
“So I don’t mind if the cows gave moonshine,” Panas remarked to everyone’s pleasure.
- Well, did the knights take that Rockapride? asked Larionov.
"I don't think so," muttered Valerka, blushing with embarrassment. Good thing it's almost dark. And the devil pulled him to remember these Spaniards!
- The porridge is ready! - called Ksanka, finally saving Valera from the mocking company.
“Don’t scoff, boy,” the commander whispered to the boy. - The right word, a cheerful conversation - he sometimes goes instead of a ham. See how the Cossacks came to life.
But Valerka was still offended and went to the post to change the guard. A faint dawn was still playing somewhere on the horizon, and it was almost dark all around. Emptyness rumbled in Valerka's stomach, he plucked a blade of grass and stuck it in his teeth.
“Here, eat,” Ksanka climbed up to the post and handed the lad a plate of porridge.
“Thank you, Oksana,” the sentry thanked and inspiredly began to work with a spoon. Ksanka sat nearby and looked at the former high school student. Valerka still wore his uniform cap, but without the cockade.
- Did you eat by yourself?
“I can,” said the girl. - Listen, were they bourgeois?
- Who?
Your knights.
- Something like that.
“And the Saracens?”
- In general, too.
So why were they fighting?
“Our tsar recently also got into a fight with the Austro-Hungarian emperor. They fight for territory, for land.
- Wrong, it's us - for the land! Xanka corrected.
“We are fighting for the land for the peasants, and the tsars for themselves,” explained Valerka. Do you hear?
- What? - the girl thought so much about the causes of wars that she did not notice anything.
- Horses ... Someone is taking the horses away! Stop! I will shoot! - Valerka jerked the bolt of his rifle, but the figure that flashed on the back of one of the mares was no longer visible.
What are you doing, Valerka? Panas asked.
“Someone is playing with horses!” There he is!
Valerka fired into the air, afraid to hit the horse. The thief was already openly driving the untrained horse and leading three more on the reins. Despite the fatigue, the fighters immediately gathered in pursuit. But it took time to unravel the horses. Like the thief, the Cossacks jumped up on horseback without saddles and galloped after him. Meanwhile, the small herd was rapidly withdrawing.
Valerka remained at his post, and Ksanka, together with him, began to follow the pursuit from the top. They saw that Danka lagged behind the fighters, he was looking not for some, but for his horse. Luckily, the thief didn't take her away. The guy jumped on the back of his Raven and rushed after him. For his beloved master, the crow tried his best and very quickly began to approach the chase.
The thief desperately whipped his wet sides with a rod, but in the darkness he made a mistake - he chose far from the best horse. She was already exhausted, and she also had to pull three horses behind her. If the thief had abandoned the reins, then, freed from the extra burden, the horse might have saved him from persecution, and the darkness would have covered him, but he would not let go of the horses. Either he did not notice the approaching chase, or from great greed he was ready to risk his head.
Danka saw how the Cossacks overtook the thief, and Yegor pushed him off his horse's back under the hooves of his pursuers. Some of them began to catch the rescued horses, while others rushed to the criminal.
- Oh, you bastard!
- You won't leave us!
The fighters so unanimously kicked the thief with their feet, as if crushing sauerkraut in a barrel. Danka flew up to the Cossacks, jumped off his horse and pushed aside especially active executioners.
- Stop, lads, we will judge him! Danka shouted. — Disperse!
- Yes, if there was a suitable bitch - we would have judged him already!
- Exactly! To be disrespectful.
“No,” Danka said, “maybe the man despaired of hunger?
“From hunger, there are no such nimble ones,” Yegor tried to hit the lying body again.
Danka pushed him away and stood in front of the thief. Rather, a thief - in height he was half the size of Yegor. Daniel picked it up and, ignoring the displeasure of the Cossacks, threw it over the croup of his horse. The raven walked back to the camp behind the others. Egor had already managed to complain to the commander and waited with a grin for his father to teach his son how to deal with horse thieves in a Cossack way. Ksanka and Valerka were already here. Danka unloaded his burden to the fire. In its weak light, it was finally possible to see the thief.
It was a gypsy boy: swarthy, curly, with a ring in his ear. His body was covered in bloody rags, and angry eyes glittered on his broken face.
- Ish, how it glares! Right now bite!
- You should tie the puppy.
“It’s better to stick it in the fire!”
Xanka came closer and sat down next to the thief. The little gypsy recoiled as far as the narrow space allowed, bounded on all sides by enemies.
- What is your name? Were you alone? The female voice for a second caused surprise, but then the former anger returned to her eyes.
"I'll take your horses anyway!" the gypsy said and spat out blood.
- Here's the beast!
Why are our horses better than others? Danka asked.
The gypsy turned away.
“Speak, don’t be afraid,” ordered Larionov.
- I'm not afraid! I hate you!
- For what? Xanka was amazed.
- You don't know. You killed my whole family!
“Those times,” Valerka whistled.
- Why do you think so? Danka asked.
I've been following you all day.
"You're confusing something, lad," said Ivan Larionov. - Well, tell me everything in order.
The gypsy carefully examined the faces turned towards him: no longer angry, as at the moment when he had just been captured, but attentive and even sympathetic.
- Am I wrong? .. - the gypsy hung his head and in a slightly hoarse voice began the story:
My name is Yashka. My family: grandfather, parents, my younger brother and sister and I wandered with a camp in the south of this place. We had our own wagon and a couple of horses. Last night the camp stopped in the steppe for the night. The wagons were placed in a circle, and a large fire was lit in the center. It is cold at night, especially if there is nothing to eat. But maybe that saved me. Hunger prevented me from sleeping, and I saw how at midnight the Cossacks attacked the camp. With whooping and whistling, they rushed to the camp, as if we were not gypsies, but soldiers. There were few adult men, and even those were mostly asleep. And women, children and old people could not resist. The Cossacks chopped down everyone who was there, took away the horses, and plundered and burned the wagons. The whole family died, and I was saved by the fact that the blow of the saber fell flat on the head, I just lost consciousness. When everything caught fire, I woke up and managed to crawl to the side. Then I caught a lame horse abandoned by the bandits and chased the enemies on it. I swore that I would die and take away all their horses. The lame horse fell during the day and then I had to follow the trail on foot. Then I saw your camp...
“You’re a bad tracker, Yashka,” the commander concluded the sad story, “if you can’t distinguish the Red partisans from the Burnash.
- Are you enemies with the Cossacks? Yashka asked.
- Yes, what are you? - Yegor was indignant, - we are the real natural Cossacks!
“We are enemies of all bandits,” Danka explained, “and we stand for honest Cossacks.
- And such things do not happen! Yashka said briskly.
— Are there honest gypsies? Valery asked.
The soldiers laughed, and Yashka flashed his eyes in the direction of the lad.
“There are,” he muttered.
“And the Cossacks are also different,” said Larionov. - Okay, stay until morning, we'll see.
The guerrillas began to go to bed, and Valerka returned to his arbitrarily abandoned post.
“Come on, I’ll bandage your wounds,” suggested Xanka.
- A girl, right? asked the gypsy.
- What do not you understand? Xanka chuckled. - Well, show your scratches will be washed ...
Yashka did not argue and withstood all the procedures, even brilliant green. Even though everything was overgrown on him, like on a dog. In the detachment, Ksanka was in charge of the first-aid kit. After dressing, the girl gave the gypsy a bowl of porridge.
Having scraped the bottom, Yashka found Danka among the sleeping partisans and settled down next to him.
- What are you?
“I won’t leave you,” said the little gypsy, “Yashka remembers well, if it weren’t for you, the Cossacks would beat me.”
“Yes, I myself, sort of like a Cossack,” Danka said yawning.
- You're good. Correctly, the one in glasses said: apparently, there are different Cossacks. And the gypsies are good, - Yashka's voice grew sad.
- Sleep, in the morning we will deal with your offenders ...
12
They did not understand then with the offenders of Yashka. In the morning, reconnaissance returned back along the trail of the detachment and, not far from the camp, found the intersection of two paths of horse hooves. In the nearest farmstead, the scouts learned that a detachment of burnashes with a herd of two dozen horses was passing by. It was too late to chase after them, and the red partisans had another goal. Therefore, the commander led the detachment along the previous route. And for the dead relatives of Yashka, he swore revenge. The gypsy himself naturally joined their friendly company. True, Valerka was horrified by his denseness, but Danka did not give offense to a new fighter. And he tried to translate any dispute into horses or harness - here Yashka had no equal.
With his knowledge, he could put the former Cossack to a standstill. Where on this field can a city gymnasium student compete with him.
Danka chuckled and added a step. But Yashka turned out to be a brave and devoted comrade. Although he did not know the letters, the gypsy's natural ingenuity was well developed. Yashka knew how to sneak up on the enemy unnoticed, and to amuse the fighters with a good song. Yegor, who so diligently caught the "thief", after that he did not have a soul in him.
- How the devil's son wraps nicely! - he admired when the gypsy took the guitar in his hands, and started dancing himself.
Yegor died along with his father and other Cossack women in that last terrible battle. The more Daniel thought about it, the more he became convinced that it was no accident that all this happened. Lyuty would not just divide his gang into two parts when he knew that Larionov's partisan detachment could jump in at any moment. Not so stupid Sidor. So, with a cunning maneuver, he lured his father into a trap. That's what the machine guns hidden in the bushes say.
In order to take the Reds by surprise, it was necessary for a loyal person to give them information about the enemy. Otherwise, without additional reconnaissance, the commander would not have rushed across the Lyuty detachment. From whom did the Cossacks sent to the village give the news to their father? Oh, if I could ask...
Danka reached the cemetery, located outside the outskirts, and sat down on a hummock. It's too early, it's dangerous to go to the village before dark. The back, giving with every movement with a sharp pain, called for double caution. Moreover, he himself has not yet decided which address to go to.
From this point on, pure fortune-telling begins. Danka knew three reliable people, on whose word Dad could recklessly rely: Aunt Daria, Uncle Korney and the village priest Father Mikola.
Aunt Daria was captured by the Burnash along with Ksanka, which means that she did not betray either her sister or her father. Danka remembered her kind, pitiful face, bent over him after the flogging. She washed and lubricated his wounded back, she shared with him the last bread and scanty clothes ...
The boy clenched his teeth and shook his head, pushing back tears. Now is not the time. You need to fight enemies, avenge your father and free Aunt Daria and Xanka.
Mykola's father... Danka had known him since childhood, and the father not only baptized him and his sister, but also Ivan Larionov's father, once in a village font. And although, returning from the fleet, dad called himself an atheist-godless, he treated the priest with respect. Many villagers were supported during the war years by Father Mikola with a kind word and church grain. And he helped their family until Larionov Sr. returned.
True, Valerka called the priests accomplices of the bourgeoisie and capitalists, but he read this in a book. And Danka preferred to trust the opinion of Bati and his own experience. What can the author of the smartest book about Father Mikola know? Absolutely nothing.
The third trusted person was a friend of his father's Black Sea Fleet Korney Chebotarev. They met on the battleship "Fast", turned out to be fellow countrymen (the native village of Korney was only a hundred miles from Zbruevka) and became friends. “Together it’s easier to serve,” Larionov Sr. always said. At the very beginning of the civil war, Uncle Korney's house burned down for some reason, and the sailor did not return to the ashes, but settled in Zbruevka. Dad helped him settle down. Uncle Roots turned out to be a resourceful person: he started a tavern, drove moonshine and lived - he did not grieve. For this petty-bourgeois inclination, his father scolded him very much:
“Where is your Krasvoenmore consciousness?” What do you live like tina?
"I, Ivan, have fought to my heart's content, now I want to live in peace," replied Chebotarev.
“We haven’t won a quiet time yet,” replied Larionov, “to lie on the stove means to make a counter-revolution!” Remember Sevastopol! You were bigger than me at rallies.
- It was and has passed, I gave my own - I have a concussion and a wound. It’s hard to ride a horse with a bad head,” Korney explained his inertia. - And you, Ivan, I will always help you in any way I can. Maritime friendship is the strongest.
“Oh, you,” the red sailor waved his hand, and the argument subsided until the next opportune moment.
“Nothing, perhaps the sailor will come to his senses,” Dad kept repeating, but Uncle Roots didn’t want to leave his tavern. Even when Lyuty's gang occupied the village, he remained in place. On the other hand, the red detachment had a valuable assistant, because in the tavern, under a drunken hand, the Burnashi blurted out a lot of valuable things. When the opportunity came, Chebotarev sent a message to a sailor friend, but the circumstances were such that this happened less and less.
Who is the traitor? Out of annoyance, Danka threw earth at the cemetery sparrow. Sitting on a grave cross, he fluffed up the feathers on his frail little body and seemed like a decent target. But this visibility did not help the lad to hit the target, and the deceiving sparrow flew away. And in a man Danka can not be mistaken in any way. Then not only he, but the rest of the Avengers may die.
Darkness descended on the bed, and Daniel resolutely got up from the ground. Avoiding the streets, he made his way through the gardens to the village church. He slipped along the wall to the side door and, feeling for the revolver in his belt, pushed open the door. Inside the temple, twilight reigned, the soft light of candles and lamps made it possible to clearly see only the altar and small space around. Danka cautiously went forward. Suddenly, the opposite door opened and the teenager hid, clinging to the inner partition that encloses the altar. The man entered and, catching movement, asked:
- Who's here?
“It's me, Father Mikola,” the lad responded to a familiar voice.
— Danka? Glory to you, Lord. And I already thought that you were at the same time with your father ...
- I'm alive, - Daniel came out of the chapel into the light.
“They have become embittered, they have all become embittered,” said the priest. - The ringer was thrown out of anger from the bell tower, whose bell has been silent since Christmas. - The father crossed himself. Then he took a candle, lit it and put it on the mention. - And why did you come?
- I'm looking for my sister.
- Why look for her, she is in a tavern.
- Where?! Danka was surprised.
- In the servants. Fierce is there with his guards.
— In a tavern, you say? Thank you, - Danka went to the door.
The priest turned to the altar and began to cross himself.
He would be nice if he came to the tavern right now! And I would meet my sister, and Lyuty. It’s clear that the ataman is staying there, the Burnash people like to stay closer to the moonshine, but he put Ksanka there ... It turns out that Fierce Korney trusts very much. Why's that? And the ambush at Aunt Darya's? Chebotarev could well have known that she was helping the Reds.
Danka has accumulated many questions, and Uncle Korney will have to answer everything to the last. And so that without hesitation - as Valerka had on the exam.
13
Luck has accompanied the Burnash recently. They managed to ambush and destroy a detachment of red partisans, after which no one in the entire district dared to resist them. Gnat Burnash felt like a master, became even more important, and only the mocking eyes of Lyuty knocked him down. Catching such a look, the ataman thought: is his friend Sidor going to take his place? Painfully a lot of strength gained the commander of the first hundred. So it stands separately at the stand - in Zbruevka. True, he carries out orders and supports the chieftain in all matters. So today they visited together in a neighboring village.
While on the square, under the black banner of anarchy, Gnat Burnash explained to the village onlookers why expropriation was necessary, and at that time his Cossack women went around wealthy houses and "shared" their goods with the owners. The people of Sidor did not lag behind the others and returned to their booty.
Stormy and cheerfully celebrated the successful robbery of the neighboring village. Moonshine in the tavern flowed like water, Korney barely had time to put quarters with whitish pervach on the tables. The appetizer was in common earthenware bowls, upturned jars served as candlesticks. Above all this, slightly swaying, hung a chandelier-wheel, lined with swollen candles along the rim.
Suddenly, out of nowhere, a gypsy boy appeared before the Cossack eyes: in a red satin blouse, vest, boots with shiny tops, and an earring in his ear. Yes, even with a guitar! That is the most natural gypsy. It even seemed to someone for granted - there is moonshine, there must be songs!
The little gypsy touched the strings and sang in a clear voice:
- Hide your free will behind bars, I will steal it along with the bars. The moon looked out and again hid behind the clouds. Lock the black one with five locks, I'll steal it along with the locks.
The Burnashis even became less noisy, having heard the dashing song. She, it seemed to them, is similar to their turbulent nomadic life.
“I knew both God and the devil, I was both the devil and God. hide behind high fence girl, I'll steal it along with the fence!
Crazy song. Satisfied Burnashi sipped from clay mugs with pleasure.
- Dance, dance, gypsies!
Yashka gave the guitar, took off his vest. The Cossack began to play "Gypsy", Yashka started dancing, but with stomps, and with a tap dance. Burnashi immediately began to cheer him up with shouts and whistles.
- Well done, blackhead!
- Burn! Burn!
Having given out the last knee, the gypsy threw on a vest and sat down on a free bench next to the defrocked priest. Thus, that accompanied Burnash to the monastery. Later, in Zbruevka, he liked walking so much that he stayed with Lyuty's hundred. Rasstriga cleverly combined character traits and a bandit, and a priest. He is wearing both a tunic and a cassock, he is shaggy and mustachioed, a cross hangs on his thick belly, and a holster with a Mauser is on his mighty shoulder.
“We are all weak, for human beings are,” threatening Yashka with his finger, he said the defamation. He looked into the mug - and again, it turns out to be empty.
— Gorilki! shouted the former priest towards the counter.
Smiling at his successful performance, Yashka also looked around and shuddered. An open hatch gaped at the counter and Ksanka crawled out of the cellar with a pot-bellied bottle of vodka. She locked the hatch with an iron rod, turned around, and only then noticed the gypsy.
But she didn't show it. She brought the bottle to the table and walked away, taking away the empty dishes. Uncle Roots strictly ordered not to leave, otherwise the Cossacks would beat him in an instant, there would be nowhere to pour moonshine later. Yashka followed the girl with a fixed gaze. This was also noticed by the half-drunk rasstriga.
- And you, scratching, rogue, mmm?
“The filly, although unbroken, but, you see, pure blood,” Yashka tried to disguise embarrassment with a rude joke.
- How did you guess, brother?
- And in the teeth.
The answer cheered up the dissident, and he patted Yashka by the forelock. The gypsy looked back a little and noticed a familiar face out of the corner of his eye. Savely settled down at the counter in a hat and with a rifle on his shoulder. Korney, in a sailor's vest, handed the new visitor a mug of pervach. Yashka was sure that Savely would not recognize him under any circumstances. Even though they met once. From the remarks coming from the counter, it is clear that Savely did not forget that meeting with the avengers.
- I looked to the sides: the coffin with the deceased flies over the crosses ... And along the road the dead with scythes stand and ... silence! The Cossack smiled from ear to ear with happiness that that terrible moment had passed and would never return.
In the meantime, the defrocked, half-rising, crossed a dozen mugs and did not forget to take his own. The mugs were unanimously dismantled, and only one remained. Yashka does not even look at her.
“Well, drink, sinner,” said the defrocked, “get used to our meal.”
The little gypsy got up, stretched, and with an awkward movement knocked over the last mug on the table. Former priest out of indignation even set aside his own.
“Hey, scratch, besides the guitars, you can’t even hold anything in your hands!” - he clapped so hard
Yashka with a palm on his forehead that he flopped back onto the bench.
The surrounding Burnashi neighed.
How are you going to fight? one asked.
- And instead of him, the mare will chop with a saber! another said.
From the friendly laughter, candles swayed on the chandelier. Then Yashka could not stand it and with courage demanded from Ksanka:
- Gorilki me! In the lid! and winked at the girl with his eyes.
Ksanka took the jug, bent down and scooped up water from the tub. She wiped it dry and brought it to the gypsy. He sat, frowning, ostentatiously experiencing resentment, but the mocking laughter did not subside. Yashka put the pot right in front of him.
- Come on, brother, hold my hands!
The gypsy put his hands behind his back, and one burnash grabbed them tightly. The bandits stopped laughing, the whole tavern was now looking at Yashka. He bent down, took the jug between his teeth and, gradually leaning back, drank the contents. Then, with a sharp movement, he threw the bottle over his head. She collapsed under an enthusiastic roar. The innkeeper jumped up to Yashka.

Chapter VI. Pugachevshchina

You young guys listen
What are we, old people, going to say.
Song

Before I begin to describe the strange incidents that I witnessed, I must say a few words about the situation in which the Orenburg province was at the end of 1773.

This vast and rich province was inhabited by a multitude of semi-savage peoples who had recently recognized the dominion of Russian sovereigns. Their minute indignations, unaccustomed to the laws and civil life, frivolity and cruelty demanded constant supervision from the government to keep them in obedience. The fortresses were built in places deemed convenient, and mostly inhabited by the Cossacks, long-standing owners of the Yaik shores. But the Yaik Cossacks, who were supposed to protect the peace and security of this region, for some time were themselves restless and dangerous subjects for the government. In 1772 there was a riot in their main town. The reason for this was the strict measures taken by Major General Traubenberg in order to bring the army into due obedience. The result was the barbarous murder of Traubenberg, a willful change in management, and, finally, the pacification of the rebellion with buckshot and cruel punishments.

This happened some time before my arrival at the Belogorsk fortress. Everything was already quiet, or seemed to be; the authorities too easily believed the supposed repentance of the crafty rebels, who were malicious in secret and were waiting for an opportunity to resume the unrest.

I turn to my story.

One evening (it was early October 1773) I was sitting at home alone, listening to the howling of the autumn wind and looking out the window at the clouds running past the moon. They came to call me on behalf of the commandant. I set off at once. At the commandant's, I found Shvabrin, Ivan Ignatich, and a Cossack constable. Neither Vasilisa Yegorovna nor Marya Ivanovna was in the room. The commandant greeted me with an air of preoccupation. He locked the doors, seated everyone, except for the officer who was standing at the door, took out a paper from his pocket and told us: “Gentlemen officers, important news! Listen to what the general writes. Then he put on his glasses and read the following:

"To Mr. Commandant of the Belogorsk Fortress

Captain Mironov.

In secret.

I hereby inform you that the Don Cossack and schismatic Emelyan Pugachev, who escaped from under the guard, committing unforgivable impudence by assuming the name of the late Emperor Peter III, gathered a villainous gang, caused an uproar in the Yaik villages and already took and ruined several fortresses, looting everywhere and mortal killings. For this reason, with the receipt of this, you, Mr. Captain, have to immediately take appropriate measures to repulse the mentioned villain and impostor, and if it is possible to completely destroy him, if he turns to the fortress entrusted to your care.

– Take appropriate action! - said the commandant, taking off his glasses and folding the paper. Listen, it's easy to say. The villain, apparently, is strong; and we have only one hundred and thirty people, not counting the Cossacks, for whom there is little hope, do not reproach you, Maksimych. (The constable chuckled.) However, there is nothing to be done, gentlemen officers! Be efficient, establish guards and night patrols; in case of attack, lock the gates and bring out the soldiers. You, Maksimych, watch your Cossacks closely. Inspect the cannon and clean it thoroughly. And most of all, keep all this a secret, so that no one in the fortress could find out about it prematurely.

Having issued these orders, Ivan Kuzmich dismissed us. I went out with Shvabrin, discussing what we had heard. "How do you think this will end?" I asked him. “God knows,” he replied, “we'll see. I don't see anything important yet. If…” Here he became thoughtful, and absent-mindedly began to whistle a French aria.

A. S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter. audiobook

Despite all our precautions, the news of Pugachev's appearance spread throughout the fortress. Ivan Kuzmich, although he had great respect for his wife, would never have revealed to her the secrets entrusted to him in his service. Having received a letter from the general, he escorted Vasilisa Yegorovna out in a rather skillful manner, telling her that Father Gerasim had received some wonderful news from Orenburg, which he kept in great secrecy. Vasilisa Yegorovna immediately wanted to go and visit the priest, and, on the advice of Ivan Kuzmich, she took Masha with her, so that she would not be bored alone.

Ivan Kuzmich, remaining full master, immediately sent for us, and locked Palashka in a closet so that she could not overhear us.

Vasilisa Yegorovna returned home without having time to find out anything from the priest, and learned that during her absence Ivan Kuzmich had a meeting and that Palashka was under lock and key. She guessed that she had been deceived by her husband, and proceeded to interrogate him. But Ivan Kuzmich prepared for the attack. He was not in the least embarrassed and cheerfully answered his curious cohabitant: “Do you hear, mother, our women decided to heat stoves with straw; and how misfortune can result from this, then I gave a strict order to henceforth not to heat the stoves with straw, but to heat with brushwood and deadwood. - “And why did you have to lock Palashka? the commandant asked. “Why did the poor girl sit in the closet until we returned?” Ivan Kuzmich was not prepared for such a question; he became confused and muttered something very incoherent. Vasilisa Yegorovna saw the deceit of her husband; but, knowing that she would not get anything from him, she stopped her questions and started talking about pickles, which Akulina Pamfilovna cooked in a very special way. All night long Vasilisa Egorovna could not sleep and could never guess what was going on in her husband's head that she could not know about.

The next day, returning from mass, she saw Ivan Ignatich, who was pulling rags, pebbles, wood chips, grandmothers and rubbish of all kinds stuffed into it by the children from the cannon. “What would these military preparations mean? - thought the commandant, - are they expecting an attack from the Kirghiz? But would Ivan Kuzmich really hide such trifles from me? She called Ivan Ignatich, with the firm intention of eliciting from him the secret that tormented her feminine curiosity.

Vasilisa Yegorovna made a few remarks to him about the household, like a judge who starts an investigation with extraneous questions, in order to first lull the defendant's caution. Then, after a few minutes of silence, she took a deep breath and said, shaking her head: “My God! Look what news! What will come of it?

- And, mother! answered Ivan Ignatich. - God is merciful: we have enough soldiers, a lot of gunpowder, I cleaned out the cannon. Perhaps we will repulse Pugachev. The Lord will not give out, the pig will not eat!

- And what kind of person is this Pugachev? the commandant asked.

Here Ivan Ignatich noticed that he had let it slip and bit his tongue. But it was already too late. Vasilisa Yegorovna forced him to confess everything, giving him her word not to tell anyone about it.

Vasilisa Yegorovna kept her promise and did not say a single word to anyone, except for the priest, and that only because her cow was still walking in the steppe and could be captured by villains.

Soon everyone was talking about Pugachev. Tols were different. The commandant sent a constable with instructions to scout thoroughly about everything in the neighboring villages and fortresses. The constable returned two days later and announced that in the steppe sixty versts from the fortress he saw a lot of lights and heard from the Bashkirs that an unknown force was coming. However, he could not say anything positive, because he was afraid to go further.

In the fortress, an unusual excitement became noticeable among the Cossacks; in all the streets they crowded into groups, talked quietly among themselves and dispersed when they saw a dragoon or a garrison soldier. Scouts were sent to them. Yulai, a baptized Kalmyk, made an important report to the commandant. The testimony of the constable, according to Yulai, was false: upon his return, the crafty Cossack announced to his comrades that he was with the rebels, introduced himself to their leader himself, who allowed him to his hand and talked with him for a long time. The commandant immediately put the constable under guard, and appointed Yulai in his place. This news was accepted by the Cossacks with obvious displeasure. They grumbled loudly, and Ivan Ignatich, the executor of the commandant's order, heard with his own ears how they said: "Here you will be, garrison rat!" The commandant thought that same day to interrogate his prisoner; but the sergeant escaped from the guard, probably with the help of his like-minded people.

The new circumstance increased the commandant's anxiety. A Bashkir with outrageous papers was captured. On this occasion, the commandant thought to gather his officers again and for this he wanted to send Vasilisa Egorovna away again under a plausible pretext. But since Ivan Kuzmich was the most straightforward and truthful person, he did not find another way, except for the one he had already used once.

“Listen, Vasilisa Yegorovna,” he said to her, coughing. - Father Gerasim received, they say, from the city ... "-" It's full of lies, Ivan Kuzmich, - interrupted the commandant, - you know, you want to call a meeting and talk about Emelyan Pugachev without me; yes dashing, you won’t cheat! ” Ivan Kuzmich widened his eyes. “Well, mother,” he said, “if you already know everything, then, perhaps, stay; we will talk in your presence as well.” - “That's it, my father,” she answered, “it would not be for you to be cunning; send for the officers."

We have gathered again. Ivan Kuzmich, in the presence of his wife, read to us Pugachev's appeal, written by some semi-literate Cossack. The robber announced his intention to march on our fortress; he invited Cossacks and soldiers to join his gang, and exhorted commanders not to resist, threatening execution otherwise. The proclamation was written in rough but strong terms and was supposed to make a dangerous impression on the minds of ordinary people.

- What a swindler! exclaimed the commandant. What else dares to offer us! Go out to meet him and lay banners at his feet! Oh, he's a dog boy! But doesn’t he know that we have been in the service for forty years and, thank God, have seen enough of everything? Surely there were such commanders who obeyed the robber?

"I don't think it should," answered Ivan Kuzmich. - And you hear that the villain has taken possession of many fortresses.

"It's clear he's really strong," Shvabrin remarked.

“But now we will find out his real strength,” said the commandant. - Vasilisa Yegorovna, give me the key to the hut. Ivan Ignatich, bring the Bashkir and order Yulai to bring whips here.

"Wait, Ivan Kuzmich," said the commandant's wife, rising from her seat. - Let me take Masha somewhere out of the house; and then he hears a scream, gets scared. Yes, and I, to tell the truth, am not a hunter before the search. Happy to stay.

Torture, in the old days, was so rooted in the customs of legal proceedings that the beneficent decree that destroyed it remained for a long time without any effect. It was thought that the criminal's own confession was necessary for his complete denunciation - a thought not only unfounded, but even completely contrary to common legal sense: for if the defendant's denial is not acceptable as proof of his innocence, then his confession should still be proof of his innocence. guilt. Even now I happen to hear old judges lamenting the destruction of the barbarian custom. In our time, no one doubted the need for torture, neither judges nor defendants. So, none of us was surprised or alarmed by the commandant's order. Ivan Ignatich went for the Bashkir, who was sitting in the hut under the commandant's key, and a few minutes later the slave was brought into the hall. The commandant ordered him to be introduced to him.

The Bashkirian stepped with difficulty over the threshold (he was in a stock) and, taking off his high hat, stopped at the door. I looked at him and shuddered. I will never forget this person. He seemed to be in his seventies. He had no nose or ears. His head was shaved; instead of a beard, a few gray hairs stuck out; he was short, thin and hunched; but his narrow eyes were still sparkling with fire. “Ehe! - said the commandant, recognizing, by his terrible signs, one of the rebels punished in 1741. - Yes, you, apparently, an old wolf, visited our traps. You know, it’s not the first time you rebel, if your head is so smoothly cut. Come closer; Tell me who sent you?

The old Bashkirian was silent and looked at the commandant with an air of complete nonsense. "Why are you silent? - continued Ivan Kuzmich, - do you not understand belmes in Russian? Yulai, ask him, in your opinion, who sent him to our fortress?”

Yulai repeated Ivan Kuzmich's question in Tatar. But the Bashkirian looked at him with the same expression and did not answer a word.

- Yakshi, - said the commandant, - you will talk to me. Guys! take off his stupid striped dressing gown and stitch his back. Look, Yulai: good for him!

Two invalids began to undress the Bashkir. The face of the unfortunate person showed concern. He looked around in all directions, like an animal caught by children. When one of the invalids took his hands and, placing them near his neck, lifted the old man on his shoulders, and Yulai took the whip and waved, then the Bashkir groaned in a weak, imploring voice and, nodding his head, opened his mouth, in which instead of a tongue a short stump.

When I remember that this happened in my lifetime and that I have now lived up to the meek reign of Emperor Alexander, I cannot help but marvel at the rapid progress of enlightenment and the spread of the rules of philanthropy. Young man! if my notes fall into your hands, remember that the best and most lasting changes are those that come from the improvement of morals, without any violent upheavals.

Everyone was amazed. “Well,” said the commandant, “it’s clear that we can’t get any sense out of him. Yulai, take the Bashkirian to the barn. And we, gentlemen, will talk about something else.”

We began to talk about our position, when suddenly Vasilisa Yegorovna entered the room, out of breath and with a look of extreme alarm.

- What happened to you? asked the astonished commandant.

- Father, trouble! answered Vasilisa Yegorovna. – Nizhneozernaya was taken this morning. Father Gerasim's worker has now returned from there. He saw her being taken. The commandant and all the officers are hanged. All soldiers are taken to full. Togo and look the villains will be here.

The unexpected news shocked me greatly. The commandant of the Lower Lake Fortress, a quiet and modest young man, was familiar to me: two months before that, he had traveled from Orenburg with his young wife and stayed with Ivan Kuzmich. Nizhneozernaya was twenty-five versts from our fortress. From hour to hour we should have expected an attack by Pugachev. The fate of Marya Ivanovna vividly presented itself to me, and my heart sank.

“Listen, Ivan Kuzmich! I said to the commandant. – Our duty is to defend the fortress until our last breath; there is nothing to say about it. But we need to think about the safety of women. Send them to Orenburg, if the road is still clear, or to a remote, more reliable fortress, where the villains would not have time to reach.

Ivan Kuzmich turned to his wife and said to her: “Do you hear, mother, and really, shouldn’t we send you away until we deal with the rebels?”

- And empty! the commandant said. - Where is such a fortress, where bullets would not fly? Why is Belogorskaya unreliable? Thank God, we have been living in it for the twenty-second year. We saw both the Bashkirs and the Kirghiz: maybe we'll sit out from Pugachev!

- Well, mother, - Ivan Kuzmich objected, - stay, if you hope for our fortress. Yes, what should we do with Masha? Well, if we sit out or wait for the securs; Well, what if the villains take the fortress?

“Well, then…” Here Vasilisa Yegorovna stammered and fell silent with an air of extreme agitation.

“No, Vasilisa Yegorovna,” the commandant continued, noticing that his words had an effect, perhaps for the first time in his life. - Masha is not good to stay here. We will send her to Orenburg to her godmother: there are enough troops and cannons, and a stone wall. Yes, and I would advise you to go with her there too; for nothing that you are an old woman, but look what will happen to you if they take the fort by attack.

- Good, - said the commandant, - so be it, we will send Masha. And don’t ask me in a dream: I won’t go. There is no point in my old age to part with you and look for a lonely grave on a strange side. Live together, die together.

“And that’s the point,” said the commandant. - Well, there is nothing to delay. Go prepare Masha for the road. Tomorrow we will send her as soon as possible, and we will give her an escort, even though we don’t have any extra people. But where is Masha?

"At Akulina Pamfilovna's," answered the commandant's wife. - She became ill when she heard about the capture of Nizhneozernaya; I'm afraid I won't get sick. Lord, what have we come to!

Vasilisa Yegorovna went off to make arrangements for her daughter's departure. The commandant's conversation continued; but I no longer interfered with it and did not listen to anything. Marya Ivanovna appeared at supper pale and tearful. We supped in silence and got up from the table rather than usual; Saying goodbye to the whole family, we went home. But I deliberately forgot my sword and went back for it: I had a presentiment that I would find Marya Ivanovna alone. In fact, she met me at the door and handed me a sword. "Farewell, Pyotr Andreevich! she told me with tears. - They send me to Orenburg. Be alive and happy; maybe the Lord will bring us to see each other; if not…” Here she sobbed. I hugged her. “Farewell, my angel,” I said, “farewell, my dear, my desired! Whatever happens to me, believe that my last thought and last prayer will be about you! Masha sobbed, clinging to my chest. I kissed her passionately and hurried out of the room.

Yes dashing (obsolete) - yes, no.

This refers to the decree of Alexander I on the abolition of torture.

In 1741 there was an uprising in Bashkiria. Many participants in the uprising had their noses and ears cut as punishment.

Yakshi (Tatar) - good.

General electronic notebook

1. Words with the suffix -shina.
- Corvee - gratuitous forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the land owner, the landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid various taxes in kind to the landowner, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, oil, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allocated part of the land to the peasants and allowed it to be cultivated. Corvee was 3-4, and sometimes even 6 days per week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on a three-day corvee was advisory in nature and in most cases was ignored by the landowners.
- Devilry - About a supernatural, mysterious event, incident (usually unpleasant).
- Priesthood - One of the directions in the Old Believers, recognizing the church hierarchy and priests.
- Dostoevshchina - 1. Psychological analysis in the manner of Dostoevsky (with a touch of condemnation). 2. Mental imbalance, acute and contradictory emotional experiences characteristic of the heroes of Dostoevsky's novels.
- Razinschina - An unscientific name given by bourgeois historians to the revolutionary movement of the Russian peasantry, the urban poor and the Cossack squalor in the second half of the 17th century
- A woman is a female human, one of the two sexes within the human race.
Tolstoyism is a doctrine invented by Count Leo Tolstoy in 1881. Tolstoy rejected the Personal God, the Life-Giving Trinity, the Mother of God, Sts. Angels and righteous. He does not recognize a personal afterlife. He considers Christ the Savior not a God-man, but a simple man, like himself, rejects His miracles, the Resurrection and Ascension to heaven, rejects Divine grace, Christian rites, the Holy Church of Christ, and much more. In order for people to believe Tolstoy, he perverted and remade the Gospel of Christ in his own way and called it not his own, but Christian; word. Tolstoy acted in everything like the most impudent swindler, and for this he was excommunicated (or rather, he excommunicated himself) from the Church of Christ, from the Lord Savior and salvation
1. The meaning of the title of the chapter:
PUGACHEVSHCHINA - On the Peasant War in Russia 1773 - 1775. ->enc. Peasant war led by E.I. Pugachev in 1773-1775 swept the Urals, Trans-Urals, the Middle and Lower Volga regions, serfs, Yaik Cossacks, working people of the Ural factories, and the peoples of the Volga region participated in the war.
2. List the significant facts of the chapter.
1. The commandant receives a notification about Yemelyan Pugachev's band of robbers attacking the fortress. Vasilisa.
2. Egorovna finds out everything, and rumors of an attack spread throughout the fortress.
3. Pugachev calls on the enemy to surrender.
4. One of the appeals falls into the hands of Mironov through a captured Bashkir who has no nose, ears and tongue (the consequences of torture).
5. Ivan Kuzmich decides to send Masha out of the fortress.
6. Masha says goodbye to Grinev.
7. Vasilisa Egorovna refuses to leave and stays with her husband.
3. HONOR - HONEST - DO HONEST - HAVE HONOR - "I HAVE HONOR!" Explain how the epigraph to the story is connected with the events taking place in the chapter? How do the heroes act: on honor or not?
The epigraph is connected with the events in such a way that Ivan Ignatich and Vasilisa Yegorovna are executed by hanging. The epigraph describes the same:
“Only the little head has served
Two tall poles
maple crossbar,
Another loop of silk.
Honor is a complex moral, ethical and social concept associated with the assessment of such qualities of an individual as loyalty, justice, truthfulness, nobility, dignity.
We believe that the heroes do not act honorably, because. good people were killed for nothing.

The author had to reckon with censorship. The title of the work is an attempt (and very successful!) to disguise the political content, the author’s sympathetic attitude towards the rebels and their leader, to present the story as a socio-psychological work, a love story, especially since in the development of the action the image of Masha Mironova, the captain’s daughter, plays very big, including independent role. And the vigilance of censorship with such an emphatically peaceful, everyday, apolitical name should have been deceived. And so it happened.

Why do you think the author needed a second narrator?

Partly for the same reason (to avoid censorship). It is not the author who speaks about Pugachev with great sympathy, but a certain P. A. Grinev, with whom one may not agree, especially since we have before us the story of his life, his (Grinev), and not the author, view of the uprising.

However, the writer puts the characters in situations that allow the reader to independently (of course, with the help of the author!) Evaluate their behavior, human qualities, causes and consequences of what is shown. Thus, a short episode of the interrogation of a captured Bashkir, revealing the inhumanity and cruelty of the tsar’s servants during the suppression of rebellions, placed before the story of the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by the Pugachevites, explains the reason for the cruelty of the rebels and encourages them to understand.

This means that both narrators are needed, allowing you to see events and characters from different angles, helping to correctly assess what is being told.

How did Grinev and Shvabrin prove themselves in the chapter "Duel"?

The duel of two heroes, Grinev and Shvabrin, is depicted in the chapter "Duel". The reason for the duel was rude remarks

Shvabrina about Masha. In this chapter, the real reason for the attitude towards Masha Shvabrina was revealed: he wooed her, but was refused. In this story, all his negative qualities are manifested: deceit, vindictiveness, even meanness, because he hurt Grinev at the moment when Savelich distracted him.

Grinev, on the other hand, showed excessive ardor and irascibility, which can be explained by his youth and the fact that he is truly in love with Marya Ivanovna. In addition, we learned that Grinev is a sensitive person, as he writes poetry in which he expresses his feelings.

Pushkin again showed an ironic attitude to events, placing lines from Knyaznin's comedy as an epigraph to this chapter.

What new did you learn about Grinev and Shvabrin? What character traits began to appear in Grinev?

We learned that Shvabrin is a man who achieves his goal by low, even vile means. He took the girl's refusal as an insult that he could not forgive. He is cunning, even cruel in his behavior.

Grinev also revealed himself to readers from a new side: he fearlessly defends the honor of Marya Ivanovna. This was the only way to resolve this conflict, because the peaceful way was excluded. In this situation, Peter Grinev acted like a real man.

Explain the reasons why the story got its title.

The story was called "The Captain's Daughter" because all the brightest events in the life of the hero - the narrator Pyotr Grinev - were associated with his love for Masha Mironova - the daughter of the captain who died heroically during the Pugachev uprising.

Briefly retell the events of the exposition of the story.

We offer one of the options for retelling, which will include the content of the first chapters.

“Petrusha Grinev reached the age of sixteen and his father decided to send him to the service. At the same time, he is convinced that the service should not begin in the capital, but in more difficult conditions, and sends his son to Orenburg.

On the way, Peter immediately encounters real difficulties. This is the loss of a large sum to Zurin, and a snowstorm in the steppe, and disappointment at the sight of the place of his service - the Belogorsk fortress.

Thus, all the circumstances of the story lined up before the reader: both its heroes and all those conditions in which events had already begun to unfold.

Describe the most intense moments of the story. In which storyline more moments like this?

The storyline that tells about the relationship between Grinev and Pugachev is still less tense and dramatic than the one that connects Grinev and Masha Mironova. It is in this love story we see the most tense and dramatic moments.

What signs of the historical story do you see in the composition of this work?

Pushkin's story is historical, because it bears all the hallmarks of this genre: true historical heroes participate in it, it describes specific and actually occurring historical events, in it even fictional heroes and circumstances are completely subject to the conditions and requirements of the era. The elements of the composition reflect the strength and brightness of real events.

Explain the meaning of the epigraph to any of the chapters of the story.

You can write out all the epigraphs of the story, starting with the one that precedes the whole story: "Take care of honor from a young age." Writing out (or reading aloud) epigraphs, we are convinced that some chapters even precede two epigraphs. These are chapters III and V. If you carefully reread these epigraphs, it will become obvious that they are taken either from the works of oral folk art, or from the works of Russian writers of the 18th century. These are the works of V. Ya. Knyazhnin (three epigraphs), M. M. Kheraskov (two epigraphs), D. I. Fonvizin, A. P. Sumarokov.

See the answer to question 4 in chapter I.

In which of the chapters, as it seemed to you when reading, do you hear the most proverbs and sayings? Analyze their role.

In almost every chapter of the story there are proverbs. You can dwell on the proverb, which is the epigraph of the last XIV chapter. The aphorism “Worldly rumor is a wave of the sea” speaks of both the vastness and the inconstancy of the judgments of the surrounding people on any issue. At the same time, anyone who begins to think about this topic, it is obvious the abundance of various and often contradictory judgments. The author of The Captain's Daughter is an optimist. In the particular case that he described, people's rumors did not destroy the honor of the hero. Truth and justice have triumphed, although he doesn’t talk about it, and the epigraph doesn’t tell us this.

We can also trace the role of proverbs in the speech of the heroes of the story. For example, they greatly embellish Savelich's speech and are noticeable in the lively and vivid speech of Vasilisa Yegorovna.

Which of the portrait descriptions of the heroes of the story do you remember? Try to create verbal portrait.

Most of all, the verbal portrait of Emelyan Pugachev is remembered. The author refers to him more than once, and therefore it is worth recreating his portrait, especially since the table in the textbook-reader offers a selection of quotes that draw a portrait of this hero. Recall the beginning (Chapter II): “His appearance seemed wonderful to me: he was about forty years old ...” Let's pay attention to the fact that Grinev still sees in him only a counselor-guide, a peasant who helped him get out of the turmoil of a snowstorm. In chapter VII, Grinev faces a formidable rebel. And on a horse, and in an armchair on the porch of the commandant's house, this is not a leader, but a leader, a leader of an uprising. And in this chapter, and in chapters VIII, XI, Pushkin again and again notes the details of the portrait of Pugachev. And among them the main one is his sparkling eyes, his tense and ready for action posture.

It is worth using the historical portraits of Pugachev in this story, especially the one that was painted on the half-washed portrait of Catherine II.

Try to create two miniature portraits of Pugachev: one - through the eyes of Grinev, and the other - through the eyes of Savelich.

One portrait will be a repetition of the one that is in the answer to question 7. The second portrait is a description of the villain whom he fears, does not love, and from whom the devoted servant Savelich expects all sorts of trouble. He does not consider the details, does not evaluate his impressions, but unconditionally condemns this person. However, we note that it was he, and not Petrusha Grinev, who immediately identified the peasant who saved them as the formidable leader of the uprising (“Have you forgotten that drunkard who lured your sheepskin coat out of you at the inn?”). Pugachev for Savelich is a drunkard, a villain, an ataman, a vagabond.

What do you understand by the word "imposter"? Why did the leader of the popular uprising pretend to be Tsar Peter III? Is there an answer to this question in the story?

In the 18th century, only the person whom the people considered "God's anointed", a person whose family had a consecrated right to power, could claim to seize power. Therefore, all those who raised their hands against the authorities pretended to be miraculously saved rulers. Not so long ago, the husband of Catherine II, Peter III, died. It was Pugachev who claimed his place.

Pugachev's associates spoke about this. A conversation on this topic took place between Grinev and the impostor on the way to the Belogorsk fortress (Chapter XI).

Evaluate the historical anecdote that V. I. Dal told Pushkin: “... Pugach, breaking into Berdy, where frightened people gathered in the church and on the porch, also entered the church. The people parted in fear, bowed, fell on their faces. Assuming an important air, Pugach went straight to the altar, sat down on the church throne and said aloud: “How long have I been sitting on the throne!” In his peasant ignorance, he imagined that the throne of the church is the royal seat. Pushkin did not include this episode in the story. Are there other episodes in it that show that we have before us a simple and even illiterate Cossack?

The story says more than once that Pugachev is a simple Cossack. It is especially funny that this ruler, having received a list of things that his robbers had plundered, from the old serf Savelich, could not read it. He got out of the situation by forcing the police officer to read this list, but the situation itself is quite funny: the king, who cannot read what his serf wrote.

Prepare a message about how Pushkin portrayed Pugachev, the leader of the popular uprising. Was he able to show what features of this unusual personality contributed to the long-term success of the rebels?

In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the reader is confronted with an impostor who took advantage of the situation that had arisen in those parts. The author's attitude to rebellion as a senseless and merciless phenomenon is clearly visible. However, Pushkin was also able to discern the qualities that made Pugachev the leader of the people: his mind, insight, courage, determination, resourcefulness, swiftness of reaction and almost bestial instinct (remember how he led a wagon through a whirling snowstorm), the ability to lead people using their virtues. and shortcomings, and even a clear idea of ​​​​what awaits him as a result of the suppression of the uprising. As a result, all these qualities create a bright and significant figure.

Probably, even his ignorance helped him to be recognized as a leader, which created an atmosphere of mutual trust with a certain part of his associates.

Create short description appearance of one of the characters in the story.

To do this, you can use the portrait of Khlopushi. See the answer to question 2, questions and assignments for chapter XI.

What role does landscape play in the story? Have you noticed a description of nature paintings that is not related to the development of the plot? Why are there no such descriptions? How do you explain it?

There are few descriptions of nature in the story, and all of them are closely connected with the fate of the characters, with the events of their lives. You can see some symbolism in them. Thus, the description of a snowstorm in the steppe precedes the development of the plot of the story, which tells about the storm of a popular uprising. It is possible to describe the landscape against which the meeting of Masha Mironova with Catherine II takes place. It is believed that both the portrait of the Empress and its frame in the story are similar to the sentimental image of Catherine in the painting by V. L. Borovikovsky.

The novel contains the text of the folk robber song "Don't make noise, mother green oak tree ...". Compare this work with the historical song "Pravezh" and think about what is common and what is the difference in the description of "the king's trial of the robber."

Comparison of two folk songs is interesting precisely because of the opposite attitude towards sovereigns. The "gift" that the robber receives from the tsar in the song "Pravezh" is just, and in Pugachev's favorite song, the tsar favors the robber in a different way - "two pillars with a crossbar." The choice of this song by Pugachev himself speaks of the impostor's understanding of his future fate.

Try to briefly describe the three times that are associated with the story "The Captain's Daughter" by A. S. Pushkin: the time that is depicted in the work, the time the story was created, and today's time.

The time of the Pugachev uprising is clearly defined by historians and then reproduced by Pushkin in two of his works: a story and a historical work. Both The History of Pugachev and The Captain's Daughter depict the peasant war of 1773-1775. The causes of popular uprisings are always similar to each other: it is the intensification of the difficulties in the life of the people, which are caused by wars, crop failures, and other disasters. Pushkin introduces the reader to the events of the 18th century.

The time of creation of the story and historical work can be characterized by referring to the pages of Pushkin's life. The theme of the ruler and the people is also heard in his " The Bronze Horseman"(1833) and in the lyrics of those years. In August 1833, Pushkin went to the places where Pugachev acted, wrote down stories and songs about him. In 1833, the historical work "The History of Pugachev" was created, and in 1833-1836 work was underway on the "Captain's Daughter". The theme of the popular uprising sounded in parallel in the unfinished story "Dubrovsky" (1832-1833).

But the most difficult thing is to create a story about the time when the story is being read. It is necessary to talk about what resonates in it with the present day and therefore arouses strong interest today. So you need to think about what events are typical for the year when you answer the question.

What is the purpose of the story about Grinev's childhood and youth?

What role does the episode of Grinev's first meeting with Pugachev play?

How is the “God-saved” Belogorsk fortress described? What is this description for? Were Grinev's expectations justified?

What impression do members of the Mironov family make at the first meeting? Is this impression true?

What role does the story about the relationship between Shvabrin and Masha play before the uprising?

Why couldn't Shvabrin and Grinev make friends? Was it only because of Masha that they became enemies?

What role does the episode with the captive Bashkir play in the story?

How did the defenders of the Belogrrskaya fortress prove themselves during the capture of it by the Pugachevites? Is their behavior unexpected for you?

What saved Grinev?

Compare two military councils: at Pugachev's and at the general's in Orenburg. What conclusions does this comparison lead to?

Why do you think Pugachev decided to help Grinev and even forgave his deceit? material from the site

Did the Kalmyk tale he told about the eagle and the raven help you understand Pugachev? What is its meaning?

Why did Grinev refuse to serve with Pugachev, his savior? How does this characterize him?

Can Masha's behavior in Shvabrin's captivity be called heroic?

Shvabrin in the service of Pugachev. Did he surprise you? Why?

What qualities of Grinev appeared during the trial?

What saved Grinev? Do you consider his salvation accidental or natural? Why?

What role does the story about the fate of fictional characters play in this historical story?

What is the difference between the artistic depiction of rebellion in the stories "Dubrovsky" and "The Captain's Daughter"?

In Dubrovsky, the rebellious peasants are led by the impoverished landowner Dubrovsky, whose personal resentment against the landowner Troekurov was the impetus for the robbery. The peasants of Dubrovsky, who do not want to move from the “good” landowner to the “evil”, became participants in the rebellion. The rebellion is local. In The Captain's Daughter, Pugachev, a native of the people, is at the head of the rebellion. The causes of the peasant war are social in nature - the oppression of peasants, factory workers, foreigners. The fight takes on a popular character. Its goal is to put a "good" king instead of an oppressor queen.

Explain the meaning of the epigraph to A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" and its functions.

The epigraph "Take care of honor from a young age", prefaced by the entire story "The Captain's Daughter", reveals the main meaning of Grinev's life story - to preserve the honor and dignity of a Russian nobleman in any twists and turns of fate.

What is the connection between the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" with oral folk art?

The connection with oral folk art is manifested in epigraphs, some of which are proverbs or sayings, others are lines from soldier, recruit folk songs. The folk poetic basis is visible in the speech of the characters (Pugachev's conversation with the owner of the inn, all sprinkled with sayings and allegories), in the use of A.S. Pushkin of folk songs, stylized as a fairy tale parable about a crow and an eagle, etc.

A.S. Pushkin simultaneously with the story "The Captain's Daughter" wrote "The History of the Pugachev Rebellion", where he showed the atrocities of Pugachev. Why did he soften the image in the story?

Artistic creativity has other principles than historical research. Deviating somewhat from historical specifics, the writer creates a full-blooded, ambiguous character of Pugachev, which differed from the official one-line image of the murderous villain.

Despite the sympathy of the author and his hero for Pugachev, the attitude towards the popular revolt can hardly be called positive: “God forbid to see a Russian revolt, senseless and merciless!”

Can we assume that the description of the province, which "was inhabited by many semi-savage peoples" A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Captain's Daughter" (Chapter 6) prepares the reader for the events that will take place in the Belogorsk fortress?

Answer:

Yes, you can.

Here is a quote from the text describing the province:

“This vast and rich province was inhabited by a multitude of semi-savage peoples who had recently recognized the dominion of Russian sovereigns. Their minute indignations, unaccustomed to the laws and civil life, frivolity and cruelty demanded constant supervision from the government to keep them in obedience. The fortresses were built in places deemed convenient, mostly inhabited by Cossacks, long-standing owners of the Yaitsky shores. But the Yaik Cossacks, who were supposed to protect the peace and security of this region, for some time were themselves restless and dangerous subjects for the government. In 1772 there was a riot in their main town. The reason for this was the strict measures taken by Major General Traubenberg in order to bring the army into due obedience. The result was the barbarous murder of Traubenberg, a willful change in management, and, finally, the pacification of the rebellion with buckshot and cruel punishments.

Based on the description, it is clear that the people (mostly Cossacks) who lived in the province, more than once staged riots and lynching. They do not want to obey the authority of the king and are ready to arrange a new rebellion at any moment, despite the cruel punishments that may await them for this.

What role did Savelich and Beaupre play in Grinev's childhood, the heroes of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Answer:

Both heroes were engaged in the education of young Grinev. As a result, Petrusha received an insufficient education, about which he himself says: “I lived underage, chasing pigeons and playing chaharda with yard boys.”

But, despite the simplicity of Savelich and the frivolous behavior of Beaupre, a positive influence on the upbringing of Petrusha was exerted.

Savelyich, with his devotion, kindness and care, instills in Grinev love for people and respect for serfs.

Beaupre, despite the somewhat unscrupulous performance of his work, nevertheless turned out to be a “good fellow”.

Both heroes represent, above all, kind people, they allow the hero to grow freely, without knowing worries.

What preceded the duel between Grinev and Shvabrin in the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Answer:

The duel of heroes was preceded by their quarrel.

You can find out about the reasons for the quarrel by reading the work "The Captain's Daughter", in particular chapter IV "Duel".

Why did Masha Mironova fall in love with Grinev? What Masha appears before us? (The work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter")

Answer:

Grinev is an honest and open person, moral principles were instilled in him from childhood. In addition, he turns out to be a very well-mannered and kind young man. At the same time, he is distinguished by courage and courage.

It was these qualities that could arouse love in Masha Mironova, who herself is a kind, pure and noble girl.

For more information about the qualities of Masha Mironova, see another Based on "The Captain's Daughter"

What qualities of Masha Mironova are manifested during a peaceful life (in relation to her parents, to Shvabrin, to Grinev) in the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Answer:

Masha Mironova is an image of a modest but noble girl.

Her first qualities that the reader learns about are obedience and respect for her parents.

Sympathy initially arises between the heroine and Grinev, which later grows into love. Masha turns out to be a faithful, honest and brave girl. She takes care of Grinev when he is wounded in a duel, and comes to terms with the decision of his parents, who are against his son's marriage to her.

Masha shows courage, determination and inflexibility towards Shvabrin, who is trying to force her to marry him.

Masha is the image of a Russian girl with a subtle soul, but a strong character.

Indicate the name of the method of allegorical depiction of an abstract idea, using a specific image used in the fairy tale told by Pugachev (A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"): a) comparison, b) metonymy, c) metaphor, d) allegory.

Answer:

The correct answer is "d) allegory".

More about what is , see our dictionary of literary terms.

CHAPTER 1.

The chapter is called "Sergeant of the Guard". What is this chapter about? What was the Grinev family like? What role did Savelich and Beaupre play in his childhood? How did the parents see off Petrusha to the service, and what words did his father admonish him?

The first chapter tells about Grinev's family and his childhood. His father's name was Andrei Petrovich, he was a military man, served under Count Minich, retired with the rank of prime minister, that is, his position at the time of his resignation approximately corresponded to the assistant regiment commander. His wife was the daughter of a poor Siberian nobleman, Avdotya Vasilievna. Pyotr Grinev was one of nine children (!), but all his brothers and sisters died in infancy, which was not uncommon at that time. Grinev's parents were simple and honest people, they lived quietly, without leaving anywhere except to hunt, they did not quarrel with each other. We can say that it was a quiet patriarchal family, where everyone knew their role and performed it with care.

Savelich and Beaupre played different roles in Grinev's childhood. Beaupré was frivolous and had nothing to do with teaching. He did not study at all with his pupil, which suited little Petrusha quite well. We can say that thanks to Beaupre, Grinev was a poorly educated person. Savelich, on the contrary, extremely valued the trust that Grinev's father had placed in him, and tried, as best he could, to be a good educator. He could not teach Petrusha anything but literacy, but he was a constant example of morality and temperance. And since he sincerely loved the boy, his example was beneficial, and Petrusha, thanks to Savelich, possessed many positive qualities.

When his parents escorted Petrusha to the service, his mother was in tears, she gave instructions on health, supplied home-made pies for the road, demanded from Savelich that he carefully look after his son. The father was quite dry and restrained, he simply told his son: “Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you swear; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; do not excuse yourself from the service; and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.

2. How does the case with Zurin characterize Grinev and Savelich?

The case with Zurin characterizes Grinev and Savelich as follows: Grinev is still very young, he is inclined to commit rash acts, wanting to be like the brave warrior Zurin in everything, who amuses himself with him and easily provokes him. Grinev feels his childhood dependence on Savelich and seeks to break it, trying to be deliberately rude. But it is clear that for a long time he cannot remain in such an arrogant and embittered state, therefore he asks Savelich for forgiveness, looking for an opportunity to make peace with him. Grinev is a passionate, gambling person; he can be quick-tempered, but not for long; he trusts people and is open to them, and tries not to deceive their expectations. Savelich, in turn, is worried that he himself overlooked the master's son, that is, he does not really blame Petrusha. He is an honest and direct person, accustomed to serve sincerely, without cheating and without shifting responsibility to anyone. Therefore, he so carefully monitors the lord's goods and cannot be angry with the child, whom Grinev at that time still, no doubt, is.

CHAPTER 2

1. Why does the chapter begin with a folk song? How does the conversation with Savelich characterize Grinev, what is the character of Savelich? Road, snowstorm - tell us about it. What is the meaning for further events soy Petrusha? Describe the portrait
Leader, his mysterious conversation with the owner. What is its allegory?

The chapter begins with a folk song: in fact, for the first time, Petya Grinev was so far from home, and he had to communicate with people from the people. But, generally speaking, subsequent chapters also begin with folk songs, so the point here is which song the author begins the story with. In this case, this is a sad song, full of regret that there is an unfamiliar side around, on which the good fellow fell not of his own free will, but in a violent hop. This sets a certain tone for the chapter in which the meeting with Pugachev takes place and a hint is made of the author's attitude to the nascent plans of the famous rebel, which is emphasized by the atmosphere of acquaintance.

Grinev characterizes the conversation with Savelich as a conscientious young man who is sincerely attached to the serf uncle. The moment of arrogance has passed, and Grinev himself feels uncomfortable. He asks for forgiveness from his serf, not at all thinking that, according to the then laws, this is actually his slave. Along with this, Grinev is a stubborn guy and undoubtedly prone to romantic adventures- otherwise he would not have immediately insisted on moving on, despite the warnings of the coachman and the requests of Savelich, who had become kinder. Of course, speaking like this, we must take into account Grinev's age. In this light, and in the light of his other qualities, this recklessness looks even pretty and, at least, natural.

Savelich was visibly touched by Peter's apology, he is also quick-witted, but he does not remove the blame from himself, he believes that he should have kept track of his ward. As a man who has lived, and, moreover, who is responsible for another, he prefers cautious decisions and is dissatisfied with Peter's frivolous desire to go through a snowstorm.

Describing the road, A.C. Pushkin not without reason notices that she is "sad". Actually, there was no road as such - only a trail from the peasant sleigh across the steppe. It is clear that the path through such dull places cast sad thoughts on the young man, who until recently dreamed of going to the capital and serving in the guards. The blizzard started unexpectedly - that's just a small cloud on the horizon - and everything is already covered in a snow haze. Perhaps such an atmosphere was needed by A.C. Pushkin, so that the reader can feel the invisible resemblance between the snowstorm and the uprising that was about to flare up just as suddenly. The appearance of Pugachev, this mysterious “traveler”, in such weather, the fact that he managed, in spite of everything, to bring the wagon to housing, shows him as a person who knows how to navigate in a storm and, moreover, feels quite comfortable in it . The same can be said about his dashing leadership of the rebellion, when he also sensitively led his people through social upheavals.

Petrusha's dream has a deep meaning for further events. In this dream, a moral choice was symbolically displayed, which a few months later faced Grinev - to swear allegiance to Pugachev or not. The strength of future doubts and the size of Pugachev's participation in the fate of the young man will be so great that it is just right to compare him with his father, who gave life. The blood showed all the cruelty of the future, but even through this blood Pugachev was affectionate with Peter and called him to him. Of course, Petrusha could not understand the future, but the amazing reality of his dream made a deep impression on him. Going beyond the scope of Pushkin's text, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that at difficult moments of choice, Grinev repeatedly returned to this dream, gradually seeing through its prophetic essence.

A.C. Pushkin describes Pugachev in the words of Grinev: “His appearance seemed wonderful to me. He was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. Gray hair showed in his black beard; living large eyes and ran. His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish. Her hair was cut in a circle; he was wearing a tattered coat and Tatar trousers.”

Pugachev spoke allegorically with the owner, because outsiders were present nearby. The owner answered him the same, and they understood each other perfectly. It is clear that we are talking about the alleged performance, but it is not easy to say about particulars. Rain, fungi and the body are, most likely, the inflammatory actions of Pugachev himself, which will sow the seeds of discontent with the existing order among the Cossacks and nomads, and when these seeds germinate, it will be possible to do business, "take the body and go mushrooming." Harvest, in a word. Fight against the king's servants. After Pugachev also allegorically invited the owner to shut up (“plug the ax behind his back”) and went to bed.

There are no illustrations for this chapter in the textbook.

2. How did Grinev thank the Leader?

Grinev thanked the counselor by presenting him with a hare sheepskin coat. It was a very noble gesture, because the frost was serious, and Pugachev was almost undressed. It is unlikely that the poor Cossack, with whom they all spent the night, had extra clothes. Grinev's act was disinterested, and Pugachev appreciated it.

3. What is interesting about Grinev's conversation with the general? How did Grinev explain to the general the expression "keep tight"? What is the true meaning of this expression? Check how this phrase is explained in the phraseological dictionary.

Grinev's conversation with the general is interesting because the general did not know Russian very well and spoke with a funny accent. He was excited by the letter from an old comrade-in-arms and hilariously commented on the reading ("What kind of ceremony is this? Fui, how can he not be sofest!").

The expression "keep tight," which Grinev's father used in a letter to the general, Grinev himself modestly explained as "to be kind, not too strict, to give more freedom."

But the true meaning of this expression is just the opposite: to be strict, not to give indulgence. From the subsequent lines of the letter, the general understood this very well and sent the young man to the Belogorsk fortress.

Chapter III. Fortress - Captain's Daughter

1 What was the Belogorsk fortress, the orders established in it? How to explain such a "family" nature of relations between people in the fortress? Tell us about its inhabitants - Ivan Kuzmich, his wife. Shvabrina, Marya Ivanovna. What is the meaning of the soldier's song, which is the epigraph to the third chapter?

The Belogorsk fortress was a village lost in the steppe, surrounded by a tyn that had rotted in many places. The majority of the population consisted of disabled soldiers (a disabled person, that is, who had left military age, but remained in the ranks of the army) teams that made up a garrison of one hundred and thirty people, and Cossacks. Orders in the fortress were the most domestic - Vasilisa Yegorovna, the wife of the captain, was in charge of everything. To a large extent, this was due to the fact that both the soldiers and their commanders, except for Shvabrin, were themselves peasants, lived on subsistence farming, and there had never been a military threat as such. Peaceful uncomplicated life dictated its own rules of existence. Minor unrest of a few gangs of Bashkirs and Kirghiz were relatively harmless, and they had not been for many years. Most of the soldiers had already grown old in the service in Belogorskaya, their commander and his wife had lived there for twenty years.

Ivan Kuzmich was an old campaigner, stupid, but honest and kind. He became an officer from the children of soldiers and deep down he continued to be a soldier. His nobility (and only a nobleman could be an officer) was deprived of even that minimal aristocracy that Grinev's parents possessed. He sometimes recalled the service and tried to “teach” the soldiers, trying to explain to them where the right and where the left leg was, but his wife constantly pulled him up and, from the point of view of everyday life, was, as a rule, completely right.

Vasilisa Yegorovna was not a foolish woman, talkative and curious, like any lively village woman who was forced to manage a large household, and she considered the whole fortress to be her household. She adored the news and everything that added variety to a boring life, tried to keep everything in her hands, which she succeeded in doing, since she was the commandant's wife. Of course, her horizons were minimal, and the fact that Grinev's father owned three hundred serfs made a deep impression on her, while it was a very small number of serf souls in Catherine's time.

Marya Ivanovna, their daughter, was a quiet, silent woman, easily embarrassed, but very sincere and sincere. She was a marriageable girl, but in such a wilderness to meet interesting person it was not easy at all. Masha possessed great cordial sensitivity and intuitively could feel the qualities of a person, so she shunned Shvabrin.

Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin at first gave the impression of a witty and uninhibited person who knew the value of local secrets and good-naturedly teased them. Later it turns out that this impression is deceptive, and Shvabrin harbors a deep wound in his soul.

On the one hand, the soldier's song, which is included in the epigraph, sets the reader in a certain brave mood and tells what the chapter should be about, on the other hand, it is a kind of humor of the author. Indeed, the wooden fence around the village can hardly be called a "fortress". in the song it is sung about a cannon, and it seems that it is just about the cannon from the story, because it was the only noise. The quote from Fonvizin's "Undergrowth" orients just such a perception. It is the “old people” who turn out to be the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress cut off from the world.

2 What are your impressions of each of the characters?

Ivan Kuzmich is a man who relies in everything on the lively character of his wife, a serviceable, albeit inept warrior, ready to justify the oath.

Vasilisa Yegorovna is an economic village woman who knows how to manage the house and does not see any difference between civil and military affairs. She clearly considered the latter games worthless and treated Ivan Kuzmich's attempts to command without any reverence. Her whole character is contained in her next phrase: “Only the words that you teach soldiers: neither service is given to them, nor you know any sense in it. I would have sat at home before praying to God, it would have been better that way. Dear guests, welcome to the table.

Marya Ivanovna is a modest, unsophisticated girl who honors her parents and God, unable to go beyond traditional prescriptions.

Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin is a rather cunning and vengeful person, treating people with decent contempt, which at first is not so noticeable because of his manner of holding on to his

Chapter IV. Duel - The Captain's Daughter

1 How did Grinev and Shvabrin show themselves in the chapter "Duel"?

In the “Duel” chapter, Grinev and Shvabrin showed themselves in completely different ways. Grinev was indignant at the deceived gullibility and accepted the challenge to a duel without hesitation. He acted impulsively, but his intentions were pure. Later, when he learned from Masha that Shvabrin was wooing her, he was seized with real rage, because he understood all that low game that his recent friend had been playing all this time.

Shvabrin showed himself to be a man with an extremely painful self-esteem, ready to commit murder in order to satisfy an evil dislike. He acted, unlike Grinev, deliberately and deliberately provoked him into a quarrel. Both turned out to be irreconcilable, and attempts to bring them together in a family way were clearly untenable.

2 What have you learned about them? What character traits began to appear in Grinev?

Shvabrin's sarcasm turned out to be only an external manifestation of those dark passions that boiled in him. His vulnerability showed itself in the most destructive way. It can be said that Shvabrin was a complete egoist, thinking only about his own desires and ready to deal with a person for the sake of a whim.

Grinev began to reveal himself as a fearless person - after all, it was clear that his opponent was a much more experienced duelist, but in order to preserve his honor and the dignity of his beloved girl, he did not hesitate to go to the duel. He was so outraged by the betrayal and meanness of Shvabrin that other considerations lost their force. We can say that this was his first male act, despite all his indiscretion.

Chapter V - The Captain's Daughter

1. Retell the chapter in detail. Tell us what character traits the characters showed in their relationships with each other. What meaning does the author put into a folk song - an epigraph?

Marya Ivanovna showed undoubted selflessness, caring for Grinev, she simply and without affectation confessed her feelings, but the condition of her engagement to Peter was the consent of his parents. Negative answer received by him. did not provoke a protest from Masha. “Let us submit to the will of God,” she tells him. Grinev was not at all satisfied with such a passive position and an incomprehensible readiness to sacrifice his own happiness. He obviously did not take his father's refusal as an expression of God's will. But Masha's choice left him no choice. No wonder he fell into depression. As a truly loving person, he respected his chosen one, respected her decisions, so he could not force her to marry. But feelings, not finding a proper outlet, began to destroy him. Hence the conclusion: a genuine feeling for another person, and even more so a mutual feeling, stands above the conventions of a changeable life and has a full moral right to exist and be realized.

The father's gall letter is difficult to accept, but understandable, because he longed to see in his son a person with a spotless reputation and was far from seeing him as an adult independent person. The insults with which he showered Savelich caused him as worthy a reaction as the old servant could afford.

In the folk song, rendered as an epigraph, A.C. Pushkin puts a sad meaning, showing how typical the situation he described was. The girl was, as a rule, not free in her feelings, often this also applied to the young man. Under the pretext that their son or daughter was still young and unable to make a deliberate choice, the parents refused to give their blessing, which was considered obligatory at the betrothal. Sometimes the reason was property inequality, sometimes simple tyranny. As a result, Masha’s words addressed to Grinev actually coincide exactly with the lines of the epigraph: “If you find yourself a betrothed, if you fall in love with another, God is with you, Pyotr Andreich ...”

2. What can be said about Shvabrin?

Shvabrin, of course, did not change his attitude towards Grinev, despite the apologies. He simply hid, fearing to exhaust the patience of Ivan Kuzmich, who had already violated his job description by not informing Orenburg about the duel and its instigator. Grinev, as a sensitive person, constantly felt this hostility.

3. How do you understand Grinev's words about the "good shock"?

Grinev's words about the "good shock" are of great importance in the story. The fact is that in those moments when all the ways to achieve the goal in the existing situation have been exhausted, it is necessary either to change the situation, or to wait until the situation changes itself. The first Grinev could not do, because he was a law-abiding officer and son, besides, his chosen one would not support him, the second appeared in his most radical guise. Grinev's forces were constrained by the senselessness of further efforts, and only the explosion of a monotonous hopeless existence made it possible for his energy to form an adult character and reunite with his beloved girl.

It is worth noting that Marya Ivanovna's declaration of love for Grinev also turned out to be provoked by an unusual situation - a threat to the life of a loved one. If events developed more peacefully, it would take much more time.

This happens quite often when an external threat mobilizes all the potential in a person and forces him to give up many far-fetched rules and restrictions, shows the illusory nature of seemingly strongest experiences.

Chapter VI. Pugachevshchina - Captain's daughter

1. Describe the province, which "was inhabited by many semi-savage peoples." Is it possible to consider that with this description Pushkin, as it were, prepares the reader for the events that will take place in the Belogorsk fortress?

The Orenburg province (region) was vast and rich, inhabited by a large number of nomadic tribes, who often did not recognize any power over themselves. To supervise them and ensure safe passage through the territory, chains of fortresses similar to Belogorskaya were built throughout the steppe. Of course A.C. Pushkin prepares readers for the events unfolding in the story with such a description. He paints a picture of a wild land filled with wild freemen.

2. What preparations began in the fortress after receiving the letter from the general?

After reading the letter from the general in the fortress, preparations began. Ivan Kuzmich by cunning removed his curious wife, locked the girl Palashka in a closet and gathered a military council. At the council, it was decided to establish guards and night patrols, as well as to clean out the cannon, which had long since become a local urn.

Chapter VII. Attack - The Captain's Daughter

1. What does the song in the epigraph to this chapter say? Why was Pugachev able to take the fortress so quickly?

The song put in the epigraph to this chapter speaks of an unenviable fate. A person's life could be interrupted at any moment, and not only in a war, but as a result of committing any offense considered serious, as a result of a social upheaval, similar to the Pugachev uprising. The man, about whom the song is sung, lived for thirty years, did not see anything good in life, and as a result he was hanged.
Pugachev) managed to take the fortress so quickly, because the forces of his troops were immeasurably greater than the forces of the defenders. In addition, in common people the majority sympathized with him, and the same soldiers, former peasants, did not at all want to kill the same peasants or soldiers from other fortresses who had joined Pugachev. There were also many Cossacks in the fortress, who did not hesitate at all, for whom they should act, and all left the fortress on the eve of the assault.

2. How did the few defenders of the fortress behave? What does the author want to say with the phrase: “The people poured into the square; we were sent there"? How did Ivan Kuzmich, Ivan Ignatich, Vasilisa Yegorovna accept death?

The few defenders of the fortress behaved differently. The soldiers reluctantly fired at the enemy, but did not go on a sortie, leaving three officers alone. The words of Captain Mironov: “To die like this is to die: a service business!” - they could hardly be encouraged. Having lived a peaceful life for decades, almost never shooting, they were simply confused, even those of them who were ready to resist.
Ivan Kuzmich soon realized that the situation was hopeless, and decided to accept death in open battle, without violating the oath and fulfilling his officer's duty. He, Ivan Ignatich and Grinev behaved with dignity. Even when they were threatened with death on the gallows, none of them agreed to go over to Pugachev's side. These were people who considered the oath sacred, and death was for them the only worthy continuation of life. They were convinced that they were doing a godly deed. For Vasilisa Egorovna, the world collapsed, she could not live in other conditions, bearing in her memory the death of her husband, so her despair was so great. She acted in a state of passion, but life also had no unconditional value for her after what had happened. Grinev would also have been hanged if not for Savelich, whom Pugachev recognized. He would undoubtedly have recognized Grinev himself, but Shvabrin vindictively whispered something malicious about Grinev into his ear, and at first he did not even pay attention to him, relying on his new assistant.
With the phrase: “The people poured into the square: they drove us there too” - the author wanted to show how people were waiting for Pugachev.

Chapter VIII. The Uninvited Guest - The Captain's Daughter

1. What is the meaning of the epigraph to this chapter?

The proverb “An uninvited guest is worse than a Tatar” used as an epigraph demonstrates in a condensed form what is happening in the chapter. The proverb came to us from those times when the memory of the numerous Tatar raids, which brought ruin and separation to the common people, was still alive. A guest who was not invited, an unwanted guest is evaluated even worse. And Pugachev, having arranged a feast, seemed to come to visit the place where Grinev often went, and he could only remember what this place was like in peacetime, while rebels scurried around the fortress and robbed officer houses.

2. Whom does Grinev call "newly recruited traitors" and why?

“Newly recruited traitors” Grinev calls the Cossack constable Maksimych and Shvabrin who went over to the side of Pugachev. In Pugachev's army, they were recruits, from the point of view of their past service, they were traitors. Hence the name.

3. What are the moods of the Pugachevites conveyed by the burlatskaya song?

Burlatskaya song, sung by Pugachev's closest associates at the end of the feast, conveys that feeling of ultimate hopelessness that unconsciously permeated their entire rebellious performance. In rare moments of heavy reflection on the fate of their work, only such songs could express their state, give dark courage and somehow ennoble their impulse. The attitude towards the gallows and the chopping block as the most probable outcome of life has always been strong among those opposed to the royal power, so merciless were the government reprisals and there was so little hope for a favorable outcome of the uprisings.

4. How did Pugachev's military advice appear to Petrusha? Why did Pugachev forgive Grinev's bold and truthful speeches?

For Peter, the military council of Pugachev appeared as an anarchist freemen, where no one showed special preference to anyone. Of course, brought up in completely different ideas, he was used to seeing unquestioning obedience to his superior and the inability to challenge the opinions expressed by him. The strict hierarchy, especially in the army, really contrasted sharply with the Cossack conference. But, nevertheless, external democracy did not prevent Pugachev from making unexpected and justified decisions from a military point of view. In fact, it was against the rigidly hierarchical structure of society that the Pugachevites opposed, counting on the age-old people's self-government, which was most fully expressed in the Cossack environment.
Pugachev forgave Grinev's impudent speeches, because few dared to speak with him so frankly, and it was important for Pugachev to hear the truth. Grinev was not arrogant and vicious, he directly admitted that he was completely in the power of Pugachev, and he instinctively managed to find expressions that did not offend the rebellious leader, although they explained the impossibility of him going over to the side of the rebels.

Chapter IX. Separation - The Captain's Daughter

1. Shvabrin in the service of Pugachev. Savelich presents the bill to Pugachev. Farewell to Maria Ivanovna. Read and comment on the named episodes.

Shvabrin, going over to the side of the impostor, was left by Pugachev commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. In order not to stand out among other Cossacks, he had already cut his hair, like them, and put on a new uniform. He no longer hid his hatred for Grinev, but at the same time, he did not feel very confident in his new position and could not withstand the contemptuous look of his enemy, realizing that he had committed a betrayal.
Savelich remained an honest servant even at the risk of his life. He took advantage of the fact that his master seemed to get along with Pugachev and decided to use it. At the same time, it turned out that the leader of the uprising, "Sovereign Peter III", could not read. However, he deftly wriggled out, ordering the chief secretary to read the paper. Savelich's directness and stubbornness almost cost him his life when he called his people villains to Pugachev's face. Probably, Savelich's speech was so unexpected that Pugachev simply did not know how to react to it. With all the danger, the episode is very comical, not without reason Grinev, reading the register, could not help but smile, which Savelich did not appreciate at all. One way or another, he really played a good role, because Pugachev, sending Grinev to Orenburg, did not think that he could only go on foot.

Marya Ivanovna fell into unconsciousness and was forced to remain in the fortress. Grinev had already finally stepped over his father's rejection of his choice and entrusted the popadya girl as his bride. Having overcome the confusion caused by the need to leave her at the disposal of Shvabrin, Grinev decides to use the opportunity given to him to get to Orenburg, where he will have more ways to help Masha. Here Grinev is already acting as a completely adult person, able to soberly assess the situation and restrain initial impulses, not succumbing to a feeling of seeming powerlessness.

Chapter X. Siege of the City - Captain's Daughter

1. How did Grinev meet the general? What happened in the city at the military council? What "bribing movement" was discussed at the council?

The general met Grinev sympathetically in his garden, carefully wrapping apple trees in straw. In the story, he is depicted as a completely peaceful person. His reaction to the capture of Belogorskaya and the death of Captain Mironov was completely civilian, like the regrets of a saddened relative. He was unable to make military decisions. He sympathized with Grinev, but this sympathy was ineffective, although it was he who had the power to render all possible assistance to him and Marya Ivanovna.

At the military council, the general gathered all the main city officials, without inviting any of his officers. At such councils, it is customary to speak out, starting with the younger ones, as a result of active actions only one Grinev spoke, who, in general, was the only one of those present who could judge the degree of danger threatening the city - after all, none of the council members had any idea who they would have to deal with. But officials in general are never particularly bold, and of all possible solutions, as a rule, they prefer the most passive ones. Moreover, they were all aged people, which one of them was not slow to express, in an undertone calling Grinev a sucker. It is not surprising, therefore, that Grinev's reasoning was met with disapproval. It is strange that the general, as a military man, perfectly understood the correctness of what Grinev said, but followed the lead of the local chiefs, fearing responsibility. Probably, already anticipating the general mood, he did not invite his commanders to the council, who would support Grinev.
The complete incompetence of the meeting, called the military council, was vividly illustrated by the proposal of an old man in an eyelet caftan - the director of customs. He stated that it was necessary to act not offensively and not defensively, but “bribeably”, that is, to offer a certain ransom for Pugachev’s head, and sincerely believed that in this way the situation could be resolved.

2. What happened during the siege of the city?

During the siege of the city, which began soon, due to the connivance of the city administration, the population was starving, prices rose sharply, and the soldiers were virtually unable to compete with the Pugachevites in the open field. Seeing the helplessness of the military, the inhabitants were completely despondent. What was called at the meeting “repelling the enemy by artillery forces” could hardly harm Pugachev’s army during sorties, and Pugachev did not go for a decisive assault, preferring to use the time to train his people.

3. What did Marya Ivanovna write about?

Marya Ivanovna wrote that after the assault on Belogorskaya she was ill for a long time, and when she recovered, Shvabrin forcibly moved her to his house and began to force her to marry, locking her up and threatening her in every possible way. Since she did not agree, he, completely angry, threatened that he would take her to Berdskaya Sloboda, where Pugachev's headquarters were located, and extradite her. She asked Peter for intercession, saying that she had no one but him left. In these three days, which she bargained with Shvabrin, supposedly for reflection, her fate was to be decided.

Chapter XI. Rebellious Sloboda - The Captain's Daughter

1. How did Grinev behave in the Pugachev Stans and how did the Pugachevites behave? What is interesting about the conversation between Pugachev and Grinev?

Grinev, of course, was not going to go to Pugachev himself and was forced to be close to his camp. Therefore, his first reaction was the desire to ride away, which he would have done if the Pugachevites had not caught the straggler Savelyich. Of course, Grinev was initially somewhat confused, because he was not sure whether it was necessary to tell the rebellious leader about his business. With Pugachev, at the sight of an old acquaintance, all artificial importance flew off, he began to question him with curiosity and even removed his henchmen, seeing Grinev's embarrassment. He cheered up when he began to tell the truth, because he was a conscientious person and the truth was on his side. The closest associates of Pugachev, Beloborodov and Khlopush, alone with their commander, no longer showed him that feigned respect as in public, but entered into an argument with him rather unceremoniously. Grinev was able to divert Pugachev's attention from the assumption that he was a scout, and his mood changed instantly when he found out about Peter's bride.

When they were talking alone in a wagon, Pugachev completely threw off the mask of an important tsar and, in a simple way, asked Grinev for the opinion of a nobleman about his exploits. He smugly boasted of his successes, saying in a simple way that in one of the battles "forty generals killed and captured two armies." But Grinev did not admire him at all, and Pugachev involuntarily thought about his future fate. In addition, it was important for him to prove that he was not such a villain at all - he also mentioned this.

2. What do Pugachev's words mean: “My street is cramped; I don't have enough will?

Pugachev's words: “My street is cramped; I don’t have enough will, ”they show Pugachev’s dependence on his comrades. Pugachev was well aware that he was recognized by them as the king as long as his actions corresponded to their desires. This statement can be attributed to almost any major leader or politician. The forces behind such a leader, thanks to which he was able to advance and occupy a privileged position, inevitably require the fulfillment of some kind of their own requirements as compensation. Having lost the support of such "voters", the leader will be defeated or will be replaced by someone from his environment. Power is double-edged.

3. What is the meaning of Pugachev's tale about the eagle and how did Grinev react to it? What is the meaning of this dialogue?

The tale that Pugachev told Grinev can be understood in two ways. Pugachev himself, of course, understood it in such a way that he did not want a submissive slave life, even a long one, let him live a short life, but a full life, breathing real freedom. Grinev could not understand the whole horror of people living in a servile state of bondage and perceived the tale as follows: the desire of an eagle to drink fresh blood is to go against the law, rob, shed the blood of innocent people. The trouble of that time was that it was impossible to resolve this dispute. Huge masses of the people were brutally oppressed, and their slightest protest led to repression. It remained to run, gather in detachments and take revenge on the nobles for the ruined life, while robbing and killing.

Chapter XII. Orphan - Captain's daughter

1. How does the narrator call Shvabrin in this chapter?

The narrator describes Shvabrin in different ways: sometimes expressing joy and zeal in vile expressions, sometimes pale, like a dead man, sometimes causing disgust and contempt, sometimes completely destroyed, sometimes vile ... But the main definition given at the end of the chapter: an destroyed enemy. Both Shvabrin and Grinev completely opened their cards to Pugachev, and he not only pardoned Grinev, but also contributed in every possible way to his happiness. Shvabrin's only hope for the power given to him by Pugachev to force Marya Ivanovna to marry did not come true. Grinev came out unscathed, retaining his officer's honor and the honor of his bride, while Shvabrin, despite all his betrayals and meanness, was left with nothing.

2. Why did Pugachev decide to pardon Marya Ivanovna?

Pugachev decided to pardon Marya Ivanovna for several reasons. Firstly, Grinev correctly explained to him why he did not talk about her origin in front of his accomplices - Pugachev understood him perfectly. Secondly, he was not a bloodthirsty person, and anger at Captain Mironov had long passed, besides, the girl was sick and unhappy, but she held firm, which Pugachev could not help but appreciate. Thirdly, despite the fact that Shvabrin was in his camp, Pugachev clearly saw his servility and did not complain too much about him. Moreover, Shvabrin deceived him. And, fourthly, despite the class position, a relationship of special trust developed between him and Grinev, an incorruptible young officer gave him the opportunity, as it were, to throw off the mask of a great sovereign and be who he really was.

Chapter XIII. Arrest - The Captain's Daughter

Why did Grinev have to part with Marya Ivanovna?

Grinev had to part with Marya Ivanovna, because the officer's duty required him to take part in the war, especially after he repeatedly used Pugachev's favor and could be suspected of assisting him. At the same time, the Zurin detachment was mobile, did not have a permanent base, and it was impossible to leave the bride with the detachment. Even if there was such an opportunity, it was not worth doing it, so as not to expose her to unnecessary risk, but to think not about completing combat missions, but about the abandoned bride. Sending Marya Ivanovna to his parents, Grinev also simultaneously solved the problem of reconciling his parents with his choice, since he was sure that, having got to know her better, they would certainly fall in love with her.

Chapter XIV. Court - The Captain's Daughter

1. Whose fault is Grinev brought to trial and why is he acquitted?

Grinev was brought to trial on the slander of Shvabrin, who was taken prisoner. He was acquitted because the empress personally studied the details of his case after the assurances and requests of Marya Ivanovna. Indeed, in fact, Grinev was not to blame for anything, and his dates with the impostor were forced and, in addition, redeemed by the subsequent service in the Zurin detachment.

2. How did the further fate of the heroes develop?

Grinev and Marya Ivanovna got married and, judging by the fact that by the thirties of the next century ten landowners lived in their family estate, they had many children. Despite the fact that Catherine II promised to arrange the fortune of Captain Mironov's daughter, all the children lived in the same village, therefore, they were not at all rich, if we recall that the elder Grinev had only three hundred souls of serfs.

Pugachev was quartered on January 10, 1775 on Red Square. All enlightened Europe condemned the empress for this. A.C. Pushkin wrote that Grinev was in the crowd during the execution, and Pugachev noticed him in front of the scaffold and nodded.

3. Think about how the hero grew up: from a minor to a worthy and honest person. Do “good shocks” come to mind?

The hero's maturation from a minor to a worthy and honest person took place through severe upheavals, in which he became a forced participant. Having begun an independent life with a revelry in a tavern and a big loss, he committed an act that determined his subsequent life - giving a half-dressed stranger an expensive sheepskin coat. Before Andrei Karlovich in Orenburg, he was still boyish, trying to mislead him about the correct translation of his father's letter; in the Belogorsk fortress, having fallen in love with a girl, he learned to be responsible not only for himself, but also for a loved one. The war hardened him, the whims of a sissy and thoughtless actions disappeared, he was forced to think about too serious things and could not behave inappropriately. Being put in a situation with a complex and ambiguous ethical choice, he overcame all temptations with dignity and was able to help the bride in the process. There is a huge difference between Grinev, who went out to fight with the “villain” and the “rebel”, and Grinev, sadly looking into the white steppe, along which Pugachev’s troika flew away. There is the same difference between a drunken boy muttering: “Shut up, grunt!” to a grateful man: “You are my friend, Arkhip Savelich!” Recalling the war, he called it "a good shock", and in his case it was true. He mentioned this only once, but that is enough - there is too much behind these words, they are too much suffered by the narrator to repeat them for any reason.

4. How does the author feel about the characters? Support your opinion with quotes from the text. What can be said about Pushkin's attitude to the uprising, the rebels. Grinev, Pugachev, Masha Mironova?

To the rise of A.C. Pushkin was bitter, because he understood that it did not arise from scratch. At the same time, he saw the futility of such an attempt to improve life: it immediately turned into robbery, murders and mutual anger. “God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless!” he writes.

The rebels are shown differently. Either they are written about as Pugachev’s “terrible comrades”, “villains”, then the rustic Cossack constable Maksimych is described, whom the tongue does not dare to call a traitor - it was not without reason that Grinev was glad to see him during a shootout near Orenburg. Sympathy for the rebels is clear in the episode when Captain Mironov interrogated the old Bashkir. Brutal pacification unwittingly set the stage for future performances. Of course A.C. Pushkin himself was a nobleman and a son of his time, so he could quite sincerely write about "sly rebels who were malicious in secret." What is important is that in depicting individuals and specific situations, he was guided by an objective consideration of what could happen.

The author's attitude to Grinev can be understood by indirect signs, because the speech in the story comes from the face of Grinev himself. Of course, the author sympathizes with the narrator, because he sometimes puts in his mouth characteristics that are sometimes unflattering for him - for example, when he shouted at Savelich after losing to Zurin. At the same time, Grinev narrates calmly about his exploits, without resorting to exaggeration or narcissism. It is obvious that Grinev writes directly and honestly, and this is the main measure of the author's attitude towards him.
To Pugachev A.S. Pushkin was treated as a complex, controversial personality, as evidenced by the episodes with his participation, when he was in a different state of mind, performing various actions. He could be angry and cruel, so he executed the officers of the Belogorsk fortress; he could be sincere and heartfelt, telling a Kalmyk fairy tale; he remembered not only evil, but also good, appreciated calm courage and at the same time liked to brag and show off, as if playing some kind of childish game. It is worth remembering the device of literary parallelism, often used by A.C. Pushkin: the kindest Andrei Karlovich Reinsdorp, the commandant of Orenburg, refuses to help Grinev rescue the daughter of a heroically deceased officer, and Pugachev does it willingly. Again, Pugachev released Grinev, and Catherine II did not pardon Grinev at all, but helped the daughter of Captain Mironov, who she liked.

Masha Mironova herself also goes through a difficult path of growing up. From a naive girl who has not seen anything in her life except the Belogorsk fortress, and is constantly silent, she has grown into a selfless young woman, ready to go to distant and terrible Petersburg in order to save her loved one, to seek an audience with the Empress herself. The author seems to admire her modesty, ingenuity and fidelity, constantly focusing on the fact that she did not play manners, firmly defended women's dignity and her choice.

Summing up - The Captain's Daughter

To pp. 218-219

1. Who are the main characters of the novel? Why is it called The Captain's Daughter?

The main characters of the story are Grinev, Masha Mironova and Pugachev. The story is called "The Captain's Daughter" because Pushkin wanted to focus on the dramatic love story of two young people who, by chance, were drawn into the events of the peasant war. But the uprising itself is secondary here, and this explains such a name.

2. It is known that in 1831 Russia was swept by a wave of cholera riots and armed uprisings. Pushkin knew about it. The novel is dedicated to folk performances of the 18th century. Researchers of Pushkin's creativity believe that the origins of the present lay in the past of Russia and that it was necessary to look for and find answers to the questions that worried the poet there. Do you agree with this judgment?

A.S. Pushkin could be interested in the psychological causes of the Russian rebellion as such, precisely in connection with the cholera riots, of which he was an eyewitness, and then he turned to the largest uprising in order to better see the already completed picture. It is by no means possible to say that there was a direct factual connection between these speeches, because the reasons for the speeches were different and were far apart in time and space.

3. Starting the novel, Pushkin studied documents, manifestos, decrees of Catherine II, memoirs of contemporaries of the Pugachev uprising, he wrote: “I read with attention everything that was printed about Pugachev, and in addition 18 thick volumes
various manuscripts, decrees, reports, etc. I visited the places where the main events of the era I described took place, checking the dead documents with the words of still living, but elderly eyewitnesses ..., then I created the scientific work "History of the Pugachev Rebellion". Find on the "Map of A. S. Pushkin's travels" the places where the poet had to visit when he was preparing materials for the historical story about Pugachev and "The Captain's Daughter". Tell me what you know about it.

A. S. Pushkin, while preparing materials about the Pugachev rebellion, traveled along the following route: Tver - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan - Simbirsk - Orenburg -

Uralsk. In Nizhny Novgorod, the local governor met the writer with great obsequiousness, believing that he had a secret verification mission, was an auditor, and only after that he received instructions from St. Petersburg to carefully monitor the writer himself.

4. Compare excerpts from the book “The History of Pushkin's Pugachev Rebellion” with the novel you read. What documents, descriptions of events, in your opinion, are to some extent reflected in Pushkin's text of The Captain's Daughter?
Compare the portrait of Pugachev in the novel and in The History of the Pugachev Rebellion. What is the similarity and what is the difference? What do you think A. S. Pushkin tried to emphasize when describing the Pugachev uprising, the people surrounding their ataman, officers of the tsarist army?
The famous historian Klyuchevsky admitted that in The Captain's Daughter more history than in the "History of the Pugachev rebellion". How do you understand this statement? What did the historian mean by this?

Comparing excerpts from The History of the Pugachev Rebellion and The Captain's Daughter, one can see how the writer reflected certain documents in the story. Firstly, this is a portrait characteristic of Pugachev himself. In The Captain's Daughter, she is artistically comprehended and supplemented with everyday details, she is dynamic, in contrast to the historical portrait, but the general description of her appearance corresponds. The passage "Pugachev under Kurmysh" is similar to the story about the capture of the Belogorsk fortress and the fate of the garrison commanders hanged by Pugachev. In the story, in a conversation with Grinev, Pugachev, as it were, sees his fate, saying that his friends, on occasion, will redeem their lives with his head, - as a result, it happened.

Describing the uprising, the people who surrounded their ataman, officers of the tsarist army, A.S. Pushkin tried to emphasize their human qualities, regardless of belonging to one camp or another.

The statement of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky that there is more history in The Captain's Daughter than in The History of the Pugachev Riot can be understood in the sense that in the work of art by A.S. Pushkin managed to get used to the era so deeply and describe it in such a way inside events, that the feeling of an outside observer, fenced off by a centuries-old layer, is lost, the motives of people become clearer, one can clearly imagine how desires are transformed into actions, and they entail certain consequences.

5. Prepare stories about actors novel - Pugachev, Shvabrin, Grinev, Masha, Savelich.

The characteristics of the heroes are given in previous answers.

6. Remember what proverb the first chapter begins with. What did the author want to say with it? What is the theme and idea behind The Captain's Daughter? What is the ending of the novel "The Captain's Daughter" and what is its meaning?

With the proverb “Take care of honor from a young age,” the writer wanted to say that already from early age you have to think about your actions and compare them with the best examples, because sometimes your whole life can depend on decisions made in youth.

The theme of The Captain's Daughter is the fate of two young people going through dramatic trials. The main idea of ​​the work: in case of any shocks, the moral principle in a person is especially significant, the ability to make decisions according to conscience even in moments of personal danger, because in the future this will give immeasurably greater freedom than petty opportunism.

At the end A.C. Pushkin acts as an editor publishing someone's family chronicle. This creates a sense of authenticity of events. From the ending, the further history of the Grinev family becomes clear, that after half a century, all of his numerous descendants were forced to live as before in the same Village.

7. What kind of "checks" does the author arrange for Grinev and Shvabrina for honesty and mercy? What is the meaning of the four meetings of heroes? What features of human characters and human communication do they reveal?

The author leads Grinev and Shvabrin through a series of trials and temptations. Grinev could become infected with Shvabrin's cynicism, but he wholeheartedly accepts the Mironov family, does not scoff at their simple life. For Shvabrin, for his part, the appearance of Grinev gave him the opportunity to remember himself in his early youth, to leave his withering sarcasm and pretensions to life. Grinev could refuse a duel or report on Shvabrin, who threatened him, but he did not hesitate to go to an unequal duel, defending his honor on his own. At the same time, Shvabrin deliberately went for the kill, because he did not expect that the tender young man would put up such serious resistance. Seeing that the opponent was distracted, and realizing that the duel was about to be completed, he hurried to deliver a smashing blow. Grinev did not hesitate, defending the fortress from the Pugachevites, and Shvabrin slipped away to the rebels in advance and tried to kill Grinev with libel during executions in the fortress. Only the intervention of Savelich saved the young man.

The test of power is the most difficult. Having gained power over Marya Ivanovna, which he had so long and unsuccessfully sought, Shvabrin resorts to violence and is ready to doom the girl to humiliation and death, if only to achieve his goal. Grinev, in the most difficult situations, constantly thinks about helping his beloved, and having provided it, turns away from Shvabrin, not wanting to humiliate him with his triumph. Having already been captured by government troops, Shvabrin, realizing that he would not be able to get out on his own, wants to drag Grinev along with him, slandering him and gloating at the meeting. Grinev is only amazed at the changes in the enemy and tries to find in him some remnants of human traits.

Each of the four meetings between Grinev and Shvabrin increases the drama of the test and the price of responsibility for the decision. Grinev from the very beginning followed an open and honest path, and each subsequent choice had a solid foundation. Shvabrin, on the contrary, having once made a vile and evil decision, could stop with more and more difficulty, even if he wanted to. Evil draws in and, once admitted, spreads to the soul very quickly, poisoning it. It is clear that Shvabrin was a complete egoist, and his attachment to Masha Mironova was just as selfish. He thinks not about her happiness, but only about satisfying his passions, while Grinev is ready to sacrifice his life for his beloved. Revenge, which Shvabrin strives for, completely withers him, as always happens with a person who thinks not about creation, but about destruction. Grinev, in the course of the story, becomes more and more confident in the supreme justice of his actions, because he did not change his heart.

8. Rise above the cruel age, preserving humanity, human dignity and respect for the living life of people - this is what they see main idea novel by some literary scholars. Do you agree with this point of view?
Is it possible to assume that Pushkin dreamed that Grinev respected the honor of a nobleman, Savelich - the honor of a peasant, and that humanity united all estates? Which heroes of The Captain's Daughter show humanity (sympathy, compassion, kindness, honesty) and when?

One can agree with the above point of view of some literary critics.

Indeed, each of the characters then succeeds when he embodies the virtues inherent in his estate and social position. Savelich takes care of the lord's wealth, Grinev, without violating military duty, treats Pugachev kindly, Pugachev himself shows favor to the officer and nobleman out of simple, deeply popular sympathy. And, on the contrary, the inaction and internal alienation of the 68 Orenburg general, the meanness of Shvabrin, the bloodthirstiness of Beloborodov take them beyond the limits of the author's sympathy. In addition, A.C. Pushkin wanted to show that, despite all class differences, the heroes have a unifying principle, and his name is humanity.

9. Look at the illustrations for historical works A. S. Pushkin. Find in the text and read the episodes from the story depicted in the figures. Describe the characters.

The illustration by P. Sokolov “Savelich stops the duel” depicts the following moment: “Suddenly I heard my name pronounced loudly. I looked around and saw Savelich running down the mountain path to me... At that very moment I was stung severely in the chest below the shoulder...” that with his cry he diverted his attention. Grinev froze in half-motion, looking around in bewilderment, and Shvabrin, who did not lose his composure, made a targeted attack and severely wounded him.

The painting by A. Benois "The Captain's Daughter" depicts Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev. Masha is upset and embarrassed, she fears for the health of her lover, while Grinev even sat up in bed with joy. "For God's sake, calm down," she said, taking her hand away from me. - You are still in danger: the wound may open. Save yourself for me."

The artist S. Gerasimov in the painting “Grinev and Masha Mironova” displayed the following episode: “She met me on the porch. “What has happened to you? - she said, seeing me. - How pale you are! - "It's all over!" - I answered and gave her the father's letter. She turned pale in turn." In the picture, Masha carefully reads the letter, Grinev looks away in annoyance and heavy nervous thoughtfulness.

The picture of the same S. Gerasimov "The Captain's Daughter" illustrates the following words of A.C. Pushkin: “Pugachev sat under the images, in a red caftan, in a high hat, and importantly akimbo. Near him stood several of his chief comrades, with an air of feigned subservience. Grinev is just entering the "palace", and Pugachev has not yet had time to recognize him. His posture demonstrates greatness and significance, his eyes are menacingly fixed on the incoming. His assistants look sternly at the officer, surrounding their leader, one of them leans over and says something to him in an undertone.

D. Shmarinov in the painting "The Captain's Daughter" captured the following fragment: "They put chains on my legs and shackled them tightly." The blacksmith is doing his job, he does not care if the person standing in front of him is guilty or not, he is busy with the chain. Grinev does not seem to understand what is being done to him, he looks at his feet. His lips are tightly compressed, his face expresses determination. The soldier in the background, turning away, is waiting for the end of the procedure.

The textbook contains another illustration by P. Sokolov. “The Empress was sitting at her toilet. Several courtiers surrounded her and respectfully let Marya Ivanovna pass ... Marya Ivanovna accepted the letter with a trembling hand and, crying, fell at the feet of the empress ... ". The eyes of the courtiers and Catherine herself are turned to Masha, who has fallen to her knees. There is a benevolent smile on the face of the Empress, she holds out a letter for Father Pyotr Grinev.

Develop the gift of words - the captain's daughter

1. What are the historical and modern aspects"The Captain's Daughter"? What eternal problems does Pushkin raise in this work? Prepare a post on this topic.

The historical aspect of The Captain's Daughter lies primarily in the study of class contradictions that lead to conflicts of this kind. The accuracy of historical descriptions and the re-creation of the psychology of the characters, their solution of particular problems also relate to the aspects historical character. On top of this, and along with this, from the past to the future, a thread of philanthropy, mercy, which already then found its way and overcame the rigid structure of society, stretches. Moreover, it is the representatives of the people in the story that turn out to be the bearers of this unconditional moral instinct to a greater extent. Questions of unconditional, non-historical ethics remain just as interesting for us, who live two hundred and thirty years after Pugachev and one hundred and seventy years after the writing of the story. We continue to be interested in the formation of a national character and its features, which is still relevant in the difficult conditions of modern existence.

2. So, we found out that the attention to history for a major writer is not limited to works devoted to historical events that in any work, as the literary critic V. I. Korovin writes, which has passed the test of time, to one degree or another, the author touches on the history, life and activities of people of a certain era, therefore, reflects the historical time, the characters of people of this era, the originality of their actions, relationships. In addition, there is no restriction on the genre of works in such a case. Do you agree with this judgment of the literary critic?
Try to confirm this point of view using examples of works of different genres of one writer. Prepare a report on this issue in writing or orally.

Literary critic V.I. Korovin believes that historicism can be found not only in works on a historical theme, but absolutely in any works. Accordingly, works of any genre will be allegedly historical in the broadest sense of the word.
It is difficult to agree with the given opinion of the literary critic for the reason that historicism in a broad sense covers absolutely all literary movements and, as a definition, loses its meaning, because it no longer delimits anything from something else. Even if we accept the above point of view, there are still genres that are outside of historicism in the broadest sense: for example, a fairy tale, or works written in any genre in the fantasy style. If we say that in general any manifestation of a person characterizes an era, then there is no need to narrow this fact to the limits of literary criticism. This is a question that belongs to the field of cultural studies.
In addition, the proposal to confirm the point of view of V.I. Korovina speaks out after the question of whether the person agrees or not with this point of view. Thus, the question of agreement or disagreement loses all meaning.
If we talk about specific writers, for example, about Pushkin, then using the example of his works, one can really see how the writer uses various genres to recreate historical reality. His works such as "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg", "Boris Godunov" and "The Captain's Daughter", each in its own way, reflect the era and the national character of the heroes of the work, who must solve the problems that faced the Russian people at different times of his life. existence.

You young guys listen
What are we, old people, going to say.

"To Mr. Commandant of the Belogorsk Fortress
Captain Mironov.

In secret.

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